A match began in a position known as the "standing together" ("systasis"). The wrestlers would lean into each other until their foreheads touched. From this position, each would try to throw his opponent to the ground. A wrestler might lunge forward gripping his opponent's shoulders or wrapping his arms around his opponent's torso in a "bear hug". The two might avoid close contact during the initial struggle, with each fighting for a grip on his opponent's legs or arms. Eventually, one would find the grip he needed to throw his opponent. A wrestler might try to grip the hands, wrists, or arms of his opponent and throw him with a sudden twist ("akrocheirismos"), or come to close quarters and gain a hold on the body.
A match was divided into sections marked by "falls". The wrestlers re-engaged without an interval (break) after a fall. Sports scholars and historians are uncertain about what exactly constituted a fall. They agree however that it involved touching at least the shoulders or the back to the earth. Three falls were a victory and the match was ended.
In "Combat Sports in the Ancient World", Michael Poliakoff points out that Greek wrestling was a brutal sport and tolerated some rough tactics. It was less brutal than the other two combat sportsthe pankration and boxingbut, while striking was forbidden and finger-breaking was eventually made illegal, some limb-threatening moves, neckholds, and strangleholds were permitted. Wrestling was considered a sport of craft because of its large number of leverages and holds. It was a sport that tested the "martial virtues: cunning, boldness, courage, self-reliance, and perseverance" Poliakoff writes, and the Greeks "expected that an accomplished and educated man would practice and enjoy wrestling as an adult."
The wrestler's objective (aim) was to score a fall on his opponent. Touching the back or shoulders to the ground was a fall. There was no defined wrestling space such as a ring or circle and there was no time limit. Holds were limited to the upper body and foot tripping was permitted.
There were no weight divisions in Greek wrestling; the sport was dominated by the large and strong. These men and boys could defeat a smaller but more skilled opponent simply by their size. Three falls were required for a win in formal competition. Five bouts were possible in a match. The ancients never awarded points for successful tactics, as in modern wrestling, and "pinning" or holding an opponent to the earth was unknown. Strangling or choking an opponent in order to force him to concede (admit) defeat was permitted.
Keeping an opponent in a hold from which he could not escape was also a fall, as was stretching a man full length on the ground. A wrestler could drop to one knee, but this was risky. Once two wrestlers fell to the earth together, it was sometimes difficult to determine exactly what was happening, and disputes arose. Throwing an opponent out of the "skamma" (wrestling pit) was not a fall, but counted as a victory nonetheless.
Three classic moves in Greek wrestling were the "flying mare", the "body hold", and fancy foot trips. In the flying mare, the wrestler would grip his opponent's arm, throw him over his shoulder, and send him to the ground flat on his back. In the body hold, a wrestler would grip his opponent about the waist, lift him in the air, flip him, and drop him head first to the ground. Elaborate foot trips would send a wrestler crashing to the ground, but old school wrestlers who relied on sheer strength scorned fancy foot trips. Punching, kicking, and gouging soft body areas were not allowed. A point was scored if a wrestler tapped out because of a submission hold. It was possible for a match to last for five rounds.
Wrestling was an event in the ancient Olympic Games. It was added to the Olympic program in 708 BC. It was the first competition added to the Olympics that was not a footrace. Boys' wrestling was added to the Olympic program in 632 BC. Wrestlers prayed to Herakles for strength and Hermes for speed. The wrestling competition was held in the stadium, not the Palaestra at Olympia.
Wrestling, boxing, and the "pankration" (the contact sports), were held on the fourth day of the Olympic festival. There were no weight divisions in Greek wrestling. The sixteen Olympic wrestlers were heavyweights with muscles "the size of boulders" according to one witness. Fans gave wrestlers nicknames that fit their physiques such as "the bear" or "the lion".
The ancient coach Philostratus thought an even temperament and fine physique were important for a wrestler. He liked a wrestler with a straight back, a solid thigh turned outwards, and wrote that "narrow buttocks are weak, fat ones slow, but well-formed buttocks are an asset for everything."
Leontiskos was an Olympic wrestling champion in 456 and 452 BC. Although rules against breaking an opponent's fingers were made in the 6th century BC, Leontiskos won by using just this very tactic. Milo of Croton was another Olympic herothe only wrestler to win five Olympic championships. He was defeated in his sixth attempt when he was forty. The Olympic wrestler Polydamas was killed when he tried to hold up the roof of a cave during an earthquake.
Wrestlers were praised for their physical beauty. The inscription on the monument to Theognetos of Aegina reads:
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BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design
This is a list of the British Academy Film Award for Best Costume Design. It is one movie awards given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts each year.
BAFTA Award for Best Editing
The BAFTA Award for Best Editing is one of several awards of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). These awards have been given each year since 1968.
(There were six films nominated for this award in 2008, instead of the usual five, because of a tie in the voting.)
BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer
The BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer is presented each year at the British Academy Film Awards in London. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts the awards shows for movie, television, children's movie and television, and interactive media. The Outstanding Debut award recognises the work of writers, directors and producers. It is presented in honour of screenwriter and producer Carl Foreman.
BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects
This page lists the winners and nominees for the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects for each year. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for movies, television, children's movies and television, and interactive media.
BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair
This is a list of BAFTA Award winners for Best Makeup and Hair. The BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair is one of several awards of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA).
2011: "The Iron Lady" - Marese Langan
2010: "Alice in Wonderland" - Valli O'Reilly & Paul Gooch
2009: "The Young Victoria" - Jenny Shircore
2008: "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" – Jean Black and Colleen Callaghan
2007: "The Passionate Life of Edith Piaf (La môme)" – Jan Archibald and Didier Lavergne
2006: "Pan's Labyrinth (El laberinto del fauno)" – José Quetglás and Blanca Sánchez
2005: "" – Howard Berger, Nikki Gooley and Gregory Nicotero
2004: "The Aviator" – Kathryn Blondell, Sian Grigg, and Morag Ross
2003: "" – Ve Neill and Martin Samuel
2002: "Frida" – Judy Chin, Beatrice De Alba, John E. Jackson, and Regina Reyes
2001: "" – Peter King, Peter Owen and Richard Taylor
2000: "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" – Rick Baker, Toni G, Sylvia Nava, Gail Rowell-Ryan and Kazuhiro Tsuji
1999: "Topsy-Turvy" - Christine Blundell
1997 - "The Wings of the Dove" - Sallie Jaye, Jan Archibald
1996 - "The Nutty Professor" - Rick Baker, David LeRoy Anderson