The importance of the slide rule began to diminish as electronic computers, a new but very scarce resource in the 1950s, became widely available to technical workers during the 1960s. The introduction of Fortran in 1957 made computers practical for solving modest size mathematical problems. IBM introduced a series of more affordable computers, the IBM 650 (1954), IBM 1620 (1959), IBM 1130 (1965) addressed to the science and engineering market. John Kemeny's BASIC programming language (1964) made it easy for students to use computers. The DEC PDP-8 minicomputer was introduced in 1965.
Computers also changed the nature of calculation. With slide rules, there was a great emphasis on working the algebra to get expressions into the most computable form. Users of slide rules would simply approximate or drop small terms to simplify the calculation. Fortran allowed complicated formulas to be typed in from textbooks without the effort of reformulation. Numerical integration was often easier than trying to find closed form solutions for difficult problems. The young engineer asking for computer time to solve a problem that could have been done by a few swipes on the slide rule became a humorous cliché. Many computer centers had a framed slide rule hung on a wall with the note "In case of emergency, break glass."
Another step toward the replacement of slide rules with electronics was the development of electronic calculators for scientific and engineering use. The first included the Wang Laboratories LOCI-2, introduced in 1965, which used logarithms for multiplication and division and the Hewlett-Packard HP-9100, introduced in 1968. The HP-9100 had trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan) in addition to exponentials and logarithms. It used the CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer) algorithm, which allows for calculation of trigonometric functions using only shift and add operations. This method facilitated the development of ever smaller scientific calculators.
The last nail in the coffin for the slide rule was the launch of pocket-sized scientific calculators, of which the 1972 Hewlett-Packard HP-35 was the first. Such calculators became known as "slide rule" calculators since they could perform most or all of the functions on a slide rule. At several hundred dollars, even this was considered expensive for most students. While professional slide rules could also be quite expensive, drug stores often sold basic plastic models for under $20 USD. But by 1975, basic four-function electronic calculators could be purchased for under $50. By 1976 the TI-30 offered a scientific calculator for under $25. After this time, the market for slide rules dried up quickly as small scientific calculators became affordable.
One advantage of using a slide rule together with an electronic calculator is that an important calculation can be checked by doing it on both; because the two instruments are so different, there is little chance of making the same mistake twice.
General information, history:
How-to's:
Emerson Sheik
Márcio Emerson Passos (born 6 December 1978) is a Brazilian-Qatari professional athlete. He is best known as a football player. He has played for Qatar national team.
25||9||5||3||colspan="2"|-||2||0||32||12
152||121||0||0||29||24||colspan="2"|-||181||145
34||24||6||3||18||18||7||5||65||50
3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
214||154||11||6||47||42||9||5||281||207
!Total||1||0
Albert Nađ
Albert Nađ (born 29 October 1974) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.
227||14
142||3
7||0
376||17
!Total||44||3
Hajime Moriyasu
Moriyasu was born in Kakegawa on August 23, 1968. After graduating from Nagasaki Nihon University High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mazda (later "Sanfrecce Hiroshima") in 1987. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league, J1 League. The club won the 2nd place in 1994 J1 League and 1995 and 1996 Emperor's Cup. In 1998, he moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga on loan. In 1999, he returned to Sanfrecce. He played 271 matches and scored 34 goals for the club until 2001. In 2002, he moved to newly was promoted to J1 League club, Vegalta Sendai. He retired end of 2003 season.
On May 31, 1992, Moriyasu debuted for the Japan national team against Argentina. In 1992, he was selected the Japan for 1992 Asian Cup which held in Japan and Japan team won the champions. In 1993, he played at 1994 World Cup qualification in Doha. However Japan failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup. It was known as the "Agony of Doha" () in Japan. He played 35 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 1996.
After the retirement, Moriyasu started coaching career at Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 2004. In 2007, he became an assistant coach for the top team. In 2010, he moved to Albirex Niigata. In 2012, he returned to Sanfrecce and became a manager. The club won the J1 League champions in 2012, 2013 and 2015. However the club results were bad in the 2017 season and he resigned in July. In October, he became a manager for Japan U-23 national team. In April 2018, he also became an assistant coach under the manager Akira Nishino for Japan national team. After the 2018 World Cup, Moriyasu became a new manager as Nishino successor. In 2019, Japan won the 2nd place at 2019 Asian Cup.
357||40||25||1||52||7||434||48
357||40||25||1||52||7||434||48
!Total||35||1
Rahman Rezaei
Rahman Rezaei (born 20 February 1975) is an Iranian football player. He has played for Iran national team.
166||8
13||0
13||0
179||8
!Total||54||3
Muhsin Musabah
Muhsin Musabah (born 1 October 1964) is a former United Arab Emirati football player. He has played for United Arab Emirates national team.
!Total||105||0
Juan Sebastián Verón
Juan Sebastián Verón (born 9 March 1975) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Estudiantes La Plata and Argentina national team.
143||23
189||21
58||9
390||53
!Total||68||9
Claudio López
Claudio López (born 17 July, 1974) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.
150||35
126||47
106||29
75||21
57||13
514||145
!Total||55||10
Wagner Lopes
Lopes was born in Franca, Brazil on January 29, 1969. He moved to Japan and signed with Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors in 1987. From 1988 to 1990, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup for 2 years in a row. He moved to Hitachi (later "Kashiwa Reysol") in 1990. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league Japan Football League (JFL). The club won 2nd place in 1994 and was promoted to J1 League. He also many scored with Careca. However he left the club due to restrictions on foreign players because the club gains Müller. Lopes joined JFL club Honda in 1995. He became a top scorer for 2 years in a row (1995-1996). He moved to J1 League club Bellmare Hiratsuka in 1997. He played with Hidetoshi Nakata and scored many goals as striker. However, he left the club end of 1998 season due to financial strain and moved to Nagoya Grampus Eight. The club won the champions at 1999 Emperor's Cup. Toward end of his career, he played for FC Tokyo (2001) and Avispa Fukuoka (2001-02). He retired end of 2002 season.
In September 1997, Lopes obtained Japanese citizenship. Immediately after this, he was selected the Japan national team for 1998 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on September 28, he debuted against South Korea. After the debut, he played 6 games and scored 3 goals at World Cup qualification and Japan won the qualify for 1998 World Cup first time Japan's history. At 1998 World Cup, he played all 3 matches. In third match against Jamaica, he assisted Masashi Nakayama goal. This goal is the first goal for Japan in the history of the World Cup. He also played at 1999 Copa América and scored 2 goals. He played 20 games and scored 5 goals for Japan until 1999.
349||239||16||8||24||17||389||264
349||239||16||8||24||17||389||264