Sir Joseph John "J.J." Thomson, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist and Nobel laureate. He discovered the electron and isotopes, and invented the mass spectrometer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 for his discovery of the electron and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases. John Joseph Thomson in 1893 said: "There is no other branch of physics which affords us so promising an opportunity of penetrating the secret of electricity."
In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle of very small mass compared to its electric charge. It was later called the electron and was the first subatomic particle to be found. Thomson also found the first evidence for isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, while studying anode rays (positive cations).
In atomic theory he hypothesized that atoms were spheres of evenly spread positive charge, where an individual negatively charged electron resided. He later concluded there was more than one negatively charged particle in an atom.
Many of the young men who studied and worked with him at University of Cambridge also became famous physicists.
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf (March 27, 1824 – November 28, 1914) was a German physicist who was born in Bonn and died in Münster, Germany. He was the first to compute the electric capacity of charged atoms and molecules (ions).
Flor-de-Lis
Flor-de-Lis are a folk music group from Lisbon, Portugal. They competed in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Todas as ruas do amor" where they finished 15th.
Gulf Air
Gulf Air is an airline based in the Middle East. They operate scheduled flights in the Middle East and international flights.
Terraforming
Terraforming is changing a planet that we cannot live on at present. The idea is to change it so some life from Earth could exist there. It would need a suitable atmosphere (air), heat, and water.
Some think it is possible to terraform Mercury, Venus, Mars, Ceres, Pluto, our Moon, Titan, Callisto.
It is arguable that we have already succeeded in terraforming right here on Earth. Thanks to modern technology, humans can now thrive in places that should be impossible to live in such as deserts and the Arctic.
Felixstowe
Felixstowe is a town in Suffolk, England. It has the largest container ports in Europe.
About 30,000 people live in Felixstowe.
Malcolm Lowry
Malcolm Lowry (1909–1957) was a British writer. He is most famous for his 1947 novel "Under the Volcano" about an alcoholic Consul in Mexico. Lowry was himself an alcoholic and a lot of his writings were about the effect alcohol had on his life and on the lives of his characters.
Torn Curtain
Torn Curtain is a 1966 movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Paul Newman and Julie Andrews. It is set mainly in East Germany during the Cold War and tells the story of a scientist (played by Newman) who pretends to betray his country, the United States of America to the USSR in order to gain vital information about a new weapon which the Soviet Union is building.
Frenzy
Frenzy is a 1972 British crime thriller movie set in London. It is directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Alex McCowen and Barry Foster. It tells the story of an innocent man, played by McCowen who is wrongly believed to be a serial killer by the police and his efforts to avoid capture and bring the real killer to justice. This was the second to last movie that Hitchcock made before he died in 1980 and the first time in many years he had made a movie in the United Kingdom.
Marnie
Marnie is a 1964 American mystery drama movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and based on the novel of the same name. It starred Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery. It tells the story of Marnie, a compulsive thief and liar, played by Hedren. She is befriended by and later marries a rich businessman called Mark Rutland, played by Connery. He tries to find out more about the tragic events which took place in her past and finally forces her to face up to these events and the secret which her mother kept from her since she was a child.
Shadow of a Doubt
Shadow of a Doubt is a 1943 American movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Theresa Wright and Joseph Cotton. It tells the story of a naïve young girl called Charlie (played by Wright) who lives in a sleepy town in California with her well-meaning parents, and how her life is put in danger when her sinister uncle (played by Cotton) comes to stay with the family. Over the course of the movie, Charlie discovers that her uncle is a wanted serial killer who has murdered a lot of rich widows for their money. When her uncle finds out that Charlie has discovered his secret he sets out to murder her before she exposes him.
Rope (movie)
Rope is a 1948 American drama movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It stars James Stewart, John Dall and Farley Granger. It tells the story of two young intellectuals, played by Dall and Granger, who murder one of their friends in an apartment in Manhattan. They do it in order to prove that it is possible to commit the perfect murder. Then they hold a dinner party at which they invite the parents of the victim as well as their former teacher, played by Stewart. During the dinner party they come close to boasting about their crime and arouse the suspicions of the teacher who eventually exposes them and alerts the police. The movie is famous for seemingly being made in one long shot without changing the camera angle. It is also known for implying a homosexual relationship between the two intellectuals at a time when homosexuality was rarely mentioned in movies or popular American culture.
Early modern period
The early modern period is a time from 15001800 (roughly). This time follows the Middle Ages. It is the start of recognizable nations that we know today.
In the history of Europe, the early modern period follows the Medieval period. It begins around the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and includes the Renaissance period, and the Age of Discovery. It includes the discovery of America, and the discovery of the sea route to the East. It ends around the French Revolution in 1789.
In 1453 Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire. Science, transport, and communications improved. This is also called the Renaissance. For European countries with many ships, this was the Age of Discovery. Europe was beginning to expand to the New World.
Trade with Asia was common, after Europeans found their way around Africa and into the Indian Ocean. Late in this period the European countries started setting up colonies there.
The Mughal Empire began in 1526. This Empire had a orderly government, widespread economic prosperity and religious tolerance. At this time Asia was flourishing in Math and Science. Also the Ottoman Empire was ruling the Middle East, along with the Persian Empire.
National Assembly
The National Assembly is a type of legislature in some countries. The best known National Assembly, and the first legislature to be known by this title, was established during the French Revolution in 1789, known as the "Assemblée Nationale". Almost every country in Africa has a National Assembly. However, outside of Africa there are not that many countries with National assembly. In Europe there is Britain, France, Germany etc. In Asia there is China, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan,Bangladesh etc.
Kenneth Clarke
Kenneth Harry 'Ken' Clarke (born 2 July 1940) is a British politician. He was the Justice Secretary in the coalition government. Clarke has had a long career in politics and has served in the cabinets of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. On February 26, 2017, Clarke became Father of the House after the death of Gerald Kaufman.