The tragedy of the commons was an article published by Garrett Hardin in the journal "Science" in 1968. It describes a problem where many people with their own ideas can make something they all share worse, even if no one wants to. For example, even if no one wants to pollute water because that makes it unhealthy, it can still end up like that because so many want to use the water for their own reasons, like washing and throwing away rubbish. Each person thinks that their small bit of pollution of the water is too small to affect the quality of the water, but because there are many people the total effect ends up making the water too polluted for mostly anybody to use for drinking or even washing. This may occur in slums and other overcrowded places like refugee camps.
The idea was not Hardin's, but a person named William Forster Lloyd who wrote about it in 1833. In those days herders often grazed cows on common land. Lloyd pointed out that each cow added benefit to its owner but damaged the land overall for all herders by overgrazing.
The tragedy of the commons is often used in modern debates on ecology. It is also a topic in game theory.
Andrew Manze
Andrew Manze (pronounce: "MAN-zee"), (born Beckenham, 14 January 1965)
is an English violinist and conductor who is famous for performing music from the Baroque period.
Manze spent his childhood in Bedford. He went to Bedford School where he learned to play the violin. While studying Classics at Cambridge University he started to play the Baroque violin. Then he studied with Simon Standage at the Royal Academy of Music, and then he studied with Lucy van Dael at The Hague and with Marie Leonhardt.
In 1988 he became first violinist of the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra which was conducted by Ton Koopman. He also played with two other musicians: the harpsichordist John Toll and the lutenist Nigel North, in a trio called Romanesca.
From 2003 to 2007 he directed The English Concert. He also introduced many music programmes on BBC Radio 3 and appeared in television programmes, e.g. Handel's Water Music. He often performed with the harpsichordist Richard Egarr. He has appeared twice at the BBC Proms.
Manze is now taking a rest from playing the violin and concentrating on conducting. He lives in Sweden where he is Principal Conductor of the Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra and Principal Guest Conductor of the Norwegian Radio Orchestra. He is also Associate Conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra.
In 2011 Andrew Manze was awarded the Rolf Schock Prize laureate in Musical Arts, a Swedish prize which is awarded every three years
Frederick William II of Prussia
Frederick William II (; 25 September 1744 – 16 November 1797) was the fourth King of Prussia. He ruled from 1786 until his death. He was a successor and grandson of Frederick I, the first king of Prussia.
Finnish Wikipedia
The Finnish Wikipedia is the Finnish-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition began in 2002.
It is the 23rd largest edition.
As of July 2018, it had over 440,000 articles.
São Francisco River
The São Francisco River is a river in Brazil. It is around 3,100 kilometers long. The main tributaries of the São Francisco River are the Paraopeba, Abaeté, das Velhas, Jequitaí, Paracatu, Urucuia, Verde Grande, Carinhanha, Corrente, and Grande rivers.It is an important river for Brazil, called “the river of national integration” because it unites diverse climes and regions of the country, in particular the Southeast with the Northeast.
São Francisco (disambiguation)
São Francisco (Portuguese: "Saint Francis") can be any of the following:
Data Base Task Group
The Data Base Task Group (DBTG) was a working group founded in 1965 by the "Cobol Committee", formerly "Programming Language Committee", of the "Conference of Data Systems Language" (CODASYL).
In April 1971, The DBTG published a report containing specifications of a "Data Manipulation Language" (DML) and a "Data Definition Language" (DDL) for standardization of network database model. The first DBTG proposals had already been published in 1969. The specification was subsequently modified and developed in various committees and published by other reports in 1973 and 1978. The specification is often referred to as the DBTG database model or the CODASYL database model. As well as the data model, many basic concepts of database terminology were introduced by this group, notably the concepts of schema and subschema.
David Popper
David Popper (born Prague, 16 June 1843; died Baden, Austria, 7 August 1913) was a Bohemian cellist and composer. He composed many works for the cello which today are performed by cellists all over the world.
Popper was born in the old Jewish part of Prague. His father was a Cantor in two synagogues. When he was three years old he was imitating his father’s singing. He learned the violin when he was six and, at the age of twelve, he got a place to study music at the Prague Conservatory, but he had to learn the cello. His cello teacher was Julius Goltermann. His first job was as cellist to the Prince of Hohenzollern who soon gave him the title “Kammervirtuoso”. He was only 21 when he played a difficult concerto by Robert Volkmann. The conductor, Hans von Bülow, was very impressed and so were the critics. He gave many concerts in Vienna and became very famous. He started to travel around Europe, visiting England and Russia. He had a lot of energy and was able to compose a lot while travelling. He composed many short cello pieces. His "Elfentanz" (Dance of the Elves) and "Spinning Song" were especially popular with the audiences.
In 1886 Popper married for the second time. In the same year he took up a job at the Royal Hungarian Academy of Music in Budapest. He was a famous teacher and charged a high fee for lessons. He formed a string quartet with three other musicians including the violinist Jenő Hubay. Hubay and Popper often played piano trios with Johannes Brahms.
Popper made a long visit to England and Scotland where he was described as the world’s greatest cellist by many people including George Bernard Shaw. When he returned to Prague he played with Béla Bartók who was only 19 years old and not yet famous. He was also impressed when he heard the young Pablo Casals, although he did not agree with his technique.
Popper had one son who died of tuberculosis in 1911. Two years later Popper slipped on an icy pavement. He was never able to use his right arm again. He died the next summer of a heart attack.
Popper composed a very large number of cello pieces, many of which are short pieces suitable for encores at a recital. One of the most popular (and not too difficult) is the "Gavotte in D major". He composed a "Requiem" for three cellos and orchestra, and he wrote four cello concertos. However, his most important work for cellists is a collection of studies called "Hochschule des Violoncellspiels" ("High School of Cello Playing"). This book contains 40 etudes, or musical exercises to develop technique, and is widely used today by cello students to improve their playing.
Herbert Backe
Herbert Backe (1 May 1896 – 6 April 1947) was a German politician and war criminal.
He was born in Batumi, Georgia. He worked in the Third Reich government and was made Minister of Food in May 1942 and Minister of Agriculture in April 1944. He had that job in the short-lived Cabinet of Admiral Karl Dönitz in the last days of World War II, from late April to May 1945, as the political request of Adolf Hitler. During the war, Alfred Rosenberg said that Backe should become the leader of the Ukraine Reichskommissariat (Nazi government in the Ukraine).
He was one of the people who planned and made happen the Hunger Plan - a plan to starve to death tens of millions of Slavic people in order to make sure there was enough food available for the German people and military.