Finally, people are alienated from their identity that they get from doing their work. Marx called this identity "Gattungswesen" (German for "species-essence" or "human nature"). For example, someone who just screws parts into a toy will not feel like a toymaker because he or she is not really "making" toys.
Ethel Byrne
Ethel Higgins Byrne (1883-1955) was an American Progressive Era radical feminist. She was the younger sister of birth control activist Margaret Sanger, and assisted her in this work.
Michael Hennessey Higgins and Anne Higgins had a family with eleven children. They had an Irish American background. Ethel and Margaret were two of the children. Her mother preferred Ethel. Margaret did not like this, and it caused problems in their relationship..
Ethel had a short and unhappy marriage to Jack Byrne, a glassworker. They had two children, Jack and Olive. In 1906, Ethel left her children in the care of their paternal grandparents to protect them from their abusive father; Ethel only visited her daughter once in sixteen years. Olive grew up to become an important muse to the creator of Wonder Woman, William Moulton Marston, and more details of Ethel Byrne's life came to light when Jill Lepore wrote about the superheroine character in 2014.
Ethel Byrne's background in nursing was very important to her activism. It directly contributed to her desire to make birth control accessible to women of varying backgrounds. She was a trained nurse who assisted immigrant women who needed medical care in the Brownsville area of Brooklyn, New York in 1916.
The two sisters and theatre artist Fania Mindell opened a birth control clinic in Brooklyn in October 1916. They made flyers in different languages, including English, Yiddish and Italian,to advertise their cliniic. Byrne is not widely known today. Despite this, her early activism had a big impact on raising awareness of the importance of access to information about birth control. When Ethel Byrne was arrested, a group of politically active New York women wanted to meet President Woodrow Wilson. They wanted Wilson to undo laws that made distributing bith control a crime.
The clinic was highly controversial because the Comstock Laws were enforced. Byrne and Sanger distributed pessaries and would show their clients how to use this method of contraception in direct violation of these laws.
This was the first birth control clinic in the United States. The clinic caused an immediate sensation in the press. It got national attention, and all three women were arrested and tried for "distributing obscene materials".
All three women were found guilty. After some time, the verdicts were overturned, and their campaign was successful in the end. This caused major changes in social policy and to the laws governing birth control and sex education around the world. The clinic closed but later became the basis for what was to become known as Planned Parenthood.
Byrn was arrested for distributing information about bith control. She was sentenced to 30 days in Blackwell's Island prison. She was jailed at Blackwell Island workhouse on January 22, 1917 for her activism and subsequently went on a hunger strike. Sanger was concerned her sister would die as a result of this hunger strike and Byrne was force fed while serving her sentence after 185 hours without food or water. As historian Jill Lepore reports in "The Secret History of Wonder Woman," Ethel Byrne was the first female political prisoner in the United States to be subjected to force feeding. Mrs. Byrne was prepared to starve herself to death in support of her cause. Her case was the first of a group of cases known as the "Sanger cases" to be brought to trial.
Sanger supported Byrne's activism. Their confinement helped bring national attention to their push for the legalization of birth control. It also hurt their relationship as Sanger's notoriety grew after this arrest and she was sometimes known to take credit for Ethel's infamous hunger strike.
Although her sister went on to become world-famous for her advocacy of birth control, Byrne's legacy is not well known. This is apparent on the Planned Parenthood website, as it is noted Sanger opened her 1916 clinic with "her sister". Ethel is not even mentioned by name and unlike her older sister is not well known
Ethel Byrne had a stroke and died in 1955. She did not live to see the legalization of the birth control pill, as she died five years before it received FDA approval.
Primitive communism
Primitive communism is a term that was used by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels to describe hunter-gatherer societies and how they shared resources among each other. Primitive means in the early stages of development, so primitive communism is an early form of communism.
In a primitive communist society, there is no extra stuff for people to hoard. Instead, things like food and housing are shared equally among all members of the community. There was no such thing as money. Also, everyone in a primitive communist society had to help get food. There was no authoritarianism and no concept of a state. Instead, everyone has an equal say in what goes on in the society. This is called egalitarianism.
Agriculture led to the creation of the private ownership of land. The extra food that could be grown meant that some people didn't have to work to get food. These people started to get other jobs and that led to the creation of social class. This is when people started thinking that some jobs were more important than others and when slavery became a thing.
Marx and Engels got the idea of primitive communism from an American man named Lewis H. Morgan. Morgan did a lot of research on the Iroquois people, who lived in big groups and shared everything that they grew, hunted, and gathered. Marx and Engels thought that the Iroquois lived in a society that had communist traits.
Cypriot First Division
The Cypriot First Division is the top division of association football in Cyprus. It is organized by the Cyprus Football Association. Since February 2016, it is sponsored by Cyta and thus officially known as Cyta Championship.
Spanish grammar
Spanish grammar is the rules for speaking and writing in the Spanish language. It is similar to the grammar of other Romance languages.
Verbs in Spanish belong to one of three classes: -"ar", -"er", and -"ir".
Verbs are conjugated (changed) depending on tense and person. That means a verb talking about the past will have a different form than a verb about something happening right now.
In Spanish, every noun has a gender, either masculine or feminine.
Adjectives usually go after the noun they describe and change depending on number and person.
False confession
In law, a confession is when somebody admits that he or she has committed a crime or a felony, which is punishable. In a false confession, the person admits he or she has committed a crime or a felony, but this is not true. False confessions occur regularly. In general, there are three reasons, why they occur:
Steve Russell (computer scientist)
Stephen Russell (born 1937), also nicknamed "Slug", is an American computer scientist. He is best known for creating "Spacewar!" (1962), one of the earliest video games. He wrote the first two versions of the programming language Lisp for the IBM 704 mainframe computer.
Russell was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He went to Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, from 1954 to 1958.
Lynn Morley Martin
Lynn Morley Martin (born Judith Lynn Morley; December 26, 1939) is an American politician and businesswoman. She is a Republican. She was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1991 to 1993. She also served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 16th congressional district from 1981 to 1991.
Martin was born in Evanston, Illinois. She had two children with her first husband John Martin. In 1987, she married judge Harry Leinenweber.
Papurana daemeli