The body also measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. If there is not enough oxygen in the blood, the medulla will tell the body to breathe faster, to take in more oxygen. Once there is enough oxygen in the blood, the medulla will tell the body to breathe slower again.
For a person to breathe, certain muscles have to contract (get tighter) and relax at the right times. The special groups of neurons in the medulla tell these breathing muscles when to contract (which makes a person breathe in) and when to relax (which makes a person breathe out). There are a few main groups of muscles that control breathing.
The diaphragm is the main muscle that controls breathing. It is a sheet of muscle that runs along the bottom of the rib cage. When the diaphragm is relaxed, it is shaped like a dome (like a half circle). When the medulla tells the diaphragm to make the body breathe in, the diaphragm pulls down and straightens out. This creates more room inside the chest, and more room for the lungs to fill up with air. Air comes into the lungs (this is inhalation). When it is time to breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes again and air leaves the lungs.
About 60% - 70% of a person's ability to breathe comes from the diaphragm.
The diaphragm is controlled by a special set of nerves called the phrenic nerves. The medulla tells the diaphragm when to contract by sending messages through the phrenic nerves. Because the diaphragm is so important for breathing, the phrenic nerves are very well protected in the body. They are at the very top of the spinal cord, near the neck.
The intercostal muscles run between each rib. When a person needs to breathe in, these muscles contract and pull the ribs upward. This creates more room inside the chest for the lungs to fill.
When a person is resting, the about 30% to 40% of their ability to breathe comes from the intercostal muscles.
The intercostal muscles are controlled by the intercostal nerves. The medulla tells the intercostals when to contract by sending messages through these nerves. The intercostal nerves are not as well protected as the phrenic nerves. The intercostal nerves run along the thoracic spine (which is in the upper to middle back) and connect to the intercostal muscles. This means that if a person injured their thoracic spine, they might not be able to use their intercostal muscles. They would then lose 30% to 40% of their ability to breathe. However, since the nerves that control the diaphragm are much farther up in the spine and better protected, the person would still be able to use their diaphragm to breathe. They would still have 60% to 70% of their ability to breathe.
Accessory muscles are muscles that a person uses only when they need extra help breathing. Sometimes this is normal. For example, if a person has just done a lot of exercise, they may need extra oxygen. The medulla will tell the accessory muscles to kick in, to make it easier for the person to lift their chest to create more room for the lungs to fill. The most important accessory muscles are the muscles in the chest, abdomen, and neck.
However, if a person has to use accessory muscles to breathe while they are resting, this is a sign that they are not getting the oxygen their body needs. They may need medication, extra oxygen given through a mask, or even emergency medical treatment to help them breathe normally. For example, people with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often use an inhaler when they have trouble breathing. The inhaler puffs a medicine like albuterol down into the windpipe and into the lungs. This makes the air passages wider and helps the person breathe better than they could before.
Laura Bush
Laura Bush (born Laura Lane Welch on November 4, 1946 in Midland, Texas) was the First Lady (The President's Wife) of the United States from 2001 to 2009.
She is the wife of George W. Bush, who was the President then.
Laura was born at Midland Memorial Hospital in Midland, Texas, Mrs. Bush is the only child of Harold Bruce Welch (1912-1995) and Jenna Louise Hawkins (1919-2019). Laura and George met and married in 1977. She is the mother of Barbara and Jenna Bush, who were born in 1981. Before she became First Lady she worked as a librarian and a school teacher in Dallas and Austin, Texas.
Dijon
Dijon is a commune in France. It is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region; it is also the prefecture (regional capital) of the region but the council of the region meets in Besançon.
It is the main city of the department and also the largest city of the region.
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio. Saint Benignus (Saint Kelly), the city's patron saint, is said to have spread Christianity to the area before being killed. It was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th century until the late 1400s and was a place of great wealth and power and one of the great European centers of art, learning and science.
Dijon is in the east of the department and in the centre of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The distances from Dijon to other cities are:
Dijon is surrounded by the "communes"ː
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Dijon is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype Cfb.
The average temperature for the year in Dijon is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month, on average is January, with an average temperature of .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Dijon is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .
The inhabitants of Dijon are known, in French, as "Dijonnais" (women: "Dijonnaises").
With a population of 153,668, Nevers has a population density of inhabitants/km.
Evolution of the population in Dijon
Dijon forms, together with other 14 "communes", the urban area of Dijon with a population of 241,591 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Dijon, formed by 295 "communes", with a population of 382,590 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
Dijon is a prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department since 1800. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Dijon and the administrative centre () of six cantons:
Dijon is part of the intercommunality "Dijon Métropole".
Dijon is twinned with
Simon Rodia
Sabato "Simon" Rodia (1879–1965) was an Italian immigrant who lived in the United States in the district of Los Angeles, California, called Watts. Starting in 1921 and until 1954, he built the Watts Towers, from junk and things he found. Many people made fun of him and tried to vandalize (damage) the "towers". He did not like people making fun of him. In 1955 he moved away from Watts and never returned. The "towers" remained, and the site where he built them is now a national landmark.
Terry Southern
Terry Southern (May 1, 1924 – October 29, 1995) was an American writer. He was part of the Paris postwar literary movement in the 1950s. He was a friend to Beat writers in Greenwich Village in the 1960s. In the 1970s he made changes to the way movies were written. In the 1980s he wrote for "Saturday Night Live" and talked about screenwriting at several universities in New York.
1615
Emeril Lagasse
Emeril Lagasse (born October 15, 1959) is an American celebrity chef. He is best known for his television program "Emeril Live", which airs on the Food Network. He hosts a Cooking Channel show named "Emeril's Florida". He also has several restaurants and wrote some cookbooks. He is also famous for his catchphrases "Bam!" and "Kick it up a notch!"
Hurricane Rita