In addition to the expulsion of African Americans from some small towns, Chinese Americans and other minorities were also driven out of some of the towns where they lived. Loewen says one example is that in 1870, Chinese made up one-third of the population of Idaho. Following a wave of violence and an 1886 anti-Chinese convention in Boise, almost none remained by 1910. The town of Gardnerville, Nevada, is said to have blown a whistle at 6 p.m. daily alerting Native Americans to leave by sundown.
In addition, Jews were excluded from living in some sundown towns, such as Darien, Connecticut.
James Loewen's book, "Sundown Towns" describes sundown towns. Several other books also show the existence of sundown towns. Sundown towns are mentioned in "Following the Color Line", by Ray Stannard Baker; "Free But Not Equal", by V. Jacque Voegeli; "Black Ohio and the Color Line", by David Gerber; "The Negro in Indiana", by Emma Thornbrough; "Mobile Americans: Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha", by Howard Chudacoff; "Race and Kinship in a Midwestern Town", by James DeVries; "The Sociogenesis of a Race Riot" by Roberta Senechal. Visual treatments include Robby Heason, "Trouble Behind" (Cicada Films, 1990), and Marco Williams, "Banished" (banishedthefilm.com/).
Punta Gorda, Belize
Punta Gorda (called P. G. by the locals) is a city in the southern part of Belize. It is the capital of the district (state) of Toledo. About 6,400 people live there. Punta Gorda has a tiny airport. Every Saturday, people come to Punta Gorda from all over Toledo District to buy and sell items in an open-air market.
Punta Gorda is a seaport and fishing town on the Caribbean Sea. It was a small fishing village before being settled by a number of Garifuna who came from Honduras in 1823. The town is about fifteen feet above sea level.
Well-known people from Punta Gorda include paranda musician Paul Nabor and Belize's 'Queen of Brukdown', Leela Vernon.
Deaths in 2012
The following is a list of notable deaths in 2012.
Noto Province
The province had borders with Etchū and Kaga provinces.
The ancient capital city of the province was Nanao.
Noto Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Noto Province were reformed in the 1870s.
"Keta jinja" was the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") of Noto.
Sado Province
Sado Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.
In 1221, Emperor Juntoku was sent into exile on Sado Island. The former emperor is sometimes identified as because his last years were spent at Sado. Juntoku remained at Sado until his death in 1242.
In the Edo period, Gold was discovered and mined. The Sado mines were added to the tentative World Heritage List in 2010.
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Sado Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Sado is an island in the Sea of Japan. It was off the coast of Echigo Province.
"Watatsu-jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Sado.
Louise I. Shelley
Louise I. Shelley is a professor at George Mason University in Virginia. She is also founder and director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC).
She graduated from Cornell University "cum laude" in Penology and Russian literature in 1972. While there, she co-founded the Risley Residential College. She served on the Cornell Board of Trustees. She got a M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in Criminology in 1973. In 1973/74, she held a Columbia University, International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) Fellowship used to study in the Sociology Department, Law School and the Russian Institute. In 1977, Shelley earned a Ph.D. in Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.
She joined the American University as an Assistant Professor in 1977. She became a full professor in 1986. In 2007, she moved to George Mason University. Shelley has studied at Moscow State University as a Fulbright-Hayes Fellow.
She studied the prison system of Russia and other nations. She studies how criminals make their money hard to trace (money laundering).
Wakasa Province
The province had borders with Echizen, Ōmi, Tamba, Tango, and Yamashiro Provinces.
The ancient capital city of the province was Obama.
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Wakasa Province were reformed in the 1870s.
"Wakasahiko jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Wakasa.
Bob Anderson
Robert James Gilbert Anderson (September 15, 1922–January 1, 2012) was an English athlete who represented Great Britain in the fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He choreographed the sword fights for many movies including Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.
He was born in Hampshire on September 15, 1922 and during World War II he was a member of the British Royal Marines. He used his sword fighting skills in many movies starting with "The Master of Ballantrae", based on the book by Robert Louis Stevenson. During the filming he accidentally stabbed Errol Flynn in the leg. Anderson was the person dressed as Darth Vader in the sword fights in "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi". He also arranged the sword fights in all three of the Lord of the Rings movies. Other movie credits included the James Bond movies, "From Russia With Love" and "Die Another Day", "The Princess Bride", "The Three Musketeers (1993 movie)", "The Mask of Zorro", and "The Legend of Zorro".
Geli Raubal
Geli Raubal (June 4, 1908–September 18, 1931), sometimes known as Angela Raubal was Adolf Hitler's half-niece. She was born in Linz, Austria-Hungary. She shot herself dead in Hitler's apartment in Munich, Weimar Republic. She is buried in Zentralfriedhof, Vienna, Austria.
Tamara Toumanova
Tamara Toumanova ( March 2, 1919 – May 29, 1996) was an American ballerina and actress of Georgian descent. Toumanova is notable for ballet, and she also acted in several movies.
Tournova became an American citizen in 1943. She married her second husband, Casey Robinson, a Hollywood script writer and producer, in 1944.
Shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, Toumanova's mother, Eugenia Toumanova, left Georgia, Russia looking for her first husband, Konstantin Zakharov. She was pregnant at the time. She gave birth to Toumanova in Siberia. It has been verified that Toumanova is of Georgian ancestry.
Toumanova's parents became separated during the revolution. Toumanova was 18 months old before her parents were found each other. The family went from Russia to Shanghai, China. They lived there for a year. They then moved to Cairo. After living in refugee camps, the family moved to Paris. There was a large Russian émigré community there.
After moving to Paris, Toumanova was given piano lessons and studied ballet with Olga Preobrajenska. Toumanova said she was her "first and only permanent teacher" and an "immortal friend". She made her debut at the Paris Opera at the age of ten in the children's ballet "L'Éventail de Jeanne". George Balanchine saw her in ballet class and hired her for de Basil's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo as one of the three "baby ballerinas".
Faizal Yusof
Faizal Yusof (1979 - 1 January 2011) was a Malaysian actor. He acted in the popular television series "Tiramisu and Manjalara". He died from heart failure, and was buried in the Batu Mudu Muslim Cemetery in Kuala Lumpur.
Valery Rozhdestvensky
Valery Ilyich Rozhdestvensky (February 13, 1939–August 31, 2011) was a USSR cosmonaut.
Rozhdestvensky was born in Leningrad and studied engineering at the Higher Military Engineering School of the Soviet Navy in Pushkin. From 1961 to 1965 he was commander of a deep sea diving unit in the Baltic Sea War Fleet.