Vaucluse is part of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The department is managed by the "Departamental Council of the Vaucluse" in Avignon.
There are 3 "arrondissements" (districts), 17 "cantons" and 151 "communes" (municipalities) in Vaucluse.
The following is a list of the 17 cantons of the Vaucluse department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
The inhabitants of Vaucluse are known, in French, as "Vauclusiens" (women: "Vauclusiennes").
Vaucluse has a population, in 2014, of 554,374, for a population density of inhabitants/km. The "arrondissement" of Avignon, with 296,303 inhabitants, is by far the largest. The other two, Carpentras and Apt, have respectively 129,623 and 128,448 inhabitants.
The city with more people living in it is the capital, Avignon (92,209). The subprefectures of Carpentras and Apt have, respectively, 28,447 and 11,885 inhabitants.
Evolution of the population in Vaucluse
The 12 most important cities in the department are:
Vaucluse has been always a rural department where farming is the main economic activity. The most important produces in the department are fruits (melons, cherries, strawberrys, apples, grapes and others) and vegetables (tomatoes).
Another important product of the region is wine, mainly those wines known as "Côtes-du-Rhône".
Diffie-Hellman key exchange
The Diffie-Hellman key exchange (sometimes called an Exponential key exchange) is a protocol used to secretly share information with keys.
In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invented a way for people to encrypt data and send it over an open channel. The idea was based on a concept by Ralph Merkle.
Diffie and Hellman wanted to make Transport Layer Security (TLS), a secure way of computers communicating, more safe to perform. For example, while you can use a password to keep a file safe, if you need to tell the password to somebody there is a risk of the password being seen by third parties. Diffie-Hellman key agreement itself is an "anonymous" (non-"authenticated") key-agreement protocol: people involved in the trade do not need to prove who they are, but both people need to use their secret keys to fully decrypt the data.
Alice and Bob both start at the same number ("10") and both do half of a sum, which means they both get the same result without seeing what the other person added (15 and 30). This is useful in cryptography because Alice and Bob do not share their private numbers, which means a third party cannot spy on the result (55) unless they can find both private numbers; even if a third party knows Alice sent "10" + 15 = 25, they don't know the result is 55 unless they also know Bob sent 30.
Since only Alice and Bob know their private numbers, this is a good way of sending secure information if the numbers are very big and the calculations are difficult. Since computers can use very complicated math to encrypt things, this stops people from trying a brute force attack to guess the numbers until it works. One example of how big calculations are made this way is the original version of Diffie-Hellman, which used both multiplicative group of integers modulo n and primitive root modulo n.
While very useful, Diffie-Hellman is at risk of a man-in-the-middle attack. Alice and Bob do not need to prove who they are to swap their information, which means there is a risk that Charlie can look at the information while it is being swapped, and can even pretend to be Alice or Bob to try and figure out their keys. One way this is avoided is to use authentication, where people perform extra steps to prove who they are.
British royal family
The British royal family is the group of close relatives (family) of the monarch, currently Elizabeth II, of the United Kingdom.
HM Queen Elizabeth II <br>
HRH The Duke of Gloucester (Prince Richard)<br>
HRH The Duchess of Gloucester (born Birgitte van Deurs)<br>
HRH The Duke of Kent (Prince Edward)<br>
HRH The Duchess of Kent (born Katharine Worsley)<br>
HRH Prince Michael of Kent<br>
HRH Princess Michael of Kent (born Marie-Christine von Reibnitz)<br>
HRH Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
MQV
MQV (Menezes-Qu-Vanstone) is an authenticated protocol for key agreement based on the Diffie-Hellman scheme. MQV provides protection against an active attacker.
Cher (department)
Cher is a department in the centre of France in the Centre-Val de Loire region. It is named after the Cher river, the most important river in the department.
Its prefecture is Bourges.
The department is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790. The department was created from part of the former province of Berry.
The new department had seven districts: Aubigny, Sancerre, Sancoins, Saint-Amand, Châteaumeillant, Bourges and Vierzon. The capital (now prefecture) was Bourges.
In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the seven districts were changed into three "arrondissements": Bourges, Saint-Amand-Mont-Rond and Sancerre.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Sancerre was eliminated. In 1984, a new "arrondissement" was created: Vierzon.
Cher is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. It has an area of .
The highest point of the department is "Le Magnoux" (), in the south end of the department in the "commune" of Préveranges, and that is above sea level.
The department is bordered by 6 departments in 4 regions:
The main rivers are:
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Bourges is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype Cfb.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Bourges is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Bourges is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
The department is managed by the "Departmental Council of the Cher" in Bourges. Cher is part of the region of Centre-Val de Loire.
There are 3 "arrondissements" (districts), 19 "cantons" and 290 "communes" (municipalities) in Cher.
The following is a list of the 19 cantons of the Cher department, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
The inhabitants of Cher are known, in French, as "Chériens" (women: "Chériennes") or "Berrichons" (women: "Berrichonnes").
Cher has a population, in 2014, of 310,270, for a population density of inhabitants/km. The "arrondissement" of Bourges, with 173,889 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
Evolution of the population in Cher
The main cities in the department are:
Corrèze
Corrèze () is a department in south-western France, named after the Corrèze river. It is in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region and its capital is the city of Tulle.
Corrèze is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the old province of Limousin (the "Bas Limousin").
The new department had four districts: Uzerche, Ussel, Tulle and Brive. The capital (now prefecture) was Tulle.
In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the four districts were changed into three "arrondissements": Tulle, Brive and Ussel.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Ussel was eliminated but, on 6 December 1943, it became again an "arrondissement".
Corrèze is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region; it is to the west of the Massif Central. It has an area of .
The department is surrounded by 6 departments in 3 regions:
The highest point of the department is the Mont Bessou, high; the lowest point is in the valley of the Vézère river and is high.
The main rivers in the department are the Dordogne, the Vézère and the Corrèze that gives its name to the deparment.