Ashby expains that the term arose when a decision had to be made about opening an engineering box. The question was whether to return the box for repair, or just scrap it. Could this be decided without opening the box? There can be many reasons why a complex system cannot be repaired in the field, and even opening up some systems is a big deal. The question also comes up in surgery on brain damage patients. The more that can be discovered before operating, the better.
The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic can be seen. It is sometimes known as a clear box, a glass box, or a white box.
Newcastle Knights
The Newcastle Knights are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Newcastle, New South Wales. They were founded in 1988. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won two premierships, most recently in 2001.
Parramatta Eels
The Parramatta Eels are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Parramatta, Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1946. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won four premierships, most recently in 1986.
St. George Illawarra Dragons
The St. George Illawarra Dragons are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in St. George region of Sydney and the Illawarra region of New South Wales. They were founded in 1998. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2010 against the Sydney Roosters.
Melbourne Storm
The Melbourne Storm are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Melbourne, Victoria. They were founded in 1997. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won four premierships, most recently in 2020.
Manly Warringah Sea Eagles
The Manly Warringah Sea Eagles are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1946. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won eight premierships, most recently in 2011.
Wests Tigers
The Wests Tigers are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the Inner West of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1999. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2005 against the North Queensland Cowboys.
New Zealand Warriors
The New Zealand Warriors are a New Zealand professional rugby league team. The team is based in Auckland, New Zealand. They were founded in 1995. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have not won any premierships. They are the only non-Australian team in the NRL.
Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans
Prince Ferdinand Philippe of Orléans, Duke of Orléans (Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles Henri Joseph; 3 September 1810 – 13 July 1842) was the eldest son of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans and future King Louis Philippe I. Born in exile in his mother's native Sicily, he was their heir to the House of Orléans from birth. Following his father's succession as King of the French in 1830, he became the "Prince Royal" and subsequently Duke of Orléans (French: "duc d'Orléans"), the title by which he is best known. Dying in 1842, he never succeeded his father nor saw the collapse of the "July Monarchy" and subsequent exile of his family to England.
He was named after his two grandfathers King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Philippe Égalité. He was born in Palermo and given the title of Duke of Chartres. He was also a prince of the blood at the French royal court of Versailles. This gave him the style of "Serene Highness". His father was banned from attending court at Versailles due to his liberal views. Prince did not attend either. He instead remained at his father's court at their Parisian residence the Palais Royal.
His father became King of the French in 1830. This made the prince the heir to the title of Duke of Orléans and heir to the throne. From that time the heir to the French throne was to be known as the Duke of Orléans. His father also declared his descendants through the male line were entitled to use the style of "Royal Highness". They also used the title (a title in its own right) of Prince of Orléans. The prince became known as His Royal Highness, Prince Ferdinand Philippe of Orléans, Duke of Orléans. His sons were also entitled to the same style and title.
There were plans for him to marry his cousin, Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois. But the plans never materialised. There were also negotiations for the young prince to marry an Austrian Archduchess as well as a Russian grand duchess. But the plans again never materialised as the new monarchy in France was seen as fragile and not expected to survive. Instead the choice came in the form of Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She was a member of a minor ducal family native to Germany. The couple eventually married on 30 May 1837. This gave her the style of Royal Highness and made her one of the first princesses of Orléans by marriage. The couple eventually had two sons and had a very happy marriage.
Superposition principle
In physics, the superposition principle states that if there are two or more stimuli at a given point in time, the response will be the result of adding all the responses. This only applies to linear systems. Since many systems can be modelled as linear systems, the principle has many applications in physics and engineering.
Superposition principle: The principle states that the total force on a given charge is the vector of the individual forces exerted on the given charge by all other charges. Each individual force between any two charges is calculated from Coulomb's law tattoos and is not affected by the presence of other chargesÁngel Di Maria
Angel Fabian Di Maria Hernandez (born 14 February 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer. He plays for French Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Argentina national team. He can play as either a winger or attacking midfielder.
After beginning his career with Rosario Central, Di María moved to Europe in 2007 to play for Benfica of the Portuguese Primeira Liga. He made a €25 million move to Real Madrid three years later, in 2010. After winning the UEFA Champions League with Real Madrid in 2014, he signed for Manchester United in summer 2014 for a national record £59.7 million.
In summer 2015, he signed a 4 year contract with Paris Saint-Germain for €63 million.
A full international for Argentina since 2008, Di María has earned over 50 caps for his country. He scored the goal that gave Argentina first place at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, and has also represented them at two World Cups and the 2011 Copa América, 2015 Copa América, and the 2016 Copa América Centenario.
Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity is when two or more subjects (academic disciplines) join up. This happens when a problem overlaps traditional academic boundaries. Other terms which mean almost the same thing are multidisciplinarity and crossdisciplinarity.
An examples makes clear what is meant:
Other examples include artificial intelligence, cultural studies, cybernetics, computational linguistics, biomedical engineering, and so on. Physical chemistry, biochemistry and astrophysics must have been some of the first.
In many universities, traditional departments (e.g. botany, zoology) were scrapped, and new broader departments like 'School of biological sciences' were formed. Inside this umbrella, research and teaching teams were based on interdisciplinary problems, such as ecology or cell division or Earth history. There are some necessary specialities which do not fit easily into the new system. Examples are taxonomy (you still need people to identify animals) and areas like parasitology and agricultural botany.