There are five levels of government in Germany. The lowest two levels of the German government are called local government. The five levels of German government are all legally independent. This means that each level of government has a separate job in Germany. The German constitution (the Grundgesetz) lists the five levels of government and says what each level should do.
The five levels are:
Some states have "Regierungsbezirke" which are a group of counties and cities in an area to help run certain tasks across the area.
Other states have "Ämte" which is a collection of municipalities (local governments) in a district. They might do this if the local governments are too small to run some local services.
Regierungsbezirke and Ämte are not guaranteed by the constitution, they are a way of helping the various levels of government to do their job.
The idea of subsidiarity means that government jobs should be done by the lowest possible level.
There are two types of tasks (jobs) for a municipality. "Voluntary" which a town or municipality can do if it wants, and "mandatory", which are things that a federal or state law says the local government has to do.
Setting up a theatre, a museum, a sports field or a meeting hall is a voluntary task. If the local government can afford to set these things up, the "Land" (state) cannot stop them. Also the "Land" (state) cannot order the local government to set these things up.
The mandatory self-government tasks are things which a local government must do itself, or must get someone else to do for it. For example, one of the most important jobs of any local government is to prove its citizens (people who live there) with water, electricity, heating, and gas, as well as wastewater services and waste removal.
A council could run its own waterworks or join with others to share a larger facility. Modern electricity supply means that a council does not have to run their own power station anymore. But they must help private companies get the electricity supply to local houses and factories.
Although the Federation or state might have the right to control some things, the idea of subsidiarity means that they are "administered" (carried out) at the lowest possible level. For example, marriage ceremonies and issuing birth and death certificates are arranged by the town registrar, the Federation and the Land arrange legal and expert supervision so that the task is done properly and is the same across Germany.
Other transferred tasks include:
Who runs the town or district government depends on where in Germany the town is.
The town council, or town council meeting is responsible for all jobs not given to the "magistrat". The magistrat is the executive responsible for administering services. It is chosen by the town council, and can have both professional and honorary members. The mayor is head of the magistrate, but not of the town council meeting. The mayor is chosen separately by the people not the council. the system is only used in Hesse. It is the oldest system, and the only system where a group of elected people are responsible for the administration, instead of just one, the mayor.
The mayor is head of the council and the administration.
Power is split between the mayor and the town clerk. The mayor has some functions, but day to day administration is done by the professional town clerk.
Used in Bavaria and the old eastern länder. The mayor is elected by the people, and he heads the council and the town government. The council is responsible for nearly all decisions. Some decisions are taken by the mayor. The council may give some of its tasks to the mayor, in which case they cannot change the mayor's decision.
Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes is a state in Mexico that is in the center of the country. Its state capital is the city of Aguascalientes. The state's name means "hot waters" in Spanish. People gave it this name because there are many hot springs in the area. The adjective for Aguascalientes is "hidrocálido", because "hidro" means water and "cálido" means hot.
Vicksburg, Mississippi
Vicksburg is the nineteenth-largest city in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is the seat of the County of Warren. It is the only city in the county. It is a riverport on the east bank of the Mississippi River. It is most famous for the American Civil War battle fought there, in which the Union won. It is the county seat of Warren Country, Mississippi. The July 2006 estimate, (a guess based on some information) of the population (the number of people living there) was 25,740.
Chrysler Building
The Chrysler Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 319 meters (1046 feet) tall and has 77 floors. It was built in 1931 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.
The Chrysler Building was the tallest building in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Bank of the Manhattan Company Building, now called The Trump Building. The Empire State Building became the tallest one year later. The Chrysler Building is still the tallest brick building in the world.
The Chrysler Building was also the tallest structure in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest structure in the world was Eiffel Tower. The Empire State Building became the tallest within a year later.
Mendelian inheritance
Mendelian inheritance is a set of rules about genetic inheritance.
The basic rules of genetics were first discovered by a monk named Gregor Mendel in the 1850s, and published in 1866. For thousands of years, people had noticed how traits are inherited from parents to their children. However, Mendel's work was different because he did experiments on plants, and designed those experiments very carefully.
In his experiments, Mendel studied how traits were passed on in pea plants. He started his crosses with plants that bred true, and counted characters that were either/or in nature (either "tall" or "short"). He bred large numbers of plants, and expressed his results numerically. He used test crosses to reveal the presence and proportion of recessive characters.
Mendel's laws apply widely, but not to all living things. They apply to any organism which is diploid (has two paired sets of chromosomes) and which engages in sexual reproduction. They would not apply to bacteria, for example, or to asexual reproduction. They do apply to the great majority of plants and animals.
Mendel explained the results of his experiment using two scientific laws:
Mendel's laws explained the results he got with his pea plants. Later, geneticists discovered that his laws were also true for other living things, even humans. Mendel's findings from his work on the garden pea plants helped to establish the field of genetics. His contributions were not limited to the basic rules that he discovered. Mendel's care towards controlling experiment conditions along with his attention to his numerical results set a standard for future experiments.
Altenburger Land
Altenburger Land is a rural district in Thuringia, Germany.
The city of Altenburg and the surrounding land were the tiny duchy of Saxe-Altenburg from 1826 to 1918; afterwards it was a state within the Weimar Republic for a short time, before it was dissolved in 1922 in order to join the state of Thuringia.
The district in its present borders was started in 1922 as "Altenburg". In 1952 districts was split in two, called Altenburg and Schmölln. They were joined up again in 1994, but called "Altenburger Land".
Altenburger Land is the easternmost district of Thuringia. It is a mainly agricultural region.
WWF
WWF may stand for:
Tennessee River