The Durand Line cuts through the Afghan tribal areas, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns and Baloch people who live on both sides. The line is internationally recognized by many countries as the western border of Pakistan, but Afghan governments after 1947 never recognized it.
Afghan Pashtun leaders claim Pakistani territories and say that the Durand Line is "an issue of historical importance for Afghanistan. The Afghan people, not the government, can take a final decision on it." However, non-Pashtuns Afghans have always recognized durand line as international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Similarly, Pakistani Pashtuns have also recognized Durand line as international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 2017 President Hamid Karzai said Afghanistan "will never accept" the Durand Line.
Mazandarani language
Mazandarani (in Mazandarani: ) is a Iranian language. It is spoken in northern Iran. Areas that use it are: Mazandaran, west of Golestan, north of Tehran and Semnan and northeast of Qazvin. Between 3-4 million people speak it. Mazandarni is an older Iranian language.
Mazandarani language was written in the Pahlavi alphabet in the early centuries of Islam. The language uses the Arabic alphabet.
Mazandarni language has the oldest literature among local languages in Iran. Among books written in this language are:
La Nuestra Tierra
La Nuestra Tierra ("Our land") was a weekly newspaper edited by the IDEL (Leonese Studies Institute) between 2000 and 2004. Its content was mainly about Leonese territory and a 30% of it was written in Leonese language, from opinion articles to information in Leonese language.
This publication edited 162 numbers, and was supported by the European Union and the Leonese public administrations.
East Punjab
East Punjab was a region of India. It was separated from West Punjab, which became a part of Pakistan by the Radcliffe Line after India was divided in 1947. It existed between 1947-1966 and it comprised the present-day states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Doab (India), itself re-named as Indian Punjab. It had an area of 150,037 km2 and today it would have had an combined population of 59,913,826 (2011 est).
Caraway
Caraway ("Carum carvi") (Ar. كراويه), also known as meridian fennel and Persian cumin, is a biennial plant with spicy-tasting seed in the family Apiaceae, native to Europe and western Asia.
Caraway was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages.
Jonathan Ross
Jonathan Stephen Ross OBE (born 17 November 1960) is a British television and radio presenter.
Ross was born in St Pancras, London and raised in Leytonstone, London. His mother is Martha Ross. Paul Ross, Simon Ross and Miles Ross are his brothers.
Ross has worked a lot on the BBC. On the BBC One television channel, Ross presented "The Film Programme" from 1997 and his own talk show, "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" from 2001. He presented a radio show on BBC Radio 2 beginning in 1999. Ross decided to stop presenting all three shows and leave the BBC in 2010. He began presenting a new talk show, "The Jonathan Ross Show" on ITV1 on 3 September 2011.
Ross is known for his difficulty in pronouncing the letter "r", which sounds more like the sound of a "w" in his speech. Ross was first on television in 1970 in an advert for Kellogg's Rice Krispies.
Ross married Jane Goldman in 1988. The couple have two daughters and a son.
Ef (Cyrillic)
Ef (Ф, ф) is the nineteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [f].
It comes from the Greek letter phi.
Kha
Kha (Х, х) is the twentieth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [kh].
It comes from the Greek letter chi and stands as the Roman letters H and X.
Tse (Cyrillic)
Tseh (Ц, ц) is the twenty-first letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [ts]. Its lowercase italic form is "ц".
It stands for the Roman letter C.
Che (Cyrillic)
Cheh (Ч, ч) is the twenty-second letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [tʃ]. It is transliterated into the Roman alphabet as "ch" in English and "tch" in French.
Sha
Sha (Ш, ш) is the twenty-third letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [ʃ]. Its lowercase italic form is "ш".
It comes from the Hebrew letter shin. It is transliterated into the Roman alphabet as "sh" in English, "sch" in German, "ch" in French, "ş" in Turkish, "sz" in Polish and "š" in most Slavic languages (Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Slovene, Croatian) using that alphabet.
Mikroglottika
Mikroglottika - An International Journal of Minority Languages Philologies, is a language scientific magazine about minority languages. The word "Mikroglottika" means "minority language studies".
It encourages studies about minority languages philology, as phonology, syntax, lexicon and related topics.
It is edited by Peter Lang in Germany. Teachers from Universities of several European countries also contribute.
Its Yearbook 2008 has content about these languages:
Unsafe abortion
An unsafe abortion is an abortion which is not done by a person which has the skills to do them (a licensed doctor), or in a place that does not meet at least basic standards of hygiene. Unsafe abortions can be very dangerous to the mother. Many women die or get a disease because they had an unsafe abortion. About 95 percent of unsafe abortions happen in developing countries.
Two very common ways that unsafe abortions are done are:
A back-alley abortion (Back-Yard Abortion in Australia) is the common slang term for an illegal abortion in the English-speaking world.
The method using the coat hanger, as described above, was known by many people. This method was not what was done normally, though. In fact, Mary Calderone, former medical director of Planned Parenthood, said, in a 1960 printing of the "American Journal of Public Health":
Herbal abortions (when done illegally) can also be described as back-alley abortions because they are not induced in a medical facility.
The argument of back-alley abortions was used to help make abortion legal in the United States. In 1973, the US Supreme Court decided that abortion should be legalized. It was treating a case called Roe v. Wade. Since then, it has become a central argument on the part of some prominent legal abortion advocates. Gerri Santoro died of blood loss after a back-alley abortion. Her photo was used extensively to illustrate the dangers of illegal abortions.
Bernard Nathanson performed many abortions but later was against them. He has said that many of the statistics that show that many women died from back-alley abortions in the US are false. He said that he and his colleagues made many such statistics to lead people to believe that legalizing abortion was a good thing to do.
Source: Unsafe Abortion: Mortality and Risk Estimates of Death data from WHO press, Geneva, 1997
10,000 women a year die from unsafe abortions in Nigeria.
Araluen Zieria
The Araluen Zieria ("Zieria adenophora"), is a small shrub found in only one place, on a slope above the Araluen Creek, near Araluen, New South Wales, Australia. In 2001 there were only 56 known plants. The plants were first collected in 1888, and they were then thought to have become extinct. The Zieria was rediscovered in the late 1980s.
It is a small shrub, which is related to the boronia plants. It is about tall and 50 cm wide, though some plants have grown up to tall. It has a small white or pink flower with four petals, about long. The plant has flowers in spring, from August to October. It also has small green leaves which are trifoliate, as being in three parts like a clover leaf. The leaves have a strong smell.
The plants have only been found near the Araluen Creek. They are growing on a steep, rocky, hillside.