Under the Railways Act 1921 the majority of the railway companies in Great Britain (along with a few in Northern Ireland) were grouped into four main companies, often termed the Big Four. The grouping took effect from 1 January 1923.
The Big Four and their constituent companies, showing route mileage, were:
Over fifty railway companies were not covered by the grouping. These small railway companies kept their independence.
Jagjivan Ram
Jagjivan Ram (5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986), mostly known as Babuji, was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar. He was instrumental in foundation of the All-India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables in 1935. He was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 after which he organised the rural labour movement.
Andrey Dementyev
Andrey Dmitriyevich Dementyev (; July 16, 1928 in Tver – June 26, 2018 in Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet poet, a laureate of Lenin’s Young Communist League Award (1981), a USSR State Prize (1985), and Bunin Prize (2007). In October 1993, he signed the Letter of Forty-Two.
Dementyev died on June 16, 2018 in Moscow from prostate cancer, aged 89.
Grade (slope)
The grade (or gradient) of a road or railway line is a measure of its steepness. It may be expressed as a percentage or in other ways. For example, a gradient of 1% may also be expressed as 1 in 100. This means that the road rises or falls by 1 metre for every 100 metres of forward travel.
Henri Namphy
Henri Namphy (November 2, 1932 in Cap-Haïtien, Haiti – June 26, 2018) was a Haitian general and politician. He served as President of Haiti's interim ruling body, the National Council of Government, from February 7, 1986 to February 7, 1988. He served again as President of Haiti from June 20, 1988 until his deposition on September 17, 1988 in the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état.
Prosper Avril
Matthieu Prosper Avril (born December 12, 1937) is a Haitian politician. He was President of Haiti from 1988 to 1990. Avril led the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état against a transition military government installed after Jean-Claude Duvalier's 1986 overthrow.
Avril was President until March 1990. He was arrested under human rights violation in 2001, but released in March 2004 after the 2004 Haitian coup d'état overthrew Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
President of Haiti
The President of the Republic of Haiti (, ) is the head of state of Haiti. They serve as the executive power in Haiti. The power is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti. The current President is Jovenel Moïse, who took office on February 7, 2017.
To be elected President, a candidate must:
Jovenel Moïse
Jovenel Moïse (born 26 June 1968) is a Haitian politician. He serves as the 42nd and current President of Haiti since February 2017.
Vladimir Andreyevich Uspensky
Vladimir A. Uspensky (Russian: Влади́мир Андре́евич Успе́нский; 27 November 1930 – 27 June 2018) was a Russian mathematician, linguist, writer, doctor of physics and mathematics (1964). He was born in Moscow. He was the author of numerous papers on mathematical logic and linguistics. In addition, he also penned a number of memoir essays. He led linguistic reform in Russian education.
Uspensky died in Moscow of heart failure on 27 June 2018, aged 87.
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (; born October 13, 1989), also known by her initials as AOC, is an American politician and activist. She became the U.S. Representative for New York's 14th congressional district in 2019. This includes the eastern part of the Bronx and parts of north-central Queens in New York City. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
Ocasio-Cortez won the Democratic Party's primary election on June 26, 2018 when she beat Democratic Caucus Chair Joe Crowley. Her victory was a surprise and many saw it as an upset victory. In November 2018, she would go on to win the general election. She beat Republican nominee Anthony Pappas.
At age 29, she became the youngest woman to become a member of the United States Congress. She is well known for her use of social media. She studied international relations and economics at Boston University. She worked for Bernie Sanders's first presidential campaign as an activist. She also worked part-time as a waitress and bartender before running for Congress in 2018.
Ocasio-Cortez is one of the first female members of the Democratic Socialists of America elected to Congress. She is a progressive and supports Medicare for All, federal jobs guarantee, and the Green New Deal. She also supports ending the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, free public college and trade school, and a 70% marginal tax rate for incomes above $10 million.
Ocasio-Cortez was born into a Catholic family in the Bronx borough of New York City on October 13, 1989. She is the daughter of Blanca Ocasio-Cortez ("née" Cortez) and Sergio Ocasio. She has a younger brother named Gabriel. Her father was born in the Bronx to a Puerto Rican family. Her mother was born in Puerto Rico. She lived with her family in an apartment in the Bronx neighborhood of Parkchester until she was five. Her family later moved to a house in suburban Yorktown Heights.
Ocasio-Cortez went to high school in Yorktown Heights. She graduated in 2007. In high school and college, she was known as "Sandy." She came in second in the Microbiology category of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair. Her microbiology research project was about the effect of antioxidants on the lifespan of the nematode "C. elegans". MIT Lincoln Laboratory named a small asteroid after her because of her science project. In high school, she took part in the National Hispanic Institute's Lorenzo de Zavala (LDZ) Youth Legislative Session. She later became the LDZ Secretary of State while she attended Boston University. Ocasio-Cortez had a John F. Lopez Fellowship.
In 2008, while Ocasio-Cortez was a sophomore at Boston University, her father died of lung cancer. After he died, Ocasio-Cortez had many legal problems to settle his estate. She has said that the experience helped her learn how attorneys are corrupt. She said that they make themselves rich while their clients, like families, were being ignored.
During college, Ocasio-Cortez was an intern for U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy. She said that she was the only Spanish speaker at the office. Ocasio-Cortez said because of this people would talk to her about ICE and deportations.
Ocasio-Cortez graduated "cum laude" from Boston University with a BA in 2011. She majored in international relations and economics.
After college, Ocasio-Cortez moved back to the Bronx. She began working as a bartender and waitress to help her mother pay for their home. She later created Brook Avenue Press, a publishing company that printed positive stories about the Bronx. She also worked for the National Hispanic Institute.
During the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries, Ocasio-Cortez volunteered for Bernie Sanders's first presidential campaign. After the general election, she traveled to places like Flint, Michigan, and Standing Rock Indian Reservation in North Dakota by car. She spoke to people affected by the Flint water crisis and the Dakota Access Pipeline. While in Standing Rock, she said her trip there was an important reason why she ran for Congress. Before that, she believed that the only way to run for office and win was to have money and power. In North Dakota she saw others "putting their whole lives and everything that they had on the line for the protection of their community". This was the reason for her to begin to work for her own community. One day after she visited North Dakota, she got a phone call from Brand New Congress. They were looking for progressive candidates. Her brother had nominated her soon after the 2016 election.