Many novels came out of soldiers' and peoples' experiences during World War II. These books were not only by European authors, but also by people around the world.
Just after the war ended, Sakaguchi Ango (坂口安吾) published a book called "Idiocy" (白痴) about the strange life in Japan after the bombing and losing the war. There were many novels aout the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, including: "Summer Flowers" (夏の花) by Hara Tamiki (原 民喜) in 1947 and "Black Rain" (黒い雨) by Ibuse Masuji (井伏鱒二). There were also novels about being part of the kamikaze. The 1949 book "Last Friends" (きけ、わだつみの声) was about a group of soldiers leaving for the front. It was a best-seller. Around 1970 another type of novel began to appear. Ordinary people wrote about their experiences of battles and air raids. Novels about the many different ways the war ended also began to appear and tell being left behind in China or becoming prisoners of the Soviet Union in Siberia.
Many Americans and Vietnamese authors wrote books during or after this long war.
Palaeoproterozoic
The Palaeoproterozoic was the first era of the Proterozoic eon. It came after the Archaean eon, and lasted from 2500 to 1600 million years ago (mya).
In the Palaeoproterozoic, there was a huge production of stromatolites by cyanobacteria. The first unicellular eukaryote organisms also appeared in the fossil record.
The first supercontinent grew, and some of the rocks were normal sedimentary rocks, not metamorphosed.
Because the Earth was only half as old as now, there were some basic differences from today. Heat in the Earth's interior was greater than today. This was mainly due to the higher abundance of radioactive isotopes, which decay as time passes.
Temperatures at the surface were also higher, due to radiation from the Earth's interior, and due to a methane and carbon dioxide-based greenhouse atmosphere. During the previous eon, the Archaean, the oceans were hot (55–85 °C). This was only partly balanced by the fact that the Sun's radiation was lower at that time.
Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history suggests that ~1.8 billion years ago, there were about 450 days in a year, implying 20 hour days. Further back, the Earth day had about 17 hours, and there were 514±33 days per year. The Earth–Moon distance for the earliest Palaeoproterozoic was 51.9±3.3 Earth radii (compared to 60.27 at present).
A global supercontinent (called Columbia, or Nena) existed from about 1.8 to 1.5 billion years ago in the Palaeoproterozoic era.
During the era climate changes were as severe as any in Earth history. From a global high temperature at the start, there were three massive ice ages, with ice deep into the tropics.
There are clear indications that the era saw a drop in atmospheric methane:
Oxygen was produced by the cyanobacteria, but it was mostly used up by chemical sinks. These were the unoxidized sulfur and iron. Until roughly 2.3 billion years ago, oxygen was probably only 1% to 2% of its current level.
Banded iron formations, which provide most of the world's iron ore, were formed by the oxygen forming compounds with iron; most accumulation ceased after 1.9 billion years ago. Red beds, which are colored by hematite, indicate an increase in atmospheric oxygen after 2 billion years ago; they are not found in older rocks.
There were three major ice ages, with ice deep into the tropics. Undoubtedly, they happened as a result of reduced greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and the rise of oxygen production.
There is what researchers call "a puzzling interval of ~1,400 million years with no verified glaciation between early Palaeoproterozoic glaciations at 2400–2200 mya in North America, South Africa, Scandinavia and Australia and the Neoproterozoic glaciations that affected all continents at 800–600 mya".
There were major bolide impacts during the era, two of which caused the largest impact crators on Earth. There are also three smaller (equal or more than 30 kilometers diameter) in the time zone of 3.0 to 1.2 billion years ago.
The origin of the eukaryotic cell was a milestone in the evolution of life, since they include all complex cells and almost all multi-cellular organisms. The timing of this series of events is hard to determine; Knoll suggests they developed approximately 1.6–2.1 billion years ago. Some acritarchs are known from at least 1650 million years ago, and the possible alga "Grypania" has been found as far back as 2100 million years ago.
Nonna Grishayeva
Nonna Valentinovna Grishayeva (born on July 21, 1971) is a Russian actress, comedienne, singer and television presenter. She is Honored Artist of Russia (2006).
She was twice married and has two children.
Mesoproterozoic
The Mesoproterozoic is a geologic era which lasted from 1,600 million years ago (mya) to 1,000 mya.
The major events of this era are:
Evidence of a eukaryotic red algae, "Bangiomorpha pubescens", has been identified from ~1200 mya old rocks in the Hunting Formation (Somerset Island, Canada). This is the oldest known sexually reproducing organism and therefore the earliest known complex multicellular organism.
Sidney Nolan
Sir Sidney Robert Nolan (1917—1992) is regarded as one of Australia's great artists. He used many art forms including painting, drawing, printmaking, set design (for theatre), murals, spray painting and collage. He created over 10,000 individual art works, considered a prolific, or large, number of works of art.
Nolan is famous for his set of 27 Ned Kelly paintings. His friend, Sunday Reed, donated 25 of the paintings to the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra, where a special room has been built to display them. In 2010 one of the Kelly paintings was given to the National Gallery of Victoria. One of the Kelly paintings not owned by the museum was sold in March 2010 for AU$5.4 million. This was the highest price ever paid for an Australian painting.
Nolan was born in Carlton, Victoria on 22 April 1917. He attended Prahran Technical College and studied art at the National Gallery School in Melbourne. In 1948 he moved to Sydney, New South Wales and then in 1953 he moved to London where he stayed until his death on 28 November 1992.
Amy Adams
Amy Lou Adams (born on August 20, 1974) is an American actress and singer and former dancer. She was nominated for 4 Golden Globe (2008, 2009, 2011, 2013) and 4 Oscars (2006, 2009, 2011, 2013).
Adams was born in Vicenza, Italy to military parents Richard and Kathryn (née Hicken) Adams. She has four brothers and two sisters.
She started her career as dancer in 1995. In 1999, she started acting. Her first movie role was Leslie Miller in "Drop Dead Gorgeous".
In 2005 she played Ashley Johnsten in "Junebug" and was nominated as "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for an Oscar but lost to Rachel Weisz.
In 2008, she played Sister James in "Doubt" and was nomimated as "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for a Golden Globe and an Oscar, but lost to Kate Winslet. In 2010 she played Charlene Fleming in "The Fighter".
She again was nominated as "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for Golden Globe and Oscar but lost to Melissa Leo. She also played Lois Lane in the 2013 movie "Man of Steel" and the 2016 movie "". She will reprise her role as Lois Lane in "Justice League".
In 2002, Adams started a relationship with Darren Le Gallo. They married in 2008. Their daughter, Aviana Olea Le Gallo, was born on May 15, 2010.
She currently lives with her family in Los Angeles, California.
Chlamydiae
Chlamydiae is a bacterial phylum and class whose members are obligate intracellular pathogens.
All known Chlamydiae only grow by infecting eukaryotic host cells. They are as small or smaller than many viruses. Most intracellular Chlamydiae are located in an inclusion body or vacuole.
Nocardiosis