The Index Librorum Prohibitorum () was "The Index", a list of books banned by the Catholic Church. They were banned if the Church thought they were heretical, anti-clerical (anti-church) or lascivious (obscene). It was censorship by the Catholic Church.
Early versions of the Index were published in Catholic Netherlands (1529); Venice (1543) and Paris (1551). By mid-century, with wars of religion in France and Germany, authorities thought control of the press could prevent the spread of heresy. This could be done by using a catalog of prohibited works, backed by ecclesiastic and civil authorities.
The first version published in Rome (the "Pauline Index") was issued by Pope Paul IV in 1559. From 1571 to 1917 the Sacred Congregation of the Index was in charge of updating the list. The 20th and final edition appeared in 1948, and the "Index" was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI.
The aim of the list was to protect the belief and morals of the faithful. This was done by preventing them from reading heretical and immoral books. Books thought to contain such errors included works by astronomers such as Johannes Kepler's "Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae", which was on the Index from 1621 to 1835, and by philosophers, like Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason". The various editions of the "Index" also had the rules of the Church about the reading, selling and censorship of books. Even editions and translations of the Bible not been approved by the Church could be banned.
Enforcing the Index was the Inquisition. The burning at the stake of Giordano Bruno, whose entire works were placed on the Index on 8 February 1600, was (on the surface) for heresy, not for heliocentrism or other scientific views. However, those other views included a belief in 'other worlds', which was heresy.
Not until 1822 did the Church permit books to be printed which accepted the Earth's motion.
The developments since the abolition of the "Index" show "the loss of relevance of the Index in the 21st century". A complete list of the authors and writings present in the successive editions of the "Index" is given in J. Martínez de Bujanda, "Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600–1966". A list of the books that were on the "Index" can be found on the World Wide Web.
The Addiction
The Addiction is a 1995 American horror movie. It was directed by Abel Ferrara and was produced by Preston L. Holmes, Russell Simmons, Denis Hann, and Fernando Sulichin. "The Addiction" was released on October 6, 1995.
The movie gained positive reviews from critics and holds a 73% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
Akina Nakamori
Within two years of her debut, she set herself apart from all the singers of her generation by singing provocative songs with the release of each new single.
Her hair style and dress sense was very much copied by teenagers in the 1980s. Music wise, her recording company moulded her to be a successor after the mature and sophisticated Momoe Yamaguchi, a singer who retired at age 21 for marriage. Her songs were always of heartbreaks, or rebellion, never to stray far from the 'mold'.
Oh Kyo-moon
Oh Kyo-Moon (born March 2, 1972) is an archer from South Korea.
He won a team silver medal and an individual bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Oh also was a member of Korea's gold medal men's archery team at the 2000 Summer Olympics. In the men's individual competition he finished sixth.
Oh was the world record holder for a single FITA with a score of 1379. That score was beaten by Oh Jin-Hyek at 2009 World Championship in Ulsan with 1386 points.
Hyun Hee
Hyun Hee (born October 4, 1976 in Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) is a retired South Korean épée fencer.
At the 2002 FIE World Championships Hyun won the women's individual épée final match over Imke Duplitzer of Germany 15-11. She was the first Asian fencer to win a gold medal at the World Championships. In that year, Hyun was named South Korean Sportswoman of the Year.
Mimmi
The Mimmi series () is a children's books series written by Viveca Lärn (earlier Viveca Sundvall). The main character is Mimmi. She is a girl in late Kindergarten age and later in early primary school age. The books are told from the me-perspective. Many of them are written as diaries. The books were originally published between 1979 and 1996.
Mimmi lives with her family in Kungälv. Her father Oskar is a postman while her mother Elin is a waitress at restaurant "Gyllene Svanen".
Two television series based on the books have been produced. The first was "En ettas dagbok" from 1985 and the second was "Mimmi" från 1988.
Eddie
The Eddie series () is a book series written by Viveca Lärn (earlier Viveca Sundvall) about Eddie. He is a boy in early primary school. The books were originally published between 1991 and 2001. They make up a spinoff series set in the Mimmi universe. The books are told from a third-person perspective. The main character Eddie is the brother of Mimmi's friend Anders. Eddie's father is an alcoholic when the stories begin.
In 1994, a telvision series based on the books and named "Håll huvudet kallt" was produced. It aired as Sveriges Television's Christmas calendar that year.
Norrahammar Church
Norrahammar Church () is a church building in Norrahammar in Sweden. It belongs to Norrahammar Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church was opened in 1930. It was originally a chapel.
Järsnäs Church
Järsnäs Church () is a church building in Järsnäs in Sweden. It belongs to Lekeryd Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church has a tradition dated back to the Middle Age. In 1905, the church was rebuilt.
Öxnehaga Church
Öxnehaga Church () is a church building at Öxnehaga in Huskvarna in Sweden. It belongs to the Huskvarna Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was inaugurated on 27 November 1976. That date was the Saturday before the First Advent Sunday that year.
Ekhagen Church
The Ekhagen Church () is a church building at Ekhagen in Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs ot the Kristina-Ljungarum of the Church of Sweden. It was inaugurated on 12 May 1996 by Bishop Anders Wejryd and replaced the former temporary church that stood in Ekhagen between 1968 and mid 1995.
Råslätt Church
Råslätt Church () is a church building at Råslätt in Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to the Kristina-Ljungarum of the Church of Sweden. The church is dated back to the 1970s. The architect was Per Rudenstam.
Trånghalla Church
Trånghalla Church () is a church building in Trånghalla in Sweden. It belongs to the Bankeryd Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church was opened in 1969.
Trånghalla
Trånghalla is a village in Jönköping Municipality in Jönköping County in Sweden. In 2005, 1,251 people lived there.
Busungarna
Busungarna was a Swedish pop group. It was active between the early-mid 1980s The group consisted of children. They scored a success in 1982 with the Christmas song "Tomten, jag vill ha en riktig jul".
Österängen Church
Österängen Church () is a church building at Österängen in Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to the Christina-Ljungarum Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was inaugurated on First Advent Sunday 1961.
Brahe Church
Brahe Church () is a church building on the island of Visingsö in the lake of Vättern in Sweden. it belongs to the Visingsö Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was opened in 1636 as Wisingsborg Castle Church ().
Any Given Sunday
Any Given Sunday is a 1999 American drama movie. It was directed by Oliver Stone and was produced by Richard Donner, Oliver Stone, Dan Halsted, Lauren Shuler Donner, and Clayton Townsend. "Any Given Sunday" was released on December 22, 1999. The movie is based on the Pat Toomay novel, "On Any Given Sunday".
The movie gained mixed reviews from critics and holds a 50% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
Landsjö Church
Landsjö Church () is a church building in Kaxholmen in Sweden. It belongs to the Skärstad-Ölmstad Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church was inaugurated in 1984.
Kaxholmen