The court dismissed the habeas corpus petition. It ruled that Judge McGhee had enough evidence and legal reasons to send Gault to jail.
Next, Amelia Lewis and the Gaults appealed to the Arizona Supreme Court (99 Ariz. 181 (1965)). They had two main arguments. They argued that Gerald's conviction was not legal because he was not given the due process rights in the Constitution. They also argued that the state's set of juvenile laws, the Arizona Juvenile Code, was unconstitutional because it did not include these due process rights.
The Arizona Supreme Court ruled against the Gaults. They said that neither the Juvenile Code or Gerald's conviction violated due process.
Under United States law, the Gaults had only one legal option left. This option was to appeal to the United States Supreme Court, but to do this, they would need more lawyers, and that would be expensive. However, lawyers from the Arizona chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) got involved and worked with Amelia Lewis on the Supreme Court appeal. On December 16, 1966, they went before the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court had to answer three important legal questions in this case: a specific question, a general question, and a question that would affect every juvenile and court in the country.:
On May 15, 1967, the Supreme Court voted 81 in favor of the Gaults. They ruled that Gerald's due process rights "were" violated.
Justice Abe Fortas wrote the Court's majority opinion. He wrote:
Justice Fortas pointed out that if Gerald were over 18, and were tried in adult court, he would have had many different rights, including the ones in this table.
However, because he was 15 and in juvenile court, Gerald got none of these rights.
In the Court's opinion, Justice Fortas wrote that without these due process rights, a person cannot get a fair trial, no matter what age they are. The Fourteenth Amendment says that "no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws." Since juvenile courts could take away children's freedom by sending them to juvenile prisons, they needed to give juvenile defendants full due process rights. They also needed to give them "equal protection of the laws" the same protections an adult at risk of going to jail would get.
The Court threw out Gerald's conviction and ordered him to be set free. He had spent three years in the Industrial School: two years and ten months longer than he could have possibly spent in prison if he was convicted as an adult.
The Court also ruled Arizona's Juvenile Code unconstitutional. They ruled that Juvenile Codes had to include due process rights.
Before "In re Gault", juveniles accused of crimes had very few rights. "In re Gault" gave due process rights, which juveniles had never had, to children and teenagers being accused of crimes. These protections apply to all juveniles in the United States, not just Arizona. After this decision, by law, all juveniles being accused of crimes must be given the rights in the Fourteenth Amendment. For example:
In other words, "In re Gault" ruled that every juvenile court in the country had to follow the Fourteenth Amendment.
Deaths in April 2016
The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months". Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.
Leonard L. Northrup Jr.
Leonard "Lynn" L. Northrup Jr. (March 18, 1918 – March 24, 2016) was an American engineer. He created the commercialization of solar thermal energy. He was inspired by John Yellott, Dr. Maria Telkes, and Harry Tabor.
Northrup's company designed, patented, developed and manufactured some of the first commercial solar water heaters, solar concentrators, solar-powered air conditioning systems, solar power towers and photovoltaic thermal hybrid systems in the United States.
he company he founded became part of ARCO Solar, which in turn became BP Solar, which became the largest solar energy company in the world.
Paolo Poli
Paolo Poli (May 23, 1929 – March 25, 2016) was an Italian theatre actor. He has also acted in movies and on television. He starred in many famous operas such as "Aldino mi cali un filino", "Rita of Cascia", "Caterina de Medici", "L'asino d'oro", "Gulliver's Travels", "La leggenda di San Gregorio", "Il coturno della ciabatta", and "La nemica'
Imre Pozsgay
Imre András Pozsgay (26 November 1933 – 25 March 2016) was a Hungarian Communist politician.
He played a key role in Hungary's fight for democracy after 1988. He served as Minister of Culture (1976–1980), Minister of Education (1980–1982) and Minister of State (1988–1990). He was also a Member of Parliament from 1983 to 1994.
David Snellgrove
David Llewellyn Snellgrove (29 June 192025 March 2016) was a British Tibetologist. He was known for his pioneering work on Buddhism in Tibet as well as his many travelogues. He was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire.
In 1950, after having finishing his studies at Cambridge, he was invited to teach a course in elementary Tibetan at the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London. He was Professor of Tibetan at SOAS until his retirement in 1982.
Alain Decaux
Alain Decaux (23 July 1925 − 27 March 2016) was a French writer and historian. He was born in Lille, France. He was elected to the Académie française on 15 February 1979.
In 2005, he was, with others authors as Frédéric Beigbeder, Richard Millet and Jean-Pierre Thiollet, among the Beirut Book Fair's guests in the Beirut International Exhibition & Leisure Center, commonly BIEL.
Decaux died on 27 March 2016 in Paris, France at the age of 90.
Antoine Demoitié
Antoine Demoitié (16 October 1990 – 27 March 2016) was a Belgian cyclist. He last rode for Wanty–Groupe Gobert in 2016. He joined the team in 2016 after leaving Wallonie-Bruxelles at the end of the 2015 season. He was born in Liège, Wallonia, Belgium.
Demoitié died on 27 March 2016 after he crashed and went down in a pile-up of several cyclists. He was then hit by a motorcycle in the Gent–Wevelgem road race. He died that evening in hospital in Lille, Hauts-de-France, France, aged 25.
Cerebrovascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease, stroke or cerebrovascular accident, is a vascular disease of the cerebral circulation. Arteries supplying oxygen to the brain are affected resulting in one of a number of cerebrovascular diseases. Most commonly this is a stroke or mini-stroke and sometimes can be a hemorrhagic stroke. Any of these can result in vascular dementia.
Causes of cerebrovascular disease can be divided into: atherosclerosis, embolism, aneurysms, low flow states, and other rare causes. Major modifiable risk factors include:
Treatment for cerebrovascular disease includes medication, lifestyle changes and surgery.
Examples of medications are:
Surgical procedures include:
James Noble (actor)
James Wilkes Noble (March 5, 1922 – March 28, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for his role of the sweet-natured but naive Governor on ABC's 1980s sitcom "Benson". He was born in Dallas, Texas. He retired from acting in 2010.
Noble died from complications of a stroke at his home in Norwalk, Connecticut on March 28, 2016, aged 94.
Jean-Pierre Coffe
Jean-Pierre Coffe (March 24, 1938 – March 29, 2016) was a French radio and television presenter, food critic and author. Coffe then began a career in television in the early 1980s. He joined Canal+ in 1984. In 1992 and 1993, he made his first appearances in "La Grande Famille" hosted by Jean-Luc Delarue. He then joined the French public television channels where he hosted a cooking program with children titled "Comment c'est fait ?" ("How is it done?") from 1992 to 1993 on France 3.
On 29 March 2016, Coffe died at his home in Lanneray, France, aged 78.
Béla Biszku