Sarin was discovered in 1938 in Wuppertal-Elberfeld in Germany by scientists at IG Farben attempting to create stronger pesticides. it is the most toxic of the four G-Series nerve agents made by Germany. The name "sarin" comes from letters in the scientists' names: Gerhard Schrader, Otto Ambros, Gerhard Ritter, and Hans-Jürgen von der Linde.
In mid-1939, the formula for the agent was passed to the chemical warfare section of the German Army Weapons Office, which ordered that it be brought into mass production for wartime use. It was not used in World War II.
Sarin is a liquid. It has no color and no smell. However, sarin that is not pure can look brown and smell like burnt rubber. It is miscible in water, which means that it can dissolve in water. Sarin melts at −56 °C and boils at 158 °C.
Sarin is very dangerous, whether someone touches it or breathes it in. The LD50 of sarin is 172 μg/kg. This means that a group of people were injected with 172μg of sarin per kilogram of body weight, 50% of the people in that group would die. This was determined when scientists injected mice with sarin. They then did calculations to determine the ratio of sarin per kilogram and get the LD50.
Pure sarin is estimated to be 26 times more deadly than cyanide.
Sarin is made by mixing different chemicals together. It is difficult and dangerous for the average person to make sarin or get many of the chemicals needed to make sarin.
1) Methylphosphonyl difluoride with isopropyl alcohol. Hydrofluoric acid is made as a byproduct of the reaction:
2) Methylphosphonyl difluoride and methylphosphonic dichloride. This is called the "Di-di" process. Hydrochloric acid is made as a byproduct:
Both methods leave a lot of acid behind. This is a problem because acid will corrode the containers used to store sarin in.
Sarin is hard to store because the bond between the phosphorus and the fluorine is easily broken. That's why it is stored as two separate chemicals that create sarin when they are mixed.
Sarin decomposes at a high pH. First, it breaks down to isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA). Then it breaks down to methylphosphonic acid (MPA). IMPA can be detected to find out if sarin was used somewhere because it is a chemical not found in nature.
In medicine, the acronym SLUDGE is used to remember some of the symptoms of sarin poisoning:
Other symptoms of sarin poisoning include:
How to Steal a Million
How to Steal a Million is a comedy movie of 1966. It is about a high-skilled art forger that fakes being an art collector. His daughter, Nicole, is concerned about his behavior, and more importantly that he might be caught. Audrey Hepburn plays Nicole.
This movie was released on July 13, 1966.
Jane Powell
Jane Powell (born Suzanne Lorraine Bruce on April 1, 1929) is an American actress. She played the title character in "A Date with Judy" in 1948. She also played Tess Morgan in "Three Daring Daughters" (also 1948).
Powell was born in Portland, Oregon. She was married to actor Dickie Moore from 1988 until his death in 2015.
Head writer
A head writer is a person who oversees a team of writers. This is usually on a television or radio series. The title is also common in the soap opera genre, as well. Head writers are common to comedy sketches, game shows and talk shows that feature and comedy skits. In most series this function is generally performed by an executive producer. It is the head writer's job to do the final editing.
Centimetre-gram-second system of units
The centimetre-gram-second system (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system. The derived units are on the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as a unit of mass and the second as a unit of time. The system evolved in the nineteenth century when it was used to define both electrical and mechanical units.
The cgs units of energy and force are the "dyne" and the "erg".
The coherent cgs unit of pressure was the "barye" (symbol Ba). A "bayre" is one dyne per square centimeter.
Many non-coherent units of pressure were used in the cgs system. They include:
The dyne and the erg were used to define the units for electrical quantities. Two different forms of cgs units were developed. One form was developed for electrostatic units and another for electromagnetic units. Electrical engineering units were based on the MKS (metre-kilogram-second) system instead of the CGS system.
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many other units were defined using cgs units. In 1960 the BIPM published the International System of Units (SI) which was based on the metre, the kilogram, the second and the ampere. SI has now replaced the CGS system of units in most applications.
Connected
"Connected" is an electronic pop song by Stereo MCs. This song was released in September 1992. It was #20 on "Billboard" Hot 100 and #18 on UK Top 75 Chart. The song appeared in several television programs and movies.
The song samples the disco classic song "Let Me (Let Me be Your Lover)" by Jimmy Bo Horne. The full length of the song is five minutes and 16 seconds.
AgustaWestland AW139
The AgustaWestland AW139 is a Italian and British helicopter. It's used both by militaries and civilians. It's a twin turboshaft helicopter. Similars helicopters are Eurocopter EC175 and Sikorsky S-70.
Citroën C15
The Citroën C15 is a light utility car. It was designed and built in France by Citroën. It was built between 1984 and 2005.
Grumman G.159 Gulfstream
The Grumman G.159 Gulfstream is a twin-turboprop aircraft. It was built between 1958 and 1966 at 200 examples. It was used by both civilians and militaries users. US Navy and US Coast Guard used it.
Jean Jaurès
Jean Jaurès, or Jean Léon Jaurès is a French politician. He was assassinate by a nationalist fanatic, Raoul Villain. Jaurès was a pacifist in Europe and was against any war. He was a socialist in France.
Douglas C-74 Globemaster
The Douglas C-74 Globemaster is a military transport aircraft. It was built in the United States. The maiden flight was in 1945. It was used by the United States Air Force between 1946 and 1956. It was a four-engine aircraft built in all-metal. Only fourteen were built. It was used for Korean War.
Airbus A400M Atlas
The Airbus A400M Atlas is a military cargo aircraft. It is built in Spain by Airbus Defence & Space, part of Airbus Group. The wings are made in the UK. The cockpit and landing gear are made in France. Germany provides the fuselage assembly. The Atlas is a four turboprops and high-wing aircraft. Orders have come from militaries of many countries like France, Germany, Spain, and the UK. The aircraft's first flight was on 11 December 2009. The French Air Force used it in the Mali war in 2013 and 2014.
On Monday May 11, 2015, An Airbus A400M crashed in Spain during final flight testing. Two pilots and two flight engineers were killed in the accident. Britain, Germany, Malaysia and Turkey all grounded their A440Ms. The six planes France has will only see limited use. Spain has stopped all testing of the planes until the cause of the crash is discovered.
Rasputina (band)
Rasputina is a cello rock band from New York. The members are Melora Creager, Daniel DeJesus, and Dawn Miceli. The band was started in 1992 by Creager.
Creager put an advertisement in The Village Voice asking for other cellists to start a rock band with her. Julia Kent, an editor of the newspaper, responded to the ad.
The band released its first album, "Thanks For the Ether", in 1996. In 1997 they released an extended play remixed by Marilyn Manson. In 1998 the band's second album "How We Quit the Forest" was released. In 2002 "Cabin Fever" was released.
Walk On By
"Walk On By" is a very melancholy song. It was composed by Burt Bacharach. It was first sung by Dionne Warwick. It was released in April 1964. It hit #1 on United States R&B charts.
Isaac Hayes, Melissa Manchester, Cyndi Lauper, and others covered the song. Manchester had her version during 1989.
Women and video games