The Order of the Elephant () is a Danish order of chivalry and is Denmark's highest-ranked honour. It has officially existed since 1693. The honor is usually given to presidents and heads of state.
Order of Isabella the Catholic
The Order of Isabella the Catholic () is a Spanish civil order in which membership is given to honor services that benefited the country.
The Order was created on 14 March 1815 by King Ferdinand VII in honor of Queen Isabella I.
Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword () is a Portuguese order of chivalry.
Raymond Barre
Raymond Octave Joseph Barre (; 12 April 192425 August 2007) was a French centre-right politician and economist. He was a Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs. He was Prime Minister under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing from 1976 until 1981.
List of current presidents of the regional councils of France and the Corsican Assembly
The following is a list of current presidents of the regional councils of France and the Corsican Assembly.
Ministry of the Economy and Finance (France)
The Ministry of the Economy and Finance (, pronounced ), informally referred to as Bercy, is one of the most important ministries in the Government of France.
Jacques Chaban-Delmas
Jacques Chaban-Delmas (; 7 March 1915 – 10 November 2000) was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1969 to 1972.
Pierre Messmer
Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (; 20 March 191629 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He was Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 and then as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1972 to 1974.
Jean-Pierre Fourcade
Jean-Pierre Fourcade (born 18 October 1929) is a French politician. He was a member of the Senate of France. He represented the Hauts-de-Seine and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement Party.
National Centre of Independents and Peasants
The National Centre of Independents and Peasants ("Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans", CNIP or CNI) is a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal political party in France, founded in 1949.
Independent Republicans
The Independent Republicans (, RI) were a liberal-conservative political group in France founded in 1962. It became a political party in 1966 known as the National Federation of the Independent Republicans ("Fédération nationale des républicains et indépendants", FNRI). Its leader was Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
In 1977 it became the Republican Party which joined the Union for French Democracy (UDF) the following year.
Republican Party (France)
The Republican Party (, PR) was a conservative-liberal political party in France founded in 1977. It replaced the National Federation of the Independent Republicans that was founded in 1966. It was created by future President of France, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. It was known to be conservative in domestic, social and economic policies, pro-NATO, and pro-European.
Union for French Democracy
The Union for French Democracy (, UDF) was a centre-right political party in France. It began in 1978 as an alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing against Gaullist power over the political right in France.
This name was chosen due to the title of Giscard d'Estaing's 1976 book, "Démocratie française". The party brought together Christian democrats, liberals and radicals.
Democratic Convention (France)
Democratic Convention ("Convention démocrate", CD) is a centrist-liberal political party in France led by Hervé de Charette. It is the continuation of the Popular Party for French Democracy, started in 1995.
The Popular Party for French Democracy ("Parti populaire pour la démocratie française", PPDF) began in July 1995. It replaced Perspectives and Realities Clubs and supported the Union for French Democracy (UDF).
Liberal Democracy (France)
Liberal Democracy (, DL) was a conservative-liberal political party in France from 1997 to 2002.
Croix de Guerre 1939–1945
The Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (War Cross 1939–1945) is a French military decoration, a version of the "Croix de guerre" created on September 26, 1939. It honors people who fought with the Allies against the Axis forces at any time during World War II.
École nationale d'administration
The École nationale d'administration (often called ENA; ; ) is a French "grande école", created in 1945 by French President, Charles de Gaulle.
Henri Giscard d'Estaing
Henri Marie Edmond Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (born 17 October 1956) is a French businessman. He was the son of former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Giscard was born in Paris.
Giscard d’Estaing joined the resort company Club Med in 1997 as chief operating officer in charge of finance, development and international relations. He became chief executive officer in 2001 and chairman in 2002.
Louis Giscard d'Estaing
Louis Joachim Marie François Giscard d'Estaing (born 20 October 1958) is a French politician. He was a member of the National Assembly of France. He is the son of the late President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926-2020) and Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing (née Sauvage de Brantes). He is mayor of Chamalières since 2005.
1974 French presidential election
Presidential elections were held in :France in 1974, following the death of President Georges Pompidou. They went to a second round, and were won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing by a margin of 1.6%. It is to date the closest presidential election in French history.
Trente Glorieuses
Les Trente Glorieuses (, 'The Glorious Thirty') was the thirty years from 1945 to 1975 following the end of the Second World War in France.
The name was first used by the French demographer Jean Fourastié. Fourastié created the term in 1979 with the publication of his book "Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975" ('The Glorious Thirty, or the Invisible Revolution from 1946 to 1975').
The term is comes from "Les Trois Glorieuses" ('The Glorious Three'), the three days of revolution on 27–29 July 1830 in France.
Constitutional Council (France)
The Constitutional Council (; ) is the highest constitutional authority in France. It was created by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958 to make that constitutional ideas and rules are seen through. It is located in the Palais-Royal, Paris.
Convention on the Future of Europe
The Convention on the Future of the European Union, also known as the European Convention, was a body created by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration.
It was inspired by the Philadelphia Convention that led to the creation of the United States federal Constitution. The goal was to create a constitution for the European Union for the Council to finalise and adopt.
The Convention finished its work in July 2003 with their Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.
Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unapproved international treaty meant to create a constitution for the European Union (EU).
It would have replaced the European Union treaties with a single text.
The Treaty was signed on 29 October 2004 by representatives of the then 25 member states of the European Union. It was later ratified by 18 member states.
However French and Dutch voters did not approve the treaty thus not passing it.
1981 French presidential election
The French presidential election of 1981 took place on 10 May 1981, giving the presidency of France to François Mitterrand, the first Socialist president of the Fifth Republic.
Olivier Giscard d'Estaing
Olivier Giscard d'Estaing (born 30 December 1927) is a French politician. He was chairman of the Committee for a World Parliament. He was the brother of French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
Alexandre Parodi