The Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall is the largest known super-structure in the universe.
It is a huge group of galaxies forming a giant sheet-like pattern which is about 10 billion light-years long, 7.2 billion light-years wide, and almost 1 billion light-years thick. It is about 10 billion light-years away in the constellations of Hercules and Corona Borealis, hence its name.
It was discovered in November 2013 by mapping gamma-ray bursts. They are very luminous explosions of distant, massive stars, the most powerful explosions in the universe. A typical burst releases more energy in less than a tenth of a second than the Sun will in its whole life of 10 billion years.
Gamma-ray bursts are very rare: only one happens in a typical galaxy every few million years. The stars which cause these explosions are very massive, so the material required for them to be formed must be in great amounts. So, these explosions can be used to track down if there is a galaxy in that direction, or there is a large group of matter in there.
Between the years of 1997 to 2012, astronomers mapped these bursts in the sky, with the help of the robotic satellites Swift and Fermi which looks for gamma-ray bursts and measures their redshifts. In the map they produced, they noticed something interesting; 14 gamma-ray bursts have very similar redshifts and are very close to each other. This means that there is a very large group of galaxies and matter in the region. They say, from measuring these bursts, comes up with a very large structure measuring 10 billion light-years in diameter.
For comparison, the Milky Way, the galaxy we live in, measures only 200,000 light-years, and the distance from the Milky Way to the Andromeda Galaxy measures only 2.5 million light-years. The Huge-LQG (the Huge Large Quasar Group), the previous largest structure in the universe, is 4 billion light-years long.
The discovery of the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall contradicts a theory proposed by Albert Einstein known as the cosmological principle. The cosmological principle says that the entire universe is approximately equal; any two regions in the universe will look very similar, even if those two regions are very far apart, assuming those regions have sizes larger than 250 to 300 million light-years. Maximum sizes of structures must be around 1.2 billion light-years based on the meaning above, and no structure must be larger than that, assuming that matter is spreaded equally from the Big Bang. However, the structure, is eight times larger than the limit, contradicting the cosmological principle.
The structure also contradicts theories about the evolution of the universe. The structure is 10 billion light-years away, which means that we see the structure 10 billion years ago, when the universe is only 13.8 billion years old, and its light was just approaching us. The 3.8 billion year span of time is "too short for a giant structure 10 billion light-years long to form". Even Istvan Horvath, the discoverer of the structure, says he has no idea how the structure has formed in that amount of time. For now, the existence of the structure is still a mystery for cosmologists.
Another idea says that the idea of the Big Bang might be proven false as a result of this incredible cosmic structure
Bunny Rugs
William Clarke (6 February 1948 – 2 February 2014), better known by his stage names Bunny Rugs and Bunny Scott, was a Jamaican reggae musician. He was best known as a member of the band reggae band Third World.
He was born on 6 February 1948 in Mandeville. He was raised in the capital city, Kingston. He began his career in the mid-1960s. He was also at one time a member of the and Inner Circle and half of the duo Bunny & Ricky.
Clarke died from leukaemia on 2 February 2014 at an intensive care facility in Orlando, Florida in the United States. He was 65. He was outlived by his wife and eight children.
Academic art
Academic art was an artistic style that was popular from the 17th to the 19th century. Different art schools laid down rules on what a good painting or artwork shouls look like. Academic art was influenced by these rules, and was about applying them when creating a work of art. Academic art is a form of Realism in art. One of the main ideas that influenced academic art was that of Aristotle: A work of art should give a selective, but true copy of a part of reality. This idea was transformed into the concept of mimesis, or imitation. Together with thisidea, there were a number of subjects that were acceptable for painting or sculpture. Very often, the subjects came from mythology
The École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris had a lot of influence on the movement. At the time Neoclassicism and Romanticism were the main movements at the school.
With later art styles, especially that of impressionism, academic art losts its importance.
Well known artists who painted in the academic art style include William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Alexandre Cabanel, Eugene de Blaas, Edward Poynter, Wilhelm Bendz and Alexander Ivanov.
Ahmed Dogan
Ahmed Demir Dogan (; born 29 March 1954) is a Bulgarian politician. He was chairman of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) from 4 January 1990 to 19 January 2013.
Dogan was born on 29 March 1954 in Pchelarovo, Dobrich Province. He is of Turkish ancestry.
On 19 January 2013, a man tried to assault Dogan with a gun during a political meeting. While Dogan was talking to a large group of people from a podium, a man ran onto the stage and pointed a pistol within a foot of Dogan's head. The man used a gas pistol filled with pepper spray, but the gun did not fire. According to Bulgaria's deputy chief prosecutor, even if the gun had fired, pepper spray is not deadly. The man was tackled and wrestled to the ground by security guards and delegates. He was severely beaten for several minutes before being arrested. The entire event was captured on video. The man was identified as Oktai Enimehmedov, a Bulgarian national of Turkish descent.
Pertunmaa
Pertunmaa is a municipality in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014 almost 1,850 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Hartola, Heinola, Hirvensalmi, Mäntyharju and Joutsa.
A story says that the municipality got its name from a man named Perttu. He was the only ruler in Pertunmaa.
Hämeenkoski
Hämeenkoski is a former municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. Almost 2,100 people lived there as of January 2014. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hausjärvi, Hollola, Hämeenlinna and Kärkölä. On 1 January 2016, it was merged to the municipality of Hollola.
Until the 18th century, Hämeenkoski was called Etola. After that, its name was Koski HI. The name Hämeenkoski has been used since 1995.
Etola (Hämeenkoski), Hankala, Huhti, Huljala, Hyrkkälä, Hyväneula, Järvenpää (Hämeenkoski), Kaunkorpi, Koski (Hämeenkoski), Käikälä, Leiniälä, Miehola, Padonmaa (Palomaa), Porvola, Putula, Pätilä, Saapas, Tenhiälä, Toijala (Hämeenkoski) and Töykkylä.
Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg
Archduchess Sophie Chotek (1 March 1868 – 28 June 1914) was a Czech noble from the Bohemia. She was the wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. She was killed by Gavrilo Princip when he tried to shoot Potiorek, the Austrian governor of Sarajevo. Princip also killed her husband, the Archduke. These killings are commonly said to have started World War I.
Hurricane Inez
Hurricane Inez was a very deadly late season hurricane. This storm happened late September to mid October 1966. Inez had winds of just over 150 miles an hour (almost Category 5 level). The storm went across Cuba, the Florida Keys, Hispaniola and Mexico. Inez killed over 1,000 people. It caused $226.5 million (1966 USD) in damage.
The name Inez was retired the next spring.
Nivala