If more than two candidates are on the general election ballot, voters often compromise vote an acceptable candidate whom they think has a chance of winning.
Opponents of plurality voting argue that the media has too much power since they tell people which of the two has a chance and that voting for a third candidate is in effect voting for the worse of the two strong candidates. It is theoretically possible that the two "front runner" candidates not to be not centrist and not to represent the people.
Proponents of plurality voting argue that it is very simple and that it forces voters to elect a centrist candidate through compromise voting. To avoid its problems, some elections require a minimum percentage of votes, or a majority, through a "run-off election".
In a first-past-the-post system, candidate A wins because that candidate received more votes than anyone else.
Ultraviolet–visible absorption
Ultraviolet-visible absorption is a process where a molecule absorbs ultraviolet or visible light that excites electrons (makes them high energy). This energy causes an electronic transition from a ground state (non excited) to an excited state.
This is used in a technique of absorption spectroscopy known as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.
Different molecules will absorb different wavelengths of light. The wavelengths of light for UV-visible absorption are from about 200 nanometers to 800 nanometers. This is a section of the electromagnetic spectrum pictured.
Absorption of light starts with energy of a certain wavelength in this UV-visible region being exposed to a molecule. The light/energy then excites the ground state (non excited) outer or valence electrons to an excited state (high energy). The outcome of this can be measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The data is shown as a spectrum with absorption versus wavelength. This pattern can be used to learn properties of the molecule. Only certain molecules can absorb light in this region.
Molecules that absorb light at these wavelengths are called chromophores. Chromophores are functional groups of a molecule that absorb light in this UV-Visible region. They are most of the time characterized by delocalized pi electrons. Pi electrons refer to a type of bond that occurs between electron orbitals called pi orbitals. When many of these pi bonds exist in a molecule this allows electrons to be delocalized or spread out across a molecule. An example of this type of molecule is pictured below. Many dyes (colored molecules) are characterized by these delocalized pi electrons and their color. These molecules can be used for pH indicators to determine if a solution is acidic or basic. The addition of acid or base disrupts the delocalized pi electrons. This disruption causes a color change.
The absorption of a molecule can be used to determine the concentration of the molecule in solution. To find concentration, Beer’s law is used. This is a mathematical relationship shown by the equation below.
formula_1
A= absorption, a=absorptivity coefficient, b=pathlength, c=concentration
The components of Beer’s Law can be determined by tests. They can also be referenced in literature. If the absorption is measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer (instrument to measure absorption and wavelength of molecules), pathlength (b) is related to the sample container used in the test. The sample container (named a cuvette) is made of a material that does not absorb light in this region. The thickness of this cuvette is a known value. This is the pathlength the light will travel through to reach the sample.
The molar absorptivity coefficient can be calculated by measuring the absorption of a sample of a known concentration and known pathlength. The absorptivity coefficient units are dependent on the pathlength and concentration units. Molar absorptivity units are L mol-1 cm-1 when the concentration units are molarity. The absorptivity is a measure of how strongly a molecule absorbs light at a particular wavelength. Once this constant is determined, unknown concentrations can be determined from this relationship.
Alexander Tolmer
Alexander Tolmer (1815—1890) was the man in charge of the South Australian police force. Born in England to French parents, he studied to be a teacher of languages. He joined the army and saw action in Portugal from 1826—1833 during the civil war. Tolmer moved to South Australia in 1836, where Governor George Gawler thought his background in the cavalry would make a the right person to set up a group of mounted police.
In 1852 Tolmer became the police commissioner. He led a group of police from South Australia to the Victorian gold fields and escorted a load of gold back to Adelaide.
In 1856 after a number of small arguments with his offices, Tolmer was removed as commissioner. He tried farming but this was unsuccessful. He tried to lead an exploring group to cross Australia from south to north, but this also failed before it left Adelaide. He became a ranger for crown lands in 1862 and retired in 1885. He died at Mitcham, South Australia, on 7 March 1890.
William John Wills
William John Wills (1834—1861) was an English surveyor. He was born in Totnes, Devon. He became one of the first explorers to cross Australia from the south to the north. The expedition became known as the Burke and Wills expedition. It ended in disaster, when both Wills and the leader, Robert O'Hara Burke, died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their return journey.
Jimma
Jimma, also known as "Jima" in Italian Gimma is a city found on the southwest of Ethiopia and is also the largest city found in southwestern Ethiopia. The population of Jimma was 159,009 as of the 2005 census. Jimma is found in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. The city also has a university named Jimma University and an airport.
Debre Zebit
Debre Zebit is a village in northern Ethiopia. It is about 45 km south of Addis Ababa. Debre Zebit is in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. 132,000 people live in Debre Zebit.
The Battle of Anchem which killed Ras Gugsa Welle was in Debre Zebit.
Conversion of units
The term conversion of units refers to changing an amount of a measurement unit into another unit. There are many different systems of units, so some conversions can be very complex. Most conversions involve a "conversion factor" (named "m"), and a shift amount (such as "b"), to change from a unit "x" into a unit "y" by the general equation: y = mx + b. That type of conversion is known as a "linear transform" or a mathematical "translation".
A conversion factor is a ratio that lets one convert a measured quantity to a different unit of measure without changing the amount. When a conversion factor is multiplied by the item one are converting, it cancels out the units they does not want and leaves those that they do. Because the top and bottom of conversion factors are the same, conversion factors always equal 1. For example, a conversion factor of (1 day)/(24 hours) equals 1, because 1 day = 24 hours.
One of the most common conversions is to change meters (or "metres") into feet, by multiplying the amount in meters by about 3.28 feet per meter (ft/m):
Typically, conversion amounts are rounded to the same precision as the original input amount, such as 10 meters being 33 feet (when 32.8 feet is rounded to 2 digits as "33").
Robert O'Hara Burke
Robert O'Hara Burke (1821—1861) was an Irish policeman, who led the Burke and Wills expedition. This was the largest and best equipped expedition to explore Australia. They successfully crossed the country, from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1861. The expedition ended in disaster when Burke and his second in command, William John Wills died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their way back to Melbourne.
Alitena
Alitena is a town found in northern Ethiopia. The population of Alitena was 4,905 as of the 2007 census. Alitena is found in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The latitude and longitude of Alitena is .