Lewisite was first created in 1904. The United States experimented with using lewisite as a chemical weapon in the 1920s and during World War II. However, lewisite did not work well because it smelled like geraniums (a type of flower) and made people's eyes water. Enemy soldiers would smell the chemical and realize their eyes were watering, and would put on gas masks to protect themselves.
In the 1940s, British scientists made an antidote to lewisite, called dimercaprol (or "British anti-Lewisite"). After this, lewisite was no longer as useful as other blister agents, and countries stopped using it.
Blister agents can cause many different symptoms. These symptoms are very painful, and can kill a person. Symptoms include:
All blister agents easily enter the body through the eyes, lungs, and skin.
Lewisite causes symptoms right away. However, mustard agents do not. When they are breathed in, symptoms usually do not appear for 4 to 6 hours. When mustard agents get on the skin, symptoms can take 2 to 48 hours to appear.
Zina
Zināʾ (زِنَاء) or zina (زِنًى or زِنًا) is an Islamic law concerning unlawful sexual relations between male and female who are not married to one another through a "nikah". It includes extramarital sex and premarital sex. It also includes adultery (consensual sexual relations outside marriage). Zina covers fornication (consensual sexual intercourse between two unmarried persons), and homosexuality (consensual sexual relations between same-sex partners).
In the four schools of Sunni fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), and the two schools of Shi'a fiqh, the term zināʾ is a sin of sexual intercourse that is not allowed by Sharia (Islamic law) and classed as a hudud crime (class of Islamic punishments that are fixed for certain crimes that are considered to be "claims of God"). To prove an act of zina, a qadi (religious judge) in a sharia court relies on an unmarried woman's pregnancy, the confession in the name of Allah, or four witnesses to the actual act of penetration. The last two types of prosecutions are uncommon. Most cases of zina in the history of Islam have been pregnant unmarried women. In some schools of Islamic law, a pregnant woman accused of zina who denies sex was consensual must prove she was raped with four eyewitnesses testifying before the court. This has led to many cases where rape victims have been punished for zina. Pressing charges of zina without required eyewitnesses is considered slander (Qadhf, القذف) in Islam, itself a hudud crime.
The above sense of "zina" is not to be confused with the woman's name "Zina" or "Zeina" (زينة). The name has a different linguistic root (Greek "xen"-). It also has a different meaning ("guest, stranger"), is pronounced differently (either Zīnah or Zaynah), and is usually spelled differently.
École Polytechnique
École Polytechnique (EP or "l'X") is the best-kown engineering school in France. It is in a campus of Palaiseau (Northern France).
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed in French and English languages. Students from a lot of nationalities participate to the different curricula at École Polytechnique.
Farmington
Farmington may refer to:
in Canada:
in the United Kingdom:
in the United States (by state):
Ada County, Idaho
Ada County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 Census, 392,365 people lived in the county. That was more than any other county in Idaho. The county seat and largest city is Boise. Boise is also the state capital.
Hidden Spring, Idaho
Hidden Spring is a census-designated place in Ada County, Idaho, United States. Its population was 2,280 in the 2010 census.
Buddy Cianci
Vincent Albert "Buddy" Cianci, Jr. (, ; , ; April 30, 1941 – January 28, 2016,) was an American lawyer, convicted felon, conservative radio talk show host, politician and political commentator.
He served as the mayor of Providence, Rhode Island from 1975 to 1984 and again from 1991 to 2002. Cianci was the longest-serving mayor of Providence, and one of the longest-serving "big city" mayors in United States history, having held office for over 21 years.
Cianci died of colon cancer in Providence, Rhode Island on January 28, 2016 at the age of 74.
Carlos Loyzaga
Carlos Matute Loyzaga (August 29, 1930 – January 27, 2016) was a Filipino basketball player and coach. He was born in Manila, Philippine Islands.
He was the most dominant basketball player of his era in the Philippines. He was called the greatest Filipino basketball player of all time. Loyzaga was a two-time Olympian (1952, 1956), as a member of the Philippines men's national basketball team.
Loyzaga died on January 27, 2016 in San Juan, Metro Manila from complications of a stroke at the age of 85.
PhinDeli Town Buford, Wyoming
PhinDeli Town Buford, originally known as Buford, is an unincorporated community in Albany County, Wyoming, United States. In 2013, it had only 1 resident.
Harmony, Wyoming
Harmony is an unincorporated community in Albany County, Wyoming, United States. It is located about southwest of Laramie. Harmony Elementary School is a part of Albany County School District #1. Older students attend school in Laramie.
Garrett, Wyoming
Garrett is an unincorporated community in Albany County, Wyoming, United States.
Wellesley, Massachusetts
Wellesley is a town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.
Paul Kantner
Paul Lorin Kantner (March 17, 1941 – January 28, 2016) was an American guitarist, vocalist, and political activist. He was known for co-founding Jefferson Airplane, a psychedelic rock band of the 1960s and its more commercial spin-off band Jefferson Starship. He was born in San Francisco, California.
Kantner died from multiple organ failure and septic shock caused by a heart attack in San Francisco, California on January 28, 2016. He was 74.
Dmitry Shirkov
Dmitry Vasil'evich Shirkov (; 3 March 1928 – 23 January 2016) was a Russian theoretical physicist. He was known for his works to quantum field theory and to the development of the renormalization group method. He used to work at Lund University in Sweden. He was born in Moscow, Russia.
Shirkov died at his home in Dubna, Russia from a heart attack on 23 January 2016 at the age of 87.
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the part of the Atlantic slave trade where African slaves were brought to the Americas on slave ships. Millions of African people were shipped to the Americas over the Middle Passage.
Enslaved people were treated so badly on the slave ships that about 15% of them died during the Middle Passage. Even more were killed before they left Africa, when slave traders were trying to kidnap them and force them onto the slave ships. Historians think that up to two million African people died during the Middle Passage. However, somewhere between 9.4 million and 12 million African people survived the Middle Passage, and arrived in the Americas as slaves.
The Transatlantic Trading of Enslaved Human Beings from African Heritage had three different parts. Because of this, it was called "the triangular trade." The Middle Passage got its name because it was the middle part of the triangular trade. The three parts of the Atlantic slave trade were:
(1) Europe to Africa
(3) The Americas to Europe
After being kidnapped, enslaved African people were usually forcibly marched to forts along the coast of western Africa. There they were sold to European and American human traffickers. They might have to wait in these forts, which were like prisons, for months before slave ships arrived.