Although Chinese characters can be written with many materials, for the longest period they were written with a brush. The ink was carbon-based. It was moulded before use into an inkstick. This small solid object could be carried easily. To get the ink the writer had to grind the inkstick against an inkstone with some added water. The earliest Chinese inks can be dated back to 12th century BC, with the use of charred (partly burnt) materials and plant dyes. Mineral inks based on graphite were most common. A bit later, soot was used as the carbon source, and animal glue used to bind the ink to the paper (Egyptian ink used gum arabic for the same reason).
Paper was a Chinese invention, and a very important one. Essentially the same writing tools and methods were used in Japan, and in Korea, two countries influenced by China.
The Romans used lead styli with wax tablets which could be "erased" by rubbing the beeswax surface smooth again. For permanent records they wrote on parchment (treated animal skin) with ink. They invented the idea of a book with sewn-together parchment pages. It was called a codex, a word which means something like 'block of wood'. Before, long documents were kept in a roll.
Dip-in pens were used in Europe for a thousand years or more. At first they were quill pens made of the stem ('rachis') of a pigeon feather. The quill pen was cut by a knife to give the slanting nib at the writing end. They were used from the middle ages until the first part of the 19th century.
Metal pens were tried next, but many metals were not flexible enough. The writing styles which developed with quill pens used thick and thin strokes. People wanted the same flexibility from a metal pen. Between 1839 and 1849 the steel-nibbed pen solved the problem. For the next century and more, industrial production lines turned out hundreds of millions of steel nibs. They had the advantage that different types of nib could be attached to the same holder. This allowed for different styles of writing to be used. Eventually the best nibs were tipped with gold or iridium, a rare metal which arrives on Earth via meteorites. All stages in the making of nibs was done by machine. The great secret of all nibs from the Egyptian reed to the steel pen is the slit down the middle of the tip. This leads the ink from the small blob under the nib to the point where the ink goes onto the paper. Without the slit, a nib does not work well.
Kharal
The Kharal are a Punjabi tribe. They are either Rajputs or Jatts. Today, they mostly live in Punjab, Pakistan.
Paleoanthropology
Paleoanthropology (or palaeoanthropology) combines the study of paleontology and physical anthropology. It is the study of human evolution.
The subject is also closely connected to archaeology. The evidence of tool-making and other activities shows the subtle but important changes in thinking that early humans went through.
Timeline
A timeline is a way of displaying a list of events in the order they happened (called chronological order). It may be in the form of a list or a graphic design. A graphic timeline typically shows a long bar labelled with dates and usually events. But it can be other layouts as well.
Timelines are often used in education. They help students and researchers understand the order or chronology of historical events for a subject. A timeline can be used to visualize the time between events, durations (such as lifetimes or wars), and the overlap of events.
Timelines are particularly useful for studying history, as they convey a sense of change over time. Wars and social movements are often shown as timelines. Timelines are also useful for biographies.
Another type of timeline is used for project management. They are important to help team members to know what milestones need to be achieved. It also shows the time schedule. An example is showing a project timeline for a Systems development life cycle of a computer system.
Heer Ranjha
Heer Ranjha is a famous sad, love story from the Punjab . Other Punjabi love stories are Mirza Sahiban, and Sohni Mahiwal.
The story is about two lovers, Heer a beautiful village girl from a rich and noble family; and Ranjha, a poor farm boy.He looked after Water buffaloes belonging to Heer's father. They both fell in love but Heer's parents were against their marriage. Heer was married by force to a rich young man. Ranjha, very saddened by this, became a hermit (a person who lives alone away from other people and spends his time meditating about God). He later tried to meet Heer but he failed, and they both died in the end of broken hearts.
This story has been written by different writers, at different times. The best and most famous is "Heer" by the poet Waris Shah written in 1761. Some films in Punjabi language and Urdu have also been made about this story.
The story is still very popular today. Many young girls and boys who fall in love have to face the same problems Some people believe that there were two real young lovers called Heer and Ranjha, long ago. They say that they died and were buried together in a tomb near Jhang, in Punjab. But there is no real proof this was so. But All these are known to be myth .
Heer
Heer is a general term for army in the German and some other languages of German origin. In date order:
Michael Harari
Michael "Mike" Harari (February 18, 1927 – September 21, 2014) was an Israeli intelligence officer in the Mossad. He was involved in several operations. He was part of the failed Lillehammer affair and the rescue of hostages at Entebbe.
Harari died at his home on September 21, 2014 at the age of 87.
Skip E. Lowe
Sammy Labella (June 5, 1929 – September 22, 2014), better known by his stage name Skip E. Lowe, was an American talk show host and actor. He hosted "Skip E. Lowe Looks at Hollywood". He appeared in the movies "Black Shampoo", "The World's Greatest Lover", "Cameron's Closet" and "A-List". Martin Short called him as the inspiration for his character Jiminy Glick.
He died on September 22, 2014, in Los Angeles, from emphysema at the age of 85.
Henryk Glücklich
Henryk Glücklich (22 January 1945 – 23 September 2014) was a Polish speedway racer. He was an international motorcycle speedway rider. He appeared in the Speedway World Championship finals three times, finishing fifth in 1970. He also rode in five World Team Cup finals. Glücklich was born in Rybnik, Poland.
Glücklich died in Berlin, Germany, aged 69.
Christopher Hogwood
Christopher Jarvis Haley Hogwood CBE (10 September 194124 September 2014) was an English conductor, harpsichordist, writer, and musicologist. He was the founder of the Academy of Ancient Music. Hogwood was born in Nottingham, England.
Hogwood died in Cambridge, England on 24 September 2014, aged 73.
Yasiel Puig
Yasiel Puig Valdés born December 7, 1990) is a Cuban professional baseball player. Puig plays for the Los Angeles Dodgers. Puig plays the position outfielder.
Puig played for the Cuban national baseball team in the 2008 World Junior Baseball Championship. His team won a bronze medal. In 2012, he left Cuba and signed a contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Matt Kemp
Matthew Ryan "Matt" Kemp (born September 23, 1984) is an American professional baseball player. He plays for the Atlanta Braves. He plays the position of outfielder. He has previously played for the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Diego Padres. His career began in 2006.
Kemp was drafted by the Dodgers in the sixth round of the 2003 draft. He went to the major leagues after four years in the minor leagues.
He did not become a full-time player until 2008. He became the everyday starting center fielder. He has been named to two All-Star teams. He has won two Gold Glove Awards. He has won two Silver Slugger Awards.
By the Sword
By the Sword is a 1991 action-drama movie. This movie is about people who fence with swords. F. Murray Abraham plays Max Suba. Mia Sara plays Erin.