There are two basic kinds of taxes: those on revenue, and those on economic activity, usually called excise taxes. Lowering the excise taxation will lead to increased economic activity, for example. Changes in welfare also have an impact on economic activity.
In general, fiscal policy is cyclic: Effects which result from changes in fiscal policy need some time until they can be observed.
Certain schools of thought think that fiscal policy should not be used to influence the economy. This is the case for Monetarism, which demands that keeping money at its value is the most important goal.
Intensity of preference
Intensity of preference, also known as intensity preference, is a term used to identify and describe what happens in a process which leads to consensus agreement or consensus ranking. The phrase recognizes that decisions and decision-making involve intensity of feeling about a choice and the choice preference itself.
The concept of preference intensity has been criticized over the past sixty years because of the problems in measuring it. The term is used in economics, politics, marketing and other areas.
Ranking and consensus have been the subject of research for 200+ years.
In the 20th century, the term intensity of preference was coined by the work of the economist Kenneth Arrow, who was a recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Economics.
Intensity of preference is a factor in an analysis of how individual choices develop into social choices. Standard election procedures notoriously ignore differences in intensity of preferences.
For example, the intensity of preference is a one of many factors which are important in voting. The term is a measure of an individual voter's (or group of voters') willingness to do something. Intensity of preference focuses on the inconveniences involved in the act of officially registering a choice at a specific time and place, not the vote itself. For example, the lines for voting in South Africa's 1994 election were very long. The "intensity of preference" and the inconvenience of voting were factors in the election of Nelson Mandela.
Bedchamber crisis
Bedchamber crisis is the name given to a number of events that happened in 1839, when the Whigs lost the election, and only had a minority rule. As a consequence of the defeat, Lord Melbourne stepped down, and Robert Peel was given the task to form a new government. The Bedchamber crisis relates to the behaviour of Queen Victoria, who was twenty years old, at the time. The queen had a close relationship with the prime minister, and also listened to him, when it came to choosing Ladies-in-waiting. As a result, most ladies in waiting were the wives or relatives of leading Whig politicians. Peel who was in the Tories asked the queen to re-elect the ladies, so that their allegiance to parties would be more neutral. This would have meant that some of the ladies would have to be replaced. Victoria saw the ladies as friends, and therefore refused. In addition, the queen had little sympathy for Peel. Given the circumstances, Peel refused the task to form a new government. Lord Ashley, who was to become Lord Shaftsbury was offered the post of prime minister, but he also refused. As a result, the Whigs and Lord Melbourne stayed in power. The refusal of the queen to replace some of the ladies in waiting was met with criticism.
Lauri Kristian Relander
Lauri Kristian Relander (May 1883 - February 1942) was the second president of Finland, from 1925 to 1931. He travelled to other countries a lot compared to other presidents. Relander's education was Doctor of Philosophy and agronomist.
Relander was born in Kurkijoki. His wife was Signe Östermanin (1886–1962). They had two children. He died in Helsinki.
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (28 January 1865 – 22 September 1952) was Finland's first president, from 1919 to 1925. He was born in Suomussalmi and was third from five children in the family. His first wife was Hedvig Wåhlberg. In 1920 he married Ester Elfving.
President Juho Kusti Paasikivi gave great value to Ståhlberg. He said: "Ståhlberg was a man who never made mistakes".
Ståhlberg died in Helsinki.
Vicki Escarra
Vicki Escarra is an American director of welfare organizations. She was the CEO of Feeding America and is leading Opportunity International since 2012.
Escarra was born around 1955 in Decatur in Georgia. She obtained a bachelor degree in psychology at Georgia State University. Furthermore, she completed the "Executive Management Program" at Columbia University and the "Executive Leadership Program" at Harvard University.
Since 1973 she worked for Delta Air Lines. Here her career rose, and finally she became the director of the customer service. At that moment she directed over 52,000 employees. In 2002 she was honored with the YWCA Women of Achievement Award.
Since 2003 she was a member of the board of the banking firm A. G. Edwards, and also of several other boards like for the Association of Professional Women and the Committee of 200. From 2004 to 2006 she worked as a chairman of the Atlanta Convention & Visitors Bureau.
From 2006 to 2012 she was director of Feeding America, an organization behind two hundred food banks in the United States and Puerto Rico with programs like soup kitchens and shelters. The organization feeds tens of millions of Americans that do not have enough food to buy themselves. For her work for Feeding America she was honored in 2009 with a Four Freedoms Award in the category "Freedom from want".
Since 2012 Escarra leads Opportunity International, an international organization that works in the field of micro finance, insurance and training of small companies in twenty countries in the Third World.
Wingate Institute
The Wingate Institute () is a sports training academy in Israel. It was established in 1957. The institute is named after Orde Wingate, who was a British general in the Mandate of Palestine. The Wingate Campus includes schools and local organizations of sport. The Wingate Institute is located in Netanya and has a supplementary compound in Tel Aviv, the National Sport Center, that includes many headquarters of Israeli sport organizations.
Finnish markka
The Finnish markka, also known as the Suomen markka, or simply markka, was the currency in Finland before Finland started to use Euro. Markka's abbreviation was mk and internationally FIM. There were 100 pennies, "(penni, p)", to each markka. There were also coupons.
National Sport Center – Tel Aviv
The National Sport Center is a complex of sports venues and sport administration buildings in Tel Aviv, Israel. It includes the Olympic Committee of Israel building. The center is located in the Western edge of the Yarkon Park near to the Ramat Gan Stadium. It is a supplementary compound to the Wingate Institute in Netanya.
The National Sport Center was established in 1978 when a several tennis courts were built close to Yarkon Park. In 1980, the building of the Olympic Committee of Israel and the national athletics stadium were built nearby.
Närpes
Närpes () is a town in western Finland. There were 9,399 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Kaskinen, Korsnäs, Kristinestad, Kurikka, Malax and Teuva. About 85% of the people speak Swedish.
Lappeenranta
Lappeenranta is a town in eastern Finland. There were 72,289 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Imatra, Lemi, Luumäki, Miehikkälä, Ruokolahti and Taipalsaari.
The former municipality of Joutseno was merged with Lappeenranta in 2009. The former municipality of Ylämaa was merged with Lappeenranta in 2010.
Hanhijärvi (Lappeenranta), Hiivaniemi, Kansola, Konnunsuo, Kontu (Lappeenranta), Korvenkylä, Louko, Moisio(Lappeenranta), Raippo, Ruokola (Lappeenranta), Simola (Lappeenranta), Sirkjärvi, Vainikkala, Vilkjärvi.
Shinyei Nakamine