The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules – associated with release of energy – is catabolism. The breakdown of proteins into amino acids is an example of catabolism. Body heat in warm-blooded animals is produced by chemical reactions of the catabolic type.
The building up process is termed anabolism. The formation of proteins from amino acids is an anabolic process.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the intermediate molecule that drives the transfer of energy used in muscle contraction. ATP is a high energy molecule because it stores large amounts of energy in the chemical bonds of the two terminal phosphate groups. The breaking of these chemical bonds in the Krebs cycle provides the energy needed for muscular contraction.
The metabolic rate varies between individuals. One study of 150 adults representative of the population in Scotland reported basal metabolic rates from as low as 1027 kcal per day (4301 kJ) to as high as 2499 kcal (10455 kJ). The average was 1500 kcal (6279 kJ) per day.
The researchers calculated that 62.3% of this variation was explained by differences in the mass (weight) minus the fat reserves. Other factors were the amount of fat (6.7%), age (1.7%), and experimental error including within-subject difference (2%). The rest of the variation (26.7%) was unexplained.
So there are differences in BMR even when comparing two subjects with "the same" lean body mass. The top 5% of people are metabolizing energy 28-32% faster than individuals with the lowest 5% BMR. For instance, one study reported an extreme case where two individuals with the same lean body mass of 43 kg had BMRs of 1075 kcal/day (4.5 MJ) and 1790 kcal/day (7.5 MJ). This difference of 715 kcal (67%) is equivalent to one of the individuals completing a 10 kilometer run every day.
Metabolic rates vary according to animal size, and this has been discussed for over a century.
The graphs show that :
Kashgar
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis county-level city with about 350,000 residents in the far west of the People's Republic of China, near the border with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region which has a population of approximately 4 million. The city's urban area covers , though its administrative area extends for .
Kashgar was the meeting point for the southern and northern ancient Silk Routes for 2000 years because of its situation. The Taklamakan Desert is to the east of the city while westwards are the high mountains of Pamir so camels must be exchanged for yaks (or vice versa). Kashgar remains very much a predominantly Uighur city; its market called Sunday Bazaar is resorted to by merchants from nearby countries such as Kazakhstan, Tadjikistan, and Kirghizistan and is reputed the largest in Central Asia.
Conrad Vernon
Conrad Vernon (born July 11, 1968) is an American movie director, screenwriter, producer, voice actor and comedian. He is best known for his work in DreamWorks animated movies. These include "Shrek 2", "Monsters vs. Aliens" and especially "".
Vernon was born and raised in Lubbock, Texas. He studied at CalArts. Vernon worked as a storyboard artist in Ralph Bakshi's "Cool World", "2 Stupid Dogs", "Rocko's Modern Life", "Nightmare Ted" and "Morto the Magician". Vernon joined DreamWorks in 1996 and worked as a storyboard artist again in "Antz". After the success of "Antz", he became one of the writers for "Shrek", where he also made the voice of Gingerbread Man. He also appeared in "Shrek 4-D" and "Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas". Conrad also worked in "Shrek 2", which was his first work as a director. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award. Later, he created the voice of Mason the chimpanzee in the popular DreamWorks movies "Madagascar", "", "" and the TV show. He also co-directed the third "Madagascar" movie. Vernon also wrote the original story and directed "Monsters vs. Aliens", where he also created the voice of Insectosaurus. He also produced "The Annoying Orange" TV series.
Programming paradigm
Programming paradigms are a way of grouping programming languages by what they do. Languages can be in more than one paradigm.
Some paradigms look at the way the code is run, such as allowing side effects, or having to do things in a certain order. Other paradigms look at the way that code is grouped, such as putting code into one or two pieces (or instead, many small pieces). Some other paradigms look at the order and pieces that make the program the way it is.
There are two main groups of paradigms, imperative and declarative. A language can be both at the same time.
In imperative programs, programmers give the computer a set of ordered steps that need to be done in order to do something. If someone wanted the computer to draw a cat face, they might give directions like "Draw a circle here, draw two smaller circles there, draw two triangles on top" and so on. Imperative programs sometimes have a lot of side effects.
There are two major imperative paradigms, and a lot of the time a language will have both:
In declarative paradigms, the programmer tells the computer what to do instead of how to do it. If they wanted the computer to draw a cat face, they might give directions like "Draw a face, draw two eyes, two ears, and a mouth".
The most well-known declarative paradigms are:
Some paradigms can be found in both imperative "and" declarative languages. These paradigms are usually found with one of the above paradigms instead of going on their own.
Programming languages are grouped by paradigms in the same way that machines might be grouped by what they're used for.
A few languages fit in just one main paradigm, such as:
Most languages, though, are in more than one paradigm. Some of the ones that stand out for having more than just one are:
Having more paradigms is not always good. One time that having fewer paradigms can be a good thing is when there is a language that is only functional. A function in one of these languages sometimes does less work (like only going over the parts of a group of things it actually needs to) than it might have to if the language was also procedural.
Many programming paradigms are as well known for the things they "do not" let people do as for those they "do" let people do. One time where this is true is functional languages. When a functional language is "only" or "mostly" functional, it usually will not allow side-effects. Another time where this is true is structured programming: it is different from normal imperative languages because it does not let programmers use "goto statements" (statements telling the program to go to an earlier step). Because of this and other reasons, people sometimes think new paradigms do not allow enough things. It is sometimes okay for the computer to not let people do things, though: it can help people avoid problems with their code, and let the computer make guesses that so it can run code faster, or even check code for problems before the code runs!
Some people who study programming languages do not like that paradigms are used to group programming languages, such as Harper and Krishnamurthi. Those people say that a lot of programming languages can't just be grouped into paradigms because languages borrow things and ideas from lots of paradigms.
New paradigms have been created over time, and people either pointed them out at the time, or when looking back. One of the first paradigms that was recognized as a new way of programming was structured programming from the 1960s. The idea of a "programming paradigm" is from 1978 if not earlier, when Robert W. Floyd used it while teaching. The word "paradigm" in the way Robert meant it was first used by Thomas Kuhn in his book, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" (1962).