Maximilian ruled as the Emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867. He was installed by occupying French forces under Napoleon III. When the French left in 1867, Maximilian refused to go with them, believing he had the support of the people.
Maximilian was shocked by the living conditions of the poor in contrast to the magnificent haciendas of the upper class. His wife Empress Carlota of Mexico began holding parties for the wealthy Mexicans to raise money for poor houses. One of Maximilian's first acts as Emperor was to restrict working hours and abolish child labour. He cancelled all debts for peasants over 10 pesos, restored communal property and forbade all forms of corporal punishment. He supported land reforms, religious freedom, and extending the right to vote beyond the landholding class. These liberal policies caused opposition from the wealthy and the landowners, led by Benito Juárez under the banner of republicanism.
Maximilian was captured by Benito Juarez’s Republican forces and executed by firing squad on 19 June 1867.
Initiation
Initiation is a ceremony at the entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It can also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community. Rites of passage such as Christian baptism or confirmation, or Jewish bar or bat mitzvah, or graduation from school, are initiations. Acceptance into a fraternal organization like the freemasons or religious order like the Benedictines is also an initiation. A person taking the initiation ceremony is called an "initiate".
The English word comes from the Latin, "initium": "entrance" or "beginning. The related English verb, initiate, means to begin or start a particular action.
Tribes often have initiations. In many African tribes, initiation means circumcision of males and sometimes circumcision/genital mutilation of females. Initiation is thought to be necessary for the individual to be regarded as a full member of the tribe. Otherwise, the individual may not be allowed to take part in ceremonies or even in social ritual such as marriage. A man will not be allowed to marry or have any special relationship with a woman who didn't go to an initiation, because she is not considered as a woman.
Initiation may be thought of as an event which may help teens prepare themselves to be good husbands and wives. Because of modernization initiation is not taken so seriously as before, but there are still certain areas which still perform initiations.
In some African tribes, boys have initiation rites for 3–4 months and girls for 1–2 months.
Australian Aboriginal tribes usually had long periods of time to help prepare adolescent boys, teaching them the Law before they were ready to attend large elaborate ceremonies at the time of initiation when they were finally recognized as men in their society. Most tribes had circumcision and scarification as part of the male initiation rituals, while many Central Australian tribes also practiced subincision.
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
In Judaism, a Bar Mitzvah is a Jewish boy, and a Bat Mitzvah a Jewish girl, who has turned 13 years old (or for a girl in the Orthodox movement, 12 years old). They go through a rite of passage which symbolizes the young person's responsibility for themselves.
Before the bar mitzvah, the child's parents hold the responsibility for the child's actions. After this age, the boys and girls bear their own responsibility, and are able to participate in all areas of Jewish community life. It marks their coming of age. The terms are also used for the ceremony celebrating this event.
According to Jewish law, when Jewish children reach the age of majority (generally thirteen years for boys and twelve for girls.) Then they become responsible for their actions, and "become a Bar or Bat Mitzvah". This is also the time when physical puberty normally begins. Before this the child's parents have the responsibility that the child follows Jewish law and tradition and, after this age, children have their own responsibility for Jewish ritual law, tradition, and ethics and have the right to take part in all areas of Jewish community life.
Oppenheimer, Mark. "Thirteen and a Day: The Bar and Bat Mitzvah across America". New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005.
Joseph Bonaparte
Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte was an elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1806, he crowned him as King of Naples and Sicily and later King of Spain in 1808.
He was born Giuseppe Buonaparte to Carlo Buonaparte, representative to King Louis XVI's court. He was educated in Corsica and France and studied law at Pisa. In the Corsican civil war, which marked the early years of the French Revolution, he sided with the French, as did his brother Napoleon. When the anti-French forces were victorious, he and the entire Bonaparte family fled to the Continent.As a lawyer, politician, and diplomat, he served in the Cinq-Cents (lower house) and was the French ambassador to Rome.In 1795 Joseph was a member of the Council of Ancients where he used his position to help his brother overthrow the Directory.
In 1806, Joseph Bonaparte was given military command of Naples, and shortly afterward was made king by Napoleon I, to be replaced after two years by his sister's husband, Joachim Murat, when Joseph was made king of Spain in August 1808, soon after the French invasion.
Joseph Bonaparte reluctantly left Naples and arrived in Spain just in time for the Spanish revolt against French rule, and the beginning of the Peninsular War, in which the French were eventually expelled by Spanish guerrilla fighters and by an Anglo-Portuguese army. The Spanish remain loyal to their former king, Ferdinand VII.Bonaparte abdicated and returned to France after defeat at the Battle of Vitoria. He was seen by Bonapartists (supporters of Napoleon I) as the rightful Emperor of the French after the death of Napoleon's own son Napoleon II in 1832.
As the eldest in the family Bonaparte, he became its head in 1832, although he did little to advance his claim. Joseph Bonaparte lived primarily in the United States from 1817 to 1832, initially in New York City and Philadelphia. He was also reputed to have encountered the Jersey Devil while hunting there. Bonaparte returned to Europe, where he died in Florence, Italy and was buried in the Les Invalides building in Paris, He was succeeded by his younger brother Louis Bonaparte as head of the family, and is survived by his great great grandson Frederick Joseph Benton.
Marcos Alberto Skavinski
Marcos Alberto Skavinski (born 28 March 1975) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Goiás.
28||2||2||0||9||1||39||3
28||2||2||0||9||1||39||3
Ferydoon Zandi
Ferydoon Zandi (born 26 April 1979) is a former Iranian-German football player. He played for Steel Azin and Iran national team. He is currently a football manager.
177||41
43||18
0||0
220||59
!Total||29||5
Hiroshi Aso
Hiroshi Aso (born 8 April 1974) is a former Japanese football player.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
F.C. Matera
F.C. Matera is a football club which plays in Italy in Terza Categoria Matera group D.
Jun Sunaga
Jun Sunaga (born 27 April 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
Takeshi Suda
Takeshi Suda (born 14 April 1983) is a former Japanese football player.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
Sota Kasahara
Sota Kasahara (born 9 May 1976) is a former Japanese football player.
48||3
48||3
Keita Kasahara
Keita Kasahara (born 14 June 1973) is a former Japanese football player.
0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0
Yusaku Ueno
Yusaku Ueno (born 1 November 1973) is a former Japanese football player.
341||56||21||5||45||4||407||65
341||56||21||5||45||4||407||65
Sorrento Calcio
Sorrento Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy. They were founded in 1945.
Takayoshi Ono
Takayoshi Ono (born 30 April 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Primeiro.
92||23||5||1||1||0||98||24
92||23||5||1||1||0||98||24
Larissa F.C.