Fernando Arrabal
Fernando Arrabal Terán (born August 11, 1932) is a Spanish playwright, screenwriter, movie director, novelist and poet. Arrabal was born in Melilla, Spain, but settled in France in 1955. He calls himself "desterrado", which means "half-expatriate, half-exiled".
In 1962, Arrabal co-founded the Panic Movement with Alejandro Jodorowsky and Roland Topor. It was inspired by the god Pan. He was elected Transcendent Satrap of the Collège de Pataphysique in 1990.
Jimmy Wales Foundation
The Jimmy Wales Foundation is a non-profit organization started by Jimmy Wales to promote internet freedom. The organization was established with prize money from the “Knowledge Award”, which was presented to Jimmy and Tim Berners-Lee at the first Knowledge Conference in Dubai.
The organization talks about individual human rights cases of real people who were persecuted. One of the people featured is Bassel Khartabil, formerly from Creative Commons Syria. Bassel was imprisoned in Syria in 2012, and disappeared completely a few years later. Bassel Khartabil has been killed in 2015. Another featured case is Roya Saberinejad, who went to visit her family in Iran, and never returned.
The purpose of the Jimmy Wales Foundation is to stop government censorship and promote freedom of expression on the internet.
The goals of the Jimmy Wales Foundation are to:
Word of mouth
Word of mouth is the passing of information from a person to one or more people in conversation. In the past, it referred only to speech, but now, it can sometimes include online communication. It can be as simple as telling someone what time it is, or it can involve longer stories and news. It is a good way to share information about things that are of interest to a local community, such as businesses, other people, and things that happened in the past.
Oral tradition (also called "oral culture" or "oral lore") is when cultural material is transmitted orally from older people to younger people. This material may include folktales, sayings, songs, or chants. It is a way for things like history, literature, and law to be passed down from generation to generation without a writing system.
Oral history is history that is given by people who lived through historical eras or events. Often, they are interviewed, and it is recorded. Usually, they talk about things that are not part of written history, such as what everyday life was like.
Consumers often talk to their friends about their experiences with a product or a service. This is important for businesses because people are more likely to trust someone they know well.
"Word-of-mouth marketing" happens when a business tries to encourage people to talk about their product. For example, they can offer rewards or suggest that they make posts on social media.
A lot of people think that a lot of word of mouth now happens on the internet. However, studies show that most word of mouth actually happens in spoken conversation.
Ida B. Wells
Ida Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 – March 25, 1931), also known as Ida B. Wells, was an African-American journalist, suffragist and women's rights advocate. She was born a slave in Holly Springs, Mississippi during the American Civil War. Wells grew up to become a teacher in Memphis, Tennessee. She became co-owner of a local newspaper "The Free Speech and Headlight". She wrote editorials using the pen name "Iola". Many of her editorials were about the problems of African-Americans in the era of Jim Crow laws. She became a full-time journalist after being dismissed from her teaching job. Wells was an early pioneer in the civil rights movement. In 1909, Wells was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Wells is buried at Oak Woods Cemetery in Greater Grand Crossing, Chicago, Illinois.
On May 4, 1884, a train conductor ordered Wells to give up her seat in a nice car and move to a crowded car. At the time, railroad companies were allowed to separate their passengers by race. Wells refused to give up her seat. The conductor and two men dragged her out of the car. Wells fought back and even bit the conductor on the hand. Wells wrote a newspaper article for "The Living Way," an article for black people, about her treatment on the train. She hired a black lawyer to sue the railroad. The railroad paid her lawyer to not work for her, so Wells hired a white lawyer. She won her case on December 24, 1884. The local court granted her a $500 award. The railroad company then took the case to the Tennessee Supreme Court. That court decided against Wells in 1887. Wells was ordered to pay money to the court. She responded saying she felt sad and disappointed because she had hoped that her lawsuit would help her fellow black Americans: "I felt so disappointed because I had hoped such great things from my suit for my people...O God, is there no...justice in this land for us?"
While teaching elementary school, the "Evening Star," a newspaper in Washington, D.C., offered Wells an editorial job. She also wrote weekly articles for "The Living Way" weekly newspaper under the pen name "Iola." She became recognized for writing about the problems black people faced. In 1889, she became co-owner and editor of "Free Speech and Headlight," a newspaper against separation by ethnicity. This newspaper published articles about injustices against black Americans. In 1891, Wells was dismissed from her teaching post by the Memphis Board of Education because of her articles that complained about conditions in the local schools for black students. Wells was sad but she didn't give up. She focused on writing articles for "The Living Way" and "Free Speech and Headlight".
In 1889, Thomas Moss, a friend of Wells, opened the Peoples Grocery. The grocery store did well and competed with a grocery store across the street that was owned by a white man. In 1892, Wells went out of town. While she was gone, a mob of white people invaded her friend's store. During the fight, three white men were shot and injured. Moss and two other black men, named McDowell and Stewart, were arrested and jailed, waiting for their trial. A large mob of white people stormed the jail and killed the three men. After the murder of her friends, Wells wrote in "Free Speech and Headlight," suggesting that blacks leave Memphis altogether: Wells talked about the public nature of the murders. More than 6,000 black people did leave Memphis. Other people decided not to use businesses owned by white people. Some people said they would hurt Wells, so she bought a pistol. She later said that the people who bullied her were mad because she told just a little bit of the truth: "They had made me an exile and threatened my life for hinting at the truth."
PlusLiga
PlusLiga () is the highest level of men's volleyball in Poland. It is a professional league competition for volleyball clubs located in Poland. It is overseen by Profesjonalna Liga Piłki Siatkowej S.A. (PLPS S.A.). There are currently 14 teams in the league. They play a schedule of 26 games from September to March. The regular season is followed by playoffs. The winner earns the Polish Championship () It is one of the best volleyball leagues in Europe. According to the latest rankings of European volleyball leagues, compiled by the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball, the Polish league is ranked second-best.
Italian Volleyball League
The Italian Male Volleyball League is the league that governs professional men's volleyball in Italy. It is structured with several levels of importance; the highest of them is the "SuperLega" (formerly "Serie A1"). Since early 1980s, many among the best volleyball players in the world play in SuperLega and the level of competition is considerably high.
École Centrale de Paris
École Centrale de Paris is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of Chatenay-Malabry.
Its courses can lead to the following French and European degrees :