To prepare for affinity chromatography, scientists decide which molecule they want and find its ligand. The ligand could be an antibody if the target molecule has an antigen; DNA if the target molecule is a polymerase, DNA-binding protein, or DNA-binding enzyme; aromatic molecules if the target is a different kind of enzyme; or a peptide if the target is another biomolecule. Then they prepare a "stationary phase" and treat it with the ligand. The stationary phase can be membranes, special beads, or supports with different-sized pores in them.
Then the scientists pour the mixture, or "mobile phase" over the stationary phase. Sometimes, the scientists add a "binding buffer" to help the target molecule stick to its ligand. Then the scientists rinse away the rest of the mixture. The target molecule is stuck to its ligand, which is stuck to the stationary phase, so it is not rinsed away. Then the scientists add an "elution buffer" to make the ligand let go of the target molecule so they can collect it. Scientists sometimes use machines or special tools to hold the stationary phase in exactly the right position and to pour the mixture, rinse, and other treatments in exactly the right way.
In some affinity chromatography, the binding buffer and elution buffer work by changing the pH of the solution. That means they make it more acidic or less acidic. Because most molecules from living things change shape depending on how much acid is nearby, the binding buffer and elution buffer can make the ligand and target molecule change shape to hold on tighter or let go of each other.
Affinity chromatography does not always work perfectly. Sometimes the scientists must purify the target molecule to make sure they did not accidentally collect other molecules too.
Because scientists need to prepare a stationary phase with exactly the right ligand, they can only use affinity chromatography to collect molecules that they already understand well. Usually, they cannot use affinity chromatography to collect new or strange molecules.
Impulse (1984 movie)
Impulse is a 1984 American science fiction thriller movie directed by Graham Baker and starring Tim Matheson, Meg Tilly, Hume Cronyn, Bill Paxton. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Hard Asphalt
Hard Asphalt () is a 1986 Norwegian drama movie directed by Sølve Skagen and starring Frank Kong, Kristin Kajander, Marianne Nielsen, Morten Faldaas, Liv Heløe, Tone Schwarzott, Tom Tellefsen.
Cloudstone
Cloudstone is a role-playing video game that was released by Playsaurus in 2011. It was the first game to be released by Playsaurus, with Clicker Heroes being the next game. In fact, many of the monsters in "Cloudstone" were later used in "Clicker Heroes".
"Cloudstone" was taken off Kongregate on November 20, 2017.
In "Cloudstone", the player plays the game as an unnamed character. "Cloudstone" is played by clicking on a spot in the level to move there. There are many levels in "Cloudstone". Some levels contain chests full of potions and weapons, while some contain monsters to fight. Monsters can be attacked by clicking on them when the player is close to them. Monsters give a currency called gold, which can be used to buy weapons and armor. Unlike in "Clicker Heroes", monsters can fight back and damage the player. The game is lost if the player dies.
"Cloudstone" did not receive much attention from critics. However, on Kongregate, users commented on "Cloudstone" and gave it mixed reviews.
Lays Freitas
Lays Fernanda Oliveira de Freitas (born 13 October 1995) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played at the 2016 Women's U22 South American Volleyball Championship, 2016 Montreux Volley Masters, and 2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship.
Ksenia Kravchenko
Ksenia Kravchenko (born 5 February 1991) is a Russian volleyball player. She played at the 2015 FIVB World Grand Prix and 2015 Montreux Volley Masters.
She played for VC Voronezh and Severyanka Cherepovets.
The Elephant Keeper
The Elephant Keeper (; ) is a 1987 Thai drama movie directed by Chatrichalerm Yukol and starring Sorapong Chatree, Ad Carabao.
Olesya Nikolaeva
Olesya Nikolaeva is a Russian volleyball player. She played at the 2015 European Games, 2015 Montreux Volley Masters, 2015 Summer Universiade, and 2015–16 CEV Women's Champions League.
She played for Dinamo Kazan.
Lewis John Carlino
Lewis John Carlino (January 1, 1932 – June 17, 2020) was an American screenwriter and director. He was born in New York City.
His best known works were "The Fox", "The Brotherhood", "The Mechanic", "The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea", "I Never Promised You a Rose Garden", "Resurrection", and "The Great Santini".
Carlino died on June 17, 2020 in Whidbey Island, Washington from blood cancer, aged 88.
Kamal Lohani
Kamal Lohani (26 June 1934 – 20 June 2020) was a Bangladeshi journalist. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh. He was the director general of Shilpakala Academy from April 2009 until April 2011.
Lohani got his first job as a journalist in the Daily Millat in 1955. He joined as a secretary at Chhayanaut in 1962. He formed a left cultural organization – "Kranti" in 1967.
Lohani died on 20 June 2020 from COVID-19 in Dhaka, aged 85.
Nouri Dhiab
Dhiab died on 22 June 2020 at the age of 76.
Angela Madsen
Angela Madsen (May 10, 1960 – June 22, 2020) was an American Paralympian sportswoman. She participated in both rowing and track and field. She won a bronze medal in the shot put at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. Madsen, along with team-mate Helen Taylor, is the first woman to have rowed across the Indian Ocean. Madsen was born in Long Beach, California.
Madsen drowned while rowing near Honolulu, Hawaii on June 22, 2020 at the age of 60.
Nikos Alefantos
Nikos Alefantos (, 3 January 1939 – 23 June 2020) was a Greek professional footballer and football coach. He was born in Athens. Alefantos managed several clubs in the Greek Super League, including Olympiacos F.C. during 2004. He also had played for Larissa F.C. in 1975 and 1990. From 1952 to 1969, he played as a footballer. From 1969 to 2004, he had a career as a football manager.
Alefantos died on 23 June 2020 in Athens from a heart attack, aged 81.
Nikolai Fadeyechev
Nikolai Borisovich Fadeyechev (, 27 January 1933 – 23 June 2020) was a Soviet and Russian ballet dancer and educator. He was honored with the People's Artist of the USSR in 1976. Fadeyechev was born in Moscow. He retired from ballet dancing in 1977 and later became a ballet educator.
He was known for his works with the Bolshoi Theatre. He danced alongside some of the company's great ballerinas, including Galina Ulanova in "Giselle" and "Les Sylphides", and was a regular partner with Maya Plisetskaya, Raisa Struchkova, Nina Timofeeva, , Natalia Bessmertnova, Ekaterina Maximova and Ludmila Semenyaka.
Fadeyechev died of heart failure on 23 June 2020 in Moscow, aged 87.
Li Zhensheng (photojournalist)
Li Zhensheng (; 22 September 1940 – 23 June 2020) was a Chinese photojournalist. He captured some of the most telling images from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, better known as the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Li was born in Dalian. He was known for working with "Heilongjiang Daily".
A private museum, dedicated to Li's life and work, was opened in 2017 in Sichuan Province as a part of the Jianchuan Museum Cluster.
Li died on 23 June 2020 from a cerebral hemorrhage in Long Island, New York, aged 79.
Li Zhensheng (geneticist)
Li Zhensheng (; born February 25, 1931) is a Chinese geneticist. His works focused on the genetics of wheat. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Highest Science and Technology Award in 2006. Li was born in Zibo, Shandong.
Li Zhensheng
Li Zhensheng may refer to:
Towns County, Georgia