The Pakistan Citizenship Act became law on 13 April 1951. Its purpose was "to make provision for citizenship of Pakistan". The Act has been amended several times, the last time in 2000. The Act is divided into 23 sections, each one about a different provision of citizenship.
Since independence, many Pakistanis have moved to live in the Middle East, Europe and North America. This has led to several changes in Pakistani nationality law. Dual citizenship is allowed in certain cases:
Pakistanis with dual citizenship can not hold public office, sit in the assemblies, contest elections or join the Pakistani military.
Both Pakistan and India claim to the disputed region of Kashmir. This has been the subject of several wars between the two countries. The Pakistani Citizenship Act of 1951 allowed persons who were subjects of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to travel under a Pakistani passport and be considered a citizen of Pakistan.
The independence of Bangladesh in 1971 led to around half a million "stranded Pakistanis". These people trace their heritage to the Bihar region. Despite official promises, Bangladesh refuses to accept them as citizens. Conversely, a continuous migration of Bangladeshis between 1971 and 1995 led their population increasing to more 1.6 million. There were only 10,000 at the time of separation. The migrants are mostly illegal and are not given the citizenship, as they migrated after the separation.
For political and other reasons, the 1.5 million registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan are not given Pakistani nationality, even though most of them were born in Pakistan.
Child labour in Pakistan
Child labour is one of the major problems of Pakistan: The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan estimated in the 1990s, that 11 million children were working in the country; half of them were under the age of ten. There are a number of laws which regulate the conditions under which children are allowed to work. These laws include:
The problem is that these laws are ignored most of the time. Some 11 million children, aged four to fourteen, keep the country's factories operating, often working in bad conditions.
In December 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor's "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" reported nine goods of which six are produced by child labourers in Pakistan. These include the making of bricks, carpets, glass bangles, leather and surgical instruments, as well as coal mining.
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) is an international organization bringing together more than 750 LGBTI groups from around the world. It continues to be active in campaigning for LGBT rights and Intersex human rights on the international Human rights and Civil rights scene, and regularly petitions the United Nations and governments. ILGA is represented in 110+ countries across the world. ILGA is accredited by the United Nations and has been granted NGO Ecosoc consultative status.
Sex work
Carol Leigh first used the terms sex worker and sex work in 1978, to refer to prostitution, and related concepts. By using this new term, Leigh wanted to avoid the negative connotations. Sex work is paid work in the industry, such as prostitution, erotic dancing, and starring in pornographic movies. It does not refer to related illegal activities, such as human trafficking or other non-consensual sex.
It is difficult to say how many sex workers there are. This is because of the stigma of being a sex worker. In addition, most academic work focuses on prostitution, escorts and exotic dancing; there is little research on other forms of sex work.
Interviews with men and women escorts show gender differences in these escorts' experiences. On average, women escorts charged much more than men. Compared to traditional women escorts, women in niche markets charged lower rates. However, this difference in rates did not exist for men escorts. Men escorts reported widespread acceptance in the gay community; they were much more likely to tell about their occupation. This community acceptance is fairly unusual to the gay community and not the experience of many women sex workers. Also, heterosexual men prostitutes are much more likely than heterosexual women prostitutes to entertain same-gender clients because they need to: most clients are men. In general, there is a greater social expectation for women to engage in emotional labor than there is for men; there are also greater consequences if they do not.
Pravachanasara
Pravachansara is a Jain religion text. It means "the essence of the doctrine".
It has 275 verses in total. It consists of two books and an appendix. Book I is called "Knowledge" and has 92 verses. Book II is called "Knowable" and has 108 verses. The appendix is called "Conduct" and has 75 verses.
The first verse of book I is:
Here I pay obeisance to VArdhamana, the saviour, the promulgator of the law, who is saluted by the suras, Asuras and lords of men, and who has washed off the dirt of destructive Karmas.
The last verse of book I is:
The great souled Sramana, who has put an end to his delusive vision, who is expert in scriptures and who has established himself in conduct free from attachment, is qualified as Dharma.
The first verse of book II is:
The object of knowledge is made up of substances, which are said to be characterised by qualities, and with which, moreover, are (associated) the modifications; those, who are deluded by modifications, are false believers.
The last verse of book II is:
Therefore, thus realizing the soul as the knower by nature, I give up the notion of mineness and have come to adopt the (notion of) non-attachment.
The first verse of Appendix is:
Having saluted the Siddhas, the foremost great Jinas and the saints have
The last verse of Appendix is:
He, who practising the course of duties of a house-holder and of a monk, comprehends this doctrine, realizes, within a short time, the essence of the doctrine (the Self).
Palestinian National Authority
The Gaza-Jericho agreement of 1994 established an organisation to rule the Gaza Strip, and parts of the West Bank. This organization was called Palestinian National Authority (PA or PNA; ""). This followed from the 1993 Oslo Accords. After the elections in 2006 and the Gaza conflict between the Fatah and Hamas parties it only had control over the areas in the West Bank. Since January 2013, the Fatah-controlled Palestinian Authority uses the name "State of Palestine" on official documents.
Green Party of Pakistan
The Pakistan Green Party is a green democratic Political party in Pakistan. It was founded on April 28, 2002, and since has been active in local politics. Members of the political party are known as the "Pakistan Greens".
Jus soli
Jus soli (), means "right of the soil". This is often called birthright citizenship. This is the right of anyone born in a country to have nationality or citizenship.
"Jus soli" was part of the common law. It was different to "jus sanguinis", from the Roman law that became part of the civil-law systems of continental Europe. Where it exists, there are often conditions. For example, some countries deny citizenship to children of foreign diplomats.
Almost all states in Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania grant citizenship at birth based upon the principle of "jus sanguinis" (right of blood). Citizenship is inherited through parents not by birthplace. Sometimes it can be a version of "jus soli" in which citizenship by birthplace is automatic only for the children of certain immigrants.
Oriental magpie-robin
The oriental magpie-robin ("Copsychus saularis") is a small passerine bird. It was classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae. Now it is considered an Old World flycatcher.
Hylarana tytleri