Processual archaeologists tried to create models to explain why and how people would act. They felt that humans behave the same and given the same conditions or choices, people will make similar ones.
Processual archaeologists also decided to conduct archaeologically scientifically. They used radiometric dating techniques to figure out how old an artifact is, as well as other techniques to prove how the artifact was used. They began to reproduce artifacts to better understand how they were made. This is called experimental archaeology. Another scientific approach was to conduct ethnographic fieldwork (link) to better understand past hunter gatherers. Processualists think that the way hunter gatherers are today is similar to the way they were in the past. This helps us understand them better.
Post processualism challenged processual archaeology. Post processual archaeologists thought that processualists did not think beyond the artifacts and forgot about the people behind the pots. They also challenged the assumption that humans act rationally and the idea that behavior can be modelled. They also challenged how processual archaeologists know what they know, and looked at the biases behind work.
Processual archaeology continues to be used today, however it is not the same as it was when it started. The biggest change came with computers. The models that archaeologists could be tested and seen to be accurate or not. More detailed examinations of artifacts could be made. Not all archaeologists think the same way about the past. After processual archaeology came post-processual archaeology which challenged a lot of the assumptions being made. Both processualists and post processualists exist today.
Binford, Lewis R.
1962. "Archaeology as anthropology". In Contemporary Archaeology, ed by M. Leone, pp. 93–101. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
1965. "Archaeological systematics and the study of culture process". In American Antiquity 31(2) Part 1: 203-210.
Binford, Sally R. & Lewis Binford.
1968. New Perspectives in Archaeology. Chicago, Aldine Press.
Trigger, Bruce.
1989. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge University Press: New York
White, Leslie A.
1959. The Evolution of Culture. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Willey, Gordon R., and Philip Phillips.
1958. Method and Theory in American Archaeology. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Riley, Oregon
Riley is a unincorporated community in Harney County, Oregon. It is found 45 km west of Burns, and is located at the meeting point of U.S. Highway 395 and U.S. Highway 20. It lies 1,288 meters above sea level.
Orion Pictures
Orion Pictures (also known as Orion Releasing LLC) is an American movie production company. It is owned by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The company made and released movies from 1978 to 1999.
Of the many movies distributed by Orion, four won the Academy Awards for Best Picture: "Amadeus" (1984), "Platoon" (1986), "Dances with Wolves" (1990) and "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991).
In 1997, Orion was bought by MGM. In 2013, MGM revived the Orion name for television. In 2014, MGM restarted Orion Pictures.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Orion was famous for its "RoboCop" movies. The first "RoboCop" was in 1987. The second movie, "RoboCop 2", was in 1990. The third movie, "RoboCop 3", was released in November 1993.
Also during this period, Orion released the "Terminator" movies in 1984 and 1991. Both of them had Arnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator.
On February 5, 2019, MGM and Annapurna Pictures expanded their U.S. distribution company, Mirror. Mirror was changed to United Artists Releasing.
Joe Armstrong (programmer)
Joseph Leslie Armstrong (27 December 1950 – 20 April 2019) was a British computer scientist. He is best known as one of the co-designers of the Erlang programming language. He was given a Ph.D. in computer science from KTH Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden in 2004. He later a professor at KTF from 2014. He was born in Bournemouth, Hampshire.
Armstrong died on 20 April 2019, at the age of 68.
John Singleton
John Daniel Singleton (January 6, 1968 – April 28, 2019) was an American movie director, screenwriter, and producer. He was best known for directing "Boyz n the Hood" (1991). He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director, becoming the first African American and youngest person to have ever been nominated for the award. His works included "Poetic Justice" (1993), "Higher Learning" (1995), and "Baby Boy" (2001).
In 2017, Singleton was accused of sexual harassment by a journalist who interviewed him.
On April 17, 2019, Singleton had a massive stroke and was hospitalized in the intensive care unit in Los Angeles. On April 25, it was reported that he was in a coma. On April 29, he was said to be on life-support, but he actually died on April 28 at the age of 51 at Cedars-Sinai Hospital.
Walidah Imarisha
Walidah Imarisha is an American writer, activist, educator and spoken word artist. She is known for creating the phrase "visionary fiction."
Imarisha is co-editor, with adrienne maree brown, of "Octavia's Brood: Science Fiction Stories From Social Justice Movements". It is named after the legendary science fiction writer Octavia Butler. She also co-edited "Another World Is Possible" in response to the 9/11 attacks.
Imarisha is the author of the poetry collection "Scars/Stars" (Drapetomedia, 2013). She also wrote a nonfiction book about criminal justice issues, "Angels with Dirty Faces: Dreaming Beyond Bars" (AK Press/IAS, 2016). It won the 2017 Oregon Book Award for Creative Nonfiction. She was a member of the poetry duo Good Sista/Bad Sista. She appeared on Puerto Rican punk band Ricanstruction's second album, "Love and Revolution". Her words have been featured in Total Chaos: The Art And Aesthetics of Hip Hop, Letters From Young Activists, Daddy, Can I Tell You Something, Word Warriors: 35 Women Leaders in the Spoken Word Revolution, The Quotable Rebel, Near Kin: A Collection of Words and Art Inspired by Octavia Butler, Joe Strummer: Punk Rock Warlord, Stories for Chip: A Tribute to Samuel R. Delany, and Life During Wartime: Resisting Counterinsurgency.
Imarisha was also one of the founders, and the first editor, of the political hip hop publication "AWOL Magazine". She worked on the editorial board for the national Left Turn Magazine. She was the director and co-producer of the Katrina documentary "Finding Common Ground in New Orleans".
Imarisha and "Octavia's Brood" co-editor Adrienne Maree Brown describe the term "visionary fiction" as follows:
Trying to imagine "a world without war, without violence, without prisons, without capitalism" is making a kind of speculative fiction. Organizers and activists work hard to create and imagine another world, or many other worlds, just as science fiction does.
"We believe that radical science fiction" should be called "visionary fiction because it pulls from real life experience, inequalities and movement building to create innovative ways of understanding the world around us, paint visions of new worlds that could be, and teach us new ways of interacting with one another. Visionary fiction engages our imaginations and hearts, and guides our hands as organizers."
Walidah has taught in many places, including:
She spoke in public all over Oregon as a scholar with Oregon Humanities' Conversation Project for six years on topics such as Oregon Black history, alternatives to putting people in prison, and the history of hip hop.
Walidah was a member of the board of the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors for six years. She helped to start the Human Rights Coalition, a group of prisoners' families and people who used to be prisoners.
Jerry Clack