Sharana (), or Sharan (), is the capital of Paktika Province, Afghanistan. There are about 2,200 people who live in the town.
Alexander Glazunov
Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov (10 August 186521 March 1936) was a Russian composer, music teacher, and conductor. He was the director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory between 1905 and 1928. He left the Soviet Union in 1928 and did not return. Glazunov successfully reconciled nationalism and cosmopolitanism in Russian music.
Paul Oswald Ahnert
Paul Oswald Ahnert (November 22, 1897 - February 27, 1989) was a German astronomer. He worked at the Sonneberg Observatory. He made an annual astronomical calendar called the "Kalender für Sternfreunde", which translates as the calendar for star friends. He included items in space which could easily be seen by amateur astronomers using small telescopes, or even just by eyesight. The calendar was first published in 1948 and was one of the few books from the German Democratic Republic which was highly regarded by people in other countries. After Ahnert's death the calendar continued to be published by astrophysicist Rainer Luthardt. An asteroid, 3181 Ahnert, was named after him.
Jason Dolley
Jason Scott Dolley (born July 5, 1991) is an American actor who was in "Hatching Pete" and "Good Luck Charlie".
Panjshir Province
Panjshir (, meaning "Five Lions", also spelled as Panjsher) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Panjshir province is known for not being taken by the Soviets during their occupation in the 1980s. There has not been as much violence here as the rest of the country.
Bazarak, Panjshir
Bazarak () is a town in the Panjshir Valley, in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Panjshir Province. It has six villages: Khanez, Jangalak, Malaspa, Parandeh, Rahmankhil. The tomb of Ahmad Shah Massoud, known as the "Lion of Panjshir", is in Bazarak.
Parwan Province
Parwān (Persian/Pashto: پروان), also spelled Parvān, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. There are about 560,000 people. The capital is Charikar.
In 329 BC, Alexander the Great formed the settlement of Parwan. It was conquered by the Arabs in 792.
Charikar
Charikar () is the capital of Parwan Province in northern Afghanistan. The city is on the road 69 km from Kabul. Charikar is known for its pottery and high-quality grapes.
Treaty of Rawalpindi
The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, also known as the Treaty of Rawalpindi, was a treaty which brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end. It was signed on 8 August 1919 in Rawalpindi by Great Britain and Afghanistan. Britain recognised Afghanistan's independence (as per Article 5 of the treaty), agreed that British India would not extend past the Khyber Pass and stopped British subsidies to Afghanistan. Afghanistan also accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India as per Article 5 of the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1919. Thus, Afghanistan as an independent country agreed to recognise Durand Line as international border between the two countries.
Demography of Afghanistan
Afghanistan has around 29.8 million people as of the year 2011. About 2.7 million Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan and Iran.
The country is multi-ethnic and multi-lingual. Most of Afghanistan's people are of the Iranic peoples. The Pashtun is the largest group followed by Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Aimak, Turkmen, Baloch and others.
Dari (Persian) and Pashto are both the official languages of the country.
Islam is the religion of more than 99% of Afghanistan.
Samangan Province
Samangan () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. About 313,211 people live in the Province, as of 2006. The capital is Samangan.
Samangan
Samangan (previous: Eukratidia; then Aybak or Aibak) is the capital of Samangan Province in the northern part of Afghanistan. It was a major Buddhist centre during the 4th and 5th centuries.
The town is on the banks of the Khulm River valley below the Hindu Kush Mountains.
Many Uzbek people live in the town.
Sar-e Pol Province
Sar-e Pol, also spelled Sari Pul (), is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country. The capital is the city of Sar-e Pol. Dari (Persian) is the main language. About 442,261 people live in the Province. There are many mountains, especially in the south part.
The province is divided into 7 Districts.
Sar-e Pol city
Sar-e Pol or Sari Pul () is the capital city of the province of Sar-e Pol in northern Afghanistan. It is in Sari Pul District. About 115,463 people live in the city.
To each according to his contribution
According to the principle of 'To each according to his contribution', during the transition of a society from capitalism to socialism and then to communism, individuals should be rewarded for the amount they contribute to society. Economists such as David Ricardo (1772-1823) had this idea. Ricardo founded a movement that is known as Ricardian socialism today. Many people in the labour movement had this idea too. Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) and Eugen Dühring (1833-1921) expressed such ideas towards Leon Trotsky. Despite this, Vladimir Lenin was the first person to say that this element is fundamental to Marxist theory.
According to Libertarian socialist thinkers, such as American anarchist Benjamin Tucker, socialism is a system in which the laborer receives the full product of his labor. This eliminates exploitation and unearned income accrued to the capitalist.
The term "To each according to his contribution" simply means that each worker in a socialist society receives "wages" and benefits according to the quantity and value of the labor that he or she contributed. That way, highly productive workers will receive more wages and benefits than workers of average productivity, and substantially more than workers of low productivity. What is more, the more difficult the job is, the more one is rewarded for the labor contributed. Difficulty can result from factors such as greater training requirement, job intensity or safety hazards. According to Trotsky, the idea is to promote productivity. This is done by creating incentives to work harder, longer, and more productively. In the end, the principle comes from capitalism, but will vanish, according to Marx, as work becomes more automated and enjoyable, and as goods become available in greater quantities.
In capitalism, the means of production are owned by a few people; these people are also known as the bourgeoisie. These people do not produce, but they live off the work others do for them. Socialism can fix this issue, because with socialism, the means of production are owned by all people, they are a common good.
Takhar Province
Takhār () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. The capital is Taloqan. Its salt mines are one of Afghanistan's major mineral resources.
Taloqan
Tāloqān (, also Tāleqān or Tāluqān) is the capital of Takhar Province, in northern Afghanistan. It is in the Taluqan District. About 196,400 people live in the city.
Maidan Wardak Province
Maidan Wardak Province (also spelled Maidan Wardag, or Maidan Vardak, , ) is one of thirty four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the central east part of Afghanistan. About 540,100 people live in the province. The capital is Maidan Shar.
Maidan Shar
Maidan Shar ( - Maidān Šhār; ; also "Maydan", "Meydan", "Maidan") is the capital of Wardak Province, Afghanistan. About 35,008 people live in the town as of 2003.
On 21 January 2019, over 100 people were killed in a terrorist attack.
Most of the people in Maidan Shar do agriculture, livestock, gardening and trade. Many of the people are poor.
By the end of 2008, there were a total of 14 schools with about 9268 students. There were about 275 teachers teaching in these schools.
Zabul Province
Zabul () is a historic province in southern Afghanistan. Qalat is the capital. About 275,100 people live in the province. The major ethnic group is Pashtun.