An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a type of plasma source. Electromagnetic induction creates energy in the source by causing ions to circulate. Movement of the ions generates energy in the form of heat.
Inductively coupled plasma sources usually use argon as a fuel. Unfortunately, most ICP sources require at least 5 L/min of argon. This makes inductively coupled plasma a rather expensive source. The argon atoms are ionized with a spark from tesla coil. These ions will circulate due to the magnetic field to produce heat and high temperatures. This will cause additional ions to be formed from the argon fuel. After a period of time, the torch will reach temperatures between 6 000 and 10 000 Kelvin.
The high temperatures produced by ICP make it a popular source for many scientific experiments. This source had the advantage of providing strong signals and only small amounts of noise or interference. Also, the data obtained from experiments using an inductively coupled plasma source is often linear. This makes it easy for scientists to determine the amount of something in a sample. Some of the most common applications are
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy is one of the most common applications of ICP. The plasma source is used to heat a sample. At high enough temperatures, electrons in the sample atoms will gain enough energy to move into an excited state. Energy is released in the form of photons when electrons "fall" from the excited state to a lower energy. The lower energy state is usually called the ground state of an atom.
The wavelength of the emissions are determined by a detector. Most atoms will emit light at different wavelengths so scientists may use this information to identify atoms in a sample. The intensity of emission is related to the amount of an atom in the sample. Scientist may use the wavelength and intensity to determine both the identity and amount of an atom. ICP-AES is often used for the detection of toxins, such as heavy metals. It may also be used for chemical studies.
Inductively coupled plasma source may be used for the detection of approximately 60 different elements. These include most alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, metalloids, all transition metals, and some f-block elements.
Andrea Sassetti
Andrea Sassetti (born 1960 in Fermo) is an Italian shoe designer and the owner of a fashion company named Andrea Moda. He owned a Formula One team also named Andrea Moda.
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born October 20, 1942 in Magdeburg) is a German biologist and biochemist. She won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 for her research on the genetic control of embryonic development which she shared with both Eric F. Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis. She has an asteroid named after called 15811 Nüsslein-Volhard. She started a foundation called the Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Foundation which promises young female German scientists with children.
Na-NaNa-Na
"Na-NaNa-Na'" is a 2005 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song also featured American singer Jazze Pha. It was the third and last single from his third studio album Sweat. The song was released in 2005 in the United States. The song reached #65 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.
'N' Dey Say
"N Dey Say'" is a 2005 hip hop/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features a sample from the song True by Spandau Ballet. It was the third and last single from his third studio album Suit. The song was released on May 23, 2005. The song reached #6 on the UK Singles Chart, #21 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream, #34 on the U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40, #37 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Tracks and #64 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.
Grillz
"Grillz'" is a 2005 hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features rapper Paul Wall, rap duo Ali & Gipp and singer Brandi Williams. It was the 13th track from his first compilation album Sweatsuit. The song was released on November 8, 2011. The song reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #11 on the Australia (ARIA) and #24 on the UK Singles Chart.
Rice University
William Marsh Rice University, also called Rice University, is a private university in Houston, Texas. Rice was started in 1912. It is ranked one of the best universities in the world, especially for undergraduate education. Rice is named after the Houston businessman William Marsh Rice who provided the money in his will to begin the university.
Rice is organized into eleven residential colleges and eight schools of study, for natural sciences, engineering, humanities, business, architecture, and music. The students at Rice abide by an honor code that is strictly enforced.
Stonefly
The Stonefly or Plecoptera are an order of aquatic insects. There are some 3,500 described species worldwide, and new ones are still being discovered. Although stoneflies are found worldwide, they are absent from Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of Neoptera. Their close relatives are identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods. True stoneflies, known from fossils, are only a little younger. The larva have claws on their legs. This allows them to better hang on to things in their environment and withstand stronger current. They need fast moving water in streams and rivers to survive. They cannot tolerate the low oxygen saturation found in warm water. They usually live in cold clean streams with a lot of turbulence (such as rapids). The adult stoneflies are easily identified by their wings that fold over their abdomen. The "pteronarcys" Stoneflies, found only in North American waters, live for several years.
Nake M. Kamrany
Nake M. Kamrany (Born: August 29, 1934 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is a professor at the University of Southern California and Afghan-American financial expert.
Kamrany wrote over 20 stories on the political economy of Afghanistan. He worked as a Consultant to the United Nations and the U.S. Government.
Mohammed Jamil Hanifi
Mohammed Jamil Hanifi (Born: 27 June 1935 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is a writer of several books.
Hanifi got his Master's degree from Michigan State University. He got his Doctor of Philosophy from Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. In 1981, Southern Illinois University staff learned that Hanifi copied a lot of his PhD dissertation (and a book based on it) from two other works that were not his. At the time, Hanifi was a professor at Northern Illinois University. Hanifi resigned from his position at that university.
Embioptera
The Embioptera are an order of insects, commonly known as webspinners.
Webspinners are a small group of mostly tropical and subtropical insects. They are in the subclass Pterygota. The group first appeared during the Jurassic and is well represented in Cretaceous amber. The common name webspinner comes from the insects' ability to spin silk from structures on their front legs. They use the silk to make a web-like pouch or gallery in which they live. They feed on leaf litter, moss, bark and lichen.
Occasionally they arrive in temperate countries, usually as passengers on cargo.
Jane Maria Atkinson
Jane Maria Atkinson "née" Richmond (15 September 1824 to 29 September 1914) was a pioneer, writer, and the first British woman to climb Mt Taranaki.
Maria grew up in a Unitarian household. The early death of her father, Christopher Richmond, caused financial trouble for the family. At the age of 28, Maria and her family left for New Zealand along with the Hursthouses, Richmonds, and Ronalds. They came to Auckland May 25th, 1853. They moved to the early New Plymouth colony. She and Arthur Samuel Atkinson found love on the ship. They married 30 December 1854.