"Plevne Marşı" ( "The Plevne March"), also "Osman Paşa Marşı", is an Ottoman Turkish song written by Mehmet Ali Bey to commemorate Osman Nuri Pasha (or Bey), an Ottoman field marshal who led Ottoman troops in the Siege of Plevna. Dikran Çuhacıyan wrote it.
Potting soil
Potting soil is also known as potting mix. The main use for potting mix is to give the plant a place for its roots to grow. Many potting mixes contain vermiculute or perlite, which keep the potting mix fluffy so air can reach the plant's roots. Potting mix allows for drainage, meaning it holds on to water long enough for the plant to take some of it, but then the rest of the water flows away so that the roots do not become too wet.
Shooting of Philando Castile
Philando Castile was a 32-year-old African American man who was shot dead by two Minnesota police officers during a routine traffic stop on July 6, 2016.
Castile was driving with his girlfriend, Diamond Reynolds and her 4-year-old daughter when they were pulled over by Officer Yanez and his partner. Yanez asked Castile for his license and registration and Castile told him that he was legally carrying a firearm. The officers told him not to reach for it, to which Castile told them he was not reaching for his weapon. Yanez fired 7 rounds at close range, hitting Castile 5 times. Castile died 20 minutes later.
The Proud Boys
The Proud Boys are a twenty-first century alt-right organization. They do most of their things in the United States. A Canadian-British man called Gavin McInnes started the group because he hoped Donald Trump would win the 2016 United States presidential election. The Proud Boys only allow men to join, so there are no women. They call themselves "western chauvinists," meaning they think Western Civilization is the best, and they say they are not racist, are not alt-right and do not support white supremacy or fascism or violence. Experts disagree and say they are racist, are alt-right and do support white supremacy and violence.
According to the Anti-Defamation League, the Proud Boys hate women, Muslims, transmen and transwomen, and immigrants. The United States FBI says they are an extremist group. The Southern Poverty Law Center says they are a hate group.
As of 2020, Twitter, Facebook and other social media sites do not allow Proud Boys to post. Square, J.P. Morgan Chase and Paypal all stopped processing payments from the Proud Boys' online store.
The Proud Boys like to show up to places where liberal organizations are protesting to counter-protest and fight.
In 2017, Proud Boy Jason Kessler helped organize the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. There, the Proud Boys joined Neo-Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan to say they did not want a statue of Robert E. Lee taken down. A woman named Heather Heyer was killed when a right-winger drove his car into a crowd.
In 2019, some Proud Boys were arrested in New York for physically attacking members of Antifa, an anti-fascist group. The Proud Boys have shown up to Black Lives Matter protests.
The Proud Boys say that they are not racist and say they do not like white supremacy, racism, violence or fascism, however they do have many people and factions within their organization that do support Fascism along with other ideologies. They like to carry weapons in public. They say they must exist as a politically right counter to the anti-fascist group Antifa. According to scholar Amy Cooter of Vanderbilt University, they do support White supremacy and only say they don't. Cooter told "USA Today" that the Proud Boys are trying not to look like Neo-Nazis.
Joan Donovan of Harvard University's Technology and Social Change Research Project said the Proud Boys don't want to be called a hate group because then they cannot use Paypal, Chase or most other programs to sell things or collect donated money through the Internet. Most online payment collection services, for example PayPal, say in their terms of service that they will not work with hate groups. In 2019, McInnes sued the SPLC for calling the Proud Boys a hate group.
The Proud Boys are very good with technology and social media. As late as 2018, they used Facebook to bring in new members. They had rules and prizes for different things. A member could earn "first degree" by posting a video of himself saying the Proud Boys oath: ""My name is [full name], I'm from [city, state], and I am a western chauvinist who refuses to apologize for creating the modern world." You can add anything else you'd like to your video, as long as you say those words exactly." Members could earn other degrees by letting other Proud Boys beat them up, getting a Proud Boys tattoo or getting into a fight "for the cause."
The Proud Boys became more famous on September 29, 2020 because the candidates talked about them in the first debate of the 2020 United States presidential election. Presidential debates are when the two or more people who want to be president stand on a stage. Another person called a moderator asks them questions and lets them argue with each other. People watch in person or on television or the Internet.
President Donald Trump and former Vice President Joe Biden debated each other that night. The host running the debate, Chris Wallace, asked Trump if he would say white supremacist and militia groups were bad and tell them to stop hurting people and breaking property. Donald Trump asked Wallace to say the name of a specific group. Biden said "The Proud Boys." Then Donald Trump said "Proud Boys, stand back and stand by, but you know what? Someone's got to do something about Antifa." In English, "stand by" means "wait and be ready to act."
According to Elon University professor Megan Squire, this made the Proud Boys "extremely happy." "They reacted exactly as I thought they would," Squire told "USA Today". "They were extremely excited by what he said. They felt validated. They took it the same way everybody listening took it — that he was giving them a shout-out, basically."
A few days later, gay men started to use the #ProudBoys Twitter hashtag. Officially, Twitter does not allow Proud Boys to post, but some do anyway. Gay men posted pictures of themselves with their husbands or other partners and tagged the posts #ProudBoys, because they are boys and they are proud. Englishman Matt Dechaine started the idea. He said he did it to "spread joy" and work for "movement for positive change [...] rooted in respect and love for each other."
Enrique Tarrio said thought the idea was funny but did not like it for other reasons: "One of the messages they want to send with this is that they're trying to drown out our supporters, they're trying to silence us. ... When you're trying to drown out other people's thoughts, I don't think there's anything progressive about that. Why don't these people just engage?"
Proud Boys like to wear red MAGA hats because they support United States President Donald Trump. They also like to wear black-and-yellow Fred Perry polo shirts. Fred Perry stopped selling the shirts in the United States because they do not like the Proud Boys.
After Donald Trump told them "stand back and stand by," Proud Boys started wearing clothes saying "Standing back and standing by."
Lingle, Wyoming
Lingle is a town in Goshen County, Wyoming, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 468.
Superior, Wyoming
Superior is a town in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 336.
Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton
Alice Lynne "Lindy" Chamberlain-Creighton ("née" Murchison; born 4 March 1948) is a New Zealand-born Australian woman who was wrongfully convicted of the death of her nine-week-old daughter daughter Azaria in 1980. The event happened at a campsite near Uluru, Northern Territory. It was one of Australia's most notable murder trials. Chamberlain said that she saw a dingo leave the tent where Azaria was sleeping.