In 1862, Congress had authorized the office of Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Much as today, he had the power to assess, levy and collect taxes. He also had the right to enforce the tax laws by prosecution and seizing property and income. George S. Boutwell was the first commissioner of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
In 1894, Congress passed the Wilson-Gorman Tariff. It reduced the Tariffs on certain imports into the United States. However, it made up for this by charging a 2% direct income tax. The Supreme Court, in "Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co" ruled the income tax unconstitutional a year later. The Court ruled that the Constitution did not allow an income tax without apportionment among the states.
On February 3, 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified. Free of the critical apportionment issue, it allowed Congress to impose an income tax. The Bureau of the IRS was charged with collecting income taxes. Personal income tax was 1% on income above $3,000. Incomes over $5,000 were subject to an additional 6% tax. Income taxes were as high as 77% in 1918 to help finance World War I. In 1929 they dropped to a high of 24% but rose again during the Great Depression in 1929. During World War II withholding and quarterly taxes were introduced.
In 1953, the Bureau of Internal Revenue reorganized and changed its name to the Internal Revenue Service.
In 1998, the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act again reorganized and modernized the agency. Taxpayer rights were further expanded.
The current Commissioner of Internal Revenue is Charles P. Rettig.
Koh-i-Noor
The Koh-i-Noor (also spelled Koh-i-Nûr and Kooh-è Noor) is a large, colourless diamond that was found near Guntur in Andhra Pradesh, India, possibly in the 13th century. The name means Mountain of Light in the Persian language.
Before it was cut for jewellery, it weighed . It was was first owned by the Kakatiya dynasty. Ownership of the stone changed several times between various ruling groups in South Asia over the next few hundred years. The Koh-i-Noor ended up in the possession of Queen Victoria after the British conquest of the Punjab in 1849. It is now part of the British Crown Jewels, part of the Royal Collection held in trust by Queen Elizabeth II for her successors and the UK.
In 1852, Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, unhappy with its dull and irregular appearance, ordered it cut down from . It emerged 42 per cent lighter as a dazzling oval-cut brilliant weighing and measuring 3.6 cm x 3.2 cm x 1.3 cm.
Since arriving in the U.K., it has only ever been worn by female members of the family, starting with Queen Victoria. After Queen Victoria's death, the Koh-i-Noor was set in the crown of Queen Alexandra, the wife of Edward VII. It was used to crown her at their coronation in 1902. The diamond was transferred to Queen Mary's crown in 1911, and finally to the Queen Mother's crown in 1937. When The Queen Mother died in 2002, it was placed on top of her coffin for her state funeral.
Today, the diamond is set in the front of the crown, as part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. It is seen by millions of visitors to the Tower of London each year.
Leonorilda Ochoa
Leonorilda Ochoa Pagaza (30 October 1937 – 22 May 2016) was a Mexican actress and comedian. She was on movies, television, and theatre productions. She became popular as La Pecas in the sitcom "Los Beverly de Peralvillo" (1968-1973). She was born in Mexico City. She was in the movies "Capulina Speedy Gonzalez" (1970), "Los Beverly de Peralvillo" (1971) and "Que familia tan cotorra!" (1973). Her last telenovelas were "Rubí" (2004) and "Código postal" (2006-2007).
Ochoa died of Alzheimer's disease in Mexico City on 22 May 2016, aged 78.
Send My Love (To Your New Lover)
"Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" is a song recorded by English singer-songwriter Adele. It was on her third studio album, "25". It was released on streaming services on May 16, 2016. It was released to radio in the U.S. on May 17, 2016. It was the album's third single, after "Hello" and "When We Were Young". Adele has said that she heard fellow singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's 2012 single "I Knew You Were Trouble" and asked who the writers of that song were. After learning that they were producers Max Martin and Shellback, Adele worked with them on "25".
A music video of the song premiered on May 22 at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards. It was uploaded to the singer's official Vevo account soon afterwards. The video shows the singer in front of a black backdrop.
The song reached number 8 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 1 on the Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) chart. It reached the top five in the UK and the top 10 in Canada. It ranked #26 on the Year-End "Billboard" Hot 100 of 2016.
"BBC News"' Mark Savage said this is a "nimble pop song" and wrote that it "shows a fresh, playful side to the star".
Rob Garratt of "The National (Abu Dhabi)" said the song is a "bouncy pop nugget" and it "falls into that classic pop tradition of transforming a turn-down into a lover's rebuke".
In a positive review, a writer for "The Hindu" wrote that the song is a "spritely song" and called it "an I'm-so-glad-you're-gone number".
"Los Angeles Times" Mikael Wood wrote that the song is "a welcome flash of sass".
Maeve McDermott and Patrick Ryan of "USA Today" included "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" in their list of 2015's 50 best songs. McDermott wrote "this song is among the most interesting of her career".
Michael Arceneaux, of "Complex" magazine, says that the track was the least sad song on "25". He also wrote, "It’s a little melancholy, but it comes with some shimmy-inducing production".
"Business Insider"s Tony Manfred says this song is different from Adele's earlier work. He writes that "she wades into the waters of contemporary pop music like never before".
Nick Messitte of "Forbes" gave the song a positive review, writing "It’s got the grace of damning individuals without sinking to their level; it boasts nostalgia—not the least of which for a sound popularized in 2013".
"Vanity Fair"'s Josh Duboff called "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" "the poppiest song Adele has ever recorded". He named it his "pick for the breakout track on "25"".
A small clip of the video was released on Adele's Twitter page. She wears a flower-printed dress and sways while different scenes of her play on top of each other. The full music video was shown during the 2016 "Billboard" Music Awards on May 22, 2016. It also appeared on Adele's Vevo channel shortly after the show.
Flag of Chile
The national flag of Chile was adopted in 1817.
The flag shows two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center.
Protocol dictates that it can hang horizontally or vertically, but the star must always be located in the top-left corner.
The colors have meanings:
Note: the Chilean flag is similar to the flag of the state of Texas.
Coat of arms of Chile
The Coat of Arms of Chile consist of a shield holding the national symbol of a star in a blue and red field. This shield is supported by a condor and huemul.
At the top of the shield are three feather plumes in the colors of the national flag. The center shield has the star found on the national flag on a blue and red background. The blue represents the sky, and the red represents the blood of martyrs, as well as the Andes. The condor and huemel are animals found in Chile. The crowns they wear are naval crowns, and represent the rich naval history of Chile.
Chilean peso
The peso is the money of Chile. It was divided into 100 "centavos". The number is written with a $ sign and then the number.
In 2011, 483.36 pesos were equal to one United States dollar. In 2014, 570.01 pesos are equal to one United States dollar.
Ayora