In Europe, the ALTE says how different exams compare. The ALTE is the Association of Language Testers in Europe. It has 28 exam makers in it, and compares their exams in 24 languages. The ALTE says what learners can do at every step of learning. Because of this, they say the ALTE list is a "can-do" list. The ALTE list is a simple way to talk about the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF). The CEF is from the Council of Europe.
This table shows what learners "can do" in normal English (not for work or studying) at the ALTE steps:
This table compares exams in ALTE:
There are many groups of teachers, professors, and other experts that do research on English language testing. Some of these may be have good information to help teachers understand testing better.
Eumetazoa
Eumetazoa is a clade which includes all major animal phyla except sponges, and a few other groups of animals, such as the Placozoa. The Eumetazoa have true tissues, neurons, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage.
Bilateria
The Bilateria are animals which are bilaterally symmetrical. They have front and a back end, an upside and downside, and a left and right side. Most animals are bilateral.
Numbers are approximate; extinct species numbers cannot be known for most phyla.
Lyre
A lyre (pronounce to rhyme with "fire") is an instrument which is like a mixture between a harp and a guitar. It is held in one hand and the strings are strummed using the other hand. Lyres were among the first string instruments to be invented.
Oceanic crust
The oceanic crust is the part of Earth's lithosphere that is under the ocean basins.
Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima which is named for its magnesium silicate minerals. It is thinner than continental crust, and is about 7-10 kilometers thick, however it is more dense, having a mean density of about 3.3 g/cm.
Oceanic crust generally does not last longer than 200 million years. In the rock cycle, it is continuously created at oceanic ridges. At these ridges, hot magma rises into the crust and cools, pushing the crust apart at the ridge. The continuous formation of new oceanic crust pushes the older crust away from the mid-ocean ridge. As it moves away from the ridge, the crust becomes cooler and denser, while the sediment may build on top of it.
Continental crust
The continental crust is the layer of granitic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
It consists mostly of feldspar and other sialic rocks. It is less dense than the material of the Earth's mantle, which consists of mafic rock. Continental crust is also less dense than oceanic crust, though it is considerably thicker; mostly 35 to 40 km versus the average oceanic thickness of around 7–10 km. About 40% of the Earth's surface lies on-top of continental crust.
The continental crust is separated from the oceanic crust by the continental margin.
List of cities in the United Kingdom
This is a List of cities in the United Kingdom. This list includes all places with city status.
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Shift work
Shift work is a working practice which is designed to use all 24 hours of a day, and not only the standard working day hours.
A day for example can be divided into three eight-hour shifts. An employee only works one of the shifts in each day. The "first shift" is in the morning, the "second shift" is in the afternoon and evening and the "third shift" is overnight.
The "second shift", also known as the "swing shift" in some places, is the work shift which takes place in the afternoon and evening. It usually extends from 4 PM (16:00) to midnight, or from 3 PM (15:00) to 11 PM (23:00).
The "third shift", the "night shift", is usually from 11 PM (23:00) or 12-midnight (00:00) to 07:00 or 08:00 in the morning.
The World Health Organization (WHO) claimed in December 2007 that shift work might cause cancer but currently there is no evidence to support the claim
A study by Knutsson "et al." in 1986 showed that labors who work shift work in a production floor (papermill as per the research) for more than 15 years, are 3 times more likely to develop ischaemic heart diseases.
Étang Saumâtre
Étang Saumâtre (in English, "brackish pond") is the largest lake of Haiti. It is the second largest lake of Hispaniola, after Lake Enriquillo. It is also known as Lake Azuei. It is known as "Lago del Fondo" in the Dominican Republic. Its Taíno name was "Yainagua".
The lake is on the arid part of the Plain of the Cul-de-Sac. It is east of Port-au-Prince in the Ouest Department. Its eastern side is part of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic; the Dominican city of Jimaní is at less than 1 km from the southeast end of the lake.
The salt-water lake has a length, from northwest to southeast, of . Its maximum width is . The total area is .
The water of the lake is dark blue. Its salinity is about one fifth (1/5) the salinity of sea water. Very few small rivers flow into the lake.
Many water birds visit the lake to feed, including flamingos. There are also American crocodiles and some fishes including tilapia. Because it is an arid region, the vegetation around the lake is poor with cacti and small shrubs.
Grumman F6F Hellcat
The F6F Hellcat was a United States Navy fighter aircraft made by Grumman during World War II. I t first flew in 1942 and was introduced in 1943. It was supposed to be a little bit better than the F4F Wildcat, but became a big improvement. It was more powerful and could turn better. It was made to fight the Japanese A6M Zero. It was able to take off of aircraft carriers. It was also used by the navy as a "night fighter", which means that a radar was put on it so it could fly at night. During the war, it had the most aces fly it. It was retired in 1954.
Notes
Grumman F4F Wildcat
The F4F Wildcat was a fighter aircraft made by Grumman. It first flew in 1937, and was introduced in 1940. It was used in the Pacific during the early years of World War II. It could take off from aircraft carriers. During the war, it mainly fought the A6M Zero. Because the Wildcat was not beating the Zero, a new airplane was made called the F6F Hellcat. The Wildcat continued to fight in places where the Hellcat was too big, and was retired in 1945.
Mitsubishi A6M Zero
The Mitsubishi A6M Zero, often called just the A6M Zero or simply the Zero was a long range carrier ship-based fighter aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. The aircraft was built by Mitsubishi, making its first flight in 1939, and entering naval service in 1940.
It was the primary fighter used by Japan during the war. It was the primary enemy of US Naval aircraft such as the Grumman F4F Wildcat, Vought F4U Corsair, and later the Grumman F6F Hellcat, which was specifically designed to combat the Zero. The A6M Zero was the best fighter at the beginning of the Pacific war. However, late in the war, new American fighters were able to defeat it.
CONCACAF Champions League
The CONCACAF Champions League (originally called the CONCACAF Champions' Cup) is a football competition between the best club teams in North and Central America and the Caribbean. The teams are selected by the Central American and Caribbean Association of Football (the CONCACAF) because of their good performances in matches.
Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football
The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football often referred to as just CONCACAF, is the organization that controls North, Central, and Caribbean football.
Mali Federation
The Mali Federation was a country in the west of Africa. Senegal and Mali came together and made this country. (Mali's name was French Sudan at that time). It started on April 4 1959 and it was controlled by France. However, it became independent on June 20 1960.