This means reform is in the essential nature of Islam and Muslims are called all the time to work hard to make new ideas cope with tradition. It also means that not everything in the Muslim tradition is useful and good for this modern age; there are certain things that were possible in the past but are no longer relevant today. Slavery would be a prime example.
Tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought means renewing the ideology representing the intellectual product of Muslims in the fields of science, knowledge and ijtihad to interpret Islam and understand and explicate its rulings.
Al-Suyuti mentioned in his book Al-Jami' al-Sagheer, "Renewing religion means renewing its guidance, clarifying its truth and precedence, refuting the innovations and extremism presented to its followers or their reluctance in upholding it, and following its rules in managing the interests of the people and the law of society and civilization."
Among the most manifest aspects of tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought is the renewal of Islamic sciences as follows:
"Mujaddids" can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.
There is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid. The persons of this list are claimed to be Mujaddid.
While there is no formal mechanism for designating a "mujaddid" in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus.
Eleanor Coen
Eleanor Coen (October 21, 1916 – July 9, 2010) was an American painter. She was born in Normal, Illinois. Coen worked at the Art Institute of Chicago. Coen's work is displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and Art Institute of Chicago.
Coen died of heart failure at the age of 93 in Evanston, Illinois.
Martin Bell (director)
Martin Bell (born January 16, 1943) is an American movie director. He was best known for his movies such as "Streetwise" and "American Heart". His career began in 1971 wile making short movies. He was married to Mary Ellen Mark until her death in 2015.
Aaron T. Beck
Aaron Temkin Beck (born July 18, 1921) is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He is thought to be as the father of cognitive therapy, and his theories are widely used in the treatment of clinical depression.
Beck was born in Providence, Rhode Island to a family of Russian Jewish immigrants. He studied at Brown University and at Yale Medical School.
Beck also developed self-report measures of depression and anxiety including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Youth Inventories. Beck is known for his research in psychotherapy, psychopathology, suicide, and psychometrics, which led to his creation of cognitive therapy and the BDI, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring depression severity.
Beck worked with psychologist Maria Kovacs in the creation of the Children's Depression Inventory, which used the BDI as a model. Beck's work at the University of Pennsylvania inspired Martin Seligman to create his own cognitive techniques and exercises, and later work on learned helplessness.
Beck is the President Emeritus of the non-profit Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and the Honorary President of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy, which certifies qualified cognitive therapists.
Beck married judge Phyllis W. Beck in 1950. Together, they have four children. He lives in suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Ralph Torres
Ralph Deleon Guerrero Torres (born August 6, 1979) is an American Republican politician from Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. He is serving as the 9th Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands upon the death of governor Eloy Inos on December 28, 2015. He previously served as the 10th Lieutenant Governor. He was elected to this position in the 2014 election.
William Waad
Sir William Waad (also Wade or Wadd) (1546 - 1623) was an English diplomat and administrator. He served as a special diplomatic agent for Elizabeth I of England. She sent him to France to collect papers which were used to convict her sister, Queen Mary. Waad also carried out the questioning and interrogations of political prisoners, often using torture to get the answers. He was involved in questioning Sir Walter Raleigh, members of the Gunpowder Plot, and the Essex rebellion among others.
Carlos Romero Barceló
Carlos Antonio Romero Barceló (September 4, 1932 – May 2, 2021) was a Puerto Rican politician. He served as the fifth Governor of Puerto Rico. He was the second governor to be elected from the New Progressive Party (PNP) and also Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 2001.
On July 3, 2017, he was appointed by Governor Ricky Rosselló as Puerto Rico's first United States Shadow Senator to the U.S. Senate.
Romero Barceló was hospitalized in San Juan, Puerto Rico in March 2021 for sepsis and a urinary tract infection. He died a month later on May 2, 2021 at the age of 88.
Coronagraph
A coronagraph is a telescope to see things around the Sun. The telescope uses a disk to block the bright surface of the sun, exposing bright objects around the sun to be visible to human eyes.
James Braid
James Braid (1795 - 1860) was a Scottish surgeon and hypnotist.
He was born in Portmoak, Scotland. He died in of an illness in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.
Braid saw a demonstration of mesmerism by Charles Lafontaine in 1841 and began to explore and research the subject for himself. He argued that the trance like state that a person went into, which he called hypnotism, was a state of mind. He said it was not caused by the transferring "mesmeric fluid" or "animal magnetism". He believed a hypnotic state could be caused by having a person stare at a small bright object. When a person was in a hypnotic state, they could be given suggestions which they did not remember when fully awake. He also noted changes in pulse and blood circulation, which he believed were able to cure some illnesses. He began using hypnotism and suggestion as way of treating some of his patients.
His ideas were later developed by a group of doctors in Paris, who were called "Braidists". Led by the neurologist J. M. Charcot, their work made it scientifically acceptable to study hypnotism.
Braid wrote a book and several articles about his research and his ideas:
Colin Dexter
Norman Colin Dexter, OBE, (29 September 1930 – 21 March 2017) was an English crime writer. He was known for his Inspector Morse novels, which were written between 1975 and 1999 and adapted as a television series from 1987 to 2000.
In 2000 Dexter was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to literature. In 2001 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Oxford.
Dexter died in his sleep at his home in Oxford on 21 March 2017, aged 86.
Sheila Mercier
Sheila Mercier (1 January 1919 – 4 December 2019) was an English actress. She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. She played Annie Sugden in "Emmerdale" for over 20 years between 1972 and 1994, she made 3 further appearances in 1995, 1996 and 2009.
Buick Rendezvous
The Buick Rendezvous was a midsize crossover SUV. It was built by General Motors from 2002 to 2007. The Rendezvous was built on a short wheelbase of the GM U platform similar to the Pontiac Aztek. It slotted between the Rainier and the Terraza. From 2002 to 2006, it offered the option of front-wheel-drive or all-wheel drive. This was dropped for the final model year. The Rendezvous was later discontinued due to a drop in sales and replaced by the slightly larger Buick Enclave CUV which also replaced the Rainier and Terraza.
Stuck in the Middle (TV series)