Leeuwenhoek's discoveries and drawings of 'little animalcules' opened up a whole new world for naturalists. Protozoa, and microorganisms generally were discovered, and the discoveries about them are still going on today. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg's book "Die Infusionsthierchen" summarised what was known in 1838. Lorenz Oken (1779–1851) in 1805 wrote that infusoria (microscopic forms) were the basis of all life.
The idea that cells were the basis of the larger forms of life came in the 18th century. Finding out who did the work has taken some time:
The cell theory includes these important ideas:
The body cells of metazoans divide by simple mitotic cell division. Sexual reproduction is ancestral in eukaryotes, and in metazoa it is carried out by specialised sex cells. They are produced by a process called meiosis.
Prokaryotic cells reproduce using binary fission, where the cell simply splits in half. For both mitosis and binary fission the cell must replicate (copy) all its genetic information (DNA) so that each new cell will have a copy.
Cartomancy
Cartomancy is the study of reading cards for fortune-telling or divination. There are many different types of cards used for cartomancy, some of which include standard playing cards and the tarot.
Tarot cards are similar to a standard deck of playing cards. In fact, Tarot predates regular playing cards, and might have been the basis for them. The major difference between playing cards and tarot is that tarot decks contain 22 extra cards called the Major Arcana, which are primarily used to read fortunes.
Some Spanish-speaking countries like Mexico use cards similar to bingo for fortune-telling. They call this practice Lotería. Because the game was invented in Italy, Lotería gets its name from the Italian word for lottery.
Borscht
Borshch (, , Lithuanian: "barščiai", ) is a type of sour red beet soup. It is the main first meal in Ukrainian cuisine. It is also oftenly eaten in Eastern European countries, such as Russia, Romania, Poland, Belarus, Moldova and Lithuania. It contains red beets, sausage, onion, potatoes and cabbage. Borshch soup is usually eaten with a piece of black bread. It is also eaten in central Asian countries like Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.
Visconti-Sforza tarot deck
The Visconti-Sforza tarot deck is the oldest known tarot deck. It was ordered to be made in the 15th century by Filippo Maria Visconti who was then the Duke of Milan. The name of the deck is used to describe various decks that have survived over time.
Thoth tarot deck
The Thoth tarot deck is a tarot deck painted by Lady Frieda Harris at the request of Aleister Crowley. Crowley referred to this deck as "The Book of Thoth", and wrote a book with the same title of use with the deck.
Tlaxcala (disambiguation)
Tlaxcala might mean:
Tlaxcala
Tlaxcala is the smallest state in Mexico with about a million people. It is in central Mexico, east of Mexico (state) and west of Puebla (state).
International Alliance of Research Universities
The International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU) was a program launched in January 2006 as a leading co-operative network of 10 international research-intensive universities. The president of the IARU is Australian National University Vice-Chancellor Professor Ian Chubb.
Its members are:
Rod Serling
Rodman "Rod" Serling (December 25, 1924 – June 28, 1975) was American screenwriter, radio and television narrator and producer. He is best known for producing and hosting the television series "The Twilight Zone". In 1973 and 1974, he hosted a syndicated radio program.
After three emergency surgeries, Serling died during surgery on 28 June 1975 from heart problems. He was buried on July 2 1975 in Interlaken, New York. He was married to Carolyn Kramer.
In 1994, computers were used to have him host a television movie of the "Twilight Zone" using old images of him.
Masoretic Text
The Masoretic Text is a copy of the Hebrew Bible that was written by the Masoretes between the 6th and 10th centuries.
The Masoretic Text is an authority because it is the source for most translations of the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament.
Before the first century CE, there were some small differences between copies of the Hebrew Bible. During first century CE, Jewish Bible specialists agreed on the same words, a process called standardisation.
Between about 100 and 300 CE, a group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Tannaim copied this Hebrew Bible. Then between about 300 and 500 CE, another group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Amoraim continued the work of the Tannaim. The Masoretes then continued the Amoraim's work for the next 500 years.
The Masoretes were very careful when they copied the Bible. When they thought there was a mistake in the work of the Amoraim or the other specialists, they wrote a note in the side of the book, rather than change the book. After they copied a book, they counted the verses, words and letters in each book to make sure there were no mistakes.
The Masoretes also added vowel points to make the Bible easier to read because the Hebrew writing does not show vowels.
There were two main places where Masoretes worked: Babylon and Israel. The Masoretes also wrote book about the Bible called the Masorah.
Golant
Golant is a small village in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is in the parish of St Sampson on the banks of the Fowey estuary and between St. Austell and Polperro. The church in the villiage is dedicated to St. Sampson.
Golant railway station was at one time by the river to the south of the village. It was served by trains on the Great Western Railway's Fowey branch line from 1 July 1896 until 4 January 1965. The station has since been removed. The space is now used for a car park.
Annie Vernon, the Olympic rower, first learned her sport at Golant's Castle Dore Rowing Club.
Until very recently, Golant has been almost unknown except to the people who live there and pilgrims and other walkers of the Saints' Way. Nearby, there is a little used ford across the Fowey estuary. In late summer 1644, during the first English Civil War, war came to Golant and the area around the village. A large group of about 10,000 Parliamentary soldiers fought against the forces of King Charles on the peninsula between Lostwithiel, St Blazey and Fowey. King Charles was in the area at the time.
Saints' Way
The Saints' Way () is a long-distance footpath in Cornwall, in the United Kingdom.
It follows the probable route of early Christian travellers making their way from Ireland to the Continent. Rather than risk the difficult passage around Land's End they would disembark their ships on the North Cornish coast and progress to ports such as Fowey on foot. The footpath today between Padstow in the north and Fowey in the south is 26 miles in length and is well marked. Guide books are available.
Saints' Way information at Cornwall County Council
Golda Meir
Golda Meir (; , , born Golda Mabovitch, May 3 1898 - December 8 1978, known as Golda Myerson from 1917 to 1956) was the fourth prime minister of the State of Israel.
Golda Meir became Prime Minister of Israel on March 17 1969 after serving as Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister. She was said to be the "Iron Lady" "(a strong-minded woman)" of Israel's politics years before that name became said about the British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher. Meir was Israel's first and so far only female prime minister. She was the world's third female prime minister. The two biggest events of her time as prime minister were the murder of eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympic Games and the 1973 Yom Kippur War. After questions about her handling of the war, Meir left her job even though she had been found to be not to blame for problems with the war.