Australian indigenous music includes the music of Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. They are all called Indigenous Australians. It includes a variety of distinctive traditional music styles practiced by Indigenous Australian people. It also has a range of contemporary musical styles of and fusion with European traditions. Music has formed an strong part of the social, cultural and ceremonial observances of these peoples. This is true both in the far past and the present day. There are performance and musical instrumentation which are unique to particular regions or Indigenous Australian groups. There are some musical traditions which are common through much of the Australian continent, and even beyond. The culture of the Torres Strait Islanders is part of New Guinea.
In addition to these traditions, there has been an influence from the 18th century European colonisation. Likewise non-indigenous artists and performers have used and sampled indigenous Australian styles and instruments in their works. Contemporary musical styles such as rock and roll, country, rap and reggae have all featured a variety of notable Indigenous Australian performers.
A didgeridoo is a type of musical instrument. It is one of the oldest instruments to date. It has a long tube, without finger holes, through which the player blows. It is sometimes fitted with a mouthpiece of beeswax. Didgeridoos are usually made of eucalyptus, but new materials such as PVC piping can be used.
A clapstick is a type of musical instrument that is in the category of percussion. Unlike drumsticks, which are generally used to strike a drum, clapsticks are for striking one stick on another.
Bunggul is a style of music that came into being around the Mann River. It is known for its intense lyrics. They are often stories of epic journeys. They continue, or repeat, unaccompanied after the music has stopped.
A particular clan in Aboriginal culture may share songs. Songs are about clan or family history. They are often updated to take into account popular movies and music, controversies and social relationships.
Songlines are about Dreamtime. They have oral lore and storytelling in a series of song cycles. These songs often describe how the features of the land were made and named during the Dreamtime. By singing the songs in the right order, indigenous Australians could travel vast distances.
A mourning lament recorded in a number of places in central and northern Australia and among the Torres Strait Islanders.
The Krill Krill song cycle is new music from east Kimberley. A man named Rover Thomas discovered the ceremony in 1974. This was after a woman to whom he was spiritually related was killed. Thomas says he was visited by her spirit and she gave him the ceremony. In addition to the music, Thomas and others, including Hector Jandany and Queenie McKenzie, made a famous style of painting to go with the ceremony.
Kun-borrk was started around the Adelaide, Mann and Rose Rivers. It has a didgeridoo start and then percussion and vocals. The vocal often include words.
Wangga started near the South Alligator River. It has a very high note to start the song. This joined by rhythmic percussion. It is followed by a sudden shift to a low tone.
A number of Indigenous Australians have had mainstream success, such as Jimmy Little, Yothu Yindi, Troy Cassar-Daley and NoKTuRNL. Indigenous music has also had broad exposure through the world music movement. Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu had international success singing contemporary music in English and in the language of the Yolngu.
Torres Strait Islander musicians include Christine Anu and Seaman Dan.
Skippy the Bush Kangaroo
Skippy the Bush Kangaroo was an Australian television series for children. It was created by John McCallum. It was made from 1966–1968. The show tells the adventures of a young boy and his intelligent pet kangaroo. It happens in the (fictional) Waratah National Park in Duffys Forest, near Sydney, New South Wales.
Ninety-one 30-minute episodes were made over the three seasons of production. At the time of first screening, Australian television was still in black and white. The show was filmed in colour to get more international sales, especially in the United States and Canada. It aired there between 1969 and 1972. The Nine Network repeated the series several times after Australian television became colour in 1975.
The programme was played in Mexico, Cuba, Spain, Czechoslovakia, and Iran.
The main characters were:
Tenpyō
, also romanized as Tempyō, was a after "Jinki" and before "Tenpyō-kanpō." This period started in August 729 and ended in April 749. The reigning emperor was .
Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique
The Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique (GEA France) (in English French aviation school network) includes three French engineering universities:
The GEA is member of the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research.
The GEA universities have created the "Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation" of Tianjin in partnership with French aerospace companies. This is part of Franco-Chinese cooperation after an Airbus A320 assembly plant was built in Tianjin.
The university, opened in October 2007, trains Chinese students. They follow a course in aerospace engineering, taught in French. After a first year of learning the French language, they follow a master's degree course in aeronautical engineering.
Not linked with the engineering training, three "Mastères Spécialisés" are also taught in Tianjin:
In the Wake of the Bounty
In the Wake of the Bounty is an Australian movie directed by Charles Chauvel. It is the first movie of Errol Flynn. It is based on the 1932 novel "Mutiny on the Bounty" by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall. The Australian movie was made two years before MGM's more famous "Mutiny on the Bounty".
The movie mixed re-enactments with documentary. It focused not so much on the mutiny itself as on what happened afterwards.
Kokoda Front Line!
Kokoda Front Line! was a full-length edition of the Australian newsreel. It was produced by the Australian News & Information Bureau and Cinesound Productions Limited in 1942. It was one of four winners of the 1942 Academy award for best documentary. It was the first Australian movie to win an Oscar. It was made by the Australian war photographer Damien Parer and directed by Ken G. Hall.
Ken G. Hall
Kenneth George Hall, (22 February 1901 – 8 February 1994), was an Australian Movie director. He is said to be one of the most important people in the history of the Australian cinema.
Hall began making movies in 1928. The first movie was "The Exploits of the Emden" about the Battle of Cocos. "Kokoda Front Line" in 1942 became the first Australian movie to win an Academy Award.
In 1956, Hall became general manager for Channel Nine in Sydney. He stayed there until 1966.
On 1 January 1972, Hall was awarded the Order of the British Empire for his services to the "Australian motion picture industry." He got the Raymond Longford Award for "Lifetime Achievement" in 1976.
Picnic at Hanging Rock
Picnic at Hanging Rock is a 1975 Australian drama movie. It was directed by Peter Weir. It stars Anne-Louise Lambert, Helen Morse, Rachel Roberts and Vivean Gray. The movie is from the book "Picnic at Hanging Rock", by author Joan Lindsay.
The film tells the story of the disappearance of several schoolgirls and their teacher. They disappear during a picnic to Hanging Rock, Victoria, on St. Valentine's Day in 1900. The movie shows the effect on the local community.
"Picnic at Hanging Rock" made $5,120,000 in ticket sales in Australia.
Gallipoli (1981 movie)