The first type was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it is an injection of inactivated (dead) poliovirus. The second type was an oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin, using attenuated poliovirus. An attenuated virus is a much less harmful strain of the same virus. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962.
There is no long term carrier for poliovirus (carriers are people who carry the virus but have no symptoms of the disease), and polioviruses have no non-primate reservoir in nature. The virus cannot survive in the open environment for a long time. Therefore, interruption of person to person transmission of the virus by vaccination is the key step in removing polio entirely. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most countries in the world. Polio worldwide has dropped from about 350,000 cases in 1988 to 1,652 cases in 2007.
Nick Frost
Nicholas John "Nick" Frost (born 28 March 1972) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor, comedian and screenwriter. He is best known for his roles "Spaced, as Ed in "Shaun of the Dead, Danny Butterman in "Hot Fuzz", Clive Gollings in "Paul", and as Ron in "Attack the Block". He is also well known for working with Simon Pegg.
Frost was born on 28 March 1972 in Dagenham, East London, England. He studied at Bell High School. He is married to Christina Frost.
List of cities in the Bahamas
This is a list of cities in the Bahamas.
The following table lists the city or town name, the geographic coordinates, the population as of the 1990 census, an estimate of the population as of 2009, and the island name.
Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore
Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (August 8, 1605 – November 30, 1675), was a member of the English nobility who started the colony of Maryland in the British colonies. He was the first Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. Before that, he was the ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland (in what is today Canada). His father was George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. George Calvert was chosen to be the proprietary governor of both Maryland and Newfoundland, but he died before he could take the position.
He was called "Cecil Calvert." Cecil was a Roman Catholic and the colony of Maryland was officially Catholic. He managed Maryland from his home in England. Maryland was known for its religious toleration. At the time, there was a lot of religious persecution in England. Many Catholics fled (ran away to) Maryland because their religion was accepted there. Calvert was governor of Maryland for forty-two years. He died in England on November 30, 1675, aged 70 years. The city of Baltimore is named for him.
Gabourey Sidibe
Gabourey "Gabby" Sidibe (born May 6, 1983) is an American movie and television actress who started her career in the 2009 movie "" as Claireece "Precious" Jones, for which she won many awards and was nominated for an Academy Award.
Sidibe was born on May 6, 1983 in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York City. She studied at Borough of Manhattan Community College, at City College of New York, and at Mercy College.
America Ferrera
America Georgine Ferrera (born April 18, 1984) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress and television producer. She is best known for her role as Betty Suarez in "Ugly Betty". For her role as Betty Suarez, she won an Golden Globe Award, Emmy Award, and an Screen Actors Guild Award.
Ferrera was born on April 18, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. She studied at the University of Southern California. She is married to Ryan Piers Williams since 2011. Ferrera is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.
Bill Hader
William Thomas "Bill" Hader Jr. (born June 7, 1978 in Tulsa, Oklahoma) is an American comedian, actor, voice actor, producer, director and writer.
He is best known for his roles in "Saturday Night Live", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs", "Superbad", "Hot Rod", "Tropic Thunder", "Adventureland", "Paul", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall", "", "Inside Out", "", "The BFG" and as adult Richie Tozier in "It – Chapter Two".
He is married to Maggie Carey in 2006 and they had 3 children. Hader and Carey separated in 2017; Hader later filed for divorce several months later in December 2017. The divorce was finalized in 2018.
Jack Gilford
Jack Gilford (July 25, 1908 – June 4, 1990) was an American movie, television, stage actor, and comedian. He was known for his roles in "Cocoon", "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Movie", "Caveman", "They Might Be Giants", and in "Catch-22".
Gilford was born on July 25, 1908 in New York City, New York. He was married to Madeline Lee from 1949 until his death in 1990. Gilford died on June 4, 1990 in New York City, New York from stomach cancer, aged 81.
Berry Gordy
Berry Gordy Jr. (born November 28, 1929) is an American entrepreneur and producer. He founded Motown Records. He is associated with musical acts, such as Smokey Robinson, Diana Ross, The Supremes and Stevie Wonder. His son Kennedy Gordon was signed to Motown. Gordy was born in Detroit.
Tchoukball
'"Tchoukball"' is an indoor team sport. It was created in the 1970's by Swiss biologist Hermann Brandt. Brandt believed that "The objective of all physical activities is not to make champions, but make a contribution to building a harmonious society". He wanted to create a team sport which did not involve the injuries which he saw as being a problem in other sports.
The sport is usually played on an indoor court that is by }. At each end, there is a 'frame' (a device similar to a trampoline off which the ball bounces). This frame measures . There is also a semicircular D-shaped area measuring in radius around the frame which players can not enter. The game is played with two teams of 12 players on each team. Of the twelve players on a team, seven may be on the court at any one time. Each team can score on both ends on the field. In order to score a point, the ball must be thrown by an attacking player, hit the frame and bounce outside the 'D' without being caught by the defending team. Physical contact is not allowed, and defenders may not try to stop the attacking team's passes. Players may take three steps with the ball and can hold the ball for at most three seconds. Teams may not pass the ball more than three times before shooting at the frame.
Tchoukball has become an international sport. It is played in Brazil, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Macau, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United States. It is governed by the Féderation Internationale de Tchoukball (FITB, founded in 1971). Taiwan hosted the 2004 World Championships and won both the women's and junior championships. The Swiss won the men's championship. The 2006, European Championships were held in Switzerland. Great Britain won both the Men's and Under-18's titles. Switzerland won the Ladies event.
David Spade
David Wayne Spade (born July 22, 1964) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, and television personality, known for his roles as Dennis Finch in "Just Shoot Me!", Marcus Higgins in "Grown Ups", and Russell Dunbar in "Rules of Engagement". He is also known as the voice of Kuzco in "The Emperor's New Groove" and "Kronk's New Groove".
Spade was born on July 22, 1964 in Birmingham, Michigan. Spade moved to Scottsdale, Arizona at age four. He studied at Arizona State University. Spade has a daughter named Harper. The mother is Jillian Grace, a Playboy Playmate.
List of cities in Brazil
This is a list of the largest cities in Brazil. Capitals are in bold.
Lee Dong-hae