Although Hebrew was the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries, by the fifth century BCE, the closely related Aramaic joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea (where the ancient Jews, "Judeans" (where the word "Jew" comes from) lived) and by the third century BCE Jews of the diaspora (Jewish people outside of their country) were speaking Greek, and soon afterwards Hebrew was no longer used as a first language - for over sixteen centuries being used almost exclusively as a liturgical language (for prayer) until revived as a spoken language by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda in the Palestine of the late 1880s and eventually becoming the official language of the state of Israel.
For centuries Jews worldwide spoke the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branching off as independent languages.
The usual way these languages developed was through the addition of Hebrew words, phrases, and sometimes grammar used to express uniquely Jewish concepts and concerns. Often they were written in Hebrew letters, including the block letters used in Hebrew today and Rashi script. Due to the insular (isolated) nature of many Jewish communities, many Jewish languages retained archaic (old) vocabulary and linguistic structures of the language from which they descended long after they had been lost or changed in later forms of the parent language.
Among the most widely spoken Jewish languages to develop in the diaspora are Yiddish, Ladino, and the Judæo-Arabic group of languages. Yiddish is the Judeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe, and Ladino, also called Judezmo and Muestra Spanyol (our Spanish), is the Judeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who lived in the Iberian peninsula.
Many ancient and distinct Jewish languages, including Gruzinic (Jewish Georgian), Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Berber, Krymchak (Jewish Uzbek) and Judeo-Malayalam (a kind of Indian language) have largely fallen out of use due the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab lands, the assimilation policies of Israel in its early days and other factors.
Yiddish was the language spoken by the largest number of Jews in the 1850s, but today the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews are English, modern Hebrew, and Russian—in that order. Some people think that since Jews who use English and Russian have a lot of Jewish things to say and ways to say them, one day there might be a Judeo-English and maybe Judeo-Russian language.
Maureen McCormick
Maureen McCormick (born August 5, 1956) is a television actress. She played the character of Marcia Brady on "The Brady Bunch" starting in 1969 and ending in 1974. She also acted in many other TV series. She wrote an autobiography called "Here's the Story: Surviving Marcia Brady and Finding My True Voice".
Daniel Francois Malan
Daniel Francois Malan (May 22 1874-February 7 1959) also known as D.F. Malan, was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954. He was leader of the National Party, an Afrikaner nationalist political party. Apartheid began as a state policy in South Africa under Malan.
Phyllis Thaxter
Phyllis St. Felix Thaxter (November 20, 1921 – August 14, 2012) was an American stage and movie actress. She was known for playing Superman's mother in the 1978 movie "Superman", and as Ellen Lawson in "Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo".
Thaxter was born on November 20, in 1921. in Portland, Maine to Sidney Thaxter and to his wife.
She had worked a lot on Broadway since 1940. When Dorothy McGuire went to Hollywood, Phyllis replaced her in the play Claudia. In 1944, she signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Her first movie was with Van Johnson in the wartime movie "Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo". Thaxter played Joan Alris Ellis, a woman suffering from split personality in the movie "Bewitched" in 1945. In 1948, she played a cattle owner's daughter alongside Barbara Bel Geddes in "Blood on the Moon".
At MGM, she routinely portrayed the ever-patient wife to a number of leading men. She moved to Warner Brothers in the 1950s, but usually played the same type of roles.
Thaxter's career ended for a while after being ill of polio in 1952. She made a comeback on the television series in "Rawhide". She would later appear on other television programs such as; "Wagon Train", "The Twilight Zone", and "Alfred Hitchcock Presents". In 1978, Thaxter was cast along with Glenn Ford as Ma and Pa Kent in "Superman".
Thaxter was married to James Thomas Aubrey, Jr. from 1944 until they divorced in 1962. They had a son and a daughter. She was married to Gilbert Lea from 1962 until his death in 2008.
Thaxter died on August 14, 2012 in her home in Longwood, Florida from Alzheimer's disease, aged 90. She had the disease for eight years. She was cremated and her ashes were thrown to the sea.
Godfather's Pizza
Godfather's Pizza is an American pizza franchise group that was started around around 1973. The restaurant chain is headquartered out of Omaha, Nebraska and sells Italian foods in addition to pizza. The chain sells golden, original and thin crusts depending on the eatery.
Shelley Winters
Shelley Winters (Shirley Schrift August 18, 1920 – January 14, 2006) was an American movie actress who appeared in many blockbuster movies such as "Place in the Sun", "The Big Knife", "Lolita", "The Night of the Hunter", "Alfie", and "The Poseidon Adventure". Her career spanned over 50 years until her death in 2006. Winters won Academy Awards for her acting in "The Diary of Anne Frank" and "A Patch of Blue".
Winters was born on August 18, 1920 in St. Louis, Missouri to Rose (née Winter) and to Jonas Schrift. She was raised in Brooklyn, New York City. She was educated at The New School.
Winters' career began in 1943 in the movie "There's Something About a Soldier" and since then she appeared in over 100 movies, such as; "Escape in the Fog", "New Orleans", "The Greatest Story Ever Told", "Flap", "Black Journal", "Fanny Hill", "Jury Duty", and her final movie "A-List".
Winters has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 1992.
Winters was married to Paul Meyer from 1937 until they divorced in 1948. Later she married Vittorio Gassman from 1949 until they divorced in 1954. Thirdly she married Anthony Franciosa from 1957 until they divorced in 1960. Lastly she married Gerry DeFord from 2006 until her death in 2006. Winters only had one child with Grassman.
Winters died on January 14, 2006 in at a hospital in Beverly Hills, California home from heart failure, she was 85 years old. Five days later, her ex-husband Anthony Franciosa died from a stroke.
Anthony Franciosa
Anthony Franciosa (Anthony George Papaleo October 25, 1928 – January 19, 2006) was an American movie, TV, and stage actor, usually known as Tony Franciosa during his career.
He made some movies such as; "Career" (1959) for which he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor/Drama. In television he is known for his lead roles in five well-known TV shows as; the sitcom "Valentine's Day" (1964–65), the drama series "The Name of the Game" (1968–71), "Search" (1972–73), "Matt Helm" (1975) and "Finder of Lost Loves" (1984). Franciosa received a Tony Award nomination for his role in the play "A Hatful of Rain".
Franciosa was born in New York City, New York on October 25, 1928.
Franciosa was married to Beatrice Bakalyar from 1952 until it ended in divorce in 1957. Secondly he married Shelley Winters from 1957 until they divorced in 1960. Thirdly he married Judy Balaban from 1961 until they divorced in 1967. Lastly he married Rita Thiel from 1970 until his death in 2006.