Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female sandflies. These can transmit the infection "Leishmania". The sandflies inject the infective stage, metacyclic promastigotes, during blood meals (1). Metacyclic promastigotes that reach the puncture wound are phagocytized by macrophages (2) and transform into amastigotes (3). Amastigotes multiply in infected cells and affect different tissues, depending in part on which "Leishmania" species is involved (4). The differences in the type of tissue affected are responsible for the different visible types of leishmaniasis. Sandflies become infected during blood meals on infected hosts when they ingest macrophages infected with amastigotes (5,6). In the sandfly's midgut, the parasites differentiate into promastigotes (7), which multiply, differentiate into metacyclic promastigotes, and migrate to the proboscis (8).
The genomes of three "Leishmania" species have been sequenced and this has provided much information about the biology of the parasite. "Leishmania" has unique features with respect to the regulation of gene expression in response to changes in the environment. The new knowledge from these studies may help identify new targets for drugs and aid the development of vaccines.
NU.nl
NU.nl is a Dutch news website. The website started in 1999. NU.nl is now part of Sanoma Media. Since 2007, NU.nl has been the most visited news website in the Netherlands. "Nu" is the Dutch word for "now".
Mary Grace Canfield
Mary Grace Canfield (September 3, 1924 – February 15, 2014) was an American actress. She began her career in 1954. She often played the role of a romance-starved spinster or wallflower.
Canfield was born in Rochester, New York. She was brought up in Pittsford, New York. Her older sister, Constance, was two years older.
Canfield died from lung cancer on February 15, 2014, aged 89, in Santa Barbara, California. She was outlived by her husband, John Bischof, and two children from a previous marriage.
Lateral spinothalamic tract
The lateral spinothalamic tract (or lateral spinothalamic fasciculus), is a part of the Anterolateral system. It is a bundle of long, thin, sensory axons. These axons carry sensory information, like pain and temperature, through the spinal cord to the brain. This information is received in the thalamus of the brain.
De Telegraaf
De Telegraaf is the biggest Dutch newspaper. The first edition of the newspaper was on January 1, 1893. The format of the newspaper is broadsheet.
Nikhil Baran Sengupta
Nikhil Baran Sengupta (13 December 1943 – 18 February 2014) was a Bangladeshi art director, actor, painter and production designer. He was known for his role in "Janani" (1984), "Sahari Bagha" (1985), "Maa O Mamata, Suna Chadhei" (1987), "Jugantar, Tahader Katha, Bagh Bahadur" (1989) and "Mr. and Mrs. Iyer" (2002).
Sengupta died 18 February 2014 in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India aged 70.
Tom Lester
Thomas William Lester (September 23, 1938 – April 20, 2020) was an American actor and evangelist. He is best known for his role as farmhand Eb Dawson on the television series "Green Acres". He appeared in the feature movies "Gordy" and "Benji".
On April 20, 2020, Lester died due to problems caused by Parkinson's disease in Nashville, Tennessee. He was 81.
Home Alone 4
Home Alone 4 (also known as Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House) is an American family criminal comedy television movie. It first aired on ABC on November 3, 2002. "Home Alone 4" was directed by Rod Daniel and is the fourth movie in the "Home Alone" movie series.
The movie has some of the main characters from the first , but all of the roles are played by different actors. The story is in Chicago, but the movie was actually filmed in South Africa.
The movie was not very popular. A planned TV series based on the movie was cancelled because of the poor reviews. It's an intrequel to the first two movies.
Alexandre Bilodeau
Alexandre Bilodeau (born September 8, 1987 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian retired freestyle skier. He skied in the men's moguls events for Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. He won the gold medal at the 2010 Games and became the first Canadian to win a gold medal at an Olympic Games held in Canada. Bilodeau also competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi where he successfully defended his gold medal and became the first Canadian to defend an individual title since Catriona Lemay Doan at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. He has also won FIS World Championships in dual moguls.
On March 21, 2014, Bilodeau said that he was going to retire after the 2013–14 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup season.
Vagra
Vagra (or Vaghara, ) is a town in Gujarat, India. It is a taluka of the district of Bharuch. It is located north-west of the town of Bharuch. It contains around 70 villages. These are spread between the coast of the Gulf of Khambhat and the northern side of the Narmada River.
Eric Brewer
Eric Charles Brewer (born April 17, 1979) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Anaheim Ducks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Tampa Bay Lightning, St. Louis Blues, Edmonton Oilers, New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also won a gold medal with Team Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics.
Before playing in the NHL, Brewer played 3 seasons in the Western Hockey League with the Prince George Cougars. He was drafted with the 5th overall pick by the New York Islanders in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Islanders on October 10, 1998 in a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins. He scored his first NHL career goal on November 5, 1998 against Trevor Kidd of the Carolina Hurricanes.
He was traded along with Josh Green and their second round selection (Brad Winchester) at the 2000 NHL Entry Draft to the Edmonton Oilers for Roman Hamrlík. Brewer played 2 seasons with the Oilers and 1 season with their American Hockey League affiliate Lowell Lock Monsters.
After the 2004-05 NHL lockout, Brewer was traded along with Jeff Woywitka and Doug Lynch to the St. Louis Blues for Chris Pronger. Brewer would play 6 seasons with the Blues and was traded to Tampa Bay Lightning for Brock Beukeboom and a third round selection in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a four year, $15.4-million contract extension with the Lightning on June 24, 2011.
On November 28, 2014, the Lightning traded him to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for a third-round pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft.
Geocentrism
Geocentrism is the belief that the Earth is fixed at the centre of the Universe. Geocentrists accept that the earth is round. Before the 16th century most people believed in the theory of geocentrism. From Earth, it looks like the Sun and stars are moving across the sky. In about 150 AD the Greek astronomer, Ptolemy wrote a book to explain in great detail how the spherical Earth is surrounded by things that move in the sky. From the time of Ptolemy through to the 16th Century AD educated people who knew the earth is round almost always believed the Geocentric theory of Ptolemy.
From the 15th to the 17th century, astronomers, especially Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler, found evidence that the Earth is not fixed but moves round the Sun. That is called heliocentrism.
Jessica Szohr
Jessica Karen Szohr (pronounced "zorr"; born March 31, 1985) is an American actress. In the series "Gossip Girl", she played Vanessa. In "Piranha 3D" she played Kelly.
Szohr was born in Wisconsin.
Young Earth creationism