A second meaning of the term haplotype is a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) usually found together on a single chromatid (of a chromosome pair). So, finding a few alleles of a haplotype sequence identifies all other sites in its region. Such information is very valuable for investigating the genetics of common diseases.
Comparing haplotypes of two or more people shows the degree of genetic relationship between their respective lines. It is done in genetic genealogy projects.
Single nucleotide polymorphism
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, pronounced "snip"; plural "snips") is a DNA sequence variation in a population. A SNP is just a single nucleotide difference in the genome.
For example, sequenced DNA fragments from two people, AAGCCTA to AAGCTTA, is different in a single nucleotide. In this case we say that there are two "alleles". Almost all common SNPs have only two alleles. SNPs occur most often in regions of the DNA which do not affect the survival of the organism: otherwise they would be weeded out by natural selection. Other factors, like genetic recombination and mutation rate, can also affect SNP density. There are variations between human populations, so a SNP allele that is common in one geographical or ethnic group may be much rarer in another.
These genetic variations between individuals (particularly in non-coding parts of the genome) are sometimes exploited in DNA fingerprinting, which is used in forensic science. Also, these genetic variations cause differences in our susceptibility to disease. The severity of illness and the way our body responds to treatments are also manifestations of genetic variations. For example, a single base mutation in the APOE (apolipoprotein E) gene is associated with a higher risk for Alzheimer's disease.
Härnösands AIK
Härnösands AIK is a sports club in the town of Härnösand in Sweden. It was established in 1945 and originally thought to be called BK Virgo. However the club was required to change name because the other name was already in use. The club plays bandy. Earlier the club also ran soccer, track and field athletics, skiing and table tennis.
The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division during the season of 1984-1985. The women's bandy team has played several seasons in the Swedish top division.
Forsbacka
Forsbacka is a locality in Gävle Municipality in Gävleborg County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,702 people lived there.
Forsbacka IK
Forsbacka IK is a sports club in Forsbacka in Sweden. It was established in 1918. The club plays bandy, floorball, handball and soccer. The men's bandy team has popular been known as the "Yellow Peril" () and has played 16 seasons in the Swedish top division. between 1940 and 1967-1968. The men's bandy team has often been described as a typical "yo-yo" club that has been promoted and relegated between the top division and second division for almost 30 years.
The men's soccer team has played nine seasons in the Swedish third division.
The floorball section was started in 1991.
IK Heros
IK Heros is a sports club in Smedjebacken in Sweden. It was established in 1915. The club has bandy and track and field athletics sections. It earlier even played soccer. The men's bandy team has played 11 seasons in the Swedish top division. between 1940 and 1965-1966.
The men's soccer team has played five seasons in the Swedish third division.
Myxobacteria
The myxobacteria ("slime bacteria") are a group of bacteria that usuallly live in the soil. They feed on insoluble organic substances. They have very large genomes compared to other bacteria. Myxobacteria are included in the delta group of proteobacteria, a large group of Gram-negative forms.
Myxobacteria move by gliding on the surface. They travel in "swarms" with many cells kept together by intercellular molecular signals. The swarm puts out extracellular enzymes to digest food. This increases feeding efficiency.
When nutrients are scarce, myxobacterial cells aggregate into "fruiting bodies". These fruiting bodies are different shapes and colours, depending on the species.
Inside the fruiting bodies, cells develop into rounded myxospores with thick cell walls. These myxospores, like spores in other organisms, survive until nutrients are more plentiful. Then cell growth is restarted with a group (swarm) of myxobacteria, not just isolated cells. Similar life cycles have developed among the amoebae called cellular slime moulds.
Myxobacteria produce a number of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals, such as antibiotics, and export those chemicals outside of the cell. Some myxobacteria are used as model organisms for the study of development. At a molecular level, initiation of fruiting body development is regulated by Pxr sRNA.
Jack Horner (paleontologist)
John R. "Jack" Horner is an American paleontologist. He discovered and named "Maiasaura". He also showed for the first time that some dinosaurs cared for their young. Horner also served as the technical advisor for all of the "Jurassic Park" films. He served in the Vietnam War.
Alessandra Ambrosio
Alessandra Ambrosio (born April 11, 1981 in Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) is a Brazilian-born American supermodel. She beame a Victoria's Secret Angel in 2004. She was featured several times on the "Forbes" list of best paid models.
Ambrosio's parents are Brazilian with Italian and Polish ancestry. They are the owners of a gas station. At age 11, she had plastic surgery to fix her large ears. She later told Tyra Banks on her talk show, "The Tyra Banks Show", that it was a bad experience and she would never do surgery again. She started taking modeling classes at age 12. Two years later she was one of the finalists of the Elite Model Look in Brazil. This launched her modeling career and she signed a contract with Elite Model Management.
Her first job was appearing on the cover of "Elle" in Brazil. She also did a Guess campaign.
In 2004, she started her swimsuit line, "Alessandra Ambrosio by Sais". This was part of a business agreement with Amir Slama's brand Rosa Chá. In 2006, she did a cameo appearance in the movie "Casino Royale". In 2014, she launched her clothing line, "ále by Alessandra" sold at Planet Blue.
In 2004, Ambrosio became an Angel, a spokesmodel for lingerie brand Victoria's Secret. She has been walking their fashion show since 2000. From 2004 to 2006 she worked mainly for their younger line, PINK, and is now working for the main line. In 2008, she walked the fashion show three months after giving birth to her daughter. The following year, she opened the fashion show.
In 2012, she was selected to wear the "Fantasy Bra". That year, it was called the "Floral Fantasy Bra". It was created by London Jewelers and featured amethysts, rubies, sapphires and diamonds (including a 20-carat white diamond in the center), making it worth $2,500,000. She walked during the last segment of the year's fashion while wearing it with wings.
In 2014, she was selected to wear the Fantasy Bra again, but this time there were two bras : the "Dream Angels Fantasy Bras" worn by herself and fellow Angel Adriana Lima. Each one of them is worth $2,000,000 and they opened a segment of the year's fashion show while wearing them. It is Alessandra Ambrosio's second Fantasy Bra and Adriana Lima's third.
Alessandra Ambrosio became engaged to Jamie Mazur in 2008. They have two children together: a girl named Anja Louise Ambrosio Mazur (born August 24, 2008) and a boy named Noah Phoenix Ambrosio Mazur (born May 7, 2012).
Fashion show