Ammonium is an ion. It is an ammonia molecule, NH, protonated (with a hydrogen ion added) to make NH. It bonds with negative ions such as chloride to make salts such as ammonium chloride. Ammonium is slightly reducing so it can react with strong oxidizing agents.
Protonation
Protonation is the addition of a hydrogen ion to a substance. A hydrogen atom normally contains 1 proton and 1 electron. When the hydrogen atom is oxidized, it loses its electron, leaving a H. The H is the same as a proton. Substances are protonated when hydrogen ions are added to them. For example, when ammonia (NH) is protonated, it forms ammonium ions, NH. A substance is protonated by a substance more acidic than it. The acidic substance is deprotonated.
Deprotonation
Deprotonation is the removal of a hydrogen ion from a substance. A hydrogen atom normally contains 1 proton and 1 electron. When it is oxidized, it loses the electron, turning it into a hydrogen ion. A hydrogen cation is the same as a proton. Substances are deprotonated by other substances more basic than themselves. The base itself is protonated.
Stink bomb
A stink bomb is a packet that, when pressed, releases bad odors. A common ingredient in stink bombs is ammonium sulfide. They are used for practical jokes on other people.
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chloride is a chemical compound composed of ammonium and chloride ions. It is a colorless crystalline compound. It is used in soldering. It is also used as an electrolyte in the Leclanche cell, a type of primary cell. Ammonium chloride can be deprotonated by strong bases such as sodium hydroxide to produce ammonia gas.It is sublime compound.
Necro (rapper)
Ron Raphael Braunstein is an American rapper, producer, director, and Label CEO better known by his stage name, Necro. His stage name is derived from the Slayer song, "Necrophobic". Necro invented the term "death rap" which he describes as ultraviolent hip hop. Necro is the younger brother of other local rapper, Ill Bill. He is a Jew of Israeli and Romanian ethnicity.
Necro has released 9 studio albums:
He has also been involved in controversy which includes a riot that erupted at one of his shows when he didn't show up in Vancouver, British Columbia, Necro being fined $3000 for fracturing a man's jaw in Perth, Western Australia, being sued by Ani DiFranco after he sampled one of her songs and his music was connected to a murder in London, Ontario because the murderer was a fan of Necro and was inspired by his song "Garbage Bag".
Zinc chloride
Zinc chloride is a chemical compound. It contains zinc and chloride ions. The zinc is in the +2 oxidation state, the only oxidation state zinc has. Its chemical formula is ZnCl.
It is a colorless crystal compound. It dissolves in water. It reacts with bases to make zinc hydroxide.
Zinc chloride can be made by reacting zinc with hydrochloric acid. In this reaction, hydrogen gas is also produced. It can also be made by reacting zinc with chlorine.
It is used in the making of chemicals, textile processing, and the electrolyte of the Leclanche cell. Cells containing this chemical are marketed as "Super Heavy Duty" or "Extra Heavy Duty".
Zinc chloride irritates skin and the respiratory tract.
Wet cell
A wet cell is a cell that contains a liquid electrolyte. Most batteries have a paste electrolyte. Car batteries have a liquid electrolyte. They are inconvenient because the electrolyte can be spilled. Most early batteries had liquid electrolytes. People still use wet cells where they need high power, such as in cars.
Mercury battery
A mercury battery is a primary cell. It has similar performance to, but is much cheaper than, silver oxide batteries. Its disadvantage is that it contains toxic mercury, which pollutes the environment. This battery uses the oxidation of zinc by mercury(II) oxide to generate electricity. It has either sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. Mercury batteries used to be common but have become increasingly restricted.
Some advantages of mercury batteries are their very long life and steady voltage.
Silver oxide battery
Silver oxide batteries are primary cells. They are generally found in small sizes. They are expensive because they contain silver, but do not have toxic mercury like the cheaper mercury battery. They generate electricity by oxidation of zinc with silver(I) oxide. It has a basic electrolyte, usually potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.
Some chemical reactions happen during discharging:
E.T. the Extra Terrestrial (video game)
E.T. the Extra Terrestrial is a 1982 adventure video game that was developed, published and distributed by Atari, Inc. It is based on the movie of the same name. The game was for the Atari 2600 and was planned for the Atari 5200 but was cancelled. "E.T." is often considered to be one of the worst video games of all time, and was claimed to be the reason for Atari's massive financial losses during 1983 and 1984. The unsold cartridges of the game were buried in a landfill in New Mexico and was cited as one of the reasons for the video game industry crash of 1983. In 2014, many of the cartridges were excavated from the landfill.
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(II) oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgO. It has mercury and oxide ions. The mercury is in the +2 oxidation state.
It is a red or yellow solid. It is very toxic and corrosive. It reacts violently with some reducing agents, as it is an oxidizing agent. It reacts with acids to make other mercury(II) salts like mercury(II) chloride. It breaks down when heated to make mercury and oxygen.
It can be made by heating mercury and oxygen at . It can also be made by heating mercury(II) nitrate. This makes the red form. The yellow form is made by reacting a mercury(II) salt with a strong base.
It can be used to make other mercury(II) salts. It is used in mercury batteries. It is much cheaper than the silver(I) oxide used in silver oxide batteries.
Silver(I) oxide
Silver(I) oxide is a chemical compound with the formula AgO. It is a fine black or dark brown powder. It is composed of silver in the +1 oxidation state. It is used in silver oxide batteries to oxidize the zinc, providing the electrical current. It is more expensive than the mercury(II) oxide used in mercury batteries but much less toxic and less damaging to the environment. It can react violently with reducing agents.
Household ammonia
Household ammonia is a marketed substance that consists of a dilute solution of ammonia in water. About 7% of the solution by weight is ammonia. It is used for cleaning. It can also be known as ammonium hydroxide, but it really exists in the form NH + HO rather than NH + OH.
Cape York Peninsula
Cape York Peninsula is a large remote peninsula in the far north of Queensland, Australia. It is the largest unspoilt wilderness in eastern Australia and one of the last remaining wilderness areas on Earth. The area is mostly flat and about half is used for grazing cattle. Much of the wildlife is threatened by introduced species and weeds. However, the eucalyptus wooded savannah, tropical rainforests, and other types of habitat are now recognized as being globally important.
The Cape York Peninsula region covers an area of about 137,000 km² north of 16°S latitude. From the tip of the peninsula, Cape York, it is about to New Guinea across the island and coral reefs of Torres Strait.
The west coast is bordered by the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast by the Coral Sea. There is no clear border to the south, but the boundary in the Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007 of Queensland follows the 16°S latitude.
At the peninsula’s widest point, it is 430 km from the Bloomfield River, on the east coast, to the Aboriginal community of Kowanyama on the west coast. It is some 660 km from the southern border, to the tip of Cape York. The largest islands in the Torres Strait include Prince of Wales Island, Horn Island, Moa, and Badu Island.