Friedrich August von Hayek, CH (8 May 1899– 23 March 1992) was an Austrian-British economist and political philosopher. He became known because he strongly defended liberalism and free-market capitalism. He was against too much central control of the economy and society. He thought that forms of government like socialism were not good for the economy, and damaged freedom of the individual. Hayek's signature work, "The Road to Serfdom", refers to the consequences of socialism.
He was one of the most important economists and political philosophers of the 20th century. He was one of the most important members of the Austrian School of economics. He also had many ideas in the fields of jurisprudence and cognitive science. He shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in Economics with his rival Gunnar Myrdal. The award was for their work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations; also for their analysis of the inter-dependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena. He also received the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991. He is thought to be one of the major causes of change from the Keynesian policies of the first part of the 20th century. Instead of governments handling the details of the economy, they went back towards classical liberalism in the 1980s and later. This happened most clearly in the 1980s in the U.S.A. (under Ronald Reagan) and the U.K. (under Margaret Thatcher).
Ancient Olympic Games
The Ancient Olympic Games were a series of athletic competitions held between the city-states of Ancient Greece. They used to be called the Olympic Games (; "Olympiakoi Agones") until the modern day Olympic Games started. The Ancient Olympic Games began in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece. They ran until 393 AD. Then the stadium got buried by landslides and other natural disasters.
Prizes at the games were olive wreaths, palm branches and woollen ribbons. The ancient Olympics were played in the honour of the God Zeus.
Women were not allowed to participate or even to see the competitions.
Here are athletes that competed at the Games:
Manhattan (movie)
Manhattan is a 1979 American romantic comedy-drama movie by director Woody Allen. The movie is set in New York City. The movie is about Issac Davis (played by Allen), a divorced 42-year old dating a 17-year-old girl. His ex-wife is openly lesbian.
The movie was nominated for two Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress (Mariel Hemingway) and Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen. It also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The movie was #46 on American Film Institute's "100 Years...100 Laughs". In 2001, the United States Library of Congress said the movie was "culturally significant" and selected it to keep in the National Film Registry.
The movie had mostly positive reviews.
Match Point
Match Point is a 2005 British crime drama thriller movie by director Woody Allen. It is set in London and stars Scarlett Johansson and Jonathan Rhys Meyers.
Punching bag
A punching bag is a tough bag which is supposed to be punched a lot. It is used in exercise or stress relief to improve one of three areas: physical strength, aerobic fitness or punching technique.
Punching bags have been used in martial arts for as long as there has been a written history of military training. Similar apparatus in Asian martial arts include the Okinawan "makiwara" and the Chinese "mook jong", which may have padded striking surfaces attached to them.
Nocera Inferiore
Nocera Inferiore, is a town and comune in Campania, Italy, in the province of Salerno, at the foot of Monte Albino, 20 km east-south-east of Naples by rail, . above sea-level.
Nuceria Alfaterna appears to have been the chief town in the valley of the Sarnus, Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabiae and Surrentum all being dependent upon it.
Hannibal destroyed the town in 216.
In 1385 Pope Urban VI was besieged in the castle of Charles of Durazzo.
At Nocera had sped a big part of they life the painter Francesco Solimena, and the writers Jacopo Sannazzaro and Domenico Rea.
Is the birthplace of the footballers Simone Barone and Raffaele De Martino.
Originally from Nocera are the parents of Italian American Warren Cuccurullo and Mario Cuomo.
Nevado del Ruiz
Nevado del Ruiz, also called Mount Ruiz, is a volcano in Colombia. It is about
There was a lahar after an eruption in 1985. About 23,000 people died when the lahar covered the Armero, making this the most deadly lahar in the history of the world. People who live near the volcano call it "the Sleeping Lion", because it was dormant or sleeping for nearly 150 years before the Armero lahar.
Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, icy stratovolcano that covers more than . Three major edifices, composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have built up since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone consists of a wide cluster of lava domes produced within the summit caldera of an ancient Ruiz. The 1-kilometer wide, Arenas crater currently occupies the summit. The prominent La Olleta pyroclastic cone is on the volcano's southwest flank and may also have been active in historical times. The mountain's flanks are lined by the steep headwalls of massive landslides. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions, which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars, including the famous eruption in 1985 that was the world's deadliest. There was an eruption in 2016, latest update.
In 1595, a lahar flowed down along the valleys of the River Guali and the River Lagunillas, killing 636 people. In 1845, another massive lahar flooded the upper valley of the River Lagunillas, killing over 1,000 people. It continued for downstream before spreading across a plain in the lower valley floor. It is believed both of these formed from melting of the snow and ice that cover the summit, as did the original eruption.
Nevado del Ruiz was very active in the three months before it erupted. An Italian volcanological mission analyzed gas samples from the fumaroles along the Arenas crater floor and proved them to be a mixture of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, indicating a direct magmatic release into surface environment. A very high lahar risk was stressed in the mission's report delivered on October 22, 1985 and various simple preparedness techniques were proposed to local authorities.
During the following "quiet" period in October, the hydrothermal component of the vapor discharge steadily increased. The gases were super-saturated with elemental sulfur; their thermodynamic equilibration temperatures can range from 200 to 600° Celsius. Gases and water from fumaroles and thermal springs on the flanks of the volcano are likely to be produced from a two-phase vapor-brine envelope adjoining the eruptive system within the volcano. The chemistry of the fumarole discharges is compatible with the comparison of an eruptive mechanism involving the build-up of pressure in an extensive vapor zone by gas released from a stagnant, already extensively degassed body of magmatic material at depth. Production of such a residual gas over extended periods may account for the large amount of sulfur dioxide (SO) being released from the volcano in relation to the small amount of ejected solids.