A whip is a person in a political party whose job is to make sure the party's members vote with the party. This happens in a legislature. Whips are a party's "enforcers", who talk to each member of the party to make sure that they vote according to the official party policy.
A whip must also make sure that the elected representatives of their party are in attendance when important votes are taken. The usage comes from the hunting term "whipping in", which means to stop hounds from wandering away from the pack.
Lost River, Kentucky
Lost River is an unincorporated community in Warren County, Kentucky, United States.
New Labour
New Labour refers to a period in the history of the British Labour Party. This period was from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, under leaders Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. The name dates from a conference slogan first used by the party in 1994. This slogan was later seen in a draft manifesto published in 1996, called "New Labour, New Life For Britain". It was presented as the brand of a newly reformed party that had changed Clause IV and supported market economics.
Bridgeport
Bridgeport may refer to:
In Canada:
In the United States:
Bridgeport, New Jersey
Bridgeport is an unincorporated community in Logan Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08014.
Anti-austerity movement
The anti-austerity movement refers to the mobilization of street protests and grassroots campaigns that has happened across many countries, especially in Europe, since the onset of the worldwide Great Recession.
Anti-austerity actions are different and ongoing. They continue as of the present day. The global Occupy movement has arguably been the most noticeable physical enactment of anti-austerity and populist sentiment.
United Kingdom government austerity programme
The United Kingdom government deficit reduction programme is a series of reductions in public spending, intended to reduce the government budget deficit and the welfare state in the United Kingdom. However, the NHS and education were "ringfenced" and protected from spending cuts.
The programme was created in 2010 by the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government. Its original stated goal was to, "achieve cyclically-adjusted current balance by the end of the rolling, five-year forecast period." At the June 2010 budget, the end of the forecast period was 2015–16. However, in 2014 the Treasury extended the proposed austerity period until at least 2018.
Anti-war movement
An anti-war movement (also "antiwar") is a social movement, usually against to a nation's decision to start or continue a war. It does not matter whether the nation has a just cause for war.
The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts. Many activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other peaceful means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict.
Non-interventionism
Non-interventionism or non-intervention is a foreign policy that holds a country should avoid all wars unless it is defending itself from attack. It promotes neutrality and discourages alliances with other nations, but still encourages diplomacy.
The original, more formal definition is that non-interventionism is a policy of not interfering in the affairs of another country without its permission.
Cayetano Paderanga, Jr.
Cayetano Paderanga Jr. (October 9, 1948 – January 29, 2016) was a Filipino economist. He was Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), an agency of the government of the Philippines responsible for economic development and planning. He held this position twice, from 1990 to 1992 and from 2010 to 2012.
In his first term, Paderanga served under President Corazon Aquino. He was a member of the Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines from 1993 to 1999. He was also Executive Director for the Philippines in the Asian Development Bank (ADB) from 2001 to 2003.
Paderanga died in Taguig City, Philippines, from complications after heart surgery, on January 29, 2016. He was aged 67.
Unilateral disarmament
Unilateral disarmament is a policy option, to renounce weapons without seeking equivalent concessions from one's actual or potential rivals. It was most commonly used in the twentieth century in the context of "unilateral nuclear disarmament", a recurrent mission of peace movements in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.
Nations do not often choose to dismantle their entire military capability. Unilateral disarmament is usually sought in one technical competency, such as weapons of mass destruction. Non-violent political movements from that of Mahatma Gandhi to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament have recommended unilateral disarmament as a step toward world peace.
Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear disarmament talks about the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-weapon-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated.
Nuclear disarmament groups include the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Peace Action, Greenpeace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Mayors for Peace, Global Zero, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017), and the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.
There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests. On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race. It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history.
In recent years, some U.S. elder statesmen have also advocated nuclear disarmament. Sam Nunn, William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and George Shultz have called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and in various op-ed columns have proposed an ambitious program of urgent steps to that end. The four have created the Nuclear Security Project to advance this agenda. Organisations such as Global Zero, an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to achieving nuclear disarmament, have also been established.
Insubordination
Insubordination is when people do not obey an authority. In the military, for example, insubordination is when a serviceman or servicewoman disobeys the orders of a higher-ranking officer.
A person may refuse to obey a law or order that he or she thinks is wrong. This is called civil disobedience.
Socialist Campaign Group
The Socialist Campaign Group is a left-wing, democratic socialist group of Labour Party Members of Parliament in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. It was formed in December 1982 as an alternative Parliamentary left-wing group to the Tribune Group. The Campaign Group, as it is commonly known, is often considered on the hard left of the Labour Party and has been very critical of New Labour.
Palestine Solidarity Campaign
The Palestine Solidarity Campaign (PSC) is an activist organisation in England and Wales. It supports the Palestinian people. It was founded in 1982 during the build-up to Israel's invasion of Lebanon. It was incorporated in the UK in 2004 as Palestine Solidarity Campaign Ltd.
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is an pacifist organisation that supports nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom. It also supports disarmament by other countries and stricter weapons rules through international agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It opposes military action that may result in the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons. It also opposes the building of nuclear power stations in the UK.
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