In 2003, Kawasahima was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2003 World Youth Championship and played all 5 matches. In February 2008, he was selected the Japan national team for 2008 East Asian Football Championship. At this tournament, he debuted against North Korea on February 17. However he could not play many matches behind Seigo Narazaki. In 2010, he was selected the Japan for 2010 World Cup. In May, he became a first choice goalkeeper instead Narazaki just before the 2010 World Cup. Kawashima played all 4 matches at the 2010 World Cup and Japan qualified to the knockout stage. After the 2010 World Cup, Narazaki retired from national team and Kawashima became a egular goalkeeper under new manager Alberto Zaccheroni. In 2011, he played at 2011 Asian Cup and won the champions. He also played at 2013 Confederations Cup, 2014 World Cup and 2015 Asian Cup. Although he lost his position behind Shusaku Nishikawa from 2015, Kawashima played many matches again from 2017. In 2018, he was selected the Japan for 2018 World Cup. He played all 4 matches and Japan qualified to the knockout stage. He also played at 2019 Copa América. He played 91 games for Japan until 2019.
Kawashima helped develop a program to improve the foreign language skills of Japanese athletes and coaches who play and coach internationally. He is fluent in English and Italian. He works to improve speaking and listening skills in Dutch, French and Portuguese skills.
171||0||11||0||25||0||22||0||229||0
141||0||10||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0||167||0
16||0||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
35||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||37||0
363||0||26||0||25||0||22||0||436||0
!Total||91||0
Tomoyuki Sakai
Sakai was born in Misato on June 29, 1979. He joined JEF United Ichihara from their youth team in 1997. He played many matches as defensive midfielder from first season. He moved to Nagoya Grampus Eight in 2001. He also played as right midfielder not only defensive midfielder. His opportunity to play decreased from the middle of 2003. He moved to Urawa Reds in 2004. Although he did not have much opportunity to play, the club won the 2nd place in 2004 and 2005 J1 League and the champions 2005 Emperor's Cup. He moved to Vissel Kobe in July 2007 and Fujieda MYFC in 2009. From 2010, he moved to Indonesia and played for Pelita Jaya, Persiwa Wamena, Persiram Raja Ampat and Deltras Sidoarjo. He retired in 2013.
In August 1995, Sakai was selected the Japan U-17 national team for 1995 U-17 World Championship. He played full-time in all 3 matches. In April 1999, he was also selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1999 World Youth Championship. He played full-time in all 7 matches as right midfielder and Japan won the 2nd place.
In September 2000, Sakai was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2000 Summer Olympics who carried high hopes of the nation because Sakai's teammates included such household names as Hidetoshi Nakata, Shunsuke Nakamura and Naohiro Takahara. Sakai played all 4 matches. However, in the team's quarterfinal match, Sakai committed a foul inside his own box at the 90th minute, conceding the United States, Japan's opponents, a crucial penalty to make it 2-2. The United States went on to win the penalty shootouts after 120 minutes of play could not separate the two teams.
On December 20, 2000, Sakai debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea.
221||14||23||2||42||3||286||19
56||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||56||3
277||17||23||2||42||3||342||22
!Total||1||0
Vladimir Jugović
Vladimir Jugović (born 30 August 1969) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team and Serbia national team.
77||17
202||31
17||3
19||0
25||3
19||2
359||56
!Total||4||1
!Total||37||2
Algorithmic information theory
Algorithmic information theory is a field of theoretical computer science. It is concerned with how information and computation are related. Most information can be represented as a String (or a sequence of characters). Algorithmic information theory studies the complexity of information represented that way (In other words, how difficult it is to get that information, or how long it takes). Unlike regular information theory, it uses Kolmogorov complexity to describe complexity, and not the measure of complexity developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. Kolmogorov complexity was developed independently by Andrey Kolmogorov and Gregory Chaitin .
According to Claude Shannon the following two binary strings have the same content in information (this is only valid for the first-order entropy):
The first was generated with a random number generator, for example by throwing a coin. The second is easier to describe (eight times "1", then eight times "0"). For this reason, the first sequence has more algorithmic information, because it is harder to shorten ("compress") the description on how to generate it. Shortening the description may not be possible at all. The information value of a string is higher, if it is more difficult to shorten ("compress") its description. Random strings and white noise do not contain patterns that occur again. For this reason they cannot be compressed, and have a higher information value.
Tawhīd
Tawhid is the concept of God in Islam which says that only one God exists. It says that God is unique and one and He has no equal. It also says that since the God is the only creator, there is no room for lesser Gods or deities. Any lesser gods are therefore false. Tawhid is an essential part of Islam. To become a Muslim it is necessary to accept it. The concept of Tawhid has many implications. Since God is the only power, both good and bad flow from God. So, whatever good or bad occurs to an individual, both are from God and both should be accepted by the individual. Since God is the only power worth worshipping, reliance on any other source for help is not permissible.
The Qur'an explains the nature of God in Chapter 112:
Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; None is born of Him, nor is He born; And there is no one like him.
Associating any other thing or person as being comparable to God is called "shirk" in Islam. This is the only sin in Islam which cannot be forgiven by God, unless a person turns repentant on Earth. The Koran can also be interpreted as telling Muslims to not follow the idea of the "trinity," the Christian concept for explaining God. Since the trinity views God as being made up of three different parts, many Muslims view this as "shirk". On the other hand, Christians will say that they view the trinity as making up one God, so it is not "shirk". The Koran also says that Jesus did not claim to be anything more than a human being, while in Christianity he is part of the trinity. According to Muslim scripture, Jesus claims to be prophet chosen by God, different from the divine status he has in Christianity.
Nobuhisa Yamada
Yamada was born in Fujieda on September 10, 1975. After graduating from Fujieda Higashi High School, he joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 1994. He became a regular player from 1995. Although he mainly played as a right-side defender or midfielder, he also played many position, center back, defensive midfielder and attacking midfielder. He played more than 500 league matches for Urawa and also served captain from 2004 to 2008. The club won the champions 2006 J1 League, 2003 J.League Cup, 2005 and 2006 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the champions 2007 AFC Champions League and the 3rd place 2007 Club World Cup. He retired end of the 2013 season.
Yamada was a member of the Japan U-20 national team for the 1995 World Youth Championship. He played all 4 matches as right midfielder and scored a goal against Burundi. On November 20, 2002, he debuted for the Japan national team against Argentina. In 2003, he played most matches as right side-back including 2003 Confederations Cup. He played 15 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 2004.