The Carolinas
The Carolinas are the U.S. states of North Carolina and South Carolina, considered collectively. They were both part of the original Thirteen Colonies, which gained independence from the British Empire in 1783 (while the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, the fighting ceased in 1781 and the countries of France, the United States and the British Empire signed the Treaty of Paris (1783)). During the colonial period, the southern portion of the Carolinas was primarily a support for the British West Indies; where thousands upon thousands of slaves were brought in to feed the growing trade. The same could not be said about the northern part of the region, which was a sparsely populated area, mostly inhabited by decommissioned servants from the Chesapeake area, many of whom set up small tobacco farms.
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807) was a French nobleman. He served as a general under Louis XIV, and took part in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48). He was present at the siege of Antwerp and Namur. With an army of 6,000 people, he helped George Washington in the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). During the Reign of Terror, he was sentenced, but not executed on the guillotine. He was freed after the fall of Maximilien de Robespierre. Napoleon awarded him a title of the Legion of Honor, in 1803.
Operation Nickel Grass
Operation Nickel Grass was a US military mission to help Israel during the Yom Kippur War in 1973. The Soviet Union helped the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic begin a surprise attack against Israel on October 6, 1973. Between October 14 and November 14 that year, the US flew 22,325 tons of weapons, tanks, and other supplies to Israel in C-141 Starlifter and C-5 Galaxy cargo planes.
Palazzo Vigo
Palazzo Vigo (formerly known as Palazzo Natoli or Palace of the Princes Natoli) is a palace in Torre Archirafi, Italy. Torre Archirafi is a small village on the island of Sicily. It is part of the Comune of Riposto in the Province of Catania. The palace was built in the 18th century by Giovanni Natoli Ruffo. He was the Prince of Sperlinga. King Charles V of Sicily also made him the Duke of Archirafi in 1741. Giovanni Natoli Ruffo built a small chapel next to the palace in 1743. By 1900, the palace and its lands belonged to the Vigo di Gallodoro family. Today the palace belongs to the Comune of Riposto. It is used for art exhibitions, conferences, and lectures.
Philippe de Nanteuil
Philippe de Nanteuil was a French knight and troubadour. He was a vassal of Thibaut de Champagne, the King of Navarre. and became Thibaut's friend. Philippe de Nanteuil inherited the "seigneurie" of Nanteuil-le-Haudouin in northern France from his father. His father was also called Philippe de Nanteuil.
Philippe de Nanteuil fought with other French knights in the Crusades. In 1239 he and many other French knights lost a battle against the Ayyubids at Gaza. They were taken prisoner by the Ayyubids and put in a prison in Cairo. Philippe de Nanteuil wrote a famous song while he was in prison. It was called "En chantant veil mon duel faire". The song was about the defeat of the Christian knights. It criticized the leaders of the three main military orders, the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Teutonic Order.
Gairaigo
Gairaigo (kanji: 外来語, hiragana: がいらいご) are loanwords in the Japanese language from languages other than Old or Middle Chinese. The word itself literally means "loan word". Most "gairaigo" come from European languages, and especially English since the post-WWII era, though Modern Chinese and Modern Korean are also popular sources for loanwords. Most gairaigo nowadays are written in katakana, with some older ones being written in ateji (kanji used only to show a word's pronunciation and not its meaning) or even in hiragana. For example, while America, or "Amerika" in Japanese, can be written as 亜米利加 in ateji, it is rare to do so these days, and instead it is almost always written in katakana as アメリカ.
"Gairaigo" is one of the three main sources of Japanese words, along with "kango" (kanji: 漢語, hiragana: かんご), or Chinese loanwords, and "yamato kotoba" (kanji: 大和言葉, hiragana: やまとことば), or native Japanese words.
Japanese has a long history of borrowing words from other languages. Since the Chinese character system gave Japanese a writing system (as Japanese had no known systems of writing beforehand), the Japanese naturally borrowed many Chinese words into their language. However, the Japanese only borrowed words from other Asian languages until the Portuguese and the Dutch came to Japan during the 16th century. Since the Portuguese and the Dutch traded many different goods with the Japanese at this time, the Japanese naturally included many Portuguese and Dutch words into their own language, including "karuta" (ateji: 加留多 or 歌留多, hiragana: かるた, katakana: カルタ) from the Portuguese "carta" meaning "letter", "tempura" (ateji: 天麩羅 or 天婦羅, ateji and hiragana [most common form]: 天ぷら, hiragana: てんぷら, katakana: テンプラ), from the Portuguese "tempora" meaning "temperance", as Catholics would not eat red meat during Lent, and "tabako" (kanji: 煙草, hiragana: たばこ, katakana: タバコ) from the Portuguese "tabaco" meaning "tobacco". While these terms used to be written mostly in ateji (and they still can be), they are now mostly written only in hiragana or katakana.
During the Meiji Period, after Matthew Perry forced Japan to open trade with other countries, Japan sent many scholars to Western countries to study different field of knowledge, such as Western medicine in Germany, an art in France. However, since the end of the 19th century, and especially after WWII, most "gairaigo" came from English. Today, about 90% of all "gairaigo" come from English.
While many "gairaigo" came from English, Japanese has also invented many new words based off of English, but wouldn't be understood by native English speakers. These are called "wasei eigo", or "Japanese-made English words". Many of them are shortenings of English words such as "amefuto" (katakana:アメフト) which is a shortening of "American football", "pasokon" (katakana:パソコン) which is a shortening of "personal computer", "konbini" (katakana:コンビニ) which is a shortening of "convenience store", and "anime" (katakana: アニメ) which is a shortening of "animation". While each of these words have a longer gairaigo word that go along with them which would be "amerikanfutobōru" (katakana:アメリカンフットボール), "pāsonarukonpyūtā" (katakana:パーソナルコンピューター), "konbiniensusutoa" (katakana:コンビニエンスストア), and "animēshon" (katakana:アニメーション) in that order, they would be too long for a Japanese person to say in conversation. Also, some words got a new meaning when they come into Japanese. For example, "consent", or "konsento" (katakana:コンセント) in Japanese, means "electrical outlet" rather than its original meaning, and "range", or (katakana:レンジ) in Japanese, means "stove" rather than its original meaning.
Tupper Lake (town), New York
Tupper Lake is a town in Franklin County, New York. In 2010, 5,971 people lived in the town.
The settlement began around 1844. The village was settled during the town's lumber production period and grew after it gained railroad service. The early village was composed of two parts, Tupper Lake proper and Faust. The town for a time held the distinction as the top lumber producer in the state.
The great fire of 1899 burned more than 169 structures in the village, two-thirds of them being homes. The modern village grew out of this destruction and added all the amenities of a modern community earlier than many other villages in the state. Tupper had its own department store and synagogue, and its sprawling railway yards, driven by the lumber trade, made it a hub for the surrounding Adirondack communities.
Milo of Nanteuil