The book was first published in 1975, then reprinted in 1976. A twenty-fifth anniversary edition was published in 2000 by Harvard University Press.
The application of sociobiology to humans was immediately controversial. Some people, such as Stephen Jay Gould, and Richard Lewontin said that sociobiology was biologicially determinist. They argued that it would be used, as similar ideas had been in the past, to justify the status quo, entrench ruling elites, and legitimize authoritarian political programmes. They referred to social darwinism and eugenics of the early 20th century, and to other more recent ideas, such as the race and IQ controversy of the early 1970s as cautionary tales in the use of evolutionary principles as applied to human society.
Wilson and his admirers countered these criticisms by saying that Wilson had no political agenda, and if he had one it was certainly not authoritarian (Wilson is an outspoken environmentalist). They argued that sociobiology does not necessarily lead to any particular political ideology as many critics implied.
Many other sociobiologists have used sociobiology to argue quite separate points. Noam Chomsky surprised many by coming to the defense of sociobiology on the grounds that political radicals need to postulate a relatively fixed idea of human nature in order to be able to struggle for a better society. They needed to know what human needs were in order to build a better society.
An extensive account of the controversy around the book was published 25 years later. It largely supporting Wilson's views. For ethologists, Wilson's ideas are mainstream, and for them his book is not controversial.
Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou
Geoffrey I of Anjou (930–987), called Greymantle (), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 960 to 987. He greatly increased the power and influence of Anjou.
Geoffrey was the oldest son of Fulk II of Anjou and his first wife Gerberga.<ref name="ESIII/4-116">Detlev Schwennicke, "Europäische Stammtafeln|Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten", Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 1 (J. A. Stargardt, Marburg, Germany, 1984), Tafel 116</ref> He succeeded his father as Count of Anjou about 960. Geoffrey married Adele of Meaux (934–982). Adele was the daughter of Robert of Vermandois and Adelais de Vergy. On her mother's side she was a granddaughter of king Robert I of France. On her father's side she was a direct descendant of Charlemagne. Her cousin was Hugh Capet, King of the Franks. Through this marriage the Angevins joined the highest ranks of western French nobility.
Geoffrey started by making his power base the of Angers. Geoffrey carefully placed his loyal followers on lands surrounding the city. This was to protect his own territories. The lands of the abbeys of Saint-Aubin and Saint-Serge in Angers provided revenues for his most faithful men. Geoffrey told both his sons, Fulk and Maurice: "No house is weak that has many friends. Therefore I you to hold dear those who have been friends." Geoffrey used several ways of expanding his power and control. Creating family connections was one way. For example his father had controlled Nantes by marrying the countess. Geoffrey brought Nantes under control by making Count Guerech accept him as overlord. For some time the counts of Maine and the bishops of Le Mans had been fighting among themselves. Geoffrey saw a way to take advantage of the situation. About 971 Geoffrey secured the diocese of Le Mans for his ally and friend Bishop Seinfroy. Then, in 973, Geoffrey arranged the marriage of his daughter Ermengarde-Gerberga to Conan I of Rennes, the count of Maine. But rather than act like an ally Conan began to oppose Geoffrey. In 982 the two met at the first battle of Conquereuil where Geoffrey defeated Conan.
Geoffrey had influence in Aquitaine through his sister Adelaide-Blanche's first marriage to the powerful baron Stephen, Count of Gevaudan and Forez. After his death the lands were ruled by his widow Adelaide-Blanche. Their sons, Geoffrey's nephews, Pons and Bertrand succeeded as counts there. Geoffrey's niece, Adalmode, married Adelbert, Count of Marche and Périgord. In 975 Geoffrey had his brother Guy appointed as the Count and Bishop of Le Puy. In 982 Geoffrey married his now widowed sister Adelaide-Blanche to the fifteen-year-old Louis V of France. The two were crowned King and Queen of Aquitaine. But the two could not get along and the marriage failed. So did Geoffrey's plans to control Aquitaine through his young son-in-law.
After the death of his first wife Adele, Geoffrey married secondly Adelaise de Châlon. By this marriage he exerted control over the county of Châlons. Through the marriage of his son, Fulk III, to Elisabeth the heiress of Vendôme Geoffrey brought that county under his influence. Geoffrey made his son Fulk Nerra his co-ruler just before he died while attacking the fortress of Marcon on 21 July 987.
He married Adele of Meaux (934–982), daughter of Robert of Vermandois and Adelais de Vergy. Their children were:
He married, secondly, to Adelaise de Châlons and had one child:
Bremach
Bremach is an Italian manufacturer of trucks. It specializes in the manufacturing of military vehicles, and 4WD fire engines. Some are used in France and Germany.
Cessna T-41 Mescalero
The Cessna T-41 Mescalero is an American training aircraft. It is a military variant of the Cessna 172. It first flew in 1965. It was first used the same year. It was used by many air forces including Argentina, Greece, Iran, Laos.
Bell 47
The Bell 47 is an American helicopter. It was the first civilian helicopter in the world built in series. Militaries used it as OH-13. It was built under licence in Italy by Agusta and in Japan by Kawasaki. Its first flight was in 1947.
List of heads of state of Libya
This is a list of heads of state of Libya since independence in 1951.
The General People's Congress, chaired by the Secretary-General, was the primary legislature of Libya as well as the top executive authority. They had delegated most executive authority to the General People's Committee and its Secretary or Prime Minister. Beside chairing the General People's Congress, its Secretary-General was also the actual head of state of Libya.
List of heads of government of Libya
This is a list of heads of government of Libya since independence in 1951.
Since independence, heads of government of Libya have been Prime Ministers from 1951 to 1977. Then General Secretaries of the General People's Committee from 1977 to 2011. Prime Ministers were back in the Libyan government since 2011.
Ali Zeidan
Ali Zeidan (sometimes written as Zidan; ; born 1950) is a former Prime Minister of Libya. He was appointed by the General National Congress on 14 October 2012. Zeidan took office on 14 November after Congress approved his cabinet nominees. Before the Libyan civil war, Zeidan was a human rights lawyer in Geneva. According to the BBC, he is considered by some local observers as a strong-minded liberal.
It was reported on 10 October 2013 that Zeidan was kidnapped by armed men in Tripoli, during the early hours in the morning. He was freed hours later.
Air Forces of the National People's Army
The Air Forces of the National People's Army () was the air force of East Germany. It was a part of the National People's Army, established in 1956.
Raúl Héctor Castro
Raul Hector Castro (June 12, 1916 April 10, 2015) was a Mexican-born American politician. He has served in both elected and non-elected public offices, including Ambassadors from the United States and the 14th Governor of Arizona (1975–77).
He was the first hispanic to be elected governor of Arizona. At the age of 98, he became the oldest living United States governor, after the death of former Washington Governor Albert Rosellini at the age of 101.
Castro was born on June 12, 1916 on Cananea, Mexico. He studied at Northern Arizona University and at James E. Rogers College of Law.