The first use of barcodes was to label railroad rolling stock. They became a big success when they were used in supermarket checkout systems. The first product that used a barcode was a pack of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit Gum sold on June 26, 1974. It was invented by IBM engineer George J. Laurer. Barcodes are now used for many purposes.
Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver developed the modern barcode, and were granted a patent for it in 1952. The idea was to make the checkout of articles easier, using a code which was inspired by Morse code. In 1959, David Collins developed a system for tracking railroad carriages which used barcodes. This system was unreliable, because of dirt on the barcodes. In the 1970s, the system was abandoned, but in the 1980s, a similar system which used radio tags was introduced.
There are different barcode types, which use different designs:
The standard barcode uses changes in lines and spaces to store numbers in a code that computers can read. The lines are read by a scanner and changed into numbers. It is designed that it can be read forwards or backwards, so the user does not have to be careful how a product is put in front of the reader. A laser line can be used to scan (read) the changes. The laser scanners are also called barcode readers. Since this laser line scans in one direction (left or right), this is called a 1D barcode.
Newer 2D systems use symbols other than bars and can hold more information, but they are also called barcodes. They need to be scanned left or right, and up or down (two directions). QR codes were invented in 1994 to use in factories to track parts and products. People use them for many purposes in the 21st century. Special software can read QR from an image. Smartphones can have an app to show and read them. This is becoming increasingly popular as more apps are able to use such features to help the user obtain access to websites and special resources, such as being used in 'digital cities', such as Bordeaux. Many kinds of tickets, including those for transport, have a QR code.
Barcodes — especially the Universal Product Code, UPC — have slowly become an important part of modern life. They are used in many places, and the technology is constantly improving. Some modern uses of barcodes are:
In sales, the use of barcodes can provide up-to-date information to help the business. For example:
Nathalia Dill
Nathalia Goyannes Dill Orrico, better known as Nathalia Dill (March 24, 1986 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a Brazilian actress. She played the villain, Débora Rios, in the fifteenth season of the series Malhação. In her last television work, Nathalia was protagonist of the novel "Paraíso", Benedito Ruy Barbosa, where she played the character Maria Rita (Santinha).
Optical mark recognition
OMR (optical mark recognition) is a form of automated data input. Marks are made on a specially printed paper forms which are then read by an OMR reader. The data is then sent to a computer for processing.
One of the most common uses of OMR is in multiple choice examinations. Students mark their answers on specially printed sheets using either a pencil or a special marker. The sheets are then collected in and the data read using a sheet feed OMR scanner
Optical character recognition
Optical character recognition (OCR) is a method of automatic data entry. OCR software is used to convert handwritten, type-written or printed text into data that can be edited on a computer.
In simple systems, the paper documents are scanned with an image scanner. The OCR software then looks at the image and compares the shapes of the letters to stored images of letters. In this way, it makes a text file that can be edited with a normal text editor.
More complex systems look at images, layout and so on. This can make editable electronic versions which look identical to the original documents.
OCR works best with clean, clearly printed materials.
Nhundiaquara River
Nhundiaquara River is in the Serra do Mar, on the coast of Paraná, Brazil.
The historic river was the first natural route linking the coast to the state plateaus. At the start of the settling, it was named Cubatão, being considered the richest gold river, thus contributing significantly to the development of the counties.
Istrian Italians
Istrian Italians are one of the ethnic groups of Istria. The others are Croatians, Slovenians and Istrorumanians.
The Istrian Italians are the descendants of the romanized Illyrian population of Istria during the Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages they were under domination of many political states, like the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. But most of the time they were under the Republic of Venice, especially during the Renaissance.
The Istrian Italians enjoyed a huge cultural development in the centuries under Venice: Pola and Capodistria were important centers of art and culture during the Italian Renaissance. Personalities like Pier Paolo Vergerio (a famous "Humanist") and Santorius Santorio (a physician who discovered the medical thermometer) are renowned worldwide.
In the last two centuries, the Istrian Italians, who were the majority of the population of Istria under Napoleon, have been in continuous ethnic fighting with the Slavs of Istria. As a consequence, they have been reduced to a small minority, who have survived the Istrian exodus and the Foibe massacres during and after WWII.
According to the Italian Census done in 1936, in the peninsula of Istria there were 294,000 residents; most were Istrian Italians. Here, there are the percentages for all the Istrian cities/districts:
Currently, there are nearly 50,000 Istrian Italians; a small minority of the Istria peninsula population. They are mainly divided between Croatia and Slovenia, but a few thousand still live in Italy (in the coastal city of Muggia near Trieste).
Indeed, in various municipalities in actual Croatia and Slovenia, census data shows that there are still significant numbers of Italians living in Istria, such as 51% of the population of Grožnjan/Grisignana, 37% at Brtonigla/Verteneglio and nearly 30% in Buje/Buie.
Valentina Tolkunova
Valentina Vassilyevna Tolkunova (Валентина Васильевна Толкунова; b. 12 July 1946, Armavir - d. 22 March 2010, Moscow) was a Russian singer.
Toshikazu Kato (born in 1969)
Toshikazu Kato (born 22 April 1969) is a former Japanese football player.
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Luke Moore
Luke Moore (born 13 February 1986) is an English footballer. He plays for West Bromwich Albion.
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Atsuyoshi Furuta
Furuta was born in Hiroshima on October 27, 1952. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined his local club Toyo Industries (later "Mazda") in 1975. The club won second place at 1978 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1984.
On August 13, 1971, when Furuta was a Waseda University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Iceland. It was the youngest player to play for Japan national team at the age of 18 years and 29 days until Daisuke Ichikawa made new record in 1998. He played at 1974 and 1978 Asian Games. He played 32 games for Japan until 1978.
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Anthony Le Tallec
Anthony Le Tallec (born 3 October 1984) is a French football player. He plays for Le Mans.
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Lee Bowyer
Lee Bowyer (born 3 January 1977) was an English football player. He played for Birmingham City.
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Justin Hoyte
Justin Hoyte (born 20 November 1984) is an English football player. He plays for FC Cincinnati.
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Armand Traoré
Armand Traoré (born 8 October 1989) is a French football player. He plays for Arsenal.
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Steven Taylor
Steven Taylor (born 23 January 1986) is a English football player. He plays for Newcastle United.