If the hypersomnia is caused by a problem with the brain or nervous system, it is called primary hypersomnia. Narcolepsy is an example of a primary hypersomnia. If the hypersomnia is the effect of another condition, it is usually called secondary hypersomnia. Examples of secondary hypersomnias include someone losing consciousness because of epilepsy. Sleep apnea, cited above, is one of the most common forms of secondary hypersomnia. Certain drugs can also cause (secondary) hypersomnias.
Primary hypersomnias are very rare. Secondary hypersomnias are quite common.
Holy orders in the Catholic Church
The Sacrament of Holy Orders in the Catholic Church includes three orders: bishop, priest, and deacon.
In the phrase “Holy Orders”, the word “holy” means “set apart for some purpose.” The word “order” means a hierarchy or way of organizing people.
Warren Court
Warren Court focused on civil rights and personal rights. This was when Earl Warren served as chief justice for the supreme court from 1953 to 1969. He was appointed by President Eisenhower.
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
The Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (usually called the MBTA or "the T") is Massachusetts' public transportation system.
The MBTA opened on September 2, 1897. Its first line, the Green Line, was the first subway in the Western Hemisphere. At first, it connected only the Boston Public Garden to Park Street Station - about a half-mile walk.
Today, all together, the parts of the MBTA travel 1392 miles each way, every day.
The MBTA uses many different forms of public transportation to connect most of the parts of Massachusetts. As of the MBTA's last official report in 2014, there are 295 different MBTA stations in Massachusetts.
The Commuter Rail covers more of Massachusetts than any other part of the MBTA. The Commuter Rail is a fast train, similar to an Amtrak commuter train. Of all the MBTA's services, the Commuter Rail runs the farthest from Boston. Because of this, it is also the most expensive.
In the MBTA's color-coding system, Commuter Rail Trains are purple.
As of 2014, there were a total of 138 Commuter Rail stations in Massachusetts.
All Commuter Rail trains start or finish their journeys at one of two stations in Boston: South Station or North Station.
Commuter Rail trains run to South Station from towns like:
When the New England Patriots are playing at home, the MBTA runs special Commuter Rail trains to Gillette Stadium from both South Station and T.F. Green Airport.
Closer to Boston, Commuter Rail trains stop at a few different Boston neighborhoods on their way to South Station, like Back Bay, Jamaica Plain, Hyde Park, and Dorchester.
Travelers can change to the MBTA's Red Line subway at South Station.
Commuter Rail trains run to North Station from towns like:
Closer to Boston, Commuter Rail trains run through towns near Boston, like Cambridge, Chelsea, Medford, Melrose, and Belmont.
Travelers can change to the MBTA's Green or Orange Lines at North Station.
The subway runs mostly in Boston and in the towns next to it. There are five different subway lines, which are color-coded. Each line runs to a different part of the city. There are a total of 66 different subway routes in the Boston area. The lines cross each other at different points throughout the city so people can switch lines when they need to. A person does not have to pay to switch from one underground subway to another.
Each train runs in one of two directions: Inbound or Outbound. If a train is traveling toward Downtown Crossing, it is an Inbound train. If a train is traveling away from Downtown Crossing, it is an Outbound train.
The Orange Line began running in 1901. At that time, it was the first public transit in Boston that was elevated (on train tracks above the streets, instead of on the streets or underground).
The Orange Line runs from Malden to Jamaica Plain. It has 19 stops, including stops at Bunker Hill Community College, Tufts Medical Center, Boston's Chinatown, and Haymarket (a famous outdoor food market).
The Orange Line intersects with every other line on the MBTA. Travelers can change to any color subway or trolley car from the Orange Line.
The Red Line was the last of the four subway lines to be built.
Today, the Red Line runs from Cambridge to inner-city Boston. Important stops include Harvard Square Station; Kendall/MIT Station; Charles/Massachusetts General Hospital; and JFK/UMASS (the stop for the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum and the University of Massachusetts Boston. The Red Line intersects with the Commuter Rail, and with every other subway except the Blue Line.
The Red Line is the most used subway line on the MBTA. On average, about 74,450,000 people make trips on the Red Line every year.
The Blue Line was built in 1904 as the world's widest underwater streetcar tunnel. (The Blue Line travels under the Charles River). By 1924, the Blue Line had been made into a subway.
Today, the Blue Line runs from Revere and East Boston to a small part of downtown Boston. It stops at Wonderland, which used to be a greyhound racing track; Suffolk Downs, which still is a horse racing track; Revere Beach; Logan Airport; Government Center, where Boston City Hall is located; and the New England Aquarium. Free shuttle buses take travelers from the Airport MBTA Station to the terminals in the airport.
The Blue Line is used less than any other MBTA subway line. About 17,880,000 people make trips on the Blue Line every year - about 76% less than the number of people who use the Red Line each year.
Part of the green line is a street trolley. It runs along train tracks in the middle of Boston's streets. However, some of the Green Line is a subway (underground). This part of the Green Line goes from Cambridge to downtown Boston. The Green Line then splits into five different street trolleys that travel to different neighborhoods around Boston.
Longwood Station on the D line, and the Longwood Medical Area Station on the E line, are within walking distance of multiple world-class hospitals, including Brigham and Women's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Joslin Clinic for Diabetes, and Boston Children's Hospital.
The Green Line is the second most popular subway line on the MBTA. The Red Line is used a little more often.
There are four different street trolleys. These Green Line trolleys are called the "B," "C," "D," and "E" trains. There are many trolley stops on the MBTA - 61 in total.
Each train but the "E" train splits off from the underground subway at Kenmore Station. This is the station closest to Fenway Park, where the Boston Red Sox play.
The E train splits off from the underground subway at Copley Station. Its stops include the Prudential Tower, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Northeastern University, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Its last stop is at the VA Medical Center in Jamaica Plain. It is the only part of the MBTA that runs on tracks in the middle of the street.
The MBTA has 4 rapid transit bus lines with a total of 30 stops. These are color-coded silver:
The MBTA also includes commuter boat lines:
The MBTA operates 174 different buses. Together, these buses travel a total of 745 miles, one way, each day.
The two most commonly used buses on the MBTA both average about 14,000 riders every day:
This table gives a summary of the different parts of the MBTA:
Some travelers have brought up concerns about safety on the MBTA. In a 2011 article, "Boston Magazine's" Jason Schwartz described serious concerns about safety issues on the MBTA - like train fires, and crucial safety issues which he said the MBTA had not addressed. He wrote: "The system is broke, broken, and about to get a whole lot worse. No one on Beacon Hill [in the Massachusetts government] wants to address any of this ... History shows that it takes a tragedy - deaths - to fix something as basic as infrastructure. Hopefully Massachusetts won't wait for that."