After another defeat near Silesia on November 11, Rennenkampf was dismissed. He was replaced by General Litvinov. The First Army again fought at Thorn and Lódź but there was no clear cut winner.
The First army evacuated Lódź and returned to their own lines for the remainder of the winter. The First Army served on the Northwestern front for the rest of the war.
Offensive (military)
An offensive is an aggressive military operation usually aimed at an enemy force. It is also called an attack, an advance or an invasion. An offensive can be conducted on land, at sea or in the air. A common goal of an offensive is to engage the enemy in a battle. It can also be used to get an enemy to withdraw and avoid a battle.
A tactical offensive is an operation that is usually smaller or more limited. It often involves the use of Special forces (or specialized forces). It often has a limited task such as the capture of a bridge or stronghold. A strategic offensive usually involves larger forces and usually has long-range goals.
Ewen Gilmour
David Ewen Gilmour ( 1963 – 2 October 2014), commonly known as Ewen Gilmour, was a New Zealand comedian and television presenter.
Gilmour began his comedy career in 1995. He shared the first Billy T Award with Cal Wilson in 1997. He won the Decade Award - Best Male Comedian - 2000 to 2010 at the 2010 NZ Comedy Guild Awards. In 2012, he returned to the New Zealand International Comedy Festival "for the first time in a couple of years" with a one hour show called "S'Truth".
He has made many appearances on New Zealand television, including Pulp Comedy (1995), Intrepid Journeys - Peru (2003), Celebrity Treasure Island (2003), Dancing with the Stars series one (2005), and Comedy Christmas Cracker (2010). He was the host of the TV3 show "Road Madness", mainly about dangerous driving on New Zealand roads, which first aired in 2012.
On 3 October 2014 it was reported Gilmour died in his sleep, aged 51.
Robert Flower
Robert Flower (5 August 1955 – 2 October 2014) was an Australian rules footballer. He played with Melbourne Football Club. His first game was against Geelong in 1973. He captained the team from 1981 until his final game in 1987. He held the record for the number of games for his club, 272, until overtaken by David Neitz in 2006. Flower was born in Melbourne, Victoria.
Flower died on 2 October 2014, after a short illness.
Kevin Metheny
Kevin Metheny (c. 1954 – October 3, 2014) was an American radio executive. He was played by Paul Giamatti in the 1997 movie, "Private Parts". His final job in the radio industry was as operations manager of KGO-AM/KSFO-AM (San Francisco).
Metheny died in San Francisco, California from a suspected heart attack, aged 60.
Ward Ruyslinck
Raymond De Belser (17 June 1929 – 3 October 2014), pseudonym Ward Ruyslinck, was a Belgian writer. He was born in Berchem, Belgium. He was known for his book "Wierook en tranen" (""Incense and Tears""). He won the "Prijs voor Letterkunde van de Vlaamse provincies" for this work. In 1966, he wrote the bittersweet fairy tale "Golden Ophelia".
Ward Ruyslinck retired in 1984. His wife committed suicide in 1980. Afterwards, he moved to Meise to live with his mistress Monika Lo Cascio. Ruyslinck and Cascio wrote the autobiographical novel "De speeltuin" ("The Playground") in 1992.
Ruyslinck, who had from Alzheimer's disease, died on 3 October 2014 in a retirement home in Meise.
Jean-Jacques Marcel
Jean-Jacques Marcel (13 June 1931 – 3 October 2014) was a French international footballer. He played as a midfielder. He played for some of the French national teams of the 1950s. He played naturally in the FIFA World Cup 1954 and 1958.
On 3 October 2014, it was announced by his former football club that Marcel died. He was 83.
Jean-Claude Duvalier
Jean-Claude Duvalier (), nicknamed "Bébé Doc" or "Baby Doc" (July 3, 1951 – October 4, 2014) was the President of Haiti from 1971 until his overthrow by a popular uprising in 1986. He succeeded François "Papa Doc" Duvalier, his father, as the ruler of Haiti.
Duvalier died of a heart attack on October 4, 2014, at the age of 63.
Splake
The splake or slake ("Salvelinus namaeycush X Salvelinus fontinalis") is a fish. It is the hybrid of a male brook trout ("Salvelinus fontinalis") and a female lake trout ("Salvelinus namaycush"). The name is a combination of speckled trout (another name for brook trout) and lake trout. The name may have been used as early as the 1880s. Hybrids of the male lake trout with the female brook trout (the so-called "brookinaw") have also been produced, but are not as successful.
Seville Cathedral
Seville Cathedral is one of the famous Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain. It is situated in Seville state. It is the third largest cathedral in the word and the largest Gothic style cathedral. It was consecrated in 1507. In 1987, UNESCO added this church as a World Heritage site.
In the early 16th century, Hagia Sophia made the church into a mosque. At that time, the cathedral was the largest church or cathedral in the world. Christopher Columbus is buried in this church.
Colac, Victoria
Colac is a town in the western district of Victoria, Australia. It is about south-west of Melbourne, on the southern shore of Lake Colac and the surrounding volcanic plains, approximately inland from Bass Strait. Colac is the largest city in and administrative centre of the Colac Otway Shire. At June 2016, Colac had a population of 12,411.
The first people to live in the area were the Gulidjan people. They had lived in the grasslands around the lakes for at least 30,000 years.
European settlers moved into the area in 1837. Within three years, most of Gulidjan lands had been taken over by sheep farmers.
The first European settler was Hugh Murray. In 1848, the town was named "Lake Colac".
In 1854 a shepherd, Thomas Brookhouse, who worked for Hugh Murray went missing. Another shepherd, Patrick McGeary left the town soon afterwards. Fifteen years later, Brookhouse's bones were found under a pile of rocks near Lake Corangamite. The skull had been crushed. It took police another two years to find McGeary, who was found guilty of murder and hanged in Melbourne in 1871. He had killed Brookhouse to stop him from telling Murray about his sheep stealing.
The Lake Colac Post Office opened on 1 July 1848. The name was changed to Colac in 1854.
Colac Botanic Gardens in Queen Street is next to the shores of Lake Colac. They were first planted in 1868, and remodelled in 1910 by William Guilfoyle. There is a large number of different of plants with many old and rare trees and a rose arbour.
A commemorative plaque on the southern side of the Memorial Square remembers two historic speeches given on consecutive nights in Colac. The two speeches declared Australia would join Britain to fight in World War I. On 5 September 1914 the Leader of the Opposition, Andrew Fisher said "...Australia will stand by the mother country to our last man and our last shilling". The next night, the Prime Minister Joseph Cook said that "...If the old country is at war, so are we".
Lake Colac dried up during the drought of 2008-2009. It has now refilled.
The railway reached the town in 1877. From 1883 the line was extended to reach as far as Port Fairy, in the south west of the state. The Irrewarra-Cressy line to Ballarat also ran from Colac between 1889 and 1953. There was also a branch line to Alvie opened in 1923 and closed in 1954. A narrow gauge railway line began in Colac going south to the small towns of Beech Forest and Crowes. This line opened in 1902 and closed in 1962.
The local railway station is served by V/Line passenger services on the Warrnambool line. The train stops at Camperdown and Terang.
Colac is on the Princes Highway.