In 1368, a rebellion led by Zhu Yuanzhang broke out in southern China, and eventually overthrew the Yuan Dynasty. Then Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty at Nanjing, its capital until Emperor Yongle changed the capital to Beijing. In the 15th century, a man named Zheng He took the majority of the Ming navy and explored the Indian Ocean, and brought wealth and power to the Ming Dynasty. The empire experienced a prosperous period until 1449, when the Battle of Tumu Fortress broke out. In the battle the Mongol descendants of Yuan captured the emperor and surrounded the capital. After the war with the Mongols, the Ming started to decline. During this time, the empire had two wars with the Japanese (the first against the Japanese pirates took place at southeastern China; the second against the armies of Toyotomi Hideyoshi that invaded Korea), and one war with the Portuguese of Macao. These wars eventually weakened the declining empire. In 1616, rebellions broke out at Manchuria and Shanxi. Twenty-eight years later, the Manchus crossed the Great Wall, invaded the capital, and destroyed the Shanxi rebels.
Mao Zedong was the leader of the People's Republic of China from 1949 until his death in 1976.
In the 21st century China became the richest country in the world in terms of GDP.
Briefs
Briefs are a type of short underwear for males or females. They provide a close fit, and come in either white, or in other colors like blue, pink, or red.
For male briefs, before 2000s, briefs often came with hard elastic waistband. This would cause stretch marks, and this was eventually replaced by the soft elastic waistband. However, hard elastic waistbands are still found on generic store brand underwear (that save consumer and manufacturing costs by not being fashion forward).
Female briefs are also called knickers or panties.
Kayastha
Kayastha (also referred to as Kayasth or Kayeth) is an ancient community. Kayastha word is very often seen in Tipitika the Buddha's verses where this is used for the deep jhani's(Meditator) It comes in the famous Buddha's discourse given in "Satipatthana Sutt" where the Gotama The Samma Sambuddha explain about the four types of mindfullness. 1, kaye kayanupassi viharati atapi sampjano satima vinniyeloke abhijjadomanassan.( Here a monk dwells ardent with awareness and constant thorough understanding of impermanence observing Body in Body(.काया के भीतर स्थित (कायस्थ) होकर जो अविद्या को दुर कर्ता है).Kayastha are the person instead of community in itself who are mindfull with the self that is dwell in his "Kaya" where one can sees the truth within. and experience insight. the real knowledge the truth actually exist inside the body(Kaya). Later on when all the beings living in "Jambudeepa" which was now evolve to the vast states as "Maha janapada".were specially known in four specific sects like Brahmin(Bamana),kkhattiya(,kshatriye),vanijo(vaishye) and Sudra. There was a time when people were known with samana,bamana and grahasta. Samana who live in forest to find the ultimate truth. Brahmana also search for the ultimate truth but believed that ultimate knowledge can only be attained by Brahmins. But samana were not agree with this theory of attaining ultimate knowledge only by certain sect of the society.
One mythological character "Chitragupta" were also known with the four-father Kayastha community of North India, Chandraseniya(CKP) of Maharashtra and Bengali Kayastha of Bengal. As per the 1779 AD letter of council of Pandits of Benaras to the Brahmin Peshwa Darbar regarding varna status of various Kayastha subgroups, the Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha are Brahmins (Kayastha Brahmin/ Brahma Kayastha) while the CKP are Kshatriya.
During Mughal Era Kayasthas are considered to be members of the writer caste, and have traditionally acted as keepers of public records and accounts, writers, and administrators of the state.Ancient times Kayasthas were the most powerful rulers of ancient India.In modern times, Kayasthas have attained success in politics, as well as in the arts and various professional fields.
Modern historians and researches do not consider Kayasthas as a uniform caste but a functional group. Kayasthas are not a cohesive, uniform group.
"There are two groups of Kayasthas. Chitraguptavanshi of North India and Bengali Kayastha of Bengal."
According to the ancient Indian texts known as the "Puranas", "Chitraguptavanshi" Kayasthas are descended from the Hindu god Chitragupta, who is responsible for recording the deeds of humanity, upholding the rule of law, and judging whether human beings go to heaven or hell upon death.
From Chitragupta; 12 subcastes of the north Indian chitragupta kayasthas were formed: Srivastava, Gaur, Saxena, Mathur, Karn, Nigam, Bhatnagar, Ambashtha, Asthana, Kulshreshtha, Valmiki Kayastha and Surajdhwaj Kayastha.
There are several theories of their origin. Hindu religious texts refer to these "chitraguptavanshi" Kayasthas as a caste of scribes, recruited in the beginning from the Brahmin community but eventually forming distinct subcastes in India.
"Historians P. C. Choudhuri, K. R. Medhi and K. L. Barua state that "the Brahmins noted in the Nidhanpur and Dubi inscriptions of king Bhaskaravarman" bore surnames "which are at present used by Kayasthas of Bengal and Nagara Brahmins of Gujarat," and "were either of the Alpine origin or pre-Vedic Aryans." Similarly, the Kayasthas and Kalitas of Assam "are also supposed to be descendants of extra-Vedic Aryans"."
"According to André Wink, another historian, the caste is first referred to around the 5th–6th century CE, and may well have become so identified during the period of the Sena dynasty. Between that time and the 11th–12th century, this category of officials or scribes was composed of "putative" Kshatriyas and, "for the larger majority", Brahmins, who retained their caste identity or became Buddhists. As in South India, Bengal had lacked a clearly defined Kshatriya caste."
"The Pala, Sena, Chandra, and Varman dynasties and their descendants, who claimed the status of Kshatriya, "almost imperceptibly merged" with the Kayastha caste, which in this way became "the region's surrogate Kshatriya or warrior class".
In eastern India, Bengali Kayasthas are believed to have evolved from a class of officials into a caste between the 5th/6th centuries and 11th/12th centuries, its component elements being putative Kshatriyas and mostly Brahmins, and likely obtained the aspect of a caste under the Sena dynasty.
According to Tej Ram Sharma, an Indian historian, the Kayasthas of Bengal had not yet developed into a distinct caste during the reign of the Gupta Empire, although the office of the Kayastha (scribe) had been instituted before the beginning of the period, as evidenced from the contemporary "Smritis". Sharma further states:
"Noticing brahmanic names with a large number of modern Bengali Kayastha cognomens in several early epigraphs discovered in Bengal, some scholars have suggested that there is a considerable brahmana element in the present day Kayastha community of Bengal.
Originally the professions of Kayastha (scribe) and Vaidya (physician) were not restricted and could be followed by people of different varnas including the brahmanas. So there is every probability that a number of brahmana families were mixed up with members of other varnas in forming the present Kayastha and Vaidya communities of Bengal."
In Maharashtra, Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus (CKP) claim descent from the warrior Chandrasen. Historically they produced prominent warriors and also held positions such as Deshpandes and Gadkaris (fort holder, an office similar to that of a castellan). They also studied the Vedas and performed Vedic rituals. According to André Béteille, a sociologist, they could be considered "socially proximate" to the Konkanastha Brahmin community and, like that community, they wear the sacred thread.