Finding the earliest joint-stock company is a matter of definition. Around 1250 in France at Toulouse, 96 shares of the "Société des Moulins du Bazacle" (Bazacle Milling Company) were traded at a value that depended on the profitability of the Society's mills. This was probably the first company of its kind in history.
The much more famous, wealthy and powerful English (later British) East India Company was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600. The Royal Charter gave the newly created "Honourable East India Company" a 15-year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies. The Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to one which ruled India.
In 1602, the Dutch East India Company issued shares that were made tradable on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. This invention helped joint-stock companies to attract capital from investors as they could now easily trade their shares. In 1612 it became the first 'corporation' in intercontinental trade with 'locked in' capital and limited liability.
The type of company most often referred to by the word "corporation" is a publicly traded corporation. In this type of company the shares are traded on a public stock exchange. For example, shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq in the United States. This is where shares of stock of corporations are bought and sold by and to the general public. Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations. However, the majority of corporations are said to be closely held, privately held or close corporations. This means that no ready market exists for the trading of shares. Many such corporations are owned and managed by a small group of businesspeople or companies. They can also be as vast as the largest public corporations.
Closely held corporations have some advantages over publicly traded corporations. A small, closely held company can often make decisions much more rapidly than a publicly traded company, because there will generally be fewer voting shareholders or the shareholders would have common interests. A publicly traded company is also at the mercy of the market. It can have capital flow in and out based on what the company is doing and also what the competitors are doing. Publicly traded companies also have advantages over their closely held counterparts. Publicly traded companies often have more working capital. They can also delegate debt throughout all shareholders. This means shareholders of publicly traded company will each take a much smaller hit to their returns as opposed to those involved with a closely held corporation. Publicly traded companies though suffer from this exact advantage. A closely held corporation can often stand a hit to profit with little or no long-term effect. A publicly traded company though often comes under extreme scrutiny if profit and growth are not evident to stock holders. If profits go down stock holders may sell, further damaging the company. Often this blow is enough to make a small public company fail.
Neutral particle
In physics, a neutral particle is a particle with no electric charge.
Long-lived neutral particles do not decay for a very long time. Examples of such particles include photons, neutrons, and neutrinos.
Other neutral particles are very short-lived. They decay before they can be detected by a particle detector. They have been observed only indirectly, such as tracks of ionized particles in a particle accelerator. They include:
Mark Cuban
Mark Cuban (born July 31, 1958) is an American businessman, investor, movie producer, author, television personality and philanthropist. He is the owner of the NBA's Dallas Mavericks, Landmark Theatres, and Magnolia Pictures, and the chairman of the HDTV cable network AXS TV.
As of September 2015, Cuban has publicly expressed interest in running for president in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, citing that he "could beat both Trump and Clinton". He later decided not to run. On October 9, 2015, Cuban announced his intentions to run for Speaker of the House to replace John Boehner.
Corneliu Vadim Tudor
Corneliu Vadim Tudor (; 28 November 1949 – 14 September 2015) was a Romanian politician. He was the leader of the Greater Romania Party ("Partidul România Mare"), poet, writer, journalist and a Member of the European Parliament. He was a Romanian Senator from 1992 to 2008. He died of a heart attack.
Brazil at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Brazil competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom, from 29 August to 9 September 2012. Brazil will be the next host of the Summer Paralympics, holding the 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro.
Brazil has qualified for the football 5-a-side tournament.
Rank:
01 !
Brazil has qualified for the football 7-a-side tournament.
Rank:
02 !
Adam Deadmarsh
Adam Richard Deadmarsh (born May 10, 1975) is a Canadian-American retired professional ice hockey right winger. Deadmarsh played parts of 10 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Quebec Nordiques, Colorado Avalanche, and Los Angeles Kings.
Deadmarsh played for Team USA during the 1996 World Cup of Hockey, the 1998 Winter Olympics, and the 2002 Winter Olympics. He won a gold medal in 1996 and a silver medal in 2002.
Before playing in the NHL, Deadmarsh played 4 seasons with the Portland Winter Hawks of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He was drafted with the 14th overall pick by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.
He played 1 season with them and stayed with the franchise when they relocated to Denver, Colorado to become the Colorado Avalanche. During his time with the Avalanche, Deadmarsh won the Stanley Cup in 1996. His name was misspelled as "Deadmarch" when the names were being added to the Cup. It was the first time that a misspelling on the Stanley Cup had ever been corrected.
On February 21, 2001, the Avalanche traded Deadmarsh along with Aaron Miller in exchange for Jared Aulin, and Colorado's first round pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft (Dave Steckel) for Rob Blake and Steven Reinprecht. During round one of the 2001 Stanley Cup Playoffs, Deadmarsh scored an overtime goal which caused the Kings defeat the very favoured Detroit Red Wings. The Kings would lose against his old team, the Avalanche, in seven games. The Avalanche would end up winning their second Stanley Cup.
Deadmarsh would miss most of the 2002–03 NHL season because of a concussion and missed the whole 2003–04 NHL seasonbecause of another concussion. He also did not play the next season because of the 2004–05 NHL lockout. On September 22, 2005, he announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey. On March 20, 2006, Deadmarsh was honoured before a game between the Avalanche and Kings at Staples Center.
Éric Dazé
Éric Dazé (born July 2, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. Dazé played 11 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL), all with the Chicago Blackhawks.
Before playing in the NHL, Dazé played parts of 5 seasons in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL); 2 with the Hull Olympiques and 3 with the Beauport Harfangs. He was drafted with the 90th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.
In 1995, he was a member of the gold medal winning team at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. After he scored 30 goals as a rookie, he was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 1996. In 2002, Dazé was chosen to play in his first NHL All-Star Game. He recorded 2 goals and 1 assist and was named the game's MVP. He became the first Blackhawk player to win the award since Bobby Hull did so in 1971.
Dazé suffered from severe back problems during his career and he only played 19 games in the 2003–04 NHL season. On March 20, 2010, He officially announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey during the Comcast Sportsnet pregame show before the Blackhawks game.
Echo (Leona Lewis album)