"Stupendemys"'s carapace measured over in length and was also very wide. With a total carapace length of at least 11 feet (3.3 m) it was the largest turtle that ever existed, surpassing even "Archelon".
Two species have been described to date. "Stupendemys geographicus" from Venezuela, and "Stupendemys souzai", a bit smaller and more slender, from Brazil.
Its weight helped "Stupendemys" stay under water for long periods, grazing on aquatic plants. It was probably a very weak swimmer, unable to move its bulk against a swift current, and probably avoided smaller streams.
Altogether, the fauna of the time had many large herbivores and few terrestrial carnivores. The habitat was mostly low-lying rainforest that was seasonally flooded, as well as floodplains and swampland. The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving.
Carol Greider
Carolyn Widney "Carol" Greider (born April 15, 1961) is an American molecular biologist. She is Professor and Director of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins University.
Greider discovered the enzyme telomerase in 1984, when she was a graduate student of Elizabeth Blackburn at the University of California, Berkeley. Greider pioneered research on the structure of telomeres, the ends of the chromosomes. She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, with Blackburn and Jack Szostak, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase.
Telomerase
Telomerase is an RNA protein which is an enzyme. It adds DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in all vertebrates) to the end of DNA strands in the telomere regions.
The telomeres are disposable buffers blocking the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. They are a region of repeated nucleotides containing noncoding DNA. Telomeres are destroyed during cell division, and are remade by the enzyme telomerase.
The function of telomeres is to avoid the loss of important DNA from chromosome ends. Every time the chromosome is copied 100–200 meaningless nucleotides are lost, which causes no damage to the organism's DNA. So, the telomeres are shortened after each replication cycle, and then are restored to their proper length by telomerase. Telomerases carry their own RNA molecule, which is used as a template to elongate the telomeres.
The existence of a compensatory mechanism (a 'fix') for telomere shortening was first predicted by Soviet biologist Alexey Olovnikov in 1973. He also suggested the telomere hypothesis of ageing and the telomere's connections to cancer.
Telomerase was discovered by Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn in 1984 in the ciliate "Tetrahymena". Together with Jack Szostak, Greider and Blackburn were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery.
Luc Montagnier
Luc Antoine Montagnier (born 18 August 1932 in Chabris, Indre, France) is a French virologist and joint recipient with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for the discovery made by his team, and particularly Françoise Baré-Sinoussi of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). He currently works as a full time professor at Shanghai Jiaotong University.
He has been discredited by his Nobel peers because of the many fake and dangerous theories he tries to spread, such as "" or Papaya Cure for AIDS or Parkinson disease. In 2009 he published two controversial research studies which, if true, "would be the most significant experiments performed in the past 90 years, demanding re-evaluation of the whole conceptual framework of modern chemistry".
Homeopaths claim his research as support for homeopathy, but Montagnier himself says it cannot be extended to homeopathy. Many scientists have greeted it with scorn and harsh criticism.
He received the Legion of Honour.
List of rivers of East Timor
This is a list of rivers in East Timor. The list is arranged by where the river drains from west to east. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.
List of rivers of Ecuador
These are the rivers of Ecuador. This listing is arranged by where the river drains. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.
Brad Falchuk
Brad Falchuk is a television writer, director, and producer. His works include the television series "Nip/Tuck", "Glee", "Mutant X", "", "", and "American Horror Story". He was born in 1971 and is Jewish.
Glee club
A glee club is a musical group or choir. During the 19th and early 20th century, the glee club was only for men. Later in the 20th century it became available for all students in college. Glee club was the most popular after-school activity in college campuses. There are some glee clubs in high school. The oldest glee clubs in the United States are the Harvard Glee Club, founded in 1858.
Teamwork
Teamwork is when many people work together. They work together to reach a goal. Teamwork helps people to understand others, build friendly friendships, and to get any job done the right way. In health care, teamwork is often practiced to help patients at the hospital. All team members are given a job to do. In teamwork, all work is shared.
Interracial marriage
An interracial marriage is a marriage between two people of different races. In some countries, it is against the law to marry someone of a different race. These countries include, Germany (during the Nazi period), South Africa under apartheid, and some U.S. states in the United States before a 1969 ruling. In some Arab countries, it is forbidden for an Arab to marry outside their race because of the law and traditional customs. If an Arab person marries someone out of their race their civil rights are taken away from them. In 2008, Pakistani senators allowed women to be buried alive, if found guilty, of marrying someone outside their race.
Interracial
Interracial means two people of two different races.
Same-sex relationship
A same sex relationship is a type of relationship between two people of the same sex. The term is associated with the LGBT community. In many countries it is against the law to be in a relationship and have sex with the same gender. Same-sex relationships have been recorded in history. The earliest is from Egyptian royal servants Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum in the 25th century BC. It is often known as the earliest homosexual relationship couple.
List of rivers of El Salvador
This is a list of rivers in El Salvador. El Salvador has 58 river basins which all drain in the Pacific Ocean.
Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.
Francisco Maschio
Francisco Maschio was a horse race trainer, born in Argentina in the 1890s knowned as "Brujo de Olleros". Maschio began his career working at a Hipodromo de Maronas, Montevideo, Uruguay as thoroughbred trainer. Lately he went to Buenos Aires, Argentina by invitation of the famous tango singer Carlos Gardel. His stables ( named "Stud Yeruá" ) was localized at Olleros Street, Palermo, Buenos Aires, near the actual Olleros (Buenos Aires Metro Station) He was the trainer of the horses of Carlos Gardel, including the legendary Lunático. He won many statistics in Hipodromo de Palermo.
List of rivers of Equatorial Guinea
This is a list of streams and rivers in Equatorial Guinea
Benito River
Campo River
Congue River
Mandyani River
Mitimele River
Muni River
Mven River
Temboni River
Utamboni River
List of rivers of Eritrea
This is a list of streams and rivers in Eritrea
Aligide River - Anseba River
Barka River - Barosio River
Comaile River
Damas River
Fah River - Falkat River
Gonfale River - Guwa River
Haddas River
Koka River
Lebka River - Lalake River - Langeb River
Mareb River - Mogoraib River
Obel River
Regali River
Saato River
Tekezé River
Wadi Laba River - Wokiro River
Zara River
List of rivers of Estonia
Rivers of Estonia are short and mostly have small water flow. Only 10 rivers are longer than 100 km.
Aavoja
- Agali
- Ahja
- Alajõgi
- Allika
- Ambla
- Amme
- Angerja stream
- Antsla
- Apna
- Ärma
- Aruküla
- Atla