In the emergency room problem, many, many things can affect the player's decision. The students say things like, "The player is a doctor, and doctors are taught not to hurt or kill people, so the player will say no" instead of saying what they themselves would do. Or they would say things like "If the doctors kill the homeless person, people will find out about it. They will be worried that the doctors will kill them for their organs, so they will not go to the emergency room when they need to. Then more than five people will die—sick people who did not go to the emergency room for help." These things are true, but they mean the emergency room case is very complicated for a thought experiment.
Philosophers invented the footbridge problem as a better version of the emergency room problem. Unlike in the emergency room problem, there are no societal systems that get in the way, for example the doctor's education or people deciding not to go to the emergency room.
In the footbridge problem, the player is standing on a small bridge over a trolley track. Again, there is a trolley with no brakes heading very fast toward five people. It will hit and kill the people if nothing stops it. They cannot get out of the way. There is also a second person on the footbridge. If the player pushes this one person off the footbridge, then their body will stop the trolley, saving the five other people. But the one person whom the player has pushed will die. In this problem, the person the player would push is big and fat enough to stop the trolley, but the player is not.
Other variations on the trolley problem include when the player knows some or all of the people on the tracks. Another is when the big fat person on the footbridge put the five people on the track on purpose so they would be run over. Another is when the one person whom the trolley can run over instead of the other five is a person taking a nap in a hammock instead of someone standing on a trolley track.
A team of scientists led by Joshua Greene put people in an fMRI machine to watch what their brains did while they thought about the trolley problem and its other versions. When people thought about pulling the trolley switch to kill one person instead of five, the parts of the brain that do cool, rational thinking (the prefrontal cortex) lit up. When people thought about pushing a fat man onto the track, the parts of their brain that do emotion (the amygdala) lit up. The people decided not to push the fat man onto the track. Greene and the other scientists said they think human beings are more likely to make moral decisions using intuition when they are feeling emotions, for example the disgust they feel at the thought of killing an innocent fat man. Green and the other scientists said they think human beings are more likely to make decisions using logic when their emotions are not involved.
The trolley problem appeared in the episode "The Trolley Problem" on the second season of the sitcom "The Good Place".
Gao Wenbin
Gao Wenbin () (December 1921/1922 – 7 September 2020) was a Chinese historian, translator, university professor and jurist. He was the last surviving member of the Chinese delegation which represented the Republic of China at the Tokyo Trial. He was born in Yueyang, Hunan.
In 1952, he was arrested by one of the teachers of the Soochow University Law School terming him as a "special suspect" and was sentenced to a minimum of ten years of labour reform.
He joined the China Democratic League in 1985.
He had lectures at the University of Maine School of Law and at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. He also taught maritime law and international law at the Shanghai Maritime University.
Gao died on 7 September 2020 at a hospital in Shanghai from a long-illness, aged 99.
Shibboleth
A shibboleth () was originally a single word which distinguished one group from another.
Rather more widely, it is any custom or tradition that distinguishes one group of people from another. Shibboleths have been used throughout history in many societies as passwords. They are simple ways of self-identification: they signal loyalty and affinity.
The term comes from the Hebrew word "shibbólet" (), which means the part of a plant containing grain, such as the head of a stalk of wheat or rye.
The modern use comes from an account in the Hebrew Bible. How this word was pronounced was used to distinguish friend from foe. In the Book of Judges, chapter 12, the inhabitants of Gilead inflicted a military defeat on the invading tribe of Ephraim (around 1370–1070 BC). The surviving Ephraimites tried to cross the River Jordan to their home territory, but the Gileadites secured the river's fords to stop them.
To identify and kill the Ephraimites, the Gileadites told each suspected survivor to say the word "shibboleth". The Ephraimite dialect resulted in a pronunciation that, to Gileadites, sounded like "sibboleth". In the King James Bible:
The concept of a shibboleth is still with us. It is any word, phrase, jargon or pronunciation which identifies a person as a member of a particular group.
Landscape architecture
Landscape architecture is a field of design that deals with the design of garden buildings and open spaces: open public or private spaces, squares, gardens and parks, promenades and more. He who deals with landscape architecture is landscape architect. In most cases, landscape architecture is simultaneously associated with the architecture of buildings and planning and urban design, which are areas in which architects are engaged. Landscape architecture deals with different and varied forms of open spaces and different ways of planning the relationship between buildings and land and landscape and between man and nature or his urban environment.
Landscape urbanism
Landscape urbanism is a new theory in the field of urban and regional planning that first appeared in the late 20th century claiming that the best way to organize cities is through the landscape design of the city rather than the design of its buildings. The phrase urban landscape first appeared in the mid-1990s. Since then this phrase has received many different uses but is most often cited as a post-modernist or post-modernist response to the failures of "New Urbanism".
In 2008 the first Biennale in the world of "Landscape Urbanism" was held in the city of Bat-Yam in Israel which dealt with New Urbanism.
AFC Asian Cup
The AFC Asian Cup, commonly known as the Asian Cup, is the main association football competition played by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). It has been held every four years since 1956, in the even-numbered year between FIFA World Cup tournaments until 2004, and in the year after FIFA World Cup tournaments since 2007.
Hassan Maatouk
Hassan Ali Maatouk (born 10 August 1987) is an Lebanese footballer. He plays for Ansar and the Lebanon national team as a forward. He is the player with the most goals and appearances for his national team.
The Naked City
The Naked City is a 1948 American crime drama movie directed by Jules Dassin and stars Barry Fitzgerald, Howard Duff, Dorothy Hart, Don Taylor, Frank Conroy, Adelaide Klein. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. It was nominated for 3 Academy Awards and won 2 Oscars in 1949.
Marco Cariola
Marco Antonio Juan Andrés Cariola Barroilhet (2 November 1932 – 6 September 2020) was a Chilean lawyer, farmer and politician. He was born in Viña del Mar, Chile. Cariola was a member of the Independent Democratic Union. From 1998 to 2006, he was a member of the Senate.
Cariola died on 6 September 2020 in Santiago de Chile at the age of 87.
Paul Chittilapilly