The first use of a brass horn as a military signal was the Halbmondblaser, meaning "half-moon blower", used in Hanover in 1758. It was U-shaped (this is where its name comes from) and easily carried with a shoulder strap. It first arrived in England in 1764 where it was slowly it became used often by foot soldiers. Cavalry did not normally use a proper bugle, but instead used an early trumpet that made a sound which was easier to hear from nearby, but travelled less far.
The bugle is used mainly in the military where the bugle call is used to make announcements. A long time ago, the bugle was used in the cavalry to pass instructions from officers to soldiers during battle. In the Bible, bugles are found in the time of Moses, when God commanded Moses to 'make two bugles of hammered silver' in Numbers 10:1-3. They were used to assemble the leaders and to give marching orders to the camps.
In the drum and bugle corps the bugle has changed from its military origins, and now has valves. In American drum and bugle corps, G is considered the traditional key for bugles to be pitched in. However, current rules in both Drum Corps International and Drum Corps Associates define a bugle as a brass instrument in any key, with 0 to 4 valves, and bell front.
Civilian drum corps were made using instruments sold off by the military in the early 1900s, and the last official change made to the military bugle (before it stopped being used because of the invention of the radio) was to make them all use the key of G. Bugles in other parts of the world used to be in B flat or E flat.
The bugle is also used in the Boy Scouts. They use some of the same calls as the military, but not all.
The cornet is sometimes wrongly considered to be the "valved version" of the bugle, although it comes from the French "cornet de poste" (post horn).
19th century versions based on the original bugle included keys and valves. Keyed bugles were invented in England in the early 19th century, with a patent for one design, the Royal Kent bugle, taken out by Joseph Halliday in 1811. This bugle was highly popular and widely in use until around 1850 – for example, in works by Richard Willis, later bandmaster of the United States Military Academy Band at West Point. This version of the bugle stopped being used when the valved cornet was invented.
Modern instruments considered bugles often have valves.
Trevor Johansen
Trevor Daniel Johansen (born March 30, 1957 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 286 games in the National Hockey League. Johanssen was drafted with the 12th overall pick in the 1977 NHL Entry Draft by the Toronto Maple Leafs. In addition the Maple Leafs he also spent time with the Colorado Rockies, and Los Angeles Kings.
James Jarvis
James "Jim, Bud" Jarvis (December 7, 1907 – May 7, 1983) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). His time in the NHL included playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Quakers and Toronto Maple Leafs. He was born in Fort William, Ontario.
Henry Moore
His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically mother-and-child or reclining figures. Moore's works usually suggest the female body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he did family groups. His forms are generally pierced or have hollow spaces. Some think the undulating form of his reclining figures reflect the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire.
Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a mining engineer. He became known for his larger-scale abstract cast bronze and carved marble sculptures. His large-scale commissions made him exceptionally rich. Yet he lived carefully and most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation. This supports education and promotion of the arts.
He did some work in architecture. in 1955 Moore did his only work in carved brick, "Wall Relief" at the Bouwcentrum in Rotterdam. The brick relief was sculpted with 16,000 bricks by two Dutch bricklayers under Moore's supervision.
Schloss Esterhazy
Schloss Esterhazy is a palace in Eisenstadt, Austria.
It was built in the end of 13th century and belonged to Esterházy family.
Flotation
Flotation is a process where gas bubbles are injected at the bottom of a tank containing a mixture of a liquid and solid particles to separate the solid particles from the liquid. When the gas bubbles move along the liquid mixture, the solids particles stick to the surface of the bubbles. The bubbles form a foam at the surface of the liquid: this foam contains the solid particles, so after the flotation process the solids can be removed just cleaning the liquid from this foam.
Flotation is used to separate sulfide ores from the impurities in the ore (gangue). A detergent is added to the mixture and it is stirred. The sulfide minerals float, while the gangue sinks to the bottom and is removed. This is used in making zinc, where zinc sulfide (sphalerite) is a major zinc ore.
Gangue
Gangue is the worthless substance that is left behind when minerals are processed.
When minerals are collected, the ore that is wanted is found only in small amounts. Flotation is used to concentrate the ore. The ore floats while the gangue sinks to the bottom. Sometimes minerals thought of as gangue are later recovered and used.
Arctic willow
The arctic willow (salix arctica) is a kind of willow plant. It grows to less than 6 inches tall. The leaves are pale green with white hairs on top.
Hesperornithoides
Hesperornithoides is a troodontid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western North America.
The fossil was found in Wyoming, as the site was carefully documented by the collectors.
A phylogenetic analysis was presented in an abstract in the "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" in 2005. The analysis decided the specimen was a close relative of "Sinornithoides".
This dinosaur is very significant because it is the oldest known troodontid from North America. Until the discovery of Lori, troodontids were believed to have first originated and evolved in Asia and then migrated to North America. Most troodontids were discovered in Asia, and the previously oldest known troodontids, from the Lower Cretaceous, lived there.
Niigata Prefecture
Until after the Meiji Restoration, the area that is now Niigata Prefecture was divided into Echigo Province and Sado Province.
Niigata is next to Yamagata Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Gumma Prefecture and Fukushima prefecture.
Niigata is the fifth largest prefecture in Japan by area.
In winter, it snows a lot in Niigata, and winter sports are popular.
National Parks are established in about 25% of the total land area of the prefecture. including
"Yahiko-jinja", "Kota-jinja", "Amatsu-jinja" and "Watatsu-jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.
Panoplosaurus
Panoplosaurus was an armored tank-like dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous, living about 76–73 million years ago.
"Panoplosaurus" was a herbivore (a plant-eater). It ate low-lying plants, like ferns and cycads. This nodosaurid ankylosaur (with no tail club) was about 23 ft (7 m) long and weighed about 3.5 tons. It had a bulky body, four short legs, a short neck, and a stiff tail.
Polacanthus
Polacanthus was an armoured, spiked, plant-eating dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, about 132 to 100 million years ago. "Polacanthus" means "many spines."
Some paleontologists think that "Polacanthus" is the same genus as "Hylaeosaurus". Fossils of this ankylosaurid have been found in England.
"Polacanthus" was about 12 feet (4 m) long and about 4.8 feet (1.5 m) tall. It was a bulky quadruped that relied on its many rows of bony spikes for protection. No head is known for this genus.
Earl Warren