Helen Jairag Richardson (born 21 November 1938) is a Indian-Burmese movie and stage actress and a dancer. She mostly appears in Hindi movies. Her career began in 1951 with the movie "Awara".
Helen was born to a British father and to a Burmese mother in Burma. She was raised in Mumbai.
Meninges
The meninges are the membranes that surround and protect the brain and the spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges have three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater.
In the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater (called the "subarachnoid space"), there is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a special fluid which bathes the brain and spinal cord. The meninges and the CSF work together to cushion and protect the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord).
The pia mater (or "pia") is the layer of the meninges that is closest to the brain and spinal cord. It is a thin, delicate layer ("pia mater" means "tender mother" in Latin). The pia mater sticks very closely to both the brain and spinal cord. The pia mater is made of cells that fluid cannot get through. This prevents cerebrospinal fluid from reaching the brain.
The smallest type of blood vessels, called capillaries, go through the pia mater and bring the brain the things it needs, like blood and oxygen. The pia's capillaries also make up an important part of the blood-brain barrier. This is the brain's "security system." It controls what can leave the bloodstream and get into the brain's nerve cells, and what cannot.
The pia's capillaries are lined with cells that are packed very closely together. Only certain things can get through these cells and reach the brain. This helps block things like bacteria and some poisons from getting into the brain. It also lets in the things that the brain needs to survive, like glucose (sugar), water, and white blood cells (which fight infection).
The arachnoid mater is the middle layer of the meninges. It is a thin, clear membrane that fits loosely over the pia mater. This leaves a space in between these two layers called the "subarachnoid space." ("Subarachnoid space" means "the space under the arachnoid.") Cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subarachnoid space.
One of the arachnoid layer's most important jobs is to cushion the brain. Like the pia mater, the arachnoid mater is made of cells that fluid cannot get through. Because fluid cannot get through either of these layers, the cerebrospinal fluid stays in the subarachnoid space and does not leak out. Having this layer of fluid helps protect the brain, like a car's airbag. Without this cushion, every time a person moved their head, their brain would hit the inside of the skull and would get hurt.
The arachnoid mater also has an important job in the blood-brain barrier. Blood runs through the dura mater, the last layer of the meninges. The arachnoid mater keeps blood from getting through into the cerebrospinal fluid. This is important, because if blood gets through the arachnoid mater into the cerebrospinal fluid, the brain and spinal cord can get irritated and infected. Like all parts of the body, the arachnoid mater needs blood and oxygen to survive. Small blood vessels bring these things to the arachnoid layer. However, the arachnoid layer prevents the blood from getting through to the cerebrospinal fluid.
The arachnoid mater is attached to the last layer of the meninges: the dura mater.
The dura mater (or "dura") is the layer of the meninges that is farthest from the brain and the spinal cord. It is a thick, protective layer. ("Dura mater" means "tough mother" in Latin.) The dura protects the brain from being scraped and hurt by the skull, which is very rough.
The dura mater has the largest blood vessels of all three layers of the meninges. The veins in the dura carry blood from the brain to the heart after the brain has used up the oxygen in the blood. The arteries in the dura carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart. These arteries split into the capillaries in the pia mater.
The dura also folds into the brain in four different places to separate parts of the brain, including the two cerebral hemispheres.
Some medical professionals use a mnemonic acronym to remember the layers in the meninges and what order they go in. The mnemonic is: "The meninges PAD the brain":
Because the meninges do many important things for the central nervous system, problems with the meninges can be very dangerous. The most common problems with the meninges are caused by infections or bleeding in the meninges.
When blood vessels in the meninges break or are injured, those blood vessels will cause bleeding in the meninges. Bleeding in the meninges is a type of stroke called a hemorrhagic stroke. ("Hemorrhagic" means "caused by dangerous bleeding (hemorrhage)"). Bleeding in the meninges is very dangerous, because if enough blood builds up, the blood can squeeze or crush the brain.
The blood-brain barrier in the meninges' blood vessels protects the brain from most pathogens (things that cause infection). Because of this, infections in the brain are not very common. This is important, because antibodies - which the body's immune system makes to fight off infections - cannot get past the blood-brain barrier into the brain. Neither can most antibiotic medications. This means that when a person does get a brain infection, the body usually cannot fight off the infection on its own, and most of the medications that doctors use to kill infections cannot get into the brain to kill the pathogens inside.
However, some viruses, bacteria, and other germs are able to get through the blood-brain barrier and cause infections. Examples of these infections include:
Salim Khan
Salim Khan (born 24 November 1935) is an Indian actor and screenwriter. He starred mostly in Hindi movies. Khan is known for his role in "Teesri Manzil" (1966). He is married to veteran Indian actress Helen. He is the father of actor Salman Khan.
Khan was born in Indore, Central Provinces and Berar, India.
Salman Khan
Salman Khan (pronunciation : ; born Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan on December 27, 1965) is an Indian actor, producer, television presenter, and philanthropist. Khan works in Hindi language films and television shows.
Khan was sentenced to a five-year imprisonment on May 6, 2015 from starting T-Series, running over 5 people, and killing 1, with his car. On May 8, 2015, Khan was not granted bail.
Salman Khan was born in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. His parents are veteran his first wife Sushila Charak (later adopted the name Salma Khan) and Salim Khan.
Sadhana Shivdasani
Sadhana Shivdasani (2 September 1941 – 25 December 2015), better known as Sadhana, was an Indian actress. She was known for her roles in "Woh Kaun Thi?" (1964), "Mera Saaya" (1966) and "Anita" (1967).
Shivdasani was born in Karachi, Sindh, British India (now Pakistan). She died in Mumbai from cancer at the age of 74.
Teresa Brewer
Theresa Veronica Breuer (later Teresa Brewer; May 7, 1931 – October 17, 2007) was an American singer. She sang pop, country music and R&B. She was very popular in the 1950s.
Brewer's novelty songs included the hit song "Music! Music! Music!".
Brewer was born in Toledo, Ohio. She died in New Rochelle, New York at age 76.
Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)
The Union of the Democratic Centre (, UCD, also translated as "Democratic Centre Union") was an electoral coalition, and later political party, in Spain. It existed from 1977 to 1983. It was led by Adolfo Suárez, Prime Minister of Spain.
Teuvo Teräväinen
Teuvo Henri Matias Teräväinen (born September 11, 1994) is a Finnish ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL).
He was selected in the first round of the 2011 KHL Junior Draft by the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl.