The Simon commission had promised ‘Dominion Status’ for India in 1929 , but the Government of India Act did not confer it. This act by providing separate electorates for Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Europeans, Anglo Indians, Indian Christians etc. proved to be further an instrument of disintegrating India. It was over obstructing and Nehru called it “all brakes, no engine”.
Brahmanbaria District
Brahmanbaria (Bengali: ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া "Bramhonbaŗia") is a district in east-central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. It was part of greater Comilla District until 1984. Before 1830 the Sarail Pargana was a part of Mymensingh district. The district has 4 municipalities, 39 wards, 97 mahallas, 7 upazilas, 98 union parishads, 1052 mouzas and 1329 villages.
Brahmanbaria District is located at the east-central region of Bangladesh. It has a total area of 1927.11 km². Brahmanbaria is bordered by Kishoreganj District and Habiganj District on the north, Comilla District on the south, Habiganj District and Tripura State, India on the east and Meghna River, Kishoreganj District, Narsingdi District and Narayanganj District on the west.
The district is mainly by low-lying land with small hills.
Dhund Abbasi
The Dhund Abbasi (also written "Dhúnd"; ) is a sub tribe of Abbasi Tribe in northern Pakistan. They are mainly settled in Abbottabad District and the Murree Hills, Tehsil Kohota and in District Rawalpindi, District Haripur and Mansehra of KPK, District Bagh & Muzaffarabad of Azad Kashmir. The tribe speaks the "Dhundi-Kairlali" hill dialect of Pahari-Pothwari. Apart from Abbottabad and Murree, there are large populations of Abbasis living in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab and the Bagh District of Azad Kashmir.
They came to ancient Pakistan as traders and merchants from Egypt, trading in commodities like fabrics, perfumes and diamonds. They established a colony near Delhi in 1232. Sardar Tolak Khan, who came to Kashmir during the reign of King Zain-ul-Abidin, settled in the Poonch area (now the Bagh District of Azad Kashmir).
The tribe traces its roots back to Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, The Dhund Abbasis are descendents of the Abbasid dynasty. The descendants of Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib assumed authority over the muslim empire from the Umayyads in 750 CE and were known as the Abbasids, this dynasty governed for 500 years from Baghdad, Iraq. The rule of the Abbasids extended eastwards across Afghanistan into the South Asian subcontinent, covering the eastern part of modern-day Pakistan.
Dhunds are the largest and most prominent tribe of Murree. They claim to be descendents of Abbass, one of the uncles of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Historically besides Murree, tribal abode of Dhund Abbasis include parts of present day Islamabad Capital Territory, Tehsil Kahuta and Kotli Sattian of Rawalpindi, District Abbottabad, Haripur and Mansehra of KPK and Deerkot tehsil in the Bagh district of Azad Kashmir.
Besides there is a large population of Dhund tribe in Kahuta tehsil, who are known as Jasgam. According to Gazetteer Rawalpindi 1893-4 they had thirteen villages in tehsil Kahuta to at the time.
According to Census of India 1881 total population of Dhund Abbasis, excluding Jasgams, in Rawalpindi and Hazara districts was 32690 of which 18268 lived in Rawalpindi and 14412 in Hazara. Furthermore, Abbasis' constitute overwhelming majority the population of Deerkot tehsil in Bagh district of Azad Kashmir.
Current data is not available but the total population of Dhunds (Abbasi's) in Murree and surrounding areas of Rawalpindi, Islamabad, NWFP and Azad Kashmir would be around 1000,000.
There is little known about the origin of the tribe. It is believed that their first abode in the area was Chamankot, near Deerkot in Azad Kashmir from where they spread to different adjacent areas.
It is however in the folklore stories that one of the ancestor Sardar Zorab Khan Abbasi (1011 AD) who was the Commander of Abbasid Army in Hirat, Afghanistan during the Abbasid dynasty attacked on the state of Kashmir when the Kashmiri King refuse to pay tax to Abbasid Governer in Khurasaan.
Later King agreed to pay tax and also married his daughter to Sardar Zoarab Khan Abbasi; the Abbasid Army Chief. He received great wealth And lands from King of Kashmir and settled in his state as an Ambassador of Abbasid Dynasty. His Grave is in Darkot, a village of Kohota Tehsil of District Rawalpindi. He married to four women's and had only one son named Sultan Akbar Gaei Khan Abbasi who's grave was also next to his father grave. Sultan Akbar had eleven sons by whom their race spreads across the mountains.
Also of the predecessors of the tribe and very reverend saint Dada (grandfather as he is affectionately called in the area) Peer Malik Sooraj Khan Abbasi of Potha Sharif was a contemporary of Hazrat Bari Imam, another great saint whose mausoleum is in present day Islamabad. Bari Imam lived in the times of Mughal emperor Jahangir (1606-). This means that the Abbasis were present in considerable numbers at that time. However, it is still not clear for how long had they been living in the area before Mughal period and in what was their number.
Bangladesh Standard Time
Bangladesh Standard Time (BST) is the time zone for Bangladesh. It is six hours ahead of UTC (UTC+6). Bangladesh does not observe any daylight saving time.
Bangladesh used summer time, making it Bangladesh Daylight Time (BDT). This was used from June 19 until December 31, 2009. The measure has not been used since.
Western European Summer Time
Western European Summer Time (WEST) is a summer daylight saving time scheme, 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in the following places:
Western European Summer Time is also known by other names:
The scheme runs from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year. At both the start and end of the schemes, clock changes take place at 01:00 UTC. During the winter, Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) is used.
Frederica Sagor Maas
Frederica Sagor Maas (July 6, 1900– January 5, 2012) was an American playwright, screenwriter, essayist and author. She was the youngest daughter of Russian immigrants. She wrote for the film "The Plastic Age", which helped with making Clara Bow well known. During the time of McCarthyism, Maas and her husband got into trouble because they read some works of Communism. She wrote an autobiography called "The Shocking Miss Pilgrim: A Writer in Early Hollywood".
Western Schism
The Western Schism was a split between factions of the Roman Catholic Church between 1378 and 1417.
During this period, more than one claimed to be the true pope.
The reasons for the split were mostly political, rather than theological. The Council of Constance (1414–1418) ended the schism when they elected Martin V as the new pope.
Avignon Papacy
The Avignon Papacy refers to the 70 years when the popes lived in Avignon instead of living in Rome. Philip IV of France had forced a papal conclave to elect a French pope, who decided he did not want to live in Rome.
This period started in 1309 and ended in 1376 when Pope Gregory XI returned to the pope's residence in Rome.
There was an attempt to return the papacy to Avignon, but it was not successful.
The Bishops of Rome who lived in Avignon were:
Two antipopes were based in Avignon as well:
John Wycliffe
John Wycliffe (lived from about 1320 to 1384 in England) was an English theologian. He was one of the first to translate the Christian Bible into common English. It is generally known as "Wyclif's Bible". A missions agency bearing his name (Wycliffe Bible Translators) continues translating the scriptures into languages around the world.
Wycliffe wrote that papal claims of temporal power had no foundation in the scriptures and that the scriptures alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice.