The victory over the legions was followed by a clean sweep of all Roman forts, garrisons and cities – of which there were at least two – east of the Rhine. The remaining two Roman legions in Germany were stationed in a fort at Mainz, and commanded by Varus' nephew. They were content to try to hold the Rhine.
Though we can never know why Varus made these mistakes, his reputation for arrogance and over-confidence suggests he underestimated the Germans. But all Rome's previous experience, from Caesar onwards, had shown the Germanic tribes as strong in war.
Upon hearing of the defeat, the Emperor Augustus, according to the Roman historian Suetonius in his work "De vita Caesarum" (On the life of the Caesars), was so shaken by the news that he stood butting his head against the wall of his palace, repeatedly shouting:
„""“ ('Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!')
The three legion numbers were never used again by the Romans after this defeat, unlike other legions that were restructured – a case unique in Roman history.
The battle ended the period of triumphant Roman expansion that had followed the end of the Civil Wars 40 years earlier. Augustus' stepson Tiberius took effective control, and prepared for the continuation of the war. Three legions were sent to the Rhine to replace the lost legions.
Though their shock at the slaughter was great, the Romans began a slow, systematic preparation to reconquer the country. In 14 AD, just after Augustus' death, and the accession of his heir and stepson Tiberius, a huge raid was led by the new emperor's nephew Germanicus.
On a starry night he massacred the Marsi and ravaged their villages with fire and sword. That night the Germans had celebrated; drunk and asleep, they were surprised by Germanicus. The temple of their deity was destroyed.
Several other tribes were roused by this slaughter and ambushed Germanicus on the way to his winter-quarters, but were defeated with heavy losses.
The next year was marked by two major campaigns and several smaller battles with a large army estimated at 55,000–70,000 men, backed by naval forces. In spring 15 AD, the legate Caecina Severus invaded the Marsi a second time with 25,000–30,000 men, causing great havoc.
Meanwhile, Germanicus' troops had built a fort on Mount Taunus from where he marched with 30 to 35,000 men against the Chatti (probably a region of villages) and slaughtered children, women and the elderly. The able-bodied men fled across a river and hid themselves in the forests. After this blow Germanicus marched on Mattium and burned the city down.
In summer 15 AD, the army visited the site of the first battle. According to Tacitus, they found heaps of bones, and skulls nailed to trees, which they buried, "...looking on all as kinsfolk and of their own blood...". Burial pits with remains fitting this description have been found at Kalkriese Hill.
Under Germanicus, the Romans marched another army, with allied Germanic soldiers, into Germania in 16 AD. He was able to fight his way across the Weser near modern Minden, suffering some losses. He forced Arminius' army to stand in open battle at the Weser River. Germanicus's legions inflicted huge casualties on the Germanic armies while sustaining only minor losses.
One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall, west of modern Hanover. Again many Germanic soldiers were killed, which forced them to flee. In summer 16 AD, Caius Silius marched against the Chatti with 33,000 men. Germanicus invaded the Marsi for a third time and devastated their land.
With his main goals reached and winter coming, Germanicus ordered his army back to their winter camps, with the fleet getting damaged in a storm in the North Sea. After a few more raids across the Rhine, with the recovery of two of the three Roman legions' eagles lost in 9 AD, Tiberius ordered the Roman forces to halt and withdraw across the Rhine. Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a Triumph and a new command.
Germanicus' campaign had been to revenge the defeat at Teutoburg, and also partly in reaction to signs of mutiny amongst his troops.
Arminius, who had been considered a real threat to stability by Rome, was now defeated. Once his allied Germanic coalition had been broken and honour avenged, the huge cost and risk of keeping the Roman army operating beyond the Rhine was not worth any likely benefit to be gained.
The last chapter of this story is told by the historian Tacitus. Around 50 AD, bands of Chatti invaded Roman territory and began to plunder (take everything of value). The Roman commander, with a legionary force supported by Roman cavalry and auxiliaries, attacked the Chatti from both sides and defeated them. The Romans were ecstatic when they found Roman prisoners, including some from Varus' legions who had been held by the Chatti for 40 years.
The battle, and the histories of Tacitus, had a big effect on 19th century German nationalism. In the 19th century the Germans were still divided into many German states, but they linked themselves with the Germanic tribes as shared ancestors of one "German people".
In 1808, the German author Heinrich von Kleist's play "Die Hermannsschlacht" aroused anti-Napoleonic sentiment, even though it could not be performed under French occupation.
Later, the figure of Arminius was used to represent the ideals of freedom and unification – as supported by German liberals, and opposed by reactionary rulers. A memorial – the Hermannsdenkmal – was begun during this period, and Arminius became a symbol of "Pan-Germanism". The monument remained unfinished for decades, until after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 unified the country. The completed monument was then a symbol of conservative German nationalism.
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation is an international group. It has 56*member states. The organisation tries to be the voice of the Muslim world. They try to safeguard the interests and the progress and well-being of Muslims.
The OIC has a permanent delegation to the United Nations. It is the largest international organisation outside of the United Nations. The official languages of the OIC are Arabic, English and French.
It was founded in 1969 and had 25* members originally. It changed its name on 28 June 2011 from the Organisation of the Islamic Conference to its current name.
Lamborghini
Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. is an Italian car manufacturer. It produces sports cars.
Lamborghini was founded in 1963 by Ferruccio Lamborghini. He built tractors after the Second World War. He founded Lamborghini because he wanted to build sports cars to compete against Ferraris.
In 1963, he released a first prototype of his ideal sports car, the 350 GTV. The next annum, Lamborghini started with the production of their first car for sale, the 350 GT.
At the beginning of the 1970s, Lamborghini had financial problems because of the worldwide oil crisis. After these problems, Lamborghini had several different owners from 1987 until 1994, including Chrysler.
Audi bought Lamborghini in 1998.
The 350 GT was the first production car produced by Lamborghini. It was produced from 1964 until 1967. It is a two-door coupé with two seats. It has a V12 engine in the front of the car. The engine produced 206 kW.
The Miura was the third car made by Lamborghini. It was powered by a mid-engine V12, making it one of the fastest cars of its time. It also had a top speed of 295 km/h.
The Countach is one of the most famous Lamborghinis. It was also the one which was built for the longest time, 16 years, from 1974 to 1990. There were several different versions. They all had V12 engines with the power output ranging from 260 to 355 kW.
The Diablo was named after the famous fighting bull. It was the last car made by Lamborghini before Audi’s ownership.