Gordon Wu, who was the founder of Hopewell Holdings thought of a bridge and tunnel that would connect China, Hong Kong, and Macau. This was in 1983. He said that he got the idea from the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel. After that, in 1988, he showed the ideas to the government in Guangzhou and Beijing. In his idea, the bridge would start more north than the design that was actually built. He wanted the bridge to begin at Black Point near Tuen Mun, Hong Kong. It would then cross the Pearl River passing through Neilingding Island and Qi'ao Island. In his idea, the bridge would end at Tangjia and there would be a road from Zhuhai to Macau. The talks between the government and Wu stopped after the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989. This is because it made foreign investors concerned.
The government of Zhuhai liked this idea and they promoted it. Their name for the bridge was the Lingdingyang Bridge. In the 1990s, Zhuhai built a bridge that connected mainland China and Qi'ao Island. This bridge was supposed to be the first part of the system even though the Chinese and Hong Kong governments did not approve the plan yet. The Chinese government supported the bridge in 1997. The Hong Kong government did not say whether they supported it or not. This is because they were studying traffic between Hong Kong and China and were concerned about the effect this would have on the environment.
To begin the project and making sure things were going to go smoothly, the Advance Work Coordination Group of HZMB was created in 2003. People that worked for the governments of Zhuhai, Macau, and Hong Kong worked on planning the bridge, how the border patrol would work, and how the bridge would be paid for.
In 2009, the governments of China, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau agreed to pay for 22% of the bridge. The rest of the money, 78%, was paid for by a lot of banks, like the Bank of China.
The construction of the bridge began on 15 December 2009 in China. Li Keqiang held a starting ceremony. Construction began in Hong Kong in 2011. The construction started later because people challenged the building of the bridge.
The last bridge tower and part of the tunnel was set up on 12 July 2016. The entire tunnel and bridge was finished in the middle of 2017. The entire project was finished in February 2018.
The entire bridge has three sections. One of them was the Main Bridge, which is and in the middle of the Pearl River. Another was the Hong Kong Link Road, which was and close to Hong Kong. The third section was the Zhuhai Link Road, which was and close to Zhuhai.
The Main Bridge is the biggest part of the HZMB project. It was built by the managing people from mainland China.
Many environmentalists said that the bridge will hurt the Chinese white dolphins that live in the Pearl River Delta. They said the construction of the bridge will hurt the dolphins' habitat. These dolphins are endangered animals. In the ten years before the bridge opened, the number of these dolphins dropped over 80%.
Gang rape
Gang rape happens when a group of people (usually two or more) are involved in the rape of a single victim. It is reported all across the world.
Gang rapes usually involve three or more men as the ones who commit the crime. But women can also commit gang rape.
Gang rapists tend to be younger and commit their crimes repeatedly.
Gang rapes are more violent. The sexual and nonsexual injuries to the victim are far more severe than in rape by one person.
The United States reports a rape every 6.2 minutes. It has been estimated that 25% of all rapes in the United States are gang rapes.
A number of gang rapes happened in the United Kingdom. But authorities in the UK had not gathered data on gang rapes until 2011. An increased number of gang rapes were reported in the United Kingdom starting in 1996.
Rod Blum
Rodney Leland "Rod" Blum (born April 26, 1955) is an American businessman and politician. He worked as United States Representative for the 1st congressional district of Iowa. Blum is a Republican.
Blum won the Republican primary in 2014. He defeated Patrick Murphy in the November 4, 2014 general election with 51% of votes.
Blum ran for reelection in 2016. He faced the Democrat Monica Vernon in the general election. He defeated Vernon with 54% of the vote.
Blum calls himself a Tea Party Republican. He said "The Tea Party is what the Republican Party should have always been".
Blum favors getting rid of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). In 2017, he didn't support the original version of the American Health Care Act of 2017, or Trumpcare. Trumpcare was the Republicans' bill to get rid of and replace Obamacare. Blum said the original Trumpcare didn't do enough to lower premiums for hard-working Americans.
As of November 1, 2018, Blum was under investigation by the United States House Ethics Committee Committee. That's because he might have violated certain ethics rules. He might have done so by not disclosing his ownership of a digital marketing company, Tin Moon.
Blum was born in Dubuque, Iowa.
Bill Fischer (baseball)
William Charles Fischer (October 11, 1930 – October 30, 2018) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He was born in Wausau, Wisconsin.
He played in Major League Baseball from 1956 to 1964 for the Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers, Washington Senators, Kansas City Athletics and Minnesota Twins. He later was a longtime pitching coach for three MLB clubs.
Fischer died on October 30, 2018 in Council Bluffs, Iowa at the age of 88.
María Irene Fornés
María Irene Fornés (May 14, 1930 – October 30, 2018) was a Cuban-American playwright and director. She was a leading figure of the off-off-Broadway movement in the 1960s.
In 1965, she won her first Obie Award for "Promenade" and "The Successful Life of 3". She was also a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize with her play "And What of the Night?" in 1990. Other notable works include "Fefu and Her Friends", "Mud", "Sarita", and "Letters from Cuba".
Fornés became known in both Hispanic-American and experimental theatre in New York, winning a total of nine Obie Awards.
Fornés died in New York City on October 30, 2018 from complications of dementia at the age of 88.
Beverly McClellan
Beverly McClellan (July 6, 1969 – October 30, 2018) was an American singer and musician. She was a contestant in the first season of the American TV series "The Voice", reaching the final four. She was born in Kingsport, Tennessee, but raised in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
McClellan was openly lesbian. n June 2011, she appeared on the cover of "SHE" magazine, a South Florida lesbian magazine. She also recorded lead vocals for the song "John the Revelator" on Steve Vai's 2012 album "The Story of Light".
McClellan died on October 30, 2018, at the age of 49 from cancer in California.
Teodoro Petkoff
Teodoro Petkoff Malec (; 3 January 1932 – 30 October 2018) was a Venezuelan politician, former guerrilla, journalist and economist.
He was an important left politician in Venezuela. Petkoff began as a communist but went to liberalism in the 1990s.
As Minister of Planning he oversaw President Rafael Caldera's adoption of neoliberal economic policies in the mid-1990s. He was a strong critic of President Hugo Chávez, and was a candidate to run against him in the December 2006 presidential elections, but dropped out of the race in August.
He launched the newspaper "Tal Cual" in 2000 and remained its editor until his death.
Petkoff died on 30 October 2018 in Caracas at the age of 86.
Deaths in November 2018
The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in November 2018. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.