Nectophrynoides is a genus of true toads. They live in Eastern Arc forests and wetlands in Tanzania. All but "N. tornieri" are threatened. Species of the genus are ovoviviparous: fertilization is internal, and the females give birth to fully developed, small toadlets. Together with the West Africa "Nimbaphrynoides", they are the only frogs/toads in the world that do not lay eggs.
Nimbaphrynoides
Nimbaphrynoides is a genus of true toads. They live in the highlands in the Mount Nimba region of the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire. They are Critically Endangered due to habitat loss, and iron and bauxite mining in their small ranges.
The two species are viviparous. This means they have internal fertilisation. The female gives birth to fully developed, tiny toadlets. "Nectophrynoides" and "Nimbaphrynoides" are the only frogs/toads that do not lay eggs.
Oreophrynella
Oreophrynella (bush toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in southern Venezuela, Guyana and far northern Brazil.
Black-knobbed map turtle
The black-knobbed map turtle ("Graptemys nigrinoda") is a species of aquatic turtles. Their skin is light gray and have spikes on their shell. They are part of the "Graptemys" genus and were once called the black-knobbed sawback turtle. They live in rivers in the Mobile Bay in Alabama and Mississippi.
Amazonas (Venezuela)
Amazonas is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided. Amazonas State covers a total surface area of 176,899 km² and, in 2007, had a population of 142,200.
The state capital is Puerto Ayacucho. Amazonas has Venezuela's highest proportion of indigenous peoples of Venezuela.
In this state comes the main river of Venezuela, the Orinoco, in the mount delgado Chalbaud. Other rivers in the state are: Ventuari river, Yatití, Parú, Asita, Manapiare, Marieta, Guapachí, Ocamo, Putaco, Padamo, Cuntinamo, Botamo, Matacuní, Ugueto, Mavaca, Manaviche, Cunucunuma, Guanane, Yagua, Guaviare, Sipapo, Cataniapo Atabapo, Uesete, Siapa, Ararí, Manipitare, Casiquiare, Pamoni, Pasiba, Pasimoni, Negro and Guainía.
The State of Amazonas has many natural sites of great interest.
The rich fauna of the region is represented by numerous specimens of mammals, reptiles, fish and birds.
Osornophryne
Osornophryne (Plump Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in Colombia and Ecuador.
Pedostibes
Pedostibes (Asian Tree Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in South India, Malay Peninsula to Borneo and Sumatra. They have horizontal pupils and webbed fingers and toes.
Pelophryne
Pelophryne (Flathead Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore and Hainan Island, China.
Pseudobufo subasper
Pseudobufo subasper is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Pseudobufo. They are found in Indonesia and Malaysia. They live in subtropical or tropical swamps. They are threatened by habitat loss.
This toad can only be found in peat swamps. They have fully webbed back feet.
Rhinella
Rhinella (Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo. Some people call it its own genus. It has 71 species of true toads. They live in Central and South America.
Note: Species below are shown as species of "Rhinella". They are treated as species of "Bufo" by many authors.
African Red Toad
The African red toad or African split-skin toad ("Schismaderma carens") is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Schismaderma.
It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Lesotho.
It lives in many habitats. These are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, arable land, pastureland, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, canals and ditches, and man-made karsts.
Truebella
Truebella is a genus of true toads. They live in Peru at the Ayacucho and Junín regions.
Werneria
Werneria (smalltongue toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.
Wolterstorffina
Wolterstorffina (Wolterstorff Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in Nigeria and Cameroon.
Common toad
The common toad or European toad ("Bufo bufo") is an amphibian. They are found in most of Europe, except for Ireland, Iceland and some Mediterranean islands. The toad usually lies hidden during the day. It becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the invertebrates on which it feeds. It moves with a slow ungainly walk or a short jump. It has a greyish brown skin covered with wart-like lumps.
The toads in this genus are known as true toads. They have no teeth, a dry warty skin and horizontal pupils to the eyes.
The common toad can grow to about in length. Females grow larger than males. Those in the south tend to be larger than ones in the north. The head is broad with a wide mouth. The nose has two small nostrils. There are no teeth. The large, protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils. They have a noxious substance called bufotoxin. It is used to keep away predators. The head joins the body without a noticeable neck. There is no external vocal sac. The body is broad and squat. The front limbs are short with the toes of the front feet turning inwards. At breeding time, the male gets nuptial pads on the first three fingers. These are to hold the female. The back legs are short and the back feet have long, unwebbed toes. There is no tail. The skin is dry and covered with small warts. The colour is brown, olive-brown or greyish-brown. Sometimes it is partly blotched or banded with a darker shade. The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic. The females are browner and the males greyer.
Common toads can live for many years. They have lived for fifty years in captivity. In the wild, common toads are thought to live for about ten to twelve years. Their age can be found by counting the number of yearly growth rings in the bones of their phalanges.
The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short jumps using all four legs. It spends the day hiding. It comes out at dusk. It may travel some distance in the dark while hunting. It is most active in wet weather. By morning it has returned to its base. It may live in the same place for several months. It has a large appetite and eats woodlice, slugs, beetles, caterpillars, flies, worms and even small mice. Small, fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue. Larger items are grabbed with the jaws. Having no teeth, it swallows food whole in a series of gulps. It will try to eat any small, dark coloured, moving object it encounters at night. A research study showed that it would snap at a moving piece of black paper as if it were prey. It would ignore a larger moving piece. On occasion, the common toad sheds its skin which comes away in tattered pieces. The skin is then eaten.
When attacked, the common toad puffs up its body and stands with its back end raised and its head lowered. Its main means of defence is a foul tasting secretion. It has a bufotoxin called bufagin and is enough to keep away many predators. Grass snakes seem to be unaffected by it. Other predators of adult toads include hedgehogs, rats and mink, and even domestic cats. Birds that feed on toads include herons, crows and birds of prey. The tadpoles also have noxious substances which keep fishes from eating them but not the great crested newt. Aquatic invertebrates that feed on toad tadpoles include dragonfly larvae, diving beetles and water boatmen. These usually avoid the noxious secretion by puncturing the tadpole's skin and sucking out its juices.