Thai borrowed some letters from loanwords of Sanskrit and Pali. Many of those letters sound or sounded differently in the languages they came from, but they now have the same pronunciation as other Thai sounds. Letters borrowed from Sanskrit and Pali are only used to write those same loanwords from those same languages.
Thai words has a complicated relationship between spelling and their pronunciation. Many of the letters today have different sounds than when they were first used. While many Thai words have tone markers that show the tone of a word, many do not. However the word will still have a tone, and for words that do not have tone markers, one can still figure out the tone by the class of consonant (high, middle, or low), whether the syllable is a live or dead, syllable, and the length of the vowel. While the different classes of consonants made different phonemes, or distinct sounds, in the past, they now are set apart by which tones the words have.
Other difficulties include silent letters and consonant mutations. For silent letters, the word "chanthra" (written as จันทร์ in Thai) would be pronounced "chan" when spoken"." Notice that the suffix "-thra", written as ทร์ in Thai"," is missing in the phonetic spelling. That is because the Thai spelling is based on the Sanskrit spelling of the word, the language where the word comes from. Many loanwords in Thai are based on the spelling rules of the language they came from rather than their Thai pronunciation. Also, Thai words cannot end in any consonant that is not a nasal consonant, semivowel, or voiceless stop, the final consonants that are not either one of those mutate so that they can become pronounceable in Thai. For example, the word "wat" (meaning "temple") is spelled as "wad" (written as วัด in Thai), but since "-d", or ด, is a voiced alveolar stop, it must be pronounced as the voiceless alveolar stop "-t." Also, the name Bhumibol (written as ภูมิพล in Thai) is pronounced as "Phumiphon." The alveolar lateral approximant "-l" ,or ล, must be pronounced as the alveolar nasal "-n. The" English loanword "bus" (written as บัส in Thai) is pronounced "bat" in Thai. The voiceless alveolar fricative "-s" , or ส, must be pronounced as the voiceless alveolar stop "-t".
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