Behaviour therapy is used for a number of methods of psychotherapy. Ivan Pavlov found that it is possible to "learn" how to react to a stimulus. His method is known as classical conditioning today. Behaviour therapy tries to use this knowledge to change the behaviour of people. In that way, people "learn" how to cope with their fears, for example. In a similar manner, people can be helped to cope with a number of mental disorders. One well known kind of behaviour therapy is exposure therapy: People with fears are "exposed" to them, and learn how to cope. As an example, someone who is afraid of spiders will be exposed to spiders.
Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe
Princess "Marie Louise" Thérèse of Savoy ("Maria Luisa Teresa"; 8 September 1749 – 3 September 1792) was born a Princess of Savoy. She was later married to Louis Alexandre de Bourbon a member of the House of Bourbon. In France she was known as the "princesse de Lamballe". She was a close friend of Queen Marie Antoinette. She, like the queen, was killed in the French Revolution. There was national hatred of the Italian-born princess who, along with the Duchess of Polignac, were part of the queen's inner circle.
Maria Luisa was born in Turin in 1749. She was the daughter of a Prince of Carignan at the "Palazzo Carignano". She was the sixth of eight children. Her father was a distant cousin of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia Maria Luisa's mother was a sister of the late Queen Polyxena.
On 31 January 1767, she married by proxy Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe. He was a grandson of Louis XIV's legitimised son, Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse. Louis was the only surviving son of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre. She had arranged the marriage. During plans for her marriage she was known as "Mademoiselle de Carignan" in France.
In 1768, at the age of nineteen, Marie Louise became a widow. Her husband died of a venereal disease at the Château de Louveciennes. He was known to have been fairly promiscuous and had many sexual partners. His widow inherited her husband's considerable fortune, adding to her wealth. She kept her title of duchess in her own right. Her husband was buried at the Chapel of Dreux outside Paris.
After the death of her husband she moved to Paris. She soon became a lady in waiting to Marie Antoinette, the new Dauphine. When Marie Antoinette became queen, Marie Louise became head of her royal household. She became a very close friend of the queen. During the decline of the monarchy she remained loyal to the queen. In 1789 the royal family was forced to leave the royal palace at Versailles. Marie Louise remained with them. She was in Bath, England but returned to Paris. When the palace was stormed in 1792, the royal family was arrested. Marie Louise was separated from the queen and sent to the prison at La Force. On September 3rd she was brought before a tribunal. It was demanded she sign an oath of loyalty to the New Republic. She also had to denounce the queen and the royal family. Marie Louise refused. She was taken into the streets and murdered. Her head was placed on a spike and displayed before the queen in her prison cell. Her head was buried with her body at the foundling's cemetery.
She used the name "Maria Luisa' or "Marie Louise" in French. As a daughter of the Prince of Carignan, she is often "incorrectly" given the surname of Savoy-Carignan. That is incorrect as she was born a princess of the Duchy of Savoy and a daughter of a Prince of Carignan. The title was merely a courtesy title having no legal jurisdiction over Carignan which was known in .
"La princesse de Lamballe"
Otakar Krámský
Otakar Krámský (1 July 1959 – 25 April 2015) was a Czech hillclimbing racecar driver. He began his career during the early 1970s. He won three European Hill Climb Championship.
Krámský died after his racecar crashed during a race in Styria, Austria, aged 55.
Jean Nidetch
Jean Nidetch (born Jean Evelyn Slutsky, October 12, 1923 – April 29, 2015) was an American businesswoman. She was the co-founder of the Weight Watchers organization. She founded the organization in 1963.
Nidetch died on April 29, 2015, in Parkland, Florida at age 91.
Rodrigo Gularte
Rodrigo Muxfeldt Gularte (13 July 1972, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil – 29 April 2015, Central Java, Indonesia) was a Brazilian drug-trafficker. He was executed in Indonesia by firing squad for drug trafficking after being sentenced in 2006.
Jack Ely
Jack Ely (September 11, 1943 – April 27, 2015) was an American guitarist and singer. He was best known for singing the Kingsmen's version of "Louie Louie". Ely was born in Portland, Oregon.
Ely died at his Oregon farm residence on April 27, 2015 age 71, having long suffered from an unknown illness. "Because of his religious beliefs, we’re not even sure what it [the illness] was," his son Sean Ely said.
Verne Gagne
Laverne Clarence "Verne" Gagne (February 26, 1926 – April 27, 2015) was an American professional wrestler, football player, wrestling trainer, and wrestling promoter. He was the owner and promoter of the Minneapolis, Minnesota-based American Wrestling Association (AWA). He remained in this position until 1991, when the company folded.
On January 26, 2009, Gagne got into an altercation with Helmut Gutmann, a 97-year-old resident of the Bloomington, Minnesota facility where they both resided. According to Gutmann's widow, who was not present during the altercation, Gagne picked Gutmann up and hurled him to the floor, then broke his hip by pulling back on his body. Gutmann was admitted to the hospital, and died on February 14 from complications of the injury.
On February 25, 2009, the older man's death was officially ruled a homicide by the Hennepin County medical examiner's office.
On the night of April 27, 2015, Gagne died in Bloomington, Minnesota at the age of 89 from Alzheimer's disease.
Xu Guangxian
Xu Guangxian (; November 7, 1920 – April 28, 2015), was a Chinese chemist and academician of the Chinese Academy of Science. He was former president of the Chinese Chemical Society. He was known as "The Father of Chinese Rare Earths Chemistry".
Gene Fullmer
Gene Fullmer (July 21, 1931 – April 27, 2015) was an American middleweight boxer and world champion. Fullmer began his professional career in 1951 and won his first 29 fights, 19 by knockout. His manager during many years of his career was his mentor, Marv Jensen, who encouraged many youth in West Jordan, Utah, to enter boxing as amateurs.
On April 27, 2015, Fullmer died at the age of 83 in his home in West Jordan, Utah surrounded by friends and family.
Calvin Peete
Calvin Peete (July 18, 1943 – April 29, 2015) was an American professional golfer. He was the most successful African-American on the PGA Tour, with 12 wins, before Tiger Woods. Peete was born in Detroit, Michigan.
Peete died after a long battle with lung cancer, in Atlanta, Georgia on April 29, 2015, aged 71.
René Féret
René Féret (26 May 1945 – 28 April 2015) was a French actor, screenwriter, movie director and producer. He was known for his movie "Solemn Communion".
Ashura Hara
On April 28, 2015, Hara died from pneumonia in a hospital in Isahaya, Nagasaki.
Charles Martel
Charles Martel (c. 688 – 22 October 741) was a Frankish statesman and military leader who was Duke and Prince of the Franks. He was also Mayor of the Palace. Martel was the de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. Martel was the illegitimate son of the Frankish statesman Pepin of Herstal. His mother was a noblewoman named Alpaida. Martel successfully asserted his claims as successor to his father as Mayor of the Palace. He continued and built on his father's work. He began the series of military campaigns that re-established Frankish power in Gaul. In foreign wars, Martel defeated and ruled Bavaria, Alemannia, and Frisia. He defeated the Saxons, and halted the Islamic advance into Western Europe at the Battle of Tours in 732.