The Lars Onsager Prize is a prize in theoretical statistical physics. It is awarded annually by the American Physical Society. It was established in 1993 by Drs. Russell and Marian Donnelly in memory of Lars Onsager.
Greenland halibut
The Greenland halibut or Greenland turbot ("Reinhardtius hippoglossoides") is part of the Pleuronectidae family and is the only species of the genus Reinhardtius.
It is a deep water fish, ranging between about , and is found in the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific Ocean.
The Greenland halibut is a flatfish, and the left eye has migrated during the fish's development so that it is on the right side of the head.
This fish is used for food and is caught mostly by trawling. Greenpeace thinks the fishery is unsustainable and has added the Greenland halibut to its seafood red list. This designation is widely considered to be based upon limited and unverifiable data.
Chen Li-an
Chen Li-an (; born 22 June 1937), sometimes spelled Chen Lu-an, is a Taiwanese electrical engineer, mathematician and retired politician. He was born in Qingtian, Zhejiang, Republic of China. From 1993 to 1995, he was the President of Control Yuan.
Chen was Minister of Economic Affairs of the Republic of China from 1988 to 1990. He was Minister of National Defense of the Republic of China from 1991 to 1993.
Pete Davidson
Peter Michael "Pete" Davidson (born November 16, 1993) is an American comedian and actor. He is a cast member on "Saturday Night Live". He was born in Staten Island, New York City.
Davidson has also appeared on the MTV shows "Guy Code", "Wild 'n Out", and "Failosophy". He has performed stand-up comedy on "Adam DeVine's House Party", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", and "Comedy Underground with Dave Attell", and guest-starred in "Brooklyn Nine-Nine".
Davidson's father was one of the many firefighters who were killed in the September 11 attacks while last seen at the Marriott World Trade Center.
Davidson has borderline personality disorder and Crohn's disease. On June 20, 2018, Davidson confirmed that he and singer and actress Ariana Grande were engaged to be married.
Marriott World Trade Center
The Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story steel-framed hotel building with 825 rooms. It opened in July 1981 as the Vista International Hotel and was located at 3 World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City, with the World Trade Center complex.
The hotel was destroyed as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, after the collapse of the Twin Towers. The hotel was not replaced as part of the new World Trade Center complex, but will rather share its name with the new office tower.
The Vista International was the first hotel to open in Lower Manhattan since 1836. The building was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
Lars Onsager
Lars Onsager (November 27, 1903 – October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian-born American physical chemist and theoretical physicist. He held the Gibbs Professorship of Theoretical Chemistry at Yale University. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1968.
Lars Onsager was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. His father was a lawyer. After completing secondary school in Oslo, he attended the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) in Trondheim, graduating as a chemical engineer in 1925.
In 1925 he discovered that the Debye-Hückel theory of electrolytic solutions was wrong. This theory explained Brownian movement of ions in solution. In 1926 he published a correction to the theory. He traveled to Zürich, where Peter Debye was teaching, and told him his theory was wrong. Debye was so impressed by Onsager's work that he asked him to become his assistant. Onsager stayed at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) until 1928.
In 1928 Onsager went to the United States to teach at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. He was a genius in developing theories, he was not a very good chemistry teacher, and he was dismissed after one semester.
His next job was teaching statistical mechanics at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Again he was found to be no good at teaching. He did make significant contributions to statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. The only student who could really understand his lectures on electrolyte systems was Raymond Fuoss. Fuoss eventually joined him at Yale University.
In 1933, during the Great Depression Brown's decided they could not afford to employ someone who could not teach and he was dismissed. .
His research at Brown was on the effects on diffusion of temperature gradients. He came up with a set of equations  in 1929 now called Onsager reciprocal relations. The importance of these equations in statistical mechanics was not realized for many years. However by 1968 they were considered important for Onsager to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1933, after leaving Browns, Onsager traveled to Austria to visit electrochemist Hans Falkenhagen. He met Falkenhagen's sister-in-law, Margrethe Arledter. They were married on September 7, 1933, and had three sons and a daughter.
His next job was at Yale University, where he remained for most of the rest of his life, retiring in 1972. At Yale, it was discovered that he had never received a Ph.D. The Norwegian Institute of Technology found that his his work in reciprocal relations was too incomplete to qualify as a doctoral dissertation. Yale said they would accept one of his published papers instead, but Onsager insisted on doing a new research project. His dissertation, called "Solutions of the Mathieu equation of period 4 pi and certain related functions", was too hard for the chemistry and physics faculty to understand. It was only after the mathematics department said they would give him the doctorate instead, that he was granted a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1935. He was appointed assistant professor in 1934, and associate professor in 1940. At Yale he produced brilliant theoretical research, but could not teach or explain ideas to students. He was also unable to direct the research of graduate students, except for the occasional outstanding one.
During the late 1930s, Onsager researched the dipole theory of dielectrics. He again improved on earlier work by Peter Debye. However, when he gave his paper to a journal that Debye edited in 1936, it was rejected. Debye would not accept Onsager's ideas until after World War II. During the 1940s, Onsager studied the statistical-mechanical theory of phase transitions in solids. He came up with a mathematical theory which was enthusiastically received. In a tour de force of mathematical physics, he obtained the exact solution for the two dimensional Ising model in zero field in 1944.
In 1935 he was awarded an honorary degree from the Norwegian Institute of Technology, later part of Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
In 1945, Onsager was naturalized as an American citizen. He  was awarded the title of "J. Willard Gibbs Professor of Theoretical Chemistry". Willard Gibbs worked on using mathematics to solve problems in physics and chemistry. Onsager continuing in the same areas Gibbs had pioneered.
In 1947, Onsager was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1950 he joined the ranks of Alpha Chi Sigma.
After World War II, Onsager researched new topics of interest. He came up with a theoretical explanation of the superfluid properties of liquid helium in 1949. Two years later the physicist Richard Feynman independently proposed the same theory. He also worked on the theories of liquid crystals and the electrical properties of ice. While on a Fulbright scholarship to the University of Cambridge, he worked on the magnetic properties of metals. He developed important ideas on the quantization of magnetic flux in metals. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1958, Willard Gibbs Award in 1962, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1968. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1975.