Since then, several other high-resolution structures have been done by electron crystallography, including the light-harvesting complex, and the bacterial flagellum.
Paul Nurse
Sir Paul Nurse PRS (Paul Maxime Nurse, born Norwich, 25 January 1949) is a British geneticist and cell biologist.
He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Leland Hartwell and Timothy Hunt, for their discoveries about cell division.
They discovered cycle of cell division is regulated by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases.
Sir Paul is the current President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation.
He is also Emeritus Professor and Head of the Laboratory for Yeast genetics and Cell Biology at the Rockefeller University, New York City.
Nurse was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 2005.
Dysnomia
The term Dysnomia can refer to three different concepts:
Kevin DuBrow
Kevin Mark DuBrow (October 29, 1955 – November 19, 2007) was an American singer of rock music. He is best known as the lead singer of the heavy metal band Quiet Riot from 1975, when the band started, until 2007, when he died.
On December 10, 2007, media reported that DuBrow had been found dead on the afternoon of November 25, 2007. He died because he took an accidental overdose of cocaine.
Fighting game
A fighting game is a video game in which two or more players battle for the winning spot, usually by fighting to the death or K.O.. Most fighting games have a selection of characters with different abilities. Some popular fighting games are "Mortal Kombat", "Street Fighter", and "Soul Calibur".
Push-button
A push-button is a switch in the shape of a small button or knob. When it is pushed it completes an electrical circuit that controls something. For example a doorbell rings when a person pushes a button, or numbers are displayed on a calculator or even when you are playing a machine game at an arcade.
Heavyweights
Heavyweights is a 1995 Disney movie directed by Steven Brill. "Heavyweights" is about a fat camp for children that is taken over by fitness expert Tony Perkis (Ben Stiller).
Charlie Brown
Charlie Brown is the main character in the comic strip "Peanuts" by Charles M. Schulz.
Stan and Jan Berenstain
Stan and Jan Berenstain were American authors and illustrators. They are best known for their books about the "Berenstain Bears" and "Blair Investigates".
Stanley Melvin Berenstain (September 29, 1923 – November 26, 2005) was born in West Philadelphia. Janice Marian Berenstain (July 26, 1923 – February 24, 2012) was also born in Philadelphia. Both served in World War II.
On November 26, 2005, Stanley Berenstain died of cancer. He was 82. Jan died February 24, 2012, from a stroke.
The couple's first published a book in 1951. It was "The Berenstains' Baby Book". They then published two more books on parenthood.
The first book with the Berenstain Bears was "The Big Honey Hunt". It was published in 1962 and the first book with the Blair Investigates was "A Investigate Star is Born" It was published in 1968. Theodor Geisel (best known as Dr. Seuss) was the editor for the early books in the series. Over 300 books have been published in 23 languages.
Svante Arrhenius
Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Nobel Prize-winning Swedish scientist who made discoveries in physics, chemistry and earth science.
Originally he was a physicist, but he won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and was a founder of physical chemistry.
Later in life, he turned to other scientific problems. He was the first person to predict that emissions of carbon dioxide, from processes like the burning of fossil fuels, would cause global warming.
His early work was on the conductivity of electrolytes. In 1884, based on this work, he submitted a 150-page essay on electrolytic conductivity to University of Uppsala for his doctorate. It did not impress the professors, and he received a low-class degree. Later, extensions of this work would earn him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
The most important idea in the thesis was his explanation that neither pure salts nor pure water is a conductor, but solutions of salts in water are.
Arrhenius' explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt splits up into charged particles (which Michael Faraday had given the name ions many years earlier). Faraday's belief had been that ions were produced in the process of electrolysis; Arrhenius' idea was that, even in the absence of an electric current, solutions of salts contained ions. He proposed that chemical reactions in solution were reactions between ions.
In an extension of his ionic scientific theory Arrhenius proposed definitions for acids and bases, in 1884. He believed that acids were substances which produce hydrogen ions in a solution and that bases were substances which produce hydroxide ions in a solution.
About 1900, Arrhenius became involved in setting up the Nobel Institutes and the Nobel Prizes. For the rest of his life, he would be a member of the Nobel Committee on Physics and a member of the Nobel Committee on Chemistry.
He used his positions to arrange prizes for his friends (Jacobus van't Hoff, Wilhelm Ostwald, Theodore Richards) and to attempt to deny them to his enemies (Paul Ehrlich, Walther Nernst). In 1903 he became the first Swedish persn to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
After he had made his name, he turned to other scientific questions.
In 1904 he delivered (at the University of California) several lectures, to try and show the application of the methods of physical chemistry to the study of the theory of toxins and antitoxins, and which were published in 1907 under the title "Immunochemistry".
He also turned his attention to geology (the origin of ice ages), astronomy, physical cosmology, and astrophysics, accounting for the birth of the solar system by interstellar collision.
He considered radiation pressure as accounting for comets, the solar corona, the aurora borealis, and zodiacal light.
He thought life might have been carried from planet to planet by the transport of spores. This idea is now known as panspermia.
Arrhenius thought of a theory to explain the ice ages, and in 1896 he was the first scientist to think that changes in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could make a big change to the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. He was influenced by the work of others, including Joseph Fourier. Arrhenius used infrared observations of the moon to work out the absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric CO and water vapour.
In its original form, Arrhenius' greenhouse law reads as follows:
This simplified expression is still used today:
His book "Worlds in the making" (1908) was directed at a general audience. He suggested that the human emission of CO would be strong enough to stop the world from entering a new ice age, and that a warmer Earth would be needed to feed the rapidly increasing population:
He was the first person to predict that emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels and other combustion processes would cause global warming. Arrhenius clearly believed that a warmer world would be a positive change. Nevertheless, until about 1960, most scientists dismissed the greenhouse effect because they thought it was very unlikely to happen. Milutin Milankovitch had presented a mechanism for ice ages: it used cyclical changes in the orbit of the Earth (Milankovitch cycles). Nowadays, the accepted explanation is that orbital forcing sets the timing for ice ages with CO acting as amplifying feedback.
He thought of the idea of a universal language (one language that would be spoken by everybody), proposing a modification of the English language.