where the experimenter does not know which treatment is given to a subject. The idea is to avoid bias which the experimenter might otherwise introduce. If both tester and subject are blinded, the trial is a double-blind trial.
Suppose consumers are asked to compare the tastes of different brands of a product. Obviously, the identities of the product should be hidden – otherwise consumers tend to prefer the brand they are familiar with. Similarly, when testing a pharmaceutical drug, both patients and experimenter should not know the dosage being given in each case.
The opposite of a blind trial is an open trial. The terms blind (adjective) or to blind (transitive verb) when used in this sense are figurative extensions of the literal idea of blindfolding someone.
Blind experiments went on to be used outside of purely scientific settings. In 1817, a committee of scientists and musicians compared a Stradivarius violin to one with a guitar-like design made by the naval engineer François Chanot. A well-known violinist played each instrument while the committee listened in the next room to avoid prejudice.
One of the first essays advocating a blinded approach to experiments in general came from Claude Bernard in the latter half of the 19th century, who recommended splitting any scientific experiment between the theorist who conceives the experiment and a naive (and preferably uneducated) observer who registers the results without foreknowledge of the theory or hypothesis being tested. This suggestion contrasted starkly with the prevalent Enlightenment-era attitude that scientific observation can only be objectively valid when undertaken by a well-educated, informed scientist.
Double-blind methods came into especial prominence in the mid-20th century.
Double-blind describes an especially stringent way of conducting an experiment. It tries to eliminate subjective, unrecognized biases carried by an experiment's subjects "and</u/l>" conductors.
In a double-blind experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know which participants belong to the control group, and which to the test group. Random assignment of test subjects to the experimental and control groups is the key to any double-blind research design. The information about who the subjects were, and which group they belonged to, is kept by a third party until the study is over.
Double-blind methods can be applied to any experimental situation in which there is a possibility that the results will be affected by conscious/unconscious bias on the part of researchers, participants, or both.
Crossgates Commons
Crossgates Commons is a plaza in Albany, New York near Crossgates Mall. It has a lot of stores.
St Paul's Suite
St Paul's Suite is a piece of music by Gustav Holst. It was written in 1912. It was published in 1922 after some revisions. It is written for string orchestra with the addition of some wind instruments. It was written for St Paul's Girls' School where Holst was Director of Music for many years. The suite has four movements: Jig, Ostinato, Intermezzo, and Finale.
First Suite in E-flat for Military Band
First Suite in E-flat for Military Band is a piece of music by Gustav Holst. It was written in 1909 and had its first performance in 1920. There are three movements: "Chaconne", "Intermezzo", and "March". The suite is thought a cornerstone of music for military band.
Songs of a Wayfarer
Songs of a Wayfarer is a set of four songs for low voice and orchestra by Gustav Mahler. Mahler started writing the music in 1884. The music was first performed on March 16, 1896. There are four songs: "When My Sweetheart is Married", "I Went This Morning over the Field", "I Have a Gleaming Knife", and "The Two Blue Eyes of my Beloved".
The Marble Faun
The Marble Faun is a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published in 1860. The story is set in Italy.
Saint Francis of Assisi (opera)
Saint François d'Assise is an opera in three acts and eight scenes. The music and libretto were written by Olivier Messiaen. The opera was written from 1975 to 1983. The first performance was given by the Paris Opéra at the Palais Garnier on November 28, 1983.
Kaira
Kaira (; Altai: "Кайра", ) is the king of the gods and ruler of the universe in Turkic and Altai mythologies. He is the god of creation and the creator of everything.
Kaira sits on the 17th floor of sky and determines the fate of the universe. He created the other gods. He existed before the creation of the universe. He planted a tree with nine boughes. This tree connects the sky and earth and nine human races are descended from the tree. His sons are "Ulgan", "Kyzaghan" and "Mergen".
In ancient Turkic beliefs, Kaira is a white goose that flies over an endless water. Ak Ana (white mother) appears and tells him to create. Kaira is the biggest and the strongest of all the gods. So he creates the earth.
The word (Kaira) means gracious or benevolent.
Ledbury
Ledbury is a small town in Herefordshire. The well known poet John Masefield comes from here.
Ulgan
Ulgan (, Khakass: "Ӱлген", , , ) is a creator god in Turkic mythology. He is ruler of the sky.
He lives in a golden palace on Altyn Dagh ("", "Golden Mountain"). He has a golden throne and a lightning arc. His father is Kaira Khan. Ulgan lives on 16th floor of the sky, and manages the stars and other objects in the sky. It was believed that at the beginning of the universe there was only Ulgan and Erlik.
Ulgan has seven sons and seven daughters.
Ulgan has seven sons, named Akoghlanlar (White Boys). They are ""Karakush Khan, Karshyt Khan, Pura Khan, Burcha Kan, Yashyl Khan, Er-Kanym Khan, Bakty Khan"". And he has nine daughters, that named Akkyzlar. No one knows the names of the daughters.
They are the sons of Ulgan.
Dalmatian City-states
The ”’Dalmatian City-states”’ were 8 cities in Dalmatia where the autoctonous Dalmatian Italians survived the Slav invasions, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. These cities were: Zara, Spalato, Ragusa, Cattaro, Trau, Ossero (called even Cherso or Crespa), Veglia and Arbe.
At the beginning of the seventh century the Avars with some Slav tribes devastated and conquered the Roman province of Dalmatia. The local Latin population survived only in the coast and islands of Dalmatia. There they created 8 little cities that maintained political links with the Byzantine Empire, that defended these cities allowing their commerce.
The original name of the cities was Jadera, Spalatum, Crespa, Arba, Tragurium, Vecla, Ragusium and Cattarum. The language and the laws where initially Latin, but after a few centuries they developed their own neolatin language (the "Dalmatico"), that lasted until the nineteenth century.
The cities were maritime centers with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. From it they received their Italian culture and arts. After the year 1000 AD, the Venetian Doge Orseolo II started to control all coastal Dalmatia, but it was only in 1420 AD that Venice was able to obtain the full domination of these City-states.
In this way seven of these cities became part of the Venetian republic: Zara was the most Venetian (or Italian) of them, remaining Italian until WWII.
But one of the City-states, Ragusium (or Ragusa) was dominated by Venice only for a few decades in the eleventh century and later created the famous "Repubblica di Ragusa". This was an autonomous state under the protection of the Ottoman empire, and lasted until the conquest by Napoleon in 1804 AD when was united to the Napoleonic kingdom of Italy.
Battle of Palmito Ranch
The Battle of Palmito Ranch in Texas was the last battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on May 12 and 13, 1865.
Battle of Nashville
The Battle of Nashville was a battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on December 15 and 16, 1864.
Interstate 787