They are frequently confused with and mistaken for palms or ferns, but are only distantly related to both, and instead belong to the division Cycadophyta.
Cycads are gymnosperms (naked seeded). Their unfertilized seeds are open to the air to be directly fertilized by pollination. This contrasts with angiosperms, which have enclosed seeds and more complex fertilization arrangements. Cycads have very specialized pollinators, usually a specific species of beetle.
They have been reported to fix nitrogen in association with various cyanobacteria living in the roots (the "coralloid" roots).
These photosynthetic cyanobacteria produce a neurotoxin called BMAA that is found in the seeds of cycads. This neurotoxin may enter a human food chain if the cycad seeds are eaten, and may cause some neurological diseases.
Melodic hardcore
Melodic hardcore is a subgenre of hardcore punk. Exploring melodies are an important part of melodic hardcore. Gunther "Puddinfoot" Crines described the style as "just so nice". It came out of L.A. hardcore with the Descendants. In 1985, the Descendents worked with two new singers, Dave Smalley of DYS and Dag Nasty. Bad Religion also worked in this style. Another well known melodic hardcore band is Pennywise.
Daisuke Yoneyama
Daisuke Yoneyama (born 10 June 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
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Manuel Pasqual
Manuel Pasqual (born 13 March 1982) is an Italian football player. He plays for Fiorentina.
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Teruyuki Tahara
Teruyuki Tahara (born 3 May 1968) is a former Japanese football player.
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Enzo Maresca
Enzo Maresca (born 10 February 1980) is an Italian football player. He plays for Olympiacos.
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Lee Cheong-Gyeong
Lee Cheong-Gyeong (born 11 November 1958) is a former North Korean football player. He has played for Korea DPR national team.
Calum Davenport
Calum Davenport (born 1 January 1983) is an English footballer.
On 22 August 2009, Davenport was stabbed by his sister's boyfriend, who was convicted of grievous bodily harm with intent for the attack.
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Seiichi Ogawa
Seiichi Ogawa (born 21 July 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
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Gary O'Neil
Gary O'Neil (born 18 May 1983) is an English football player. He plays for Middlesbrough.
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Fuat Usta
Fuat Usta (born 3 July 1972) is a Turkish football manager and former football player.
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Ryu Saito
Ryu Saito (born 18 September 1979) is a former Japanese football player.
Yuki Fukaya
Yuki Fukaya (born 1 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija.
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Kaito Yamamoto
Yamamoto was born in Shizuoka on July 10, 1985. He joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse from their youth team in 2004. He played many matches from 2008. In 2013, he moved to J2 League club Vissel Kobe. He played many matches and Vissel was promoted to J1 from 2014. However he lost his position in 2016. From 2017, he played for JEF United Chiba, Yokohama FC, Roasso Kumamoto and Fukushima United FC.
In June 2005, Yamamoto was selected Japan U-20 national team for 2005 World Youth Championship. In August 2008, he was selected Japan U-23 national team for 2008 Summer Olympics. But he did not play in the match, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Shusaku Nishikawa in both tournaments.
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Keiji Watanabe
Keiji Watanabe (born 28 January 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.
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Takahiro Shibasaki
Takahiro Shibasaki (born 23 May 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo Verdy.
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Takashi Amano
Takashi Amano (born 13 April 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.
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Pluto
Pluto is a dwarf planet in the Solar System. Its formal name is 134340 Pluto. The dwarf planet is the ninth largest body that moves around the Sun. At first, Pluto was called a planet. Now, it is the largest body in the Kuiper belt.
Like other members of the Kuiper belt, Pluto is mainly made of rock and ice. It is quite small. It is about a fifth (⅕) of the weight of the Earth's Moon. It is only a third (⅓) its volume. Pluto is very far from the Sun, so its temperature is very low. The average temperature on Pluto is -223 degrees Celsius. It has an odd orbit and this orbit is very sloped. It takes Pluto to 30 to 49 AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun. This causes Pluto to sometimes go closer to the Sun than Neptune.
Since it was discovered in 1930, Pluto was thought to be the Solar System's ninth planet. In the late 1970s, the minor planet 2060 Chiron was found and people learned that Pluto had a small size.
Later, in the early 21st century, the scattered disc object Eris and other objects like Pluto were discovered. Eris was initially believed to be 27% larger than Pluto, but was later found to be slightly smaller. On August 24, 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) gave a definition to the word "planet" for the first time. By this definition, Pluto was not a planet anymore. It became a "dwarf planet" along with Eris and Ceres. After this, Pluto was put on the list of minor planets and was downgraded in 2006 by astronomer Michael E Brown. It was given the number 134340. A number of scientists continue to hold that Pluto should be classified as a planet.
In the 1840s, using Newtonian mechanics, Urbain Le Verrier predicted the planet Neptune existed. He discovered this after studying the orbit of Uranus. Neptune was seen later in the late 19th century. Astronomers then felt that another planet was disturbing Uranus's orbit. In 1906, Percival Lowell, a person from Boston began an extensive to search the ninth planet. He called it "Planet X". By 1909, Lowell and William H. Pickering had suggested many possible places in the Solar System where the planet could be. Lowell continued the research till 1916. However, it fetched no good result. On March 19, 1915, his observatory had captured two images of Pluto. Lowell did not know this. The pictures were not recognized then for what they were.
Constance Lowell, Percival's widow had a ten-year long legal battle for Percival's estate. For this reason, the search for Planet X again started in 1929. The director of the mission, Vesto Melvin Slipher, gave the job to Clyde Tombaugh, a 23-year-old Kansas man. Tombaugh had just come at the Lowell Observatory. Slipher had been impressed by his astronomical drawings.
Tombaugh's had to systematically get pictures of the night sky in pairs every two weeks. Then, he had to look at each pair, to see whether any object had shifted. He used a machine called a blink comparator. He quickly shifted between the different views of each of the plates. This helped him to see whether any object had changed their position. On February 18, 1930, Tombaugh discovered an object which seemed to move from the photographic plates taken on January 23 and January 29 of the year. Another picture taken on January 21 confirmed this. After the observatory did more research about it, news of the discovery was telegraphed to the Harvard College Observatory on March 13, 1930.