Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance or CSMA/CA is an access method (or protocol, or rule) used in Ethernet networks. In CSMA/CA, before a host sends information on the wire, it will "sense" to see if the wire is free of signals. If the wire is free, the host sends a piece of test data on the wire to see if it collides with other data. If the test data does not collide, the host goes on to send the real data on the wire.
Mario Pirani
Mario Pirani Coen (August 3, 1925 – April 18, 2015) was an Italian journalist, economist, and writer. He was born in Rome. After the experiences with "", "Il Giorno" and "Il Globo", he participated, together with Eugenio Scalfari, to create "la Repubblica", a newspaper that became one of the first in Italy. He was also editor of L'Europeo from 1979 to 1980, succeeding Giovanni Valentini. In 1995 he won the Premiolino.
Pirani died in Rome, Italy, aged 89.
Tom McCabe
Thomas "Tom" McCabe (28 April 1954 – 19 April 2015) was a Scottish Labour Party politician. He was Minister for Finance in the Scottish Executive, and was Member of the Scottish Parliament for Hamilton South until May 2011.
He became an MSP in the first elections to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, later holding the positions of Minister for Parliament (1999–2001), Minister for Health and Community Care (2003–2004), and Minister for Finance.
McCabe died in April 2015 after a short illness, aged 60.
State Archive of the Russian Federation
The State Archive of the Russian Federation (commonly known as GARF) is a major national archive of Russia. It was established in Moscow in 1992. It acquired collections of the Central State Archive of the October Revolution. It also houses the Central State Archive of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The archives contain collections covering the period from 1800 to 1993.
Israel State Archives
Israel State Archives is the national archive of Israel. The archive is located in Jerusalem. The archive houses about 400 million documents, maps, stamps, audio tapes, video clips, photographs and special publications.
Debt bondage
Bonded labour or debt bondage (or debt slavery) is a term used to refer to a situation where someone (a debtor) has to work for the person who lent him money. Generally, the conditions of this form of labour are close to slavery. Bonded labour is one of the most common forms of modern-day slavery-like conditions. Usually, the person working gets paid very little money in return for very hard work. Very often, the exact amount to be re-paid is not defined clearly. The person doing the bonded labour will never be able to pay off the debt through work. A regular work contract will also give rights to the person being employed, and the amount of work. In a normal working contract, difficult, dangrous or exhausting work will usually get paid better. This is not the case with debt bondage.
Debt bondage is banned by the Convention of United Nation about slavery in 1956.
Brive
Brive-la-Gaillarde, commonly called Brive, is the subprefecture of the Corrèze departement. Until 1919, the name of the city was Brive; since then it has been known as Brive-la-Gaillarde. About 50.000 people live in the city, and close to 100.000 in its urban area. The city goes back to antiquity; its name simply means bridge. In this case, the Corrèze was easy to cross at this place. Gundoald was elected king of Aquitaine in Brive, in the year 584.
Hotline
Commonly, a hotline is a telephone service, which offers specialized information. This information can be about how to deal with certain situations, but it can also be about the products of a company. The term originally came from a telephone which would automatically dial a pre-set number, once the receiver is lifted. Such telephones can still be found alongside highways, where they serve to call for help. Today, very often, hotlines are operated by call-centers.
When a person is addicted to alcohol, it can be difficult for them to quit drinking on their own, or they may find themselves relapsing after various attempts to remain sober. Because of this, an addiction hotline can be useful in connecting individuals with a trusted advisor to answer any questions they may have about substance abuse, most often 24-hours-a-day.
A drug abuse hotline or helpline is a toll-free number that has been established for the specific purpose of providing confidential and anonymous information related to addiction and treatment. Those addicted to alcohol or illegal or prescription drugs can call the telephone number and receive information on substance use, treatment facilities, and other drug-related topics.
Parents or loved ones can call and find out more about addiction, as well as inpatient rehabilitation and other care options. Drug use hotlines are generally available 24 hours a day and are staffed with caring and knowledgeable individuals who want to help.
Erwin Waldner
Erwin Waldner (24 January 1933 – 18 April 2015) was a German footballer. He played for five teams between 1952 and 1967, including VfB Stuttgart.
Walder was born in Nürtingen, Baden-Württemberg. He died there on 18 April 2015, aged 82.
Uche Chukwumerije
Uche Chukwumerije (November 1939 – 19 April 2015) was a Nigerian politician for the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He represented the Abia North Senatorial District from 29 May 2003 until his death.
Chukwumerije was born in Abia State to a Christian family. One of his sons is Chika Chukwumerije (born 1983), a taekwondo artist and Olympic medalist.
Chukwumerije died from lung cancer on 19 April 2015 in Abuja. He was 75.
Elio Toaff
Elio Toaff (30 April 1915 – 19 April 2015) was an Italian rabbi. He was the Chief Rabbi of Rome from 1951 to 2002. From 1947, he served as a rabbi in Venice. He had a friendship with Pope John Paul II, and attended his funeral in April 2005.
Toaff was born in Livorno. One of his children is Israeli-Italian professor Ariel Toaff (born 1942 in Ancona).
Toaff died on 19 April 2015 in Rome, aged 99.
Natalie Bennett
Natalie Bennett (born 10 February 1966 in Sydney, Australia) is a former leader of the British political party, the Green Party of England and Wales. She was elected as the party's leader on 3 September 2012 and lead the party for four years, ending on 2 September 2016.
Heino Kleiminger
Heino Kleiminger (3 February 1939 – 16 April 2015) was a German footballer. He played for FC Anker Wismar, F.C. Hansa Rostock, and the East Germany national football team between 1956 and 1973.
Kleiminger was born in Wismar, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. His son Ralf Kleiminger (born 1963) was also a footballer. He survived a massive heart attack in 1997, and had a bypass operation in 1998.
Kleiminger died from cancer on 16 April 2015 in Rostock. He was 76.
Aharon Lichtenstein
Aharon Lichtenstein (23 May 1933 – 20 April 2015) was a French-born American-Israeli Orthodox rabbi, rosh yeshiva and writer. He was an authority of Jewish law ("Halacha"). He won the Israel Prize in 2014.
Lichtenstein was born in Paris and grew up in New York, United States. He studied at Yeshiva University and Harvard University. He married in 1960 and had six children.
Lichtenstein died on 20 April 2015 in Jerusalem, aged 81.
Claudius Aelianus
Claudius Aelianus was a teacher from Latium. He was born around the year 170. He died after 220. Even though he was from Rome, he wrote in Greek. In English, he is often referred to as Aelian.
Bernoulli distribution
The Bernoulli distribution is a probability distribution. It takes a value of 1 with probability "p" and a value of 0 with probability 1-"p". It is sometimes written as formula_1. It is used in probability theory and statistics. It is named after a Swiss scientist Jacob Bernoulli.