The script presently has 11 vowel letters, used to represent the seven vowel sounds of Bengali and eight vowel sounds of Assamese, along with a number of vowel diphthongs. All of these vowel letters are used in both Assamese and Bengali. Some of the vowels have different sounds depending on the word. There's a number of vowel distinctions who are preserved in the writing system but they are not pronounced as such in modern spoken Bengali or Assamese. For example, the script has two letters for the vowel sound [i] and two letters for the vowel sound [u]. This difference arised from the time when Eastern Nagari was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had a short and a long , and a short and a long . These letters are preserved in the script with their traditional names of "short i" and "long i", etc., despite that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech.
Two additional modified Vowels, and , are not considered letters of the Eastern Nagari script, but are often used in Assamese and Bengali (respectively) to represent certain vowels when the intended pronunciation would otherwise be ambiguous. The latter vowel, which is used in Bengali, is used frequently to transcript texts originally written in other alphabets, most notably Latin.
Vowel signs can be used in conjunction with consonants to modify the consonant's pronunciation (e.g. , kô). When there isn't a vowel diacritic symbol, the vowel "" (ô) is the default vowel for the consonant. For example, under this rule, the letter চ is pronounced cho. To note the absence of a vowel, a "hôsôntô" (্) may be written underneath the consonant, e.g. দ্ d.
The names of the consonant letters in Eastern Nagari are typically just the consonant's main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel "" "ô". Since the inherent vowel is not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (e.g. the name of the letter "" is itself "ghô", not "gh"). Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in Modern Assamese and Bengali are having the same pronunciation with other letters. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ is represented by the consonants , , or (depending on the spelling of the particular word). These letters aren't called simply "nô". Instead, they are called "dental nô", "cerebral nô" and "niô". Similarly, the phoneme in Bengali and in Assamese can be written as "palatal shô/xhô" , "cerebral shô/xhô" , or "dental sô/xô" , depending on the word.
Eastern Nagari script has its own set of digits.
Kei Igawa
He was the number two draft choice of the Hanshin Tigers in 1998. After a couple of years in the Hanshin minor league system, Igawa entered the starting rotation in 2001. In his first full season as a starter, Igawa went 9-13 for the last-placed Tigers, but finished with a Central League second-best 2.67 ERA, behind only Chunichi's Shigeki Noguchi.
In 2002, Hanshin improved to fourth, and Igawa's record was 14-9. He finished third in ERA (2.49), trailing Masumi Kuwata and Kenshin Kawakami. He also led the Central League with 206 strikeouts.
In 2003, the Tigers won the Central League pennant. Igawa made a great contribution with his brilliant performance. He pitched very well and finished with a 20–5 record, a 2.80 ERA, and was third with 179 strikeouts. He was named to the Best Nine, won the MVP in the Central League and also won the Eiji Sawamura Award, the Japanese equivalent of the MLB Cy Young Award.
In 2004 he lead the league at 228 strikeouts, he went 14-11 with a 3.73 ERA. In 2005, Igawa went 13-9 with a 3.86 ERA, fifth among his team's starters in ERA. He was only tied for fifth in strikeouts (down significantly to 145) and 10th in ERA.
Zealandia
Zealandia, also known as the New Zealand continent or Tasmantis, is an almost underwater continent, which sank after separating from Australia 60–85 million years ago and from Antarctica 130–85 million years ago. It was underwater about 23 million years ago, and most of it is sunken (over 93%) under the Pacific Ocean.
The continent of Zealandia has an area of ​​3.5 million km, is larger than Greenland or India, and almost half the size of Australia. It is very long and narrow, from New Caledonia in the north and south beyond the sub-Antarctic Islands of New Zealand in the south. New Zealand is the largest part of Zealandia that is above sea ​​level, followed by New Caledonia.
General Government
General Government (GG, Polish: Generalne Gubernatorstwo) is a term who refers to a region in central Poland. This region, after its annexation from the Nazi Germany in 1939, was declared semi-autonomous with local civil and military administration. Unlike Vidkun Quisling's Norway, it wasn't a puppet state. The local authorities were staffed with Germans faithful to National Socialism.
Germany invaded in Poland on September 1, 1939, triggering the start of World War II. Germany won Poland in just 18 days. In September 18, the Soviet Union, signatory party of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, also invades Poland. Thus, Poland is divided in three parts:
At first, General Government was composed of four Polish voivodeships: Warsaw, Radom, Lublin and Kraków. In August 1941, the General Government was enlarged, incorporating Galicia which was detached from the Soviet Union. Kraków was the capital.
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (, "Türkmenistan Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikasy"; , "Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika"), also commonly known as Turkmenistan or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union in Central Asia. It existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991. Initially, on 7 August 1921, it was established as the Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan ASSR before being made. On 13 May 1925, Turkmen ASSR was promoted to a union republic of the USSR as the Turkmen SSR.
Since then, the borders of Turkmenia are unchanged. On 22 August 1990, Turkmenia declared its state sovereignty, who means that its laws have a priority over the Soviet laws. On 27 October 1991, it declared its independence and Turkmen SSR was renamed to Turkmenistan.
Geographically, Turkmenia bordered Iran and Afghanistan to the south, Kazakhstan to the north and Uzbekistan to the east. Additionally, Turkmenia was a landlocked country; however it had access to the Caspian Sea in the west.
Russian attempts to annex Turkmen territory began in the second half of nineteenth century. Of all the Central Asian peoples, the Turkmen had the hardest resistance against the Russian expansion. In 1869, the Russian Empire established its presence in present-day Turkmenistan, creating a new sea port named Krasnovodsk (now Türkmenbaşy).
A few years later, they annexed Khiva Khanate in 1873. Because Turkmen tribes, most notably the Yomud, were in the military service of the Khivan khan, Russian forces invaded Khorazm, destroying many settlements and killing hundreds of Turkmens. In 1881, the Russians under General Mikhail Skobelev besieged and captured Geok Tepe, one of the last Turkmen strongholds. Geok Tepe is located close to Ashgabat. After the Turkmen defeat, the annexation of the present-day Turkmenistan was met with only weak resistance. Later in the same year, the Russians signed an agreement with the Persians. This agreement established the pernament Russian-Persian border, which became the present-day border between Turkmenistan and Iran. In 1897 a border agreement was signed between the Russians and Afghans.