Williams previously served as UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and the Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the Situation in the Middle East, before his appointment as the UK Special Representative for the Middle East and Special Projects. Prior to that, he was the Director for the Asia and the Pacific Division in the Department of Political Affairs.
From 1999 to 2005, Williams was the Special Adviser to two UK Foreign Secretaries, Robin Cook (1999–2001) and Jack Straw (2001–2005).
Williams died in London on 23 April 2017, aged 67.
Specific heat
Specific heat ("s") is a particular type of heat capacity. Specific heat is the thermodynamic property, which states the amount of heat required for a single unit of mass of a substance to be raised by one degree of temperature. Varying ranges of specific heat values are seen for substances depending on the extent to which they absorb heat. The term heat capacity can be misleading since heat "q" is the term given to the addition or removal of energy, across a barrier to a substance or system, as a result of increasing or decreasing the temperature respectively. Temperature changes are really changes in energy. Therefore, specific heat and other forms of heat capacity are more accurately measures of the capacity of a substance to absorb energy as the temperature of the substance increases.
Units are very important for expressing any thermodynamic property; the same is true for specific heat. Energy in the form of heat is expressed in Joules (J) or kilojoules (kJ) which are the most common units associated with energy. One unit of mass is measured in grams or kilograms with regard to specific heat. Per one gram is the standard form used in tables of specific heat values, but references using one kilogram are sometimes seen. One degree of temperature is measured on either the Celsius or Kelvin scale, but usually Celsius. The most commonly associated units then for specific heat are J/(g•°C).
Two factors that change the specific heat of a material are pressure and temperature. Specific heat is defined at a standard, constant pressure (usually atmospheric pressure) for materials and is generally reported at 25 °C (298.15 K). A standard temperature is used because specific heat has temperature dependence and can change at different temperature values. Specific heat is referred to as an ) As long as the temperature and pressure are at the standard referenced values and no phase change occurs, the value for the specific heat of any material remains constant regardless of the mass of the material present .
A large factor in the magnitude of the specific heat of a material lies at the molecular level in the energetic available to the material in the phase (solid, liquid or gas) in which it is found. Energetic degrees of freedom are of four types: translation, rotation, vibration and electronic. A minimum amount of energy is needed to reach each degree of freedom. Therefore, the amount of energy that can be stored in a substance depends on the type and number of the energetic degrees of freedom that contribute to the substance at a given temperature. Liquids generally have more low energy modes and more energetic degrees of freedom than solids and most gases. This broader range of possibilities within the degrees of freedom typically generates larger specific heats for liquid substances than for solids or gases. This trend can be seen in the and by comparing liquid water to solid water (ice), copper, tin, oxygen, and graphite.
Specific heat is used to calculate the amount of heat absorbed when energy is added to a material or substance through an increase in temperature over a defined range. Calculation of the amount of heat or energy added to a material is a relatively easy process as long as the initial and the final temperatures of the material are recorded, the mass of the material is reported and the specific heat is known. The specific heat, the mass of the material and the temperature scale must all be in the same units in order to accurately perform the calculation for heat.
The equation for calculating heat ("q") is as follows:
In the equation, s is the specific heat in (J/g•°C). m is the mass of the substance in grams. Δ"T refers to the change in temperature (°C) observed in the substance. The convention is to subtract the initial temperature of the material from the final temperature after heating so Δ"T is T-T in the equation. Substituting all the values into the equation and multiplying through cancels the units of mass and temperature leaving the appropriate units of Joules for heat. Calculations such as this are useful in
Agustín Edwards Eastman
Agustín Iván Edmundo Edwards Eastman (24 November 1927 – 24 April 2017) was a Chilean newspaper publisher. He was one of the richest people in Chile. He inherited his family's newspaper company El Mercurio SAP, which publishes Chile's leading national dailies "El Mercurio" and "La Segunda". He was born in Paris.
Eastman has been described as a media baron, and was known for his right-wing views. Throughout his time as publisher, he has used El Mercurio SAP's newspapers to influence public opinion in Chile, and he supported the 1973 coup d'état to oust socialist President Salvador Allende.
According to the U.S. Senate's Church Committee, he was one of the main Chilean participants in the Central Intelligence Agency's Operation Mockingbird campaign to influence the media in Latin American countries.
Eastman died on 24 April 2017 in Graneros, Chile from respiratory failure at the age of 89.
Eskifjörður
Eskifjörður (also called Eskifjördur) is a town and port in eastern Iceland. In 2011, the town had a population of 1,043 people. The town has a large fishing industry.
Eskifjörður is part of the Fjarðabyggð municipality, and is in the Eastern Region.
A sculpture by Ragnar Kjartansson is located by the main road in Eskifjördur, honouring the mariners who drowned at sea.
Eskifjörður has many beautiful rare stone collections, with thousands of polished and original stones from all over the island.
Spokane Native Americans
The Spokan or Spokane people are a Native American tribe. They live in the eastern part of present-day Washington state and parts of northern Idaho in the United States of America.
The current Spokane Indian Reservation is in northeastern Washington, centered at Wellpinit (Sčecuwe). The reservation is almost entirely in Stevens County. However, it also includes two small bits of land (totaling about ) in Lincoln County. This includes part of the Spokane River. In total, the reservation is about .
The city of Spokane, Washington (Sʎˈetkʷ) is named after the tribe. It grew along the Spokane River, within the historic ancestral land of the tribe, but not in the reservation.
Dante Parini
Dante Parini (Milan, 21 November 1890 - Milan, 11 April 1969) was an Italian painter and sculptor.
Parini studied at Accademia di Brera under the guidance of masters such as Enrico Butti along with Giannino Castiglioni with whom she shared ideas and projects becoming her friend. Parini left for the front of World War II where he was decorated for heroic acts.
He was a sculptor of monuments to the fallen soldiers of world wars and burial monuments, following the example of his Butti master with great technical skill and personal style.
It is its fountain-monument made in 1924 in Piazza Gran Paradiso in Milano in memory of the fallen of Niguarda. Amongst others are the monuments to the fallen of Tarquinia, a work inspired by profound sentiment and suffering humanity, and the monument to the soldiers fallen into Induno Olona war.