The molar heat capacity of a substance is the energy needed to raise the temperature of one mole of it by one degree Celsius.
When using SI units, it can be calculated with the equation formula_1
where formula_2 refers to the molar heat capcity (in joules per Kelvin), formula_3 to the heat supplied (in joules) and formula_4 (in Kelvin) to the temperature change in the substance.
The molar heat capacity of a given substance can be found by heating the substance by releasing a known amount of energy into the substance and measuring the temperature change.
For example, a common school experiment to find the molar heat capacity of water involves heating a beaker of water with an immersion heater (that can display the heat released in joules on a display) and stirring the water, while checking the temperature at specific intervals.
For more accurate results, a bomb calorimeter can be used; these contain a chamber of fuel (in this case, a compound that will release heat when needed) inside a chamber of water, with the water chamber protected by heat-proof walls (to ensure minimal heat loss, which would affect the final heat capacity recorded).
Spontaneity (chemistry)
The spontaneity of a process refers to whether or not the reaction would occur without an input of energy, because of the value of the reaction's Gibbs free energy.
The Gibbs free energy is given by:
where formula_2 refers to the Gibbs free energy, formula_3to the enthalpy change, formula_4 to the temperature (in Kelvin) and formula_5 to the entropy change.
If the Gibbs free energy change is 0 or negative, the reaction is said to be spontaneous and can occur without an input of energy into the system. If the Gibbs free energy were above 0, the reaction would not be spontaneous and would require an input of energy in order for it to proceed.
In equilibrium reactions, a reaction one way will be spontaneous, while the reverse reaction will be non-spontaneous. Therefore, using a general formula for equilibria:
<chem>A <=> B + C</chem>
If the formation of compounds formula_6 and formula_7 from formula_8 were spontaneous, the formation of compound formula_8 from formula_6 and formula_7 would be non-spontaneous.
An example of a spontaneous process is the conversion of diamond into graphite, because graphite has a more thermodynamically stable structure. An example of a non-spontaneous process would be the combustion of methane in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water, as this requires an input of energy.
Peep and the Big Wide World
Peep and the Big Wide World (known as Peep) is an American-Canadian animated television show created by Kaj Pindal.
"Peep and the Big Wide World" was based on the 1988 short film "Peep and the Big Wide World" (of the same name) produced by the National Film Board of Canada, which itself is based on the 1962 short film "The Peep Show", also produced by the National Film Board of Canada.
"Peep and the Big Wide World" premiered on April 12, 2004, on Discovery Kids and on TLC as part of their "Ready Set Learn" children's block, and on the same day on TVOKids and Discovery Kids produced by WGBH-TV, 9 Story Entertainment, Eggbox LLC, Alliance Atlantis (Seasons 1-3), Discovery Kids (Seasons 1-3), Sprout Originals (Seasons 4-5), and Echo Bridge Entertainment (Seasons 4-5).
Carriage on the Discovery children's networks ended on October 10, 2010 with the discontinuation of "Ready Set Learn" and the replacement of Discovery Kids with The Hub, and now, Discovery Family. It continues to be offered to public television stations via independent public television distributor Discovery Communications to the present day. Since January 1, 2018, the series is distributed by both Discovery Kids and APT. Throughout its run, it has been underwritten by the National Science Foundation, with Northrop Grumman underwriting season four in 2010.
Each episode consists of two 9-minute stories, which are animated segments, and two 2-minute live action segments, in which children explore and demonstrate the same topic presented in the animated segment.
Immobilized enzyme
An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme that is attached to an inert, insoluble material. This can provide a higher resistance to changes in condition such as pH or temperature.
Immobilised enzymes can be important for commercial uses as they have many benefits to the cost and processes of the reaction such as:
U.S. Route 56
U.S. Route 56 (US 56) is an east–west United States highway. It goes for in the Midwestern United States. The highway's eastern endpoint is at U.S. Route 71 in Kansas City, Missouri. Its western endpoint is at Interstate 25 Business in Springer, New Mexico. Much of it follows the Santa Fe Trail.
The highway goes through New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri. It also touches a corner of Texas at a small road junction near the New Mexico/Oklahoma border.
U.S. Route 160
U.S. Route 160 (US 160) is a 1,465 mile (2,358 km) long east–west United States highway in the Midwestern and Western United States. The western endpoint of the route is at US 89, five miles (8 km) west of Tuba City, Arizona. The eastern endpoint is at US 67 and Missouri 158, southwest of Poplar Bluff, Missouri.
Its route (or at least its number) was made famous in song in 1975. This is because the road from Wolf Creek Pass to Pagosa Springs, Colorado in C.W. McCall's country music song "Wolf Creek Pass".
U.S. Route 166
U.S. Route 166 (US 166) is a west–east United States highway. This route and US-266 are the only two remaining parts of historic U.S. Route 66 (which was decommissioned in 1985), since US-666 was renumbered to US-491 in 2003.
US-166 meets the old route of US-66, now designated US-69 Alternate, in Baxter Springs in the southeast corner of Kansas.
U.S. Route 69
U.S. Route 69 (US 69) is a major north–south United States highway. When it was first created, it was only long. It has been expanded into a Minnesota to Texas cross-country route. The highway's southern endpoint (as well as those of US 287 and US 96) is in Port Arthur, Texas at an intersection with State Highway 87. Its northern endpoint is in Albert Lea, Minnesota at Minnesota State Highway 13.
U.S. Route 270
U.S. Route 270 (US 270) is a spur of US 70. It goes for from Liberal, Kansas at US 54 to White Hall, Arkansas at Interstate 530 (I-530) and US 65. It goes through the states of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. It goes through the cities of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Hot Springs, Arkansas, and McAlester, Oklahoma.
US 270 starts in the southeast part of Liberal, Kansas. It is at an intersection with US 83 (running north–south through the intersection) and US 54. US 270 follows the south partg of this intersection, following US 83 south. US 270 only goes in Kansas before it goes into Oklahoma. Seward County is the only Kansas county that US-270 is in.
U.S. Route 73
U.S. Route 73 (US 73) is a north–south United States highway. it goes for from northeast Kansas to southeast Nebraska. The highway's southern endpoint is Bonner Springs, Kansas at I-70. Its northern endpoint is near Dawson, Nebraska at US 75.
U.S. Route 73 starts at I-70 in Kansas City. It goes along with U.S. Route 24, U.S. Route 40, and K-7. Two miles north of its endpoint, US 24 and US 40 turn west; US 73 continues north with K-7. It goes north with K-7 through Lansing, where it intersects K-5. US 73 and K-7 then go through Leavenworth. It goes northwestern from Leavenworth. It meets K-192 near Easton. At Atchison, it turns west. At Atchison, K-7 ends. US 73 goes along with U.S. Route 59. It goes west. It then turns northwest near Lancaster at its intersection with K-9. It goes through Huron. It goes along with K-20 near Everest. It goes west into Horton, and it intersects U.S. Route 159. The two highways go north together, and they meet U.S. Route 36 at Hiawatha. After going northwest through Reserve, US-73 and US-159 turn north and enter Nebraska.
U.S. Route 75