This is a list of Australian political parties. There are also other parties which are only active at a state level. This list includes all parties registered with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC).
For latest details see: http://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registered_parties/index.htm
As of 2015 the following parties held in the Australian Federal Parliament:
These groups are no longer registered and can no longer take part in elections. A number of these may still exist but they are not political parties.
Lev Vygotsky
Lev Vygotsky ( – 11 June 1934) was a Russian psychologist. He worked on child development, play and language. He also developed a holistic theory of human cultural and biosocial development.
Vygotsky's early death to tuberculosis left many manuscripts. Sorting them out has taken many years.
Perhaps Vygotsky's most important work was the inter-relationship of language development and thought. This establishes the connection between speech and the development of mental concepts and cognitive awareness. Vygotsky described inner speech as being qualitatively different from normal (external) speech. Although Vygotsky believed inner speech developed from external speech by a gradual process, with younger children only really able to "think out loud".
Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self-talk or "thinking out loud". Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone. Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior. Because it gets internalized, self-talk is no longer present when the child starts school. Self-talk "develops along a rising not a declining, curve; it goes through an evolution, not an involution. In the end, it becomes inner speech".
Speaking has thus developed along two lines, the line of social communication and the line of inner speech, by which the child mediates and regulates their activity through their thoughts. This is not to say that thinking cannot take place without language, but rather it is mediated by language, and so develops to a much higher level of sophistication. Just as the birthday cake as a sign provides much deeper meaning than its physical properties allow, inner speech as a sign provides much deeper meaning than the lower psychological functions would otherwise allow.
Inner speech is not comparable in form to external speech. External speech is the process of turning thought into words. Inner speech is the opposite; it is the conversion of speech into inward thought. Inner speech, for example, contains predicates only. Subjects are superfluous. Words are also used much more economically. One word in inner speech would take many words to express it in external speech.
List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition
In Australian Federal Politics the Leader of the Opposition is a Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives. The Leader of the Opposition is usually the leader of the party which has the most seats but is not part of the Government. In Parliament the Leader of the Opposition sits on the left-hand side of the table in the centre, in front of the Opposition and opposite the Prime Minister. The Opposition Leader is elected by the Opposition Party. A new Opposition Leader may be elected if the person in the position dies, resigns or is challenged for the leadership.
The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. It is based on the British Westminster model. The term Opposition has a specific meaning in the parliamentary system. Its formal title is Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition. This is an important part of the Westminster system. The Opposition directs its criticism at the Government and attempts to defeat and replace the Government. The Opposition is therefore the 'Government in waiting' and it is a formal part of the parliamentary system, just as is the Government. It is in opposition to the Government, but not to the Crown, hence the term 'Loyal Opposition'.
The current Leader of the Opposition is Anthony Albanese, replacing Bill Shorten who resigned after losing in the 2016 and 2019 elections.
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S
The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government. It is bestowed on members of the United States armed forces. To receive it they must distinguish themselves "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…". Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the person was killed (posthumously).
Many of the medals presented during the American Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags. During the Civil War these flags served as the rallying point for the unit. They also guided the unit's movements. Loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit. It could have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z
This is a complete alphabetical list (T to Z) of Medal of Honor recipients during the American Civil War. Many of the medals presented during the Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags. At this time regimental flags served as the rallying point for the unit. It guided the unit's movements and loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit. It could have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.
The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government. It is presented to members of the United States armed forces who distinguish thesmelves "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while that could engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…". Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Second Battle of Fort Fisher
The Second Battle of Fort Fisher was a joint assault by Union Army and naval forces. It was against the Confederate Fort Fisher. The fort was located outside Wilmington, North Carolina. The battle was near the end of the American Civil War. The battle was sometimes referred to as the "Gibraltar of the South". The fort was the last major coastal stronghold of the Confederacy. Fort Fisher had tremendous strategic value during the war.
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Opequon
The Battle of Opequon was more commonly known as the Third Battle of Winchester. It was fought in Winchester, Virginia on September 19, 1864. It happened during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War. Fourteen Union Army enlisted men and one officer were presented the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the battle.
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Cedar Creek