After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, most of Ireland came under the control of the Irish Catholic Confederation. In early 1649, the Confederates allied with the English Royalists, who had been defeated by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. By May 1652, Cromwell's Parliamentarian army had defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, ending the Irish Confederate Wars (or Eleven Years' War). However, guerrilla warfare continued for a further year. Cromwell passed a series of Penal Laws against Roman Catholics (the vast majority of the population) and confiscated large amounts of their land.
The Parliamentarian conquest was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland. The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists; these claims have been challenged by others.
The impact of the war on the Irish population was unquestionably severe, although there is no consensus as to the magnitude of the loss of life. The war resulted in famine, which was worsened by an outbreak of bubonic plague. Estimates of the drop in the Irish population resulting from the Parliamentarian campaign range from 15 to 41 percent. The Parliamentarians also transported about 50,000 people as indentured labourers. Some estimates cover population losses over the course of the Conquest Period (1649–52) only, while others cover the period of the Conquest to 1653 and the period of the Cromwellian Settlement from August 1652 to 1659 together.
Ahmed Mansour
Ahmed Mansour is an Egyptian journalist, television presenter, television host, and interviewer on since 1997, and writer. He is one of Al Jazeera's prominent journalists. He presents "" (بلا حدود, for "without borders"), an Arab live television talk show from since 1999, which airs on Channel weekly. He also presents the program "Shahed Ala Al-Asr". In 2009, he published the book "Inside Fallujah: the Unembedded Story".
He was born in the city of Samanoud, in Egypt, and graduated from the Mansoura University, with a bachelor's degree in arts. His career started as a war correspondent. He covered the war in Afghanistan between 1987 and 1990, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994 and the war in Iraq in 2004. He now leads two talk shows which are broadcast on Al-Jazeera TV: in addition to "Without Frontiers", he also presents the program "Witness on the Age". Both programs are widely viewed in the Arab World. Apart from his skills as interviewer in the programs he conducts, Ahmed Mansour has become famous because of his outspoken political views.
Mansour has openly criticized the current al-Sisi government. He has also criticised the Muslim Brotherhood. Mansour was criticized on social media after he interviewed the leader of al-Nusra Front, and a Syrian pilot captive held by the al-Nusra Front.
In August 2014, Cairo's criminal court accused Mansour of torturing a lawyer in Tahrir Square in 2011; Mansour denied the charges, and "Al Jazeera" said the accusations were false. Mansour was convicted "in absentia" in October and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment. "Al Jazeera" called the ruling unjust, and an effort to silence journalists. Interpol refused to issue a warrant.
On 20 June 2015, Mansour was arrested at and held by German police at the request of the Egyptian government, provoking demonstrations in Germany until his release. Reporters Without Borders called Mansour's detention "Egypt's terrible revenge against journalists that cross the regime," and stated that Berlin was threatening to put itself "at the service of a dictatorial regime." Mansour was released on 22 June. According to Hans-Eduard Busemann of "Reuters", "Mansour's case has put Germany in an awkward position as it tries to balance business interests and human rights."
Mansour has written more than 20 books in , such as:
Kingdom of Breifne
The Kingdom of Breifne or Bréifne was a medieval overkingdom in Gaelic Ireland. It comprised what is now County Leitrim, County Cavan and parts of neighbouring counties, and corresponds roughly to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kilmore.
Gaelic Ireland
Gaelic Ireland was the Gaelic political and social order, and associated culture, that existed in Ireland from the prehistoric era until the early 17th century. Before the Norman invasion of 1169, Gaelic Ireland comprised the whole island.
The Chordettes
The Chordettes were an American female popular singing quartet, usually singing a cappella. Their songs were mainly traditional popular music. They are best known for their hit songs "Mr. Sandman" and "Lollipop".
Geert Hofstede
Gerard Hendrik (Geert) Hofstede (2 October 1928 – 12 February 2020) was a Dutch social psychologist, IBM employee, and Professor Emeritus of Organizational Anthropology and International Management at Maastricht University in the Netherlands. He was well known for his pioneering research on cross-cultural groups and organizations. He was born in Haarlem, Netherlands.
His most notable work was in developing cultural dimensions theory. He was known for his books "Culture's Consequences" and "Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind", co-authored with his son Gert Jan Hofstede.
Rajendra K. Pachauri
Rajendra Kumar Pachauri (20 August 1940 ― 13 February 2020) was an Indian economist and engineer. He was the chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and was replaced by Hoesung Lee. He held the post from 2002 until his resignation in February 2015. The IPCC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize during his tenure.
In February 2015, Pachauri was accused and investigated for sexual harassment.
Pachauri died on 13 February 2020 at a hospital in New Delhi from heart surgery-related problems, aged 79.
Hayati Yazici
Hayati Yazıcı (born May 23, 1952 in , ) is a and . He served as 's .
Hayati Yazıcı graduated in 1975 from the School of Law at . Starting of 1976, he served as a judge in the Istanbul Court of justice. In 1984, he quit his post to begin a career as freelance lawyer registered with Istanbul Bar.
A co-founder of the , he is 's lawyer and vice-chairman of the Party. Hayati Yazıcı entered the parliament in 2002 as deputy of , and was later appointed , responsible for the coordination between the government and the parliament.
Hayati Yazıcı is married and father of two children.
Mehmet Ozhaseki
Mehmet Özhaseki, (born 25 May 1957, Kayseri, Turkey) is a Turkish politician of the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) and former Minister of Environment and Urban Planning. He is a former Mayor of Kayseri.
Mehmet Özhaseki was born in Kayseri, turkey on 25 May 1957. Özhaseki began his education in Kayseri and went on to study electronic engineering at Hacettepe University. He completed his education at the Istanbul University Faculty of Law.
He was elected to the Melikgazi Municipality in the March 1994 elections. In the 2004 elections he was elected Mayor of Kayseri with 72% of the vote. According to Christopher Caldwell, he attributes his success to "good government". He stood again in the March 2009 election and was re-elected as Mayor of Kayseri.
Özhaseki was elected as a Justice and Development Party (AKP) Member of Parliament for Ankara's Kayseri in the June 2015 general election. He was re-elected in November 2015. He was appointed as the Minister of Environment and Urban Planning in the 65th government of Turkey by Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım on 24 November 2015.
Rudolf Anderson
Rudolf Anderson Jr. (September 15, 1927 – October 27, 1962), was a pilot and commissioned officer in the United States Air Force.
Rudolf Anderson Jr. was the only person killed by enemy fire during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Anderson died when his U-2 spy aircraft was shot down over Cuba.