Punishment is any response to a behavior that "decreases" the likelihood of a behavior happening in the future. Punishment of a problem behavior should be used with reinforcement of the appropriate behavior. Appropriate behavior should always be reinforced even when using punishment for problem behavior. Just like reinforcement, punishment can be both positive and negative. Positive punishment is the "addition" of an stimulus that decreases the chances of future responses. This stimulus that is added is something aversive. Negative punishment is the "removal" of a stimulus that decreases the chance of future behaviors happening. The stimulus that is removed is something that the person likes.
Prompting increases the likelihood that a behavior will be done the right way. Using prompts will make the learning process easier and quicker. Someone that is teaching a new behavior can use prompts to help the person that is learning the behavior. The two broad categories of prompts are stimulus and response.
Examples of stimulus prompts would be: lists or pictures that help the learner remember what the correct response is.
Response prompts do not involve a change in the antecedent. There are three types of response prompts.
Fading prompts is a way to increase the independence of the learner. Once the learner can do the behavior on their own they will not need the help of the teacher. However, if a teacher stops using prompts quickly it may confuse the learner. So prompts should be decreased slowly. The process of gradually decreasing prompting is called 'fading'.
Shaping is a way to teach new behaviors or improve behaviors that have already been taught. It involves reinforcing steps towards a target behavior.
Complex behaviors are made up of smaller simple behaviors. This is what the concept of behavior chains is based on. A behavior chain is when smaller behaviors are combined to form a complex behavior. These smaller behaviors are done in a certain order. Each of the smaller behaviors is a step in the behavior chain. Each step in a behavior chain is a response on its own. There are three different ways to teach a behavior chain:
ABA relies on data to make decisions about behavior. Behavior analysts are always collecting data about a person's behavior.
Direct observation is when behavior is watched and recorded. Indirect measures compare one person's behavior to other people's behavior. An example would be an intelligence test. One person's score is compared to the scores that other people got.
There are three common methods of data collection. They are frequency, interval, and time sampling. These methods are used for direct observation.
A functional analysis (FA) is done to find the reason for problem behavior. The reason for problem behavior must be known before a behavioral intervention can be done. Behavior analysts came up with the idea of a functional analysis in 1982. Since then it has become an important part of ABA. The behavior analyst is tries to find the situations that cause the highest rates of problem behavior. The situations that cause the highest rates of problem behavior tell the behavior analyst the reason for the behavior. Once the reasons for problem behavior are known treatment can begin.
Treatments based on the results of a FA are more effective than without a FA.
Applied behavior analysis is commonly associated with autism. This is because ABA is the only treatment for autism that has been scientifically proven to be effective.
Queen Elizabeth Islands
The Queen Elizabeth Islands are a group of islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. They are split between Nunavut and Northwest Territories.
In the past the islands were called Parry Archipelago or Parry Islands. They were named after British Arctic explorer Sir William Parry. In 1953 the islands were renamed after Elizabeth II.
According to the "Atlas of Canada" there are 34 large and 2,092 small islands in the archipelago. Many of the islands are among the largest in the world. The largest island in the archipelago is Ellesmere Island.
Less than 400 people live on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
Cristobal Tapia de Veer
Juan Cristobal Tapia de Veer also known as "Cristo", is a film and television score composer, arranger, producer and multi-instrumentalist based in Montreal, QC, Canada. He is mostly known for his music to the British 6-part drama UTOPIA for which he won an RTS Craft Award in the best original score category in 2013.
Cristo was born during the military coup d'état in Chile. First, his parents fled to Paris, France. While his father decided to stay there, his mother took him back to Chile. Life under Pinochet's dictatorship still proved impossible, so they found political refuge in Québec, Canada.
He obtained a master's degree in Classical Music (specialization in percussion) from the Conservatoire de musique du Québec. In 2001 he got signed to Warner Music with his pop-band "One Ton", putting a hold on his classical career. The trio won the Canadian Dance Music Award (SOCAN) in 2003 with the electro-dance single "Supersex World". It was Cristo who produced the album.
In 2011, his music for the Victorian 4-part drama "The Crimson Petal and the White" (dir: Marc Munden, BBC2) totally surprised the audiences.
Matthew Gilbert, The Boston Globe, U.S.:
"The soundtrack ranges from gnawing electronic hums to choral ecstasy. It's all brilliantly, effectively, appropriately jarring, even if it sends the Masterpiece crowd to the medicine cabinet for Dramamine."
His latest work is in the conspiracy thriller "UTOPIA" created by Dennis Kelly, that aired on Channel 4. A second series has already been commissioned.
The Royal Television Society awarded him a Craft & Design Awards for "best original music" in November 2013.
He wrote music for a new TV-show called "Série Noire", written and directed by the writers of "Les Invincibles", released in January 2014 on Radio-Canada.
Canova, South Dakota
Canova is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Miner County, and 105 people lived there at the 2010 census. Canova became a town in 1898.
Monroe, South Dakota
Monroe is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Turner County, and 160 people lived there at the 2010 census. Monroe became a town in 1901.
Eruption (band)
Eruption was a popular disco, R&B and soul band in the 1970s and 1980s. It was created by German producer Frank Farian.
Survivor Series (2006)
Survivor Series (2006) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 26, 2006 at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the twentieth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.
One Way Ticket
One Way Ticket is song which was recorded by Eruption.
The song was reached #1 on Austria and Switzerland music charts.
This song is a cover version of song "One Way Ticket (To The Blues)" by Neil Sedaka.
Elitserien (bandy)
Elitserien () is the men's bandy top division of Sweden since the 2007–2008 season. It consist of 14 teams, and is followed up by the Swedish championships playoffs, ending with one single final game.
The season starts with a regular season comprising 14 teams and 26 rounds. The first eight teams qualify for the quarter finals, the eleventh and twelfth plays a relegation round robin tournament against teams from the Allsvenskan and the last two teams are relegated.
Allsvenskan (bandy)
Allsvenskan () is since the 2007–2008 the second highest division of men's bandy in Sweden. It is made up of 24 teams in two regional groups.
Allsvenskan (disambiguation)
Allsvenskan is the highest league of Swedish association football for men.
Allsvenskan ("the all Swedish") is also the name of several Swedish sport leagues:
European Cup (bandy)
The European Cup is an annual bandy club competition between teams from Europe. The first edition of the tournament was held in 1974.