Abraham Lincoln said in the Gettysburg address (1863), that Americans have a responsibility to make sure that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
Cartigny, Switzerland
Cartigny is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.
Neoconservatism (Japan)
Neoconservatism in Japan refers to the new generation of Japanese conservatives.
They are nationalistic and think Japan is unique and special.
They think they are not responsible for Japan's conquests and wartime history, Japanese war crimes, the Nanjing Massacre, and the Japanese colonization of Korea.
They want to change the Japanese constitution and remove Article 9. After losing WW2, Japan wrote into its constitution that it is not allowed to wage war. This is Article 9. The USA helped write it because he wanted to prevent Japan from ever attacking the US or any other country like when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
However Japanese neoconservatives want to restore the military in that they want to use the Japanese "Self-Defense" Forces to for more than just "self-defense". But this is against Article 9.
Some like Shinzō Abe have visited the Yasukuni Shrine to honor Japanese soldiers who murdered and raped Koreans, Chinese, and other Asians.
They do not like China and refuse to apologize for Imperial Japan's war crimes.
They do not like Korea either, North or South. They do not think their relationship with Korea is special.
Some like Shintaro Ishihara want fewer immigrants. Some want to ban foreigners from voting, and only "Japanese nationals" should have the right.
Gy, Switzerland
Gy is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland, near the border with France.
Su Dingfang
Su Dingfang (, 591–667) was a leading general of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. He won many battles. In 657 he destroyed the Western Turkic Khaganate. This expanded the Tang's western borders to their farthest extent (deep into Central Asia, close to modern Iran). In 660, he also conquered Baekje.
He was born in Wuyi (武邑, modern Hengshui, Hebei).
In spring 657, Emperor Gaozong sent Su Dingfang to attack the Western Turks. He had the following friends to help him:
The Tang took went north.
Su defeated Chumukun first.
Su had fewer than 20,000 men. Ashina Helu's army had nearly 100,000 men. Ashina Helu thought he could defeat Su easily. His army ran at Su but could not break through Su's defense: the front line pointed long spears. Su then counterattacked with cavalry, defeating Helu's army and killing and capturing several tens of thousands of men. Helu ran away.
Su kept going. Many tribes of the Western Turks surrendered to Su, including the general Huluwu (胡祿屋), surrendered, and Ashina Helu fled along with his general Qulü (屈律). The rest surrendered to Ashina Buzhen.
Su kept chasing Helu but ran into snow storms. Su's men said maybe they should wait for weather to get better. But Su said that Helu would be surprised if they attacked him. So Su and his army kept going. They joined Mishe and Buzhen, made a surprise attack on Helu, and captured or killed tens of thousands.
But Helu fled to Shi (石國, modern Tashkent, Uzbekistan), a vassal of the Western Turks.
But Shi did not want to be attacked and defeated by the Tang as well. So they just captured and handed Helu to the Tang.
And so the Tang conquered the Western Turkic Khaganate and brought Central Asia under Chinese control.
Some Turks escaped west and became the Khazars in Russia. They did not come back.
Su presented Helu to Emperor Gaozong. Gaozong spared Helu and promoted Su to major general. He also made Su the Duke of Xing and made his son Su Qingjie (蘇慶節) the Duke of Wuyi.
Duman (都曼) was a commander of the Izgil tribe (Old Turkic: , Chinese: Sijie 思結), under Tang rule. The Shule (疏勒), Zhujubo (朱俱波), and Yebantuo (謁般陀) were also Turkic kingdoms under Tang rule. They were around Kashgar, Xinjiang.
In 659 they rebelled against the Tang. Duman got Yutian (于田, in modern Hotan, Xinjiang).
In winter 659, Gaozong sent Su Dingfang to Xinjiang. Once Su arrived he gathered 10,000 soldiers and 3,000 horsesoldiers and made a surprise attack on Duman.
Duman was surprised, and after Su defeated Duman, Duman retreated into Yutian.
Su seiged the city, and Duman surrendered.
In spring 660, Su took Duman to the eastern capital Luoyang. Su presented Duman to Gaozong. Some wanted Duman to be executed. But Su said Duman should be spared. Gaozong said that by law, Duman should die, but he would respect Su's promise and thus spared Duman.
The "Old Tibetan Annals", written in Classical Tibetan, was discovered at Dunhuang in the early 20th century. It says Su Dingfang fought the Tibetans in 659:
"Da Rgyal Mang Po Rjes (Dayan Mangbuzhi) fought a battle with Su Dingfang of the Tang at the Dongdai 東岱 (a Tibetan regional administrative unit) of Wuhai 烏海 (southwest of Lake Qinghai). Da Rgyal was killed and his army of 80,000 men was defeated by 1,000 Tang troops."
In spring 660, Tang was allies with Silla, in the Korean Peninsula. Silla was being attacked by Baekje so Silla asked the Tang for help. The Tang sent help.
Emperor Gaozong put Su in charge of the Silla-Tang combined army and navy. He, alongside Silla's King Muyeol, sent 100,000 soldiers to attack Baekje.
In summer 660, Su left Chengshan (成山, in modern Weihai, Shandong) and crossed the Yellow Sea to Baekje.
Baekje forces tried to prevent Tang forces from landing, but could not.
The Tang directly attacked the Baekje capital Sabi and seiged it. Baekje surrendered, and the Tang annexed Baekje.
In winter 660, Su brought prisoners to Emperor Gaozong in Luoyang. Emperor Gaozong released King Uija and the rest of the captives.
In winter 660, Su Dingfang, Qibi Heli (契苾何力), Liu Boying (劉伯英), Cheng Minzhen, and Silla allies attacked Baekje's ally Goguryeo.
By fall 661, Su seiged Goguryeo's capital Pyongyang.
By spring 662, general Pang Xiaotai (龐孝泰) was killed. The Tang withdrew.
But the Tang later came back with more troops and defeated Gogoryeo in 668.
Su died in 667.
Liu Xu, the lead editor of the "Old Book of Tang", said of Su:
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (8-bit)
The Master System version of the game was not released outside Europe and Brazil. The Master System version was released for the Wii's Virtual Console in 2008.
Zhongyuan
Zhongyuan () or the Central Plains are plains in the middle of China. It is southwest of Beijing. The Yellow River goes through it. It is where Chinese civilization originated from.
It is part of the North China Plain.
Since the beginning of recorded history, the Central Plain had central importance to the Middle Kingdom (China 中国).
It was considered the “Center of the World”. It was the capital of the Xia dynasty. The earliest Chinese writing, the Jiahu symbols and Jiagu writing came from here.
"Zhongyuan" is sometimes used to refer to all of Chinese civilization.
Cuphead
Cuphead is a run and gun indie video game developed and published by StudioMDHR. It was announced in 2013. It was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One in September 2017. It was released for macOS in October 2018, and for Nintendo Switch in April 2019. The game was inspired by the rubber hose style of animation used in cartoons of the 1930s.
Ben Kuchera of "Polygon" wrote that "Cuphead" was one of the five most interesting games at Microsoft's E3 2014 press conference. Even though he knew little about the game other than its aesthetic. He said it "stood out immediately" and that everyone in the website's press room reacted well to the trailer. "Cuphead" won the "IGN" Best Xbox One game at E3 award in 2015. It won the award for "Best Indie Game" at the Gamescom 2015 Awards. It was also nominated as "Best Independent Game" at the E3 2016 Game Critics Awards.
Many people say that "Cuphead" is a difficult game.