Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua are the first cloned primates produced by this technique. When other scientists tried to clone monkeys before this, they used donated embryonic stem cells, but Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua came from donated nuclei from fetal cells, which is harder to do. The two baby monkeys were both born at the Institute of Neuroscience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai.
Scientists made the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, in 1996 using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Since then, scientists have cloned 23 different kinds of mammals, including cows, cats, dogs, horses, and rats. But primates have been very hard to clone. Reprogramming transferred nuclei is very difficult. A monkey named Tetra (born October 1999), a female rhesus macaque, was made by a team led by Gerald Schatten of the Oregon National Primate Research Center using a different technique, called "embryo splitting," which is a way of making an artificial twin. Embryo splitting is not as hard as somatic cell nuclear transfer, and it can only be done from an embryo. So some people say Tetra is the first cloned primate and other people say Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua are.
In January 2019, scientists in China said they had made five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys using somatic cell nuclear transfer, like with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua. They also used a gene-editing Crispr-Cas9 technique that He Jiankui said was used to create the first gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana. These monkey clones were made to study several medical diseases.
Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua were made by scientists from the Institute of Neuroscience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai. Team leaders were Qiang Sun and Muming Poo. They took nuclei from fiber cells of a fetal crab-eating macaque monkey or "Macaca fascicularis"). A fetus is an animal that has grown bigger than an embryo but has not been born or hatched yet. They removed the nuclei from egg cells (ova) and then put the nuclei from the fetal cells into these ova. The team used two enzymes to change the epigenetic memory of the donated nuclei so they would act like embryonic nuclei. They then put 21 of these ova with donated nuclei into surrogate mother monkeys. There were six pregnancies, and finally two living animals. These monkeys were named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, after "Zhonghua" (, a Chinese name for China). Although this was still not many baby monkeys born, scientists think methods could become better in the future. The Scotland-based team that created Dolly the sheep in 1996 needed to try 277 times and produced only one baby sheep.
The older the donated nucleus is, the harder it is to make a clone. Fetal cells are harder to clone than embryonic cells, and adult cells are harder than fetal cells. The same team of scientists also tried to clone macaques using nuclei from adult monkeys, but it did not work. They implanted 42 mother monkeys, and 22 of them became pregnant, but there were only two infant macaques, and they died soon after birth.
Muming Poo said the birth of Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua does show people could make human clones, but Poo does not plan to do so. Poo also says it is important because it shows somatic cell nuclear transfer could be used to make monkeys that are genetically exactly the same, for experiments. Doctors that study the human heart already use crab-eating macaques as a model organism when they study problems with the blood vessels around the heart. Poo said monkeys like Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua could be used to learn more about neuroscience, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease when he talked on the radio news program "All Things Considered" in January 2018.
Academics who study right and wrong in science, like Insoo Hyun of Case Western Reserve University, asked if people would make human clones anyway. Poo told "All Things Considered", "Technically speaking one can clone human[s] ... But we're not going to do it. There's absolutely no plan to do anything on humans."
Larry Nassar
Lawrence Gerard Nassar (born August 16, 1963) is a Syrian American convicted serial child molester. He was the USA Gymnastics national team doctor and an osteopathic physician at Michigan State University.
Nassar's acts of assault sparked the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal, in which he was accused of molesting at least 150 underage girls, including a number of well-known Olympic gymnasts. The allegations against him date as far back as 1992. He has admitted to at least ten of the accusations. Some writers described him as a hebephilic doctor.
In July 2017, Nassar was sentenced to 60 years in federal prison after pleading guilty to child pornography charges. On January 24, 2018, Nassar was sentenced to 40 to 175 years in a state prison in Michigan after pleading guilty to the sexual assault of minors.
Maryo J. de los Reyes
Mario Margarito "Maryo" Jorolan de los Reyes (December 12, 1952 – January 27, 2018) was a Filipino movie and television director. He was born in Santa Cruz, Manila. His 2003 movie "Magnifico" was entered into the 54th Berlin International Film Festival.
Reyes suffered a heart attack and died on 27 January 2018 in Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines, at the age of 65.
Stephen Frears
Stephen Arthur Frears (born 20 June 1941) is an English movie and television director. He was born in Leicester, England.
Frears has directed numerous movies since the 1980s including "My Beautiful Laundrette", "Dangerous Liaisons", "High Fidelity", "The Queen", "Philomena", and "Florence Foster Jenkins". He has been nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Director: for "The Grifters" and "The Queen". In 2008 "The Daily Telegraph" named him among the 100 most influential people in British culture.
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The flag of Mozambique was adopted on May 1, 1983.
It has a horizontal tricolour of green, white-fimbriated black and yellow with the red isosceles triangle based on the hoist-side bearing the yellow five-pointed star that bears an AK-47 assault rifle with the bayonet attached to the barrel crossed by the hoe superimposed on an open book.
Flag of Kenya
The flag of Kenya (Swahili: "Bendera ya Kenya") was adopted on 12 December 1963.
It has a horizontal tricolour of black, white-fimbriated red, and green with two crossed white spears behind a red, white, and black Maasai shield.
Roger Christian
Roger Christian (born 25 February 1944) is an English set decorator, production designer and feature movie director. Christian was born in London, England.
He won an Academy Award for his work on the original "Star Wars" and was Oscar-nominated for his work on "Alien". Christian directed the second unit on both "Return of the Jedi" and "" as well as feature movies including "The Sender" and "Nostradamus". He also directed the 2000 movie "Battlefield Earth" which is regarded as one of the worst movies ever made.
In 2006, he directed an action/adventure/mystery movie, "Prisoners of the Sun", starring John Rhys-Davies, David Charvet, Carmen Chaplin, and Gulshan Grover.
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The flag of Portugal () is the national flag of the Portuguese Republic. It has a vertical bicolour of green and red, with the lesser coat of arms of Portugal centred over the colour boundary.
Michael Federmann
Michael Ilan Yoel "Mikey" Federmann (born 9 September 1943, Haifa) is an Israeli businessman and entrepreneur, owner of the Israeli conglomerate Federmann Enterprises.
He is Chairman of the Board at Dan Hotels Ltd. He has served as CEO or Director at several companies and organizations, including Eurofund L.P, Elbit Systems Ltd, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Governors .
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Parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and all tetrapods ,embedded in the posterior surface of the Thyroid glands .