Not all manors had all three kinds of land: as an average, demesne accounted for roughly a third of the arable area and villein holdings rather more; but some manors consisted solely of demesne, others solely of peasant holdings. Similarly, the proportion of unfree and free tenures could vary greatly. This meant that the amount of wage labour to perform agricultural work on the demesne varied as well. The proportion of the cultivated area in demesne tended to be greater in smaller manors. The share of villein land was greater in large manors, providing the lord with a larger potential supply of obligatory labour for demesne work. The proportion of free tenements was generally less variable, but tended to be somewhat greater on the smaller manors.
Manors varied also in their geographical arrangement: most did not coincide with a single village. Often, parts of two or more villages belonged to the manor, or were shared between several manors. In those places, peasants living far from the lord's estate sometimes paid cash instead of working for the lord.
The demesne was usually not a single plot of land. It consisted of some land around the central house and estate buildings. The rest of the demesne land was in the form of strips dispersed through the manor. In addition, the lord might lease free tenements belonging to neighbouring manors, as well as holding other manors some distance away to provide a greater range of produce.
Not all manors were held by laymen lords who rendered military service or paid cash to their superior. A survey done in 1086 estimates that 17% belonged directly to the king, and that a greater proportion (rather more than a quarter) were held by bishops and monasteries. These church manors were usually larger, with a significantly greater villein area than the lay manors next to them.
The effect of circumstances on manorial economy is complex and at times contradictory: upland conditions have been seen as tending to preserve peasant freedoms (livestock husbandry in particular being less labour-intensive and therefore less demanding of villein services); on the other hand, some such areas of Europe have been said to show some of the most oppressive manorial conditions, while lowland eastern England is credited with an exceptionally large free peasantry, in part a legacy of Scandinavian settlement.
Similarly, the spread of money economy is often seen as having stimulated the replacement of labour services by money payments, but the growth of the money supply and resulting inflation after 1170 initially led nobles to take back leased estates and to re-impose labour dues as the value of fixed cash payments declined in real terms.
Today, the term is used most to refer to medieval Western Europe. A similar system was used in the rural parts of the late Roman Empire. The birthrate and population were declining. Labor was therefore the most important factor for production. Successive administrations tried to stabilise the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place: sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade.
Councillors were forbidden to resign, and "coloni", the cultivators of land, were not to move from the demesne they were attached to. They were on their way to becoming serfs. Several factors conspired to merge the status of former slaves and former free farmers into a dependent class of such "coloni". Laws of Constantine I around 325 reinforced both the negative semi-servile status of the "coloni" and limited their rights to sue in the courts. Their numbers were augmented by barbarian "foederati" who were permitted to settle within the imperial boundaries.
As the Germanic kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the West in the fifth century, Roman landlords were often simply replaced by Gothic or Germanic ones, with little change to the underlying situation. The process of rural self-sufficiency was given an abrupt boost in the eighth century, when normal trade in the Mediterranean Sea was disrupted. The thesis put forward by Henri Pirenne, disputed by many, supposes that the Arab conquests forced the medieval economy into even greater ruralisation and gave rise to the classic feudal pattern of varying degrees of servile peasantry underpinning a hierarchy of localised power centres.
Badin District
Badin District () is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan.
The district is administratively subdivided into the following talukas:
With the introduction of the devolution System the talukas have been sub-divided into the Union Councils numbering 49, Tapas 109 and Dehs 511.
Dadu District
Dadu () is a district of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The district was created in 1933 during British rule.
Hyderabad District
Hyderābād District (), is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. It used to be an administrative division of Sindh (known as Hyderabad Division) until the year 2000 when divisions were abolished. The capital is the city of Hyderabad. The Kirthar National Park is in Hyderabad district. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan. it had a population of 4,339,445 of which 50.07% were urban, making it the second-most urbanised district of Sindh.
Thatta District
Thatta District (, ) is in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,113,194 of which 11.21% were urban.
Karachi District
Karachi District () Largest city and chief port of Pakistan, lying on the Arabian Sea, northwest of the Indus River Delta; population (1998 est) 9,269,300; 4 million live in makeshift settlements. It is the capital of Sindh province, and Pakistan's leading centre for commerce, finance, industry, and transport. Its port handles most of the international trade of the country, as well as of the neighbouring landlocked state of Afghanistan. It is also served by a major international airport. Industries include shipbuilding, engineering, chemicals, plastics and textiles, including the manufacture of cotton and jute. It was the capital of Pakistan 1947-59, when it was replaced by Islamabad.
Jacobabad District
Jacobabad District () is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census, 1,425,572 people lived there, of which 24.10% were urban. The city of Jacobabad is the capital of the District.
The district is administratively subdivided into the following talukas:
Kirby Super Star
Kirby Super Star, known in Europe as Kirby's Fun Pak and in Japan as is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super NES game console.
A remake called Kirby Super Star Ultra was released for the Nintendo DS in 2008 and 2009.
There are six games so there are six plots. One is where you race King Dedede, one is where you fight a giant bird named Dyna Blade, another is where you fight King Dedede (note how one is racing, and another is fighting). One is where you hunt and try to destroy Meta Knight and his airship, Halberd. One is where you fight Marx and another is when Kirby is in a giant cavern and you obtain treasures.
Larkana District
Larkana or Larkano (, ) is a district of Sindh province of Pakistan.
Mirpur Khas District
Mirpur Khas District () is one of the districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,569,030 of which 18.60%
Sanghar District
Sanghar District () is one of the largest districts of Sindh province, Pakistan.
Tharparkar District
Tharparkar (, ) district is in Sindh, Pakistan.
Umerkot District
Umerkot or Umarkot () is a district of Sindh province, Pakistan.
Ghotki District
Ghotki District (, ) is a district of Sindh Province, Pakistan.
The district is administratively subdivided into the following talukas:
Khairpur District
Khairpur District () is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The district has an area of 15,910 square kilometres and is headquartered at the city of Khairpur.
The district has eight Talukas (counties):
Masahiro Sakurai
Naushahro Feroze District