The term shire reeve appears in documents in England in the early 11th century. When William the Conqueror conquered England in 1066, he kept most of the Anglo-Saxon sheriffs. When William abolished the great Anglo-Saxon Earldoms, the sheriff became the immediate representative of the king in the county. His appointment was typically for one year. He held court where he punished minor offenders. Later, his powers were reduced to arresting and imprisoning criminals.
When the American colonies began to grow, Britain established political control. As each colony established counties, a sheriff was appointed to keep law and order. He was also an officer of the British court. The sheriff had different titles in different colonies. In Rhode Island he was called a general sergeant. In Connecticut and Massachusetts the title was Marshal. In Plymouth Colony he was called a messenger. In the later colonial period, sheriffs were appointed by the colonial governor. They collected taxes, testified in court and served subpoenas. Because they were paid per task, and tax collecting paid the most, enforcing the law became a lower priority.
After the American Revolutionary War sheriffs were elected by the people.
In the American west, the Spanish were colonizing what would become Texas, California. The equivalent of the sheriff was called an Alguacil (sheriff/constable). As Americans moved west, they often started new communities. A sheriff was usually the only available law enforcement. Sheriffs had the power of "posse comitatus". That means a sheriff had the power to deputize anyone to help him keep the peace or go after and arrest criminals. A group of temporary deputies under the authority of a sheriff is called a posse. As America grew the posse was used less and less. Sheriffs are still the main law enforcement in rural areas.
In many states the sheriff remains the highest ranking county law enforcement officer. Each state decides what powers the sheriff will have. In some states the sheriff is a court officer and law enforcement is left to the police. In other states they are charged with enforcing laws, investigate crimes, transport prisoners and operate jails. A sheriff can appoint deputies. A small sheriff's department might be run by a sheriff alone. A large sheriff's department could have hundreds of deputies and civilian employees. The main difference between a sheriff's office and a police department is that the sheriff usually operates correctional facilities and county civil functions.
Sheriffs were appointed, as early as 1829 in Western Australia, as a court official. Duties included collecting taxes and fines.
Circle MRT line
The 35.7-kilometre Circle MRT Line (CCL) is Singapore's fourth Mass Rapid Transit line, and the first medium capacity line. This underground line is long with 28 stations (excluding Bukit Brown) and is fully automatically operated. As the name implies, the line is an orbital line linking all radial lines leading to the city, and also covering many parts of the Central Area. It will also connect to Marina South via a spur line branching off from Promenade and ending at Marina Bay. Circle Line is not a full circle, and the Stage 6 will only merge the section from Marina Bay to HarbourFront. The line is colored yellow on the MRT Rail map.
The first part opened to the public from Bartley to Marymount on May 28, 2009. When finished, the line will connect all MRT lines, and will allow passengers to bypass the downtown area, so that the City Hall and Raffles Place interchange stations will be less crowded. The second part opened to the public from Bartley to Dhoby Ghaut on April 17, 2010 while the remaining parts will be opened in October 8, 2011. Circle Line Extension (CCLe) had been in operation since 14 January 2012.
Battle of the Nile
The Battle of the Nile was an important naval battle (fought by ships) between the British and the French. It happened in 1 to 3 August, 1798, during the Napoleonic Wars. The British Royal Navy, led by Horatio Nelson, defeated the French who were led by Napoleon Bonaparte. It is called the Battle of the Nile because it was fought in an estuary of the River Nile, off the coast of Egypt. Britain took control of the eastern Mediterranean. Napoleon had won the earlier Battle of the Pyramids, but now his army was cut off from France. They eventually surrendered at the Capitulation of Alexandria.
Gil Hodges
Gil Hodges (April 4, 1924 – April 2, 1972) was a baseball player and manager. He was a player on the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Mets. Then he was a manager for the Mets.
Hodges was the manager of the 1969 mets. He also was a player for the 1955 Dodgers.
Mickey Mantle
Mickey Charles Mantle (October 20, 1931 – August 13, 1995) was an American baseball centerfielder. He played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (from 1951 to 1968) for the New York Yankees. Mantle is considered to be the greatest switch hitter of all time. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974. He was born in Spavinaw, Oklahoma. He played on 7 champion Yankees teams. He also hit 16 World Series home runs, and held the record for most home runs in Yankee Stadium for many years. He was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999. His three closest teammates were Joe DiMaggio, Roger Maris and Whitey Ford. He was an alcoholic. He had hepatitis C and died in Dallas, Texas from liver cancer.
His nicknames included The Mick, The Commerce Comet, and Muscles. "The Commerce Comet" is a reference to Mantle's days spent working in the coal mines of Commerce, Oklahoma. As a result of this work, Mantle grew incredibly strong, which led to the nickname "Muscles".
Mantle was noted for batting average and for his batting power. He won the Major League Baseball Triple Crown in 1956, leading MLB in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI). He received three American League (AL) Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player (MVP) Awards, and played in nineteen Major League Baseball All-Star Game games. Mantle appeared in 12 World Series, his team winning 7 of them. He holds the records for most World Series home runs (18), RBIs (40), runs (42), walks (43), extra-base hits (26), and total bases (123). He is also the career leader (tied with Jim Thome) in walk-off home runs, with a combined thirteen, twelve in the regular season and one in the Major League Baseball postseason.
The Fame
The Fame is the first studio album by American recording artist Lady Gaga. It was released on August 19, 2008 by Interscope Records. It won the Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album in 2010. The single "Poker Face" won the Grammy for Best Dance Recording.
Even though the album was released in 2008, it was listed at #31 on the "Billboard" 200 Decade-End album chart for the 2010s decade (2010–19).
President of Ukraine
The President of Ukraine (, "Prezydent Ukrayiny") is the Ukrainian head of state. The President represents the nation in international relations, administers the foreign political activity of the state, conducts negotiations and concludes international treaties.
The current president is Volodymyr Zelensky.
Prime Minister of Ukraine
The Prime Minister of Ukraine (, "Prem'ier-ministr Ukrayiny") is Ukraine's head of government presiding over the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, which is the highest body of the executive branch of the Ukrainian government.
While in office, the Prime Minister is granted full legal immunity from all prosecutions and legal proceedings. The Prime Minister's office is headquartered in the Cabinet of Ministries building in central Kiev.
Since Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, there have been 16 Prime Ministers (20 counting acting PMs). Denys Shmyhal is the incumbent Prime Minister since March 4, 2020.
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