The Historical Dictionary of Switzerland is an encyclopedia on the history of Switzerland. It tries to use modern historical research to provide information in a broad manner. It is published by a foundation supported by the Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (SAGW/ASSH) and the Swiss Historical Society (SGG-SHH). It is financed by national research grants. Other than 35 people at the central offices, it is written by a team including 100 academic advisors, 2500 historians and 100 translators.
The encyclopedia is being edited at the same time in the three national languages of Switzerland: German ("Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz", HLS), French ("Dictionnaire Historique de la Suisse", DHS) and Italian ("Dizionario Storico della Svizzera", DSS). There are 13 volumes. The first was published in 2002. The last volume was published in 2014.
The 36,000 headings are grouped into:
The on-line edition has been available since 1998. All articles in the print version are available, for free, but no images. It also lists all 36,000 topics that are to be covered.
Calendar era
A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. The Gregorian calendar for example numbers its years in the Western Anno Domini system (the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox churches have their own Christian eras). The instant, date, or year from which time is marked is called the "epoch" of the era. There are many different calendar eras such as Saka Era.
In ancient times, regnal years were counted from the year a new monarch took the throne. This makes ancient timelines very difficult to reconstruct, because they are based on separate and scattered king lists, such as the Sumerian King List and the Babylonian Canon of Kings. In East Asia, having era names based on ruling monarchs ended in the 20th century except for Japan, where they are still used.
Doctoral advisor
A doctoral advisor (or dissertation director or dissertation advisor) is a university faculty member whose helps guide graduate students who are candidates for a doctorate degree. This includes helping them select coursework, as well as shaping, refining and directing the students' choice of sub-discipline in which they will be examined or on which they will write a dissertation. Students in general choose advisors based on their areas of interest within their discipline, their desire to work closely with particular graduate faculty, and the willingness and availability of those faculty to work with them.
Spreuerhofstraße
Spreuerhofstraße is one of the world's narrowest streets on the earth. It is in Reutlingen, which is a city in Germany. Its narrowest point is . Its widest point is . The street was built in 1727. This happened while the city built itself again. That was necessary because a big fire destroyed the city in 1726. The street is officially listed in the Land-Registry Office as City Street Number 77.
Former constellations
Former constellations are constellations that the International Astronomical Union does not accept. Many of these constellations were accepted by people for long periods of time, even centuries in many cases, so they do have historical value and can be found on older star charts.
1380s
1381
1382
1380
1381
Esther Lungu
Esther Nyawa Lungu (born 2 June 1961) is a Zambian politician and public figure. She is also the wife of the current President of Zambia Edgar Lungu. She was raised as a Catholic, but she and her husband are now Baptists. Lungu has campaigned against child marriage during her tenure as First Lady. She is the Chairman and mentor of Esther Lungu Foundation formed on December 2015 to empower women and children of Zambia.
Fernando Collor de Mello
Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello (; born August 12, 1949) is a Brazilian politician. He was the 32nd President of Brazil from 1990 to 1992. He resigned to try to stop his impeachment trial by the Brazilian Senate. Collor was the first President directly elected by the people after the end of the Brazilian military government.
Betty Kaunda
Betty Kaunda, born Beatrice Kaweche Banda (17 November 1928 – 18 September 2012)
was the wife of Kenneth Kaunda the first president of Zambia, and the 1st First Lady of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. She was locally called Mother of Zambia. As the First Lady, she was part of many diplomatic visits and matron of many organizations.
As a politician, she led a very simple life even after becoming the First Lady and never gave in to the luxuries of the position.
Betty was considered the national mother by Zambian citizens. Betty suffered from diabetes for many years. She died in the early hours of 19 September in Harare while visiting her daughter. Her burial was planned initially was Lubwa Mission, but was moved to the capital Lusaka on account of waning health of Dr. Kaunda.
Wath upon Dearne
Wath upon Dearne is a town within South Yorkshire. It has a population of over 16,000. It is within Rotherham, South Yorkshire.
Krafla
Krafla is a volcano in the north of Iceland. It is a caldera. It is about in diameter. The fissure zone is long.
Krafla's highest peak is high.
Krafla includes the crater Víti, one of two well-known craters by this name in Iceland (the other is in Askja). The Icelandic word "víti" means "hell". In former times, people often believed hell to be under volcanoes. Víti has a green lake inside of it.
The "Mývatn fires" occurred between 1724–1729, when many of the fissure vents opened up. The lava fountains could be seen in the south of the island. The lava flow destroyed three farms near the village of Reykjahlíð. Nobody was harmed.
Between 1975 and 1984 there was a volcanic episode within the Krafla volcano.
Since 1977 the Krafla area has been the source of the geothermal energy used by a power station.
Alcione
Alcione is an extinct genus of nyctosaurid pterosaur from Maastrichtian-aged rocks from the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco. It was one of six new Maastriichtian-aged pterosaurs described in 2018. Two of these pterosaurs are yet to be named.
Barbaridactylus
Barbaridactylus is an extinct genus of nyctosaurid pterosaur from Maastrichtian/Danian-aged rocks from the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco. It was one of six new Maastriichtian/Danian-aged pterosaurs described in 2018. Two of these pterosaurs are yet to be named.
"Barbaridactylus" was probably a slender pterosaur. Its arm and wing bones were averagely sized for a pterosaur of its time.
"Barbaridactylus" was described based from two specimens.
The first specimen consisted of a partial jaw, a single neck vertebra, part of the arm and wing bones and the left thigh bone.
The second specimen (catalogued as USM93000) consists of a well preserved skeleton.
"Barbaridactylus" was discovered in the Ouled Abdoun Basin in Morocco. It coexisted with the pterosaurs "Alcione", "Simurghia", "Tethydraco" and "Phospatodraco" and the dinosaur "Chenanisaurus".
Pectodens
Pectodens (meaning "comb tooth") is an extinct archosauromorph from Middle Triassic China.The type and only species of the genus is Pectodens zhenyuensis, named by Chun Li and colleagues in 2017. It may be a member of the Protorosauria; an unusual combination of traits similar (such as the long neck) and dissimilar (such as the absence of a hook on the fifth metatarsal bone) to other members causes "Pectodens" to elude exact classification.
Vlamertinge
Vlamertinge is a village in the Belgian province of West Flanders and a borough of the city of Ypres. The village center of Vlamertinge lies just outside the city center of Ypres, along the main road N38 to the nearby town of Poperinge.
In addition to the city center of Ypres itself, Vlamertinge is the largest borough of Ypres. In the west of Vlamertinge, along the road to Poperinge, is the hamlet of Brandhoek.