Following annexation to Russia, the area was administered as the Transcaspian Region. Transcaspian Region was administered by officials appointed from the Turkestan Governor-Generalship in Tashkent. In the 1880s, a railroad was built from Krasnovodsk to Ashgabat and later extended to Tashkent. Urban areas began to develop along the railway. Although the Transcaspian Region essentially was a colony of Russia, the Russians still had concerns, such as the British colonialist intentions in the region and with possible uprisings by the Turkmen.
Because the Turkmen generally didn't oppose the introduction of Soviet rule in 1917, little revolutionary activity occurred in the region in the years that followed. However, the years immediately before the revolution had been marked by sporadic Turkmen uprisings against Russian rule, most prominently the anti-tsarist revolt of 1916 that expanded through the whole of Turkestan. Their armed resistance to Soviet rule was part of the larger Basmachi Revolt throughout Central Asia from the 1920s into the early 1930s, which included most of the future USSR republics. Although Soviet sources describe this struggle as a minor chapter in the republic's history, it is clear that opposition was important and resulted in the death of large numbers of Turkmens.
In October 1924 Central Asia was divided into distinct political entities. The Transcaspian Region and Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR) became the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR), a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, having equal status with e.g. Russian SFSR. During the forced collectivization and other extreme socioeconomic changes of the first decades of Soviet rule, pastoral nomadism ceased to be an economic alternative in Turkmenistan, and by the late 1930s the majority of Turkmen had become sedentary. Efforts by the Soviet state to undermine the traditional Turkmen lifestyle resulted in significant changes in familial and political relationships, religious and cultural observances, and intellectual developments. Thousands of Russians and other Slavs, as well people of various nationalities mainly from the Caucasus, migrated to urban areas of Turkmenia. Turkmenia was industrialized and natural resources were exploited in a limited degree.
Under Soviet rule, all religious beliefs were suppressed by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past". Most religious education and religious observances were banned. The vast majority of mosques were closed. An official Muslim Board of Central Asia based in Tashkent was established during World War II to supervise the Islamic faith in Central Asia. For the most of its existion, the Muslim Board functioned mostly as an instrument of propaganda. Atheism affected religious development and contributed to the isolation of the Turkmen people from the international Muslim community. Some religious customs, such as Muslim burial and male circumcision, continued to be practiced throughout the Soviet period, but most religious belief, knowledge, and customs were preserved only in rural areas in "folk form" as a kind of unofficial Islam unsanctioned by the state-run Spiritual Directorate.
Beginning in the 1930s, Moscow kept the republic under strict control. The nationalities policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) led to a development of a Turkmen political elite and promoted Russification. Slavs, both in Moscow and Turkmenia, closely supervised the national cadre of government officials and bureaucrats. Generally, Turkmen politicians supported Soviet policies. Moscow initiated nearly all political activity in the republic. Turkmenistan was a largely quiet Soviet republic. The only major poltiical event was a corruption scandal in the mid-1980s that ousted longtime First Secretary Muhammetnazar Gapurow. Many Turkmens were self-dependent, contributing to the low impact of Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika on Turkmenistan. The republic found itself rather unprepared for the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence that followed in 1991.
When other Soviet republics claimed sovereignty over their territory in 1988 and 1989, Turkmenia's leadership also began to criticize Moscow's economic and political policies. After an unanimous vote of its Supreme Soviet, Turkmenistan declared its sovereignty in August 1990. In August 1991, following the failed coup attempt against Gorbachev's rule in Moscow, Turkmenia's communist leader and first president of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov called for a popular referendum on independence. The official result of the referendum was 94 percent in favor of independence. The republic's Supreme Soviet declared Turkmenistan's independence on October 27, 1991. Turkmenistan gained formal independence from the Soviet Union on December 26, 1991.
As with the other Soviet republics, Turkmenia followed the Marxist–Leninist ideology. The country was governed by the republic's sole party, Communist Party of Turkmenistan, a republican branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
The politics of Turkmenia took place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic. The Supreme Soviet was a unicameral legislature of the republic headed by a Chairman. The Supreme Soviet's building was in Ashkhabad.
SGR 1806-20
SGR 1806-20 is a pulsar in the constellation Sagittarius. It is located 50,000 light years away from the Sun and Earth in the star cluster 1806-20, with the star LBV 1806-20. On December 27, 2004, radiation from a gamma-ray burst caused by the star became the brightest event from outside the Solar System.
Andrey Kharitonov
Andrey Igorevich Kharitonov (; 25 July 1959 – 23 June 2019) was a Soviet and Russian actor, director and screenwriter. He appeared in movies, television and stage. He is known for roles in movies such as "The Gadfly" (1980), "The Invisible Man" (1984), "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1988) and "The Devil's Flower" (2010).
Kharitonov was born in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR. In January 2019, it was announced that Kharitonov was diagnosed with stomach cancer. He died on 23 June 2019 in Moscow, at the age of 59.
Zdeněk Remsa
Zdeněk Remsa (29 December 1928 – 22 June 2019) was a Czech ski jumper. He was born in Horní Branná. He competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz.
Remsa died on 22 June 2019, at the age of 90.
Se'are Mekonnen
Se'are Mekonnen (Geʽez: ሰዐረ መኮንን; died 22 June 2019) was an Ethiopian army officer. He rose to the rank of General. He was the Chief of Staff of the Ethiopian National Defense Force from 2018 until his assassination in 2019. Mekonnen was born in Tigray Region.
On 22 June 2019, Mekonnen was shot and killed during a coup d'état attempt.
Abdul Sattar (diplomat)
Abdul Sattar (‎; 1931 – 23 June 2019) was a Pakistani political scientist, diplomat, author, foreign service officer and nuclear strategist. He first served as Foreign Minister of Pakistan from 1999 to 2002. Before this, he was Foreign Minister for a few months in 1993 and was Foreign Secretary from 1986 to 1988. He also served as ambassador to Austria and the Soviet Union.
Sattar died on 23 June 2019, at the age of 88.
Estevan Bruins
The Estevan Bruins are a junior ice hockey team playing in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL).
Work to get a team for Estevan began in 1956 and resulted in the Humboldt-Melfort Indians moving to Estevan for the 1957–58 season.
Division 1
Division 1 and variants may refer to:
Frederick Andermann