For this experiment, Miller designed a sealed glass apparatus and used it to simulate the conditions on Earth before life appeared. It had two two glass flasks. One was of 500ml with 200 ml of water poured in it. The other was of 5 liter with a pair of electrodes. This one was filled with 100 mmHg of Hydrogen (H, 200 mmHg of Methane (CH), and 200 mmHg of Ammonia (NH). To simulate rain, the water in the smaller flask was heated to create evaporation, and the water vapour was allowed to enter the larger flask and it mixed with the other gases. To simulate lightning in the water vapour and gaseous mixture, electrical sparks were fired between the electrodes. Then the water was cooled again and the water created rain. This process continued for a week.
After a day, the solution turned pink in colour, and after a week, the solution became deep red and turbid. Then, mercuric chloride was added to prevent microbial contamination. The reaction was stopped by adding barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, and evaporated to remove impurities. When Miller analysed the solution, he found a lot of amino acids; one of the building blocks of life.
Moreover, some evidence suggests that Earth's original atmosphere might have had a different composition than the gas used in the Miller–Urey experiment. There is abundant evidence of major volcanic eruptions 4 billion years ago, which would have released carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide (HS), and sulfur dioxide (SO) into the atmosphere. Experiments using these gases in addition to the ones in the original Miller–Urey experiment have produced more diverse molecules.
Note that organic compounds, including amino acids, are present in the meteorite dust which rains down on Earth. Therefore, interest in abiogenesis and the origin of life has shifted to the question of how cells and large macromolecules formed.
Tony Amonte
Anthony Lewis Amonte (born August 2, 1970) is an American retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 1174 regular season games and 99 playoff games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, Phoenix Coyotes, Philadelphia Flyers, and the Calgary Flames. He currently works as the head coach of Thayer Academy Varsity Hockey Team.
Before playing in the NHL, Amonte played 2 years of college hockey with the Boston University Terriers. He was drafted with the 68th overall pick by the New York Rangers in the 1988 NHL Draft. Amonte played in the NHL for five teams, New York Rangers from 1991 to 1994, Chicago Blackhawks from 1994 to 2002, Phoenix Coyotes from 2002 to 2003, Philadelphia Flyers from 2003 to 2004 and the Calgary Flames from 2005 to 2007.
Kristján Eldjárn
Kristján Eldjárn (December 6, 1916 – September 14, 1982) was the 3rd president of Iceland. He was president from 1968 to 1980.
He won as the underdog in the 1968 presidential election, winning 65.6% of the vote on a 92.2% voter turnout running against Gunnar Thoroddsen.
His son is Þórarinn Eldjárn who is a popular author in Iceland and his daughter Sigrún Eldjárn is also an author.
Henry Lawson
Henry Lawson (17 June 1867 – 2 September 1922) was an Australian writer and poet. Along with Banjo Paterson, he is remembered as one of the best Australian writers. He wrote about life in the Australian bush.
Lawson was an nationalist and republican, and he wanted Australia to become and independent nation. Lawson wrote many stories and articles for "The Bulletin". He used the Australian language in his stories. From the 1890s he suffered from alcoholism and mental illness which meant he did not write as much in his later years. He never had much money, and spent time in Darlinghurst Gaol and psychiatric institutions. After he died in 1922 following a cerebral haemorrhage, Lawson became the first Australian writer to be granted a state funeral.
Hi mother was Louisa Lawson, a poet, publisher and feminist.
Nellie Melba
Dame Nellie Melba GBE (born Helen Porter Mitchell; 19 May 186123 February 1931), was an Australian opera soprano. She became one of the most famous singers of the late Victorian Era and the early 20th century. Melba was the first Australian to become a world famous classical musician.
Melba was born in Richmond, Victoria. Her father was Scottish. She died of septicemia in Sydney.
Skeeter Davis
Mary Frances Penick (December 30, 1931–September 19, 2004) better known by her stage name, Skeeter Davis was an American country music singer.
Her best known song is her 1963 hit, The End of the World.
She released 30 studio albums during her musical career.
She died on September 19, 2004 because of breast cancer which she had been battling for years.
Barry Humphries
John Barry Humphries (born 17 February 1934) is an Australian actor, artist, author, comedian, and satirist. His is probably best known for making up and playing the characters of Dame Edna Everage, a Melbourne housewife and "gigastar", and Sir Les Patterson, who is an really rude "Australian diplomat". He is also a movie producer and script writer, a star of London's West End musical theatre, an award-winning writer and a landscape painter. He has been on TV, in movie and on stage. He became popular in Australia in the 1950s, then Britain from the 1960s and finally in America in the 1990s. He has been called the most important comedian since Charlie Chaplin.
Australian country music
Australian country music is a part of the music of Australia. It comes from American country music, as well as British and Irish folk music and the work of traditional Australian poets like Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson. Australian country music often uses guitars, banjos, fiddles and harmonicas and has songs about things like: outback life, stockmen, truckers and outlaws, romance, political protest and the "beauty and the terror" of the Australian bush. Famous musicians include: Slim Dusty, Joy McKean, Olivia Newton-John, John Williamson, Keith Urban, Lee Kernaghan and Kasey Chambers. Others singers influenced by it include Nick Cave and Paul Kelly. Popular songs include Waltzing Matilda (1895), Pub With No Beer (1957), Lights on the Hill (1973), I Honestly Love You (1974), True Blue (1981), and Not Pretty Enough (2002).
Get Closer (Keith Urban album)
Get Closer is the sixth studio album by New Zealand-born Australian country music singer Keith Urban. It was released on November 16, 2010. The producers of the album was Dan Huff and Keith Urban. The album peaked at #7 on the Billboard 200 and peaked #2 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums. The song "Put You in a Song" peaked at #2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs.
Marie Thérèse of Savoy
Maria Teresa of Savoy (31 January 1756 – 2 June 1805) was a Princess of Savoy and the wife of Charles Charles, Count of Artois future Charles X of France. In France she was known as Marie Thérèse de Savoie.
Born at the Royal Palace of Turin, she was the child of Victor Amandeus of Savoy and his wife Maria Antonia of Spain and was baptised with the names "Maria Teresa". At the time of her birth her grandfather, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, was the King of Sardinia and her father was the heir to the throne.
Maria Teresa was engaged to Charles Philippe of France, youngest grandson of Louis XV. Her marriage with Charles Philippe, known as the Count of Artois, was the last of three marriages which were carried out between 1771 and 1775. These marriages were between her oldest brother and sister and the younger grandsons of Louis XV and his older granddaughter Marie Clotilde of France.