Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism is an idea in anthropology and it sees all cultures as equal. It should be studied without one’s own beliefs in mind, which would affect our understanding of that culture. An anthropologist named Franz Boas created the idea of cultural relativism in 1887, but the concept Boas created did not receive its name until Alain Locke gave Boas’s concept the name in 1924. This concept is now accepted by anthropologists around the world.
Franz Boas noticed that people who study other cultures still tend to be ethnocentric and look at other cultures with their own ideas about how life should be based on their culture. A person may be ethnocentric without meaning to be. Ethnocentrism is the idea that one’s own culture is the best, and other cultures are studied or viewed with this outlook. In Boas’ article “On Alternating Sounds,” he explains how different cultures experience sound differently. When people study or come into contact with other cultures, people misunderstand sounds and language. An example used by Boas, is when he studies Eskimo texts, words and languages spelled in the Bureau of Ethnology by British Columbia. There were many misspellings explained by a misunderstanding by other cultures that have a different phonetic system rooted in a person's life.
In order to reduce this ethnocentrism from happening when anthropologists study other cultures, Boas thought that the person would need to live with people that they were studying for a long period of time. A person would be able to learn the culture and language better, and then decrease the number of times they misinterpret sounds and language of that culture.
One of Franz Boas’ students, Ruth Benedict, was an anthropologist that studied the beliefs and practices within a culture’s social system. She noticed that they became mixed patterns of ideas and practices. Benedict believed that people should learn all of the ways people live. The way people show emotions, carry out daily routines or perform normal functions changes based on each individual’s own culture. By studying these cultures, Benedict thought that people could understand that every culture has a different way of living and the way that person lived was not the only way
Ruth Benedict also noticed that an individual’s view of what actions were right and what actions were wrong relied on one’s own culture. A person formed what was right and wrong based on social norms and values of their culture. They then formed their system of morals, which told them how to live. Benedict believed that no one person’s morals were necessarily better or worse than another’s; it was all relative on the society in which they lived.
Two anthropologists, George Marcus and Michael Fisher, explain cultural relativism as being a critical device because it is a tool used in analyzing and studying other cultures. It is also used to self-reflect on our own culture. An example of cultural relativism being used as a critical device is the research of an anthropologist, Margaret Mead. After looking at young female sexuality in Samoa, located in New Guinea, Mead questions the ‘natural’ stress related to American adolescence and sexuality as bound to happen.
Richard Feinberg, an anthropologist, identifies cultural relativism as having three types: contextual, ethical and epistemological. Contextual relativism is defined as members of a community or society having beliefs and practices that are represented through symbols and meanings that need to be understood within that culture. A practice that appears to be similar in two different cultures could be understood completely different among those two communities, which is an idea that Boas highlighted in his works. Ethical relativism is identified as cultures having no good or bad practices and beliefs, so people should not be able to make these judgments, as Benedict has explained. Epistemological relativism is explained as the view that a person cannot truly understand another culture in a useful or meaningful way, which is similar to Boas’ ‘historical anthropology’ now identified as historical particularism.
Hohentwiel
Hohentwiel is an extinct volcano in the Hegau region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It is west of the city of Singen and from Lake Constance. It is tall but is hidden.
No Way Out (2005)
No Way Out (2005) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on February 20, 2005 at the Mellon Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was the seventh No Way Out event held by the WWE.
Kapilavastu
Kapilavastu ("Kapilavatthu") is the name of the place where Gautama Buddha grew up, and where his family home was located. It was located in the ancient Shakya kingdom, which is today part of Nepal. The exact location of Kapilavastu is not known; it is assumed to be about 10 kilometers to the west of Lumbini, where Buddha was born.
Buddha spent the first 29 years of his life in the area of Kapilavastu.
The Marshall Mathers LP 2
The Marshall Mathers LP 2 is the eighth studio album by American rapper Eminem. It was released on November 5, 2013.
The album is a sequel to Eminem's most praised work, "The Marshall Mathers LP" (2000). Production for "The Marshall Mathers LP 2" took place from 2012 to 2013. Dr. Dre and Rick Rubin were the executive producers.
Music critics mostly gave the album positive reviews. Praise went to Eminem's technical rapping skill and production choices. "The Marshall Mathers LP 2" was Eminem's best-reviewed album at Metacritic since "The Eminem Show" (2002).
On May 24, 2012, Eminem said that he had begun working on his next album in an interview on Hot 97's morning show with Peter Rosenberg.
On February 8, 2013, Shady Records president and Eminem manager Paul Rosenberg told "Billboard": "We fully expect to be releasing a new Eminem album in 2013. He's been working on it for some time. It's safe to say that it will be post-Memorial Day [May 27] at some point, but we're not exactly sure when."
On August 25, 2013, two Beats by Dre commercials aired during the MTV Video Music Awards revealed that Eminem's eighth studio album would be titled "The Marshall Mathers LP 2" and would be released on November 5, 2013.
On September 20, 2013, the cover artwork was revealed on Eminem's Twitter account.
On October 10, 2013, the track listing was revealed.
Ecgfrith of Mercia
Ecgfrith ( 796) was the King of Mercia from July to December 796. He was the son of Offa, the King of Mercia, and Cynethryth. In 787 he was crowned King of Mercia while his father still ruled. This is the first known consecration of an English king. No doubt it was Offs's imitation of the consecration of Charlemagne's sons by the pope in 781. It was a practical way to recognize Ecgfrith as heir to the Mercian kingdom. Offa continued to rule and maintained all the power himself.
Ecgfrith was succeeded as king by Coenwulf. This was probably because Offa had arranged the murder of nearer relatives in order to eliminate any rivals to Ecgfrith. Alcuin of York, an English deacon and scholar wrote:
When his father died in July of 796 Ecgfrith was king for only 141 days. The cause of his death is unknown but may not have been natural.
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Macintosh 128K
The Macintosh 128K, originally released as the Apple Macintosh, is the original Apple Macintosh personal computer.
Bactrosaurus
Bactrosaurus was a hadrosaur from the Upper Cretaceous about 70 milion years ago. This plant-eating dinosaur. was found in the Gobi Desert of China. It was about 6 metres (20 feet) long and 2 metres (6.6 feet) high when standing on all fours. It weighed 1.1 to 1.5 tonnes (2,400 to 3,300 pounds).
Research showed that this genus and its near relatives were unusually prone to cancer. The reason for this is not known.
Patrik Eliáš