Palm Springs, California is a city in Riverside County, California. As of 2010, 44,552 people lived there. It is one of the largest cities in the Coachella Valley. Palm Springs and the surrounding area have many retirement communities (places where retired people live). The city and surrounding area have almost 100 golf courses.
Palm Springs has a hot desert climate ("BWh" in the Köppen climate classification).
Navier–Stokes equations
The Navier–Stokes equations are kinds of partial differential equations, mathematical equations that describe the motion of fluids. The equations are named after Claude-Louis Navier and George Gabriel Stokes. The equations happen when you apply Newton's second law to fluid dynamics with the guess that the stress, or internal forces, comes from the sum of a diffusing viscous term (based on which way the velocity is changing), plus a pressure term.
They are very useful because many important things flow. Scientists and engineers use the equations in mathematical models of weather, ocean currents, water flow in a pipe, how air flows around a wing, and how stars move inside a galaxy. The Navier–Stokes equations in their full and simplified forms help with the design of aircraft and cars, the study of blood flow, the design of power stations, the analysis of pollution, and many other things. Together with Maxwell's equations (the equations for electricity and magnetism) they can be used to model and study how things that can flow and conduct electricity can produce (and react to) magnetic fields.
The Navier–Stokes equations are also of great interest in a purely mathematical sense. Somewhat surprisingly, given how useful these equations are, mathematicians have not yet proven that in three dimensions solutions always exist, or that if they do exist, then they do not contain any bad points where they become infinite. These are called the Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness problems. The Clay Mathematics Institute has called this one of the seven most important open problems in mathematics, and offered a US$1,000,000 prize (approx. €0.7M or £0.6M as of September 2009) for a solution or a counter-example.
The Navier–Stokes equations dictate not position but rather velocity (how fast the fluid is going and where it is going). A solution of the Navier–Stokes equations is called a velocity field or flow field, which is a description of the velocity of the fluid at a given point in space and time. Once the velocity field is solved for, other quantities of interest (such as flow rate or drag force) may be found. This is different from what one normally sees in classical mechanics, where solutions are typically paths of a particle over time. Studying velocity instead of position makes more sense for a fluid, but for visualization purposes one also can compute various paths that a particle could flow along.
List of surnames in Russia
This list is there to help find pages (that no other pages link to) of "family names" (surnames) of people in the Russian Federation.
This is different from a list of surnames that came from Russia as there are people living in there with very many ethnic roots. Because of this there are surnames from many places of the ex-USSR, Europe, and Asia. This list also shows in the Simple English Wikipedia to show pages about family names that may need to be created. If you or your relatives live in Russia, add your surname to the list if it is not there.
It is also very possible on the Simple English Wikipedia that the spelled versions of the names can be the same as some equivalent common Slavic surnames of Ukrainians, Belorusians, Bulgarians, and others.
Mary Toft
Mary Toft (née Denyer) (c. 1701–1763), also called Mary Tofts, was an English woman from Godalming, Surrey. In 1726 she tricked doctors into believing that she had given birth to rabbits. She became famous, and was taken to London. There she was examined by royal doctors. Later she confessed, and was sent to prison.
Toft became pregnant in 1726, but later miscarried. She had developed a strong interest in a rabbit she had seen while working, and claimed to have given birth to parts of animals. Local surgeon John Howard was called to see if it was true, and upon delivering several animal parts he told other important doctors. The event came to the attention of Nathaniel St. André, surgeon to the Royal Household of King George I of Great Britain. St. André checked further into the event and decided that Toft was telling the truth. The king also sent surgeon Cyriacus Ahlers to see Toft, but Ahlers did not believe it. By now quite famous, Toft was brought to London and was studied at length. She was watched closely. She produced no more rabbits, and eventually confessed to the hoax and was sent to prison as a fraud.
The public learned of the fact that the doctors had been fooled, and this created panic in the medical profession. Several important surgeons' careers were ruined. Pamphlets were published which made fun of the doctors, and William Hogarth was very critical of the profession. Toft was eventually released without charge and returned to her home.
San Fernando de Monte Cristi
San Fernando de Monte Cristi, usually just "Monte Cristi", is a city in the Dominican Republic and the head municipality of the Monte Cristi province, in the northwest of the nation.
The name comes from the name given by Columbus on 4 January 1493 to the mountain known now as "El Morro": "Monte Cristo" or "Monte Christi" ("Mountain of Christ").
The name of the city has been written of different ways: "Monte Cristi" (Columbus), "Monte Cristo" (Ferdinand Columbus), "Monte Christi" or "Monte Christo" (Las Casas), "Monte Cristy" and "Montecristi". But the name most used is Monte Cristi.
When the city was founded again in 1751, the name was changed to the present one, "San Fernando de Monte Cristi", after Ferdinand VI, King of Spain.
The municipality had, in , a total population of 24,644: 12,892 men and 11,752 women. The urban population was of the total population.
The city was founded by Juan de Bolaños in 1533; but Rodríguez says that it was in 1545 by Francisco Mesa. Some families from the Canary Islands came to live here. Because it was too dry and hot, there was not possibility of any kind of farming, except some cattle raising, and the city was developed as a port.
The town was destroyed in 1606 by order of the Spanish government and the inhabitants were moved, together with the inhabitants of Puerto Plata inhabitants, away from the northern coast to form the new town of Monte Plata. In 1751, Monte Cristi was founded again by order of the king Ferdinand VI of Spain.
Monte Cristi is in the northwestern end of the Cibao Valley, near the Montecristi Bay. The city is just to the north of the mouth of the River Yaque del Norte.
To the north of the city is the western end of the "Cordillera Septentrional" ("Northern mountain range"); the last mountain of this range is "El Morro".
The municipality has a total area of 535.87. The region around the city is very dry and hot.
The altitude of the city of Monte Cristi is above sea level.
Monte Cristi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: As) with a pronounced dry season on summer, and an wet season on winter.
The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of rainfall, followed by December with .
The driest season is summer. The month with the least rainfall on average is July with an average of followed by August, .
Monte Cristi is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
The most important economic activities in the municipality are fishing and salt production. Farming is important near the River Yaque del Norte, and the main crops are bananas and rice.