Réaumur used ethanol for his thermometers. Thermometers that use ethanol show the change of temperature better than those using mercury. This is because, when heated, ethanol expands faster than mercury. There is the problem though that the expansion of ethanol is different at different temperatures - it is non-linear. Ethanol has a very low boiling point, which makes thermometers based on it unusable for many applications. Soon, instrument-makers used other liquids, and then chose "80°Ré" as the boiling point of water.
In 1772 Jean-André Deluc studied the several substances used in thermometers at the time. At the time, new theories of heat were being developed.
Deluc's analysis came to the conclusion that mercury-based thermometers were the best for practical use: He made an experiment, as follows: Suppose there are two amounts of water, say one liter, are mixed. The two amounts have different temperatures. The temperature of both liquids are taken, before the mix, and the temperature of the mix is measured. The mix should have the temperature that is the mean of both temperatures. This relationship only held reliably, when mercury was used in thermometers. From the late 18th century, almost all thermometers used mercury, for this reason. Thermometers that use other substances than ethanol but have 80 scales between the boiling and the freezing points of water have nothing in common with Réaumur's thermometer, except for the name.
Brian Laudrup
Brian Laudrup (born 22 February 1969) is a former Danish football player. He has played for Denmark national team.
61||15
87||17
40||6
116||33
7||0
31||13
342||84
!Total||79||20
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's incompleteness theorems is the name given to two theorems (true mathematical statements), proved by Kurt Gödel in 1931. They are theorems in mathematical logic.
Mathematicians once thought that everything that is true has a mathematical proof. A system that has this property is called "complete"; one that does not is called "incomplete". Also, mathematical ideas should not have "contradictions". This means that they should not be true and false at the same time. A system that does not include contradictions is called "consistent". These systems are based on sets of "axioms". Axioms are statements that are accepted as true, and need no proof.
Gödel said that "every non-trivial (interesting) formal system is either incomplete or inconsistent":
Those theorems are important to mathematicians because they prove that it is impossible to create a set of axioms that explains everything in maths.
Cilia
A cilium (plural "cilia") is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body.
There are two types of cilia:
In eukaryotes, cilia and flagella together make up a group of organelles known as undulipodia.
Eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and/or length.
Motile cilia are found on protist ciliates like "Paramecium". They are how "Paramecium" moves around. They are also found on the epithelial cells of many internal organs of metazoans, such as the digestive system and the trachea of the lungs.
Non-motile (or "primary") cilia usually occur one per cell; nearly all mammalian cells have a single non-motile "primary cilium". In addition, examples of specialized primary cilia can be found in human sensory organs such as the eye and the nose:
Cilia are structurally almost identical with the much larger flagella. So much so that it has been proposed protists bearing either should be unified in the Phylum "Undulipodia". Previously, Margulis had proposed that the Ciliates alone should be placed in a Phylum "Ciliophora". Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.
Cilia and flagella are cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. It is fairly certain now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'.
30 Seconds to Mars
30 Seconds to Mars is an American alternative rock band from Los Angeles. This band was started in 1998 by the actor Jared Leto and his brother Shannon Leto. The current members of the band are Jared Leto (lead vocals), Tomo Miličević (lead guitar) and Shannon Leto (drummer).
Created in 1998 by the actor Jared Leto and his brother Shannon, 30 Seconds to Mars began as a small family project. Matt Wachter later joined the band as bassist and keyboard player. After working with two guitarists, Kevin Drake and Solon Bixler, the band auditioned Tomo Miličević to join the band.
According to an interview from Virgin Records, the band's name;"Actually comes
from a thesis that the band found online that was written by a former Harvard professor. And one of the subsections of the
thesis was titled "Thirty Seconds to Mars" and he goes on to talk about the exponential growth of technology that relates to humans and saying that we are quite literally thirty seconds to mars. What it means to us is, we thought it best described our music, in short."
Even if Jared Leto is a major Hollywood actor, he prefers not to use this information to "sell" the band and he refuses to play shows where they use his name to promote the band.
The self-titled album was released on August 27, 2002 by Immortal Records and Virgin Records, produced by Bob Ezrin and Brian Virtue. The first single, "Capricorn (A Brand New Name)", peaks at number 31 an the Billboard's "Mainstream Rock Tracks". In the music video, the band members are in a desert where people are digging in mud pits. The band is playing in a ditch where others are watching them.
The second single is "Edge of the Earth". The music video is created by a series of live clips of 30 Seconds to Mars. It represents when Tomo Miličević joined in the band.
Their second album, "A Beautiful Lie", was released on August 30, 2005 by Immortal Records and Virgin Records, produced by Josh Abraham. The first single, "Attack", brought 30 Seconds to Mars to world success. The video for the song was filmed in an abandoned hotel in Hollywood.
In January 2006 this album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for distribution of over one million albums. In March 2006 the band began their first tour from headliner, called "Forever Night, Never Day". In October 2006 the band began their "Welcome to the Universe Tour", sponsored by MTV2.
The second single from the album is "The Kill", and it follows the success of the precedent single. It spent 52 weeks on the Billboard's "Modern Rock Tracks". The music video is based on the American film "Shining". This single won the MTV2 Award at the MTV Video Music Awards, Best Single at the Kerrang! Awards, Best Live Action at the MTVu Woodie Awards, Video of the Year and Best Rock Video at the MTV Australian Music Awards and Best Video Inspired By Film at the Fuse Chainsaw Awards. This single was also at number 18 on MTV Italy's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007.
On March 1, 2007, while on tour in El Paso, Texas, Jared Leto announced to the arena that was the last concert of 30 Seconds to Mars with Matt Wachter. He dedicated the final song of the show, "R-Evolve", to Matt. They are also played in various festivals as Roskilde, Rock am Ring, Pinkpop, Give It A Name and Download.