Various inquiries agreed that the order to fire came from Colonel Vakele Archibald Mkosana, who incorrectly told his commanders by radio that his troops were under fire, and was given permission to return fire. Rifleman Mzamile Thomas Gonya was also found to have opened fire with a grenade launcher, killing one marcher.
The Goldstone Commission had the task of investigating the massacre, and Justice Richard Goldstone condemned Gqozo for preventing political activity in Ciskei as well as for the lethal brutality of the Ciskei Defence Force troops. It dismissed his claim that the demonstrators had fired first. A Ciskei soldier who died during the shooting had been shot by a fellow soldier, in error. It recommended strong action against Gqozo and those responsible. It also condemned Ronnie Kasrils for leading marchers breaking through the razor wire and provoking the forces into opening fire.
On 8 September 1992, a day after the massacre, the ANC released a statement demanding that Oupa Gqozo be removed as the leader of Ciskei, Section 43 of the Ciskei National Security Act which prevented political activity in Ciskei be revoked and South African Military Intelligence officials be removed from Ciskei.
In the end, the massacre led to new negotiations between the ANC and the government. Nelson Mandela met De Klerk on 26 September and signed a Record of Understanding. This Record created an independent body to oversee police operations.
Gqozo remained in power in Ciskei but resigned shortly before the elections of 27 April 1994.
A granite monument was erected on the site of the massacre, outside Independence Stadium, off Maitland Road between Bhisho and King William's Town. It was unveiled by Archbishop Desmond Tutu in 1997. The victims were buried in Ginsberg township outside King William's Town.
Each year during the month of September, the Bisho Massacre Memorial Lecture is held to commemorate the massacre and different leaders from around South Africa take part in it.
Only two applications for amnesty for the massacre were received by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, from Colonel Mkosana, who gave the order to open fire, and Rifleman Gonya, who fired a grenade launcher. Gqozo agreed to testify before the TRC, but failed to appear after being admitted to a psychiatric hospital suffering from depression.
In 2000, both Mkosana and Gonya were denied amnesty on the grounds that their actions were reckless and disproportionate and not associated with a political motive.
Following their failure to receive amnesty, Mkosana and Gonya were charged with one count of murder and Mkosana with 28 counts of culpable homicide. They were found not guilty on all charges on the grounds of self-defence.
Speaking at a Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearing on the massacre,Col Silence Pita, revealed that Gqozo had received a message which said that the Mkhonto Wesizwe was planning coup and would take us where we didn't want to be " but the source of the information had not been made clear in the report. Pita said security arrangements for an African National Congress march on September 7, 1992 were left to the Ciskei Defence Force.
Former Ciskei foreign affairs minister Mickey Webb testified that South Africa's intelligence services caused a confrontation between Ciskei government and the ANC. He claimed that South African Military Intelligence and Ciskei's own intelligence agency fed the Ciskei government with misinformation "which could only have ended up in confrontation between the authorities and the ANC".
Heidelberg Tavern massacre
The Heidelberg Tavern massacre occurred in Observatory, Cape Town on 30 December 1993. Three people associate the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) entered the tavern and shot at the crowd. They killed four student and the owner of a restaurant which was close. The owner had gone outside to investigate, because he had heard gunshots. An unexploded bomb (with nails strapped to it) was found in the restaurant, close to the main entrance.
During the years of apartheid, Observatory was one of the few "de facto" "grey" suburbs where all races lived together. On the evening of 30 December 1993, three men entered a popular student venue on Station Road, called the Heidelberg Tavern and opened fire, killing four people and injuring five. The three APLA operatives - Humphrey Luyanda Gqomfa, Vuyisile Brian Madasi and Zola Prince Mabala - were convicted in November 1994 for what became known as the Heidelberg Massacre. On 16 July 1998, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission granted the three amnesty.
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The orders Carnivora (carnivores), Chiroptera (bats), Perissodactyla (hoofed animals with odd numbers of toes, for example horses and rhinos), Cetartiodactyla (hoofed animals with even numbers of toes), Philodota (pangolins), and Meridiungulata are all in Scrotifera.
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Yamazaki died of COVID-19 at a hospital in Aomori on 2 June 2021, aged 74.
Tsutomu Yamazaki
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Ekkers died in Zuidhorn, Netherlands on 4 June 2021, less than a month before his 80th birthday.
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Gaibor García died in Tulcán, Ecuador on 4 June 2021, aged 69.
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Revaz "Rezo" Gabriadze (; 29 June 1936 – 6 June 2021) was a Georgian filmmaker, playwright, writer, painter, and sculptor. He was born in Kutaisi, Georgian SSR. He was known for writing the screenplays of "Passport", "Kin-dza-dza!", "Mimino" and "Don't Grieve".
Gavriadze died on 6 June 2021 in Tbilisi, Georgia just three weeks before his 85th birthday.
Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor
Lilibet "Lili" Diana Mountbatten-Windsor (born 4 June 2021) is the younger child and only daughter of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex and the younger sister of Archie Mountbatten-Windsor. She is the eleventh great-grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and is eighth in the line of succession to the British throne.
Mountbatten-Windsor was born at Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital in Santa Barbara, California, on 4 June 2021 at 11:40 PDT (19:26 UTC). She is named after her paternal great-grandmother Queen Elizabeth II and paternal grandmother Diana, Princess of Wales.
Mountbatten-Windsor is eighth in the line of succession to the British throne. She can become a princess when her grandfather, Charles, Prince of Wales becomes king.
In the 2021 television interview, the Duchess of Sussex said that she had been told that changes would be made to remove that entitlement as part of Charles's reported plans for a slimmed-down monarchy.
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