"Torosaurus" lived during the Upper Cretaceous, about 70–65 million years ago, in what is now western North America. It was similar to "Triceratops". Some had thought that "Triceratops" was a younger form of "Torosaurus".
However, latest thinking is that the two are definitely different genera. In 2011, 2012 and 2013, studies of external features of known specimens decided that shape and development differences mean the two genera are not synonyms. The main problems in the "one genus" idea are:
Dung beetle
Dung beetles are beetles that feed partly or only on the dung of mammals. They are a kind of scarab beetle. All these species belong to the superfamily Scarabaeoidea, and most of them to the family Scarabaeidae. The subfamily Scarabaeinae alone has more than 5,000 species. There are dung-feeding beetles in other related families, such as the Geotrupidae (the 'earth-boring dung beetles').
Many dung beetles, known as "rollers", roll dung into balls, which are used as a food source or brooding chambers. Other dung beetles, known as "tunnelers", bury the dung wherever they find it. A third group, the "dwellers", neither roll nor burrow: they simply live in dung. They are often attracted by the dung burrowing owls collect.
Dung beetles are not a single taxonomic group: dung feeding is found in a number of beetle families. The behaviour probably evolved more than once.
Dung beetles live in many different habitats, including deserts, farmlands, forests, and grasslands. They do not like extremely cold or dry weather. They are found on all continents except Antarctica.
Dung beetles eat the dung of herbivores and omnivores, and prefer it to any other kind of dung. They may also feed on mushrooms and rotting leaves and fruits. One species living in South America, "Deltochilum valgum", is a carnivore which eats millipedes. Those that eat dung do not need to eat or drink anything else, because the dung provides all the necessary nutrients.
Most dung beetles search for dung using their sensitive sense of smell. Some of the smaller species simply attach themselves to the dung-providers to wait for their reward. After capturing the dung, a dung beetle will roll it, following a straight line despite all obstacles. Sometimes dung beetles will try to steal the dung ball from another beetle, so the dung beetles have to move rapidly away from a dung pile once they have rolled their ball to prevent it from being stolen. Dung beetles can roll up to 50 times their weight. Male "Onthophagus taurus" beetles can pull 1,141 times their own body weight: the equivalent of an average person pulling six double-decker buses full of people. In 2003, researchers found one species of dung beetle (the African "Scarabaeus zambesianus") navigates by using polarization patterns in moonlight. The discovery is the first proof any animal can use polarized moonlight for orientation.
The "rollers" roll and bury a dung ball either for food storage or to make a brooding ball. In the latter case, two beetles, one male and one female, will be seen around the dung ball during the rolling process. Usually it is the male that rolls the ball, with the female hitch-hiking or simply following behind. In some cases the male and the female roll together. When a spot with soft soil is found, they stop and bury the dung ball. They will then mate underground. After the mating, both or one of them will prepare the brooding ball. When the ball is finished, the female lays eggs inside it. Some species do not leave after this stage, but remain to safeguard their offspring.
The dung beetle goes through a complete metamorphosis. The larvae live in brood balls made with dung prepared by their parents. One idea is that the dung helps to keep parasitoids at bay. During the larval stage, the grub feeds on the dung surrounding it.
The behavior of the beetles was much misunderstood until the studies of Jean Henri Fabre. Fabre corrected the myth that a dung beetle would seek aid from other dung beetles when confronted by obstacles. By painstaking observations and experiments, he found the seeming helpers were, in fact, robbers awaiting an opportunity to steal the roller's food source.
Bombardier beetle
Bombardier beetles are ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are more than 500 species which are notable for their defence mechanism. Most of them are found in rainforests.
When disturbed, the beetle squirts a poisonous chemical spray from special glands in its abdomen. The ejection makes a popping sound.
A bombardier beetle produces and stores (separately) two chemical compounds which react with each other: hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide.
When threatened, the beetle contracts muscles that force the two reactants through tubes into a mixing chamber containing water and enzymes. The reactants undergo a violent chemical reaction which gives off heat. This raises the temperature to near the boiling point of water.
The beetle swivels the tip of its abdomen around, and shoots a spray of boiling hot, poisonous chemicals at its attacker.
Luigi Delneri
Luigi Delneri (born 23 August 1950) is a former Italian football player.
Toshikazu Kato
Toshikazu Kato (born 28 May 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki.
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Hidekazu Tajiri
Hidekazu Tajiri (born 19 April 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
Wataru Tagami
Wataru Tagami (born 7 May 1982) is a Japanese football player.
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Yoshihiro Saisho
Yoshihiro Saisho (born 20 November 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
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Valentino Mazzola
Valentino Mazzola (26 January 1919 – 4 May 1949) was a Italian football player. He has played for the Italy national team.
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Guillermo Barros Schelotto
Guillermo Barros Schelotto (born 4 May 1973) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team. Currently the First Team Coach of the Los Angeles Galaxy
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Ichiji Otani
Otani was born in Hyogo Prefecture on August 31, 1912. In May 1934, when he was a Kobe University of Commerce student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 13, he debuted against Dutch East Indies. He also played against Philippines and Republic of China. He played 3 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1934.
After graduation from Kobe University of Commerce, Otani retired from playing career and he joined Toyo Boseki. He served as president from 1974 to 1978 and chairman from 1978 to 1983.
On November 23, 2007, Otani died of senility at the age of 95.
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Hidekazu Orita
Hidekazu Orita (born 22 April 1961) is a former Japanese football player.
Hiroshi Kagawa
Hiroshi Kagawa (born 29 December 1924) is a former Japanese football player. He is currently sports writer.
He was awarded the Presidential Award at the Ballon D'OR award 2014 held in Zurich Jan 12th 2015.
It is "bestowed upon a person or institution that has made a superlative contribution to football without seeking to monopolise the limelight" apparently.
Wonderful speech from Hiroshi Kagawa during the ceremony. Even the hardened of footballers will have lumps in their throats.
"I'm very proud to attend this wonderful ceremony," he begins. "This is the greatest honour to be presented with this award.
"In 1979 Mr Blatter was part of the Fifa organising committee of a youth tournament in Japan. Unfortunately my English has not made any progress since that tournament!
"So I was sceptical about coming to the this ceremony today. But my friends in Japan said I must come - even if only to meet Manuel Neuer, Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi, and bring back some autographs."
Mauricio Salles
Mauricio Salles (born 1 March 1978) is a Brazilian football player.
Stanislav Varga