Unseen qualities such as states of mind (any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state e.g. as a result of fear or anxiety) were not used in this type of study even though we know that the mind plays a part in all advanced animals' behaviors. Behaviourism states that behaviour can be studied without knowing what the physiology of an event is, and without using theories such as that of the mind. By definition, all behaviour can be observed.
Behaviorism also relied on another idea, that all human behaviour was learned. Behaviorists believed that behavior could be explained by classical or operant conditioning. This is learning as a result of influences from past experiences. However, behaviourists denied the importance of inherited behaviours, instincts (inherent inclination of a living organism), or inherited tendency to behave. They did not believe, or ignored, the idea of heredity(passing of traits to offspring from parents), that something can come from a person's genes. This was the idea of the blank slate, that babies are born with a clean, empty mind. Humans, when born, are thought not to have mental experience or knowledge, and that everything is learned after they grow. The blank slate premise is opposed by modern evolutionary psychology.
Major contributors, scientists to the field of behaviorism include C. Lloyd Morgan, Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.
Pavlov researched classical conditioning through the use of dogs and their natural ability to salivate, produce water in their mouths. Thorndike and Watson rejected looking at one's own conscious thoughts and feelings ("Introspection"). They wanted to restrict psychology to experimental methods. Skinner's research leant mainly on behaviour shaping using positive reinforcement (rewards rather than punishments).
Today, ideas from behaviourism are used in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help people deal with anxieties and phobias, as well as with certain forms of addiction.
As a scientific theory, behaviourism has largely been replaced by cognitive psychology.
The act of conditioning is when a desired behavior is made through training. This is done by pairing stimuli with a specific behavior. Some behaviors are natural reflexes which people (and animals) are born with. Infants are born with inherited reflexes that help them eat, communicate, and survive. These reflexes are unconditioned, they are not taught to the baby.
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian conditioning) is when a conditioned stimulus causes an unconditioned response. This explains how people gained new responses to different stimuli.
Another example of an unconditioned response is when wind is blown in a person's eyes and they blink automatically to prevent dust or something from getting into them. This is a reflex that is innate.
Fear conditioning is when a previously neutral stimulus is used to elicit fear. One main example is the Little Albert experiment by Watson and Rayner. The researchers tested infants' emotional reactions. They found that Little Albert would react to a loud noise and then consequently conditioned that noise to elicit fear when he saw a white rat. This came to be known as 'conditioned emotional response'. After a period of time, Little Albert would cry when he saw a white rat or anything small and white, even his stuffed animal.
Operant conditioning is also known as instrumental conditioning. It was studied by Thorndike and Skinner.
Pärna
Pärna is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Muda, Estonia
Muda küla is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant
The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant in Iran. It is about southeast of the city of Bushehr. It is between the fishing villages of Halileh and Bandargeh along the Persian Gulf.
The power plant was first planned back in the 1970s. German companies started the work in 1975, but stopped in 1979. Later, Russia took over the planning. The governments of Iran and Russia agreed to build the nuclear plant. It costs about $800 million.
The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant is now Iran's first nuclear power plant. It was first filled with nuclear material on 21 August 2010.
Härma, Hiiu County
Härma is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Hindu, Hiiu County
Hindu is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Kitsa, Estonia
Kitsa is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Lepiku, Hiiu County
Lepiku is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Kuusiku, Hiiu County
Kuusiku is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Lassi, Hiiu County
Lassi is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Kurisu, Emmaste Parish
Kurisu is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Ole, Estonia
Ole is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Rannaküla, Hiiu County
Rannaküla is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Õngu
Õngu is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Selja, Emmaste Parish
Selja is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Border Collie
The Border Collie is a breed of dog that originated along the English-Scottish border. It is one of the most intelligent dog breeds. They have been used to herd livestock for over 300 years. It is also famous for a pet or show-dog. The border collie is about 20 inches (51 cm) in height and weighs 31 to 50 pounds (14 to 23 kg). It is usually a long-haired dog. Its coat is often black and white in color.
The Border Collie is a member of the collie dog breed group.
As with other herding and sheepdogs, border collies can be fiercely protective of their territory and their owners. This inclination (likelihood) to protect their family makes them ideal guard dogs. If a border collie notices anything new, they will always alert the family by barking loudly.
Exercise is one of the most important aspects of caring for a Border Collie. The herding dog breed has had over a hundred years of genetic reinforcement (to strengthen) to provide them with intelligence, agility, and a high energy level to perform a job (wrangling sheep) that they generally no longer have to do. This is why Border Collies are not recommended for pet owners who may be unable to provide their dogs with high amounts of exercise.
Ala, Hiiu County
Ala is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Aruküla, Hiiu County
Aruküla is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Hagaste
Hagaste is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Harju, Pühalepa Parish
Harju is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Hausma
Hausma is a village in Pühalepa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
Pyrolusite
Pyrolusite is the natural form (ore) of manganese dioxide. Its hardness is about 5 on the Mohs scale. It is used in batteries, although many batteries use artificial manganese dioxide. It is an oxide mineral.
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese(II) oxide is a chemical compound. It contains manganese in its +2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is MnO. It is made by reduction of manganese(IV) oxide by hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or methane. It is also made by heating manganese carbonate.
Manganese carbonate
Manganese carbonate, also known as manganese(II) carbonate, is a chemical compound. It is a brownish powder with a chemical formula of MnCO. It can be heated to produce manganese(II) oxide and carbon dioxide. It is made by reacting a soluble manganese compound such as manganese(II) chloride with sodium carbonate.
Manganese(II) chloride