The lowest-level (closest to how the computer likes to understand things) and oldest programming paradigm is machine code, an imperative paradigm. The directions in machine code are just a set of numbers in a certain order. Assembly language is a little bit less low-level (and a little bit less old). In assembly language, the directions for the computer are given mnemonics (easier-to-remember names), and memory addresses (directions to find a piece of information in the computer) can be given names. These are sometimes called first- and second-generation languages.
In the 1960s, assembly languages were made better by adding new things like library COPY, macros (bits of "special" code that got transformed to normal code before the program started running), running procedures (sets of directions given a name and saved for later), and variables (items given names and saved for later) from outside the program. This let people use some code in more than one project, and not have to worry about with hardware-specific problems (problems that only happen one one kind of computer) thanks to commands (names for directions) like READ/WRITE/GET/PUT.
Assembly was, and sometimes still is, used in systems where it is important for the code to be fast, and it is also used a lot in embedded systems because lets the user have exact control of what the machine does.
In the very late 1960s, people started inventing procedural languages. These third-generation languages (the first few of what we now call high-level languages) had words related to what they were trying to solve. For example,
After many people had started using procedural languages, they invented object-oriented programming languages. In these languages, data and its "methods" (ways of manipulating the data) are put in one "object". Some programmers, such as Richard Stallman, do not agree that object-oriented languages are better for explaining ideas to a computer than procedural languages.
Because object-oriented programming is a paradigm, not a language, people have made object oriented assembly languages like HLA (High Level Assembly).
At the same time, some people were making declarative programming languages. A language that is well known for being declarative is SQL (a language for adding and removing things from tables).
Qadiri
The Qadiri or Qadiriyya "tarika" or "tariqah" (Way/Path) is one of the major Sufi orders or schools. It was founded by Hazrat Sheikh Abd al-Qadir al-Gillani a Sufi sage and holy man in Baghdad.
Suhrawardi
The Suhrawardi or Suhrawardiyya "tarika" (Way/Path) is one of the main Sufi orders or schools. It was founded by the Sufi sage Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi.
Naqshbandi
The Naqshbandi or Naqshbandiyya "tarika" (Way/Path/School) of Sufism is a mystic order founded by the Sufi sage, Baha-ud-din Naqshband.
Mevlevi
The Mevlevi or Mevleviyya order (whirling dervishes) is a school ("tarika") of Sufism was founded by Hazrat Sheikh "Mevlana" Jalal-ud-din Rumi. He was also sometimes known as Jalal-ud-din Balkhi as he came from Balkh, Afghanistan, and settled in Konya, (modern Turkey). This order is also called the 'Order of the Whirling Dervishes' because of the famous "sema" whirling/dancing ritual that they practice.
1870 United States Census
The United States Census of 1870 was the ninth United States Census. It was done by the Census Bureau in June 1870. The 1870 Census was the first census to give detailed information on the black population. The population was 38,555,983 individuals. This was a 22.62% increase since 1860.
1880 United States Census
The United States Census of 1880 was the tenth United States Census. It was done by the Census Bureau during June 1880. It was the first time that women were allowed to be enumerators. The Superintendent of the Census was Francis Amasa Walker.
The 1880 census found the population of the United States to be 50,189,209. This was an increase of 30.2 percent from the 1870 Census.
Frank Yamma
Frank Yamma (born 1960s) is an indigenous Australian musician. He writes and sings songs in both English and Pitjantjatjara, and plays them in a mix of country and folk music. He plays guitar, usually an acoustic. He is often classified as a world musician, mixing styles from many different cultures, including traditional indigenous elements. Yamma's music is about the outback, the history of his homeland and the issues faced by his community.
Frank belongs to the Pitjantjatjara nation. He was born at a waterhole near Kaltukatjara, in the Northern Territory. He has seven older brothers. Frank's father was Isaac Yamma, a country singer who was one of the earliest musicians in Australia to become well known singing Western-style songs in a native language. Frank grew up in Alice Springs and played in a band with his brothers from an early age.
As a teenager, Frank would often play in his father's band, the Pitjantjatjara Country Band. In 1988, he played with them at the Festival of Aboriginal Rock in Darwin. He performed his own music for the first time at another festival in Darwin later that year, playing with an acoustic guitar. His biggest hit, though, was "Make More Spear", written by his father. He played it again at the Port Fairy Folk Festival in Victoria later in the year. In 1989, Yamma recorded an album with a project called "Ulpanyali", released through the Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA). The song "History" was the biggest success and was later included in CAAMA's 25-year anniversary compilation album.
Frank's father died in 1990. In that year, he began playing in a band called the Secret Admirers, put together by Bill Davis. They travelled and played around the Northern Territory. They played at the Barunga Festival in Darwin in 1992. In 1995, he recorded songs with Bart Willoughby, Warren Williams and Tiddas. His solo song "Everybody's Talking" was recorded in Sydney for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. In 1997, Yamma recorded an album with a project called "Terrasphere". He also released his first short solo album, "Solid Eagle". Both albums were released through CAAMA.
During the late 1990s, Frank began playing songs with David Bridie, and formed a new project called Digital Dreaming with Jim Lampi, Simon MacDonald and Zeus B. Held. The band produced the album "Inma Wiru" in January 1998. In 1999, Yamma formed the band Piranpa. The name means "white" in Pitjantjatjara, which is a reference to the fact that all the other band members are "whitefellas". They released the album "Playing with Fire" later in the same year. It included their version of Frank's song "Everybody's Talking". "Playing with Fire" won the "album of the year" award at the Indigenous Music Awards in 1999. It also won an award at that year's Deadlys. In the 2000 Summer Olympics, Yamma performed songs from the album as part of the torch events at Uluṟu. The song "Everybody's Talking" was included on the Games' official soundtrack.
Frank recorded a new version of his song "Coolibah" in 2001. It was produced by Bridie for the "Corroboration" compilation. It was a slowed-down version of Frank's original recording. The song is about the problems of alcoholism in Aboriginal communities, and is one of Yamma's most well-known songs. In the middle of 2001, Yamma went overseas to the United States and played solo in several major cities. He returned to Australia to play at the Yeperenye Festival in September 2001.
Yamma currently performs mainly solo or with Bridie. They won an AGSC Screen Music Award together in 2005 for the song "Pitjantjara", which was produced for a television mini-series, "The Alice". Yamma released his second solo album, "Countryman", in 2010.
"Countryman" (2010) - Wantok Music
1890 United States Census
The Eleventh United States Census was taken June 2, 1890. The total population was found to be 62,947,714. Most of the 1890 census materials were destroyed in a 1921 fire.