shan dou gen 山豆根 radix Sophorae Tonkinensis
she gan 射干 rhizoma Belamcandae
ma chi xian 马齿莧 herba Portulacae
bai tou weng 白头翁 radix Pulsatillae
hong teng 红藤 caulis Sargentodoxae
qin pi 秦皮 cortex Fraxini
(O) Cool Blood
shui niu jiao 水牛角 cornu Bubali
sheng di huang 生地黄 radix Rehmanniae
xuan shen 玄参 radix Scrophulariae
xi jiao 西角 cornu Rhinocerotis
bai jiang 败酱草 herba Patriniae
mu dan pi 牡丹皮 cortex Moutan Radicis
chi shao 赤芍 radix Paeoniae Rubra
zi cao 紫草 radix arnebiae seu lithospermi
(P) Cleasr Deficient Heat
qing hao 青蒿 herba Artemisiae Annuae
bai wei 白薇 radix cynanchi Atrati
di gu pi 地骨皮 cortex Lycii Radicis
yin chai hu 銀柴胡 radix Stellariae
(Q) Purge Downwards, Cathartically Drain Downwards
da huang 大黃 radix et rhizoma Rhei
mang xiao 芒硝 natrii Sulfas
fan xie ye 番瀉葉 folium Sennae
da ma ren 大麻仁 fructus Cannabis
gan sui 甘遂 radix Kansui
yu li ren 郁李仁 semen Pruni
da ji 大戟 radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis
yuan hua 芫花 flos Genkwa
qian niu zi 牽牛子 semen Pharbitidis
(R) Warm Interior and Expel Cold
rou gui 肉桂 cortex Cinnamomi
wu zhu yu 吴茱萸 fructus Evodiae
xi xin 细辛 herba Asari
hua jiao 花椒 pericarpium Zanthoxyli
ding xiang 丁香 flos Caryophylli
gao liang jiang 高莨姜 rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum
xiao hui xiang 小茴香 fructus Foeniculi
fu zi 地肤子 radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata
chuan wu tou 川乌头 radix Aconiti
cao wu tou 草乌头 radix Aconiti Kusnezoffiae
wu tou 乌头 radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata
gan jiang 乾薑 rhizoma Zingiberis
(S) Expel Parasites
shi jun zi 使君子 fructus Quisqualis
da fu pi 大腹皮 pericarpium Arecae
lei wan 雷丸 Omphalia
ku lian pi 苦莲皮 cortex Meliae
nan gua zi 南瓜子 semen Cucurbitae
he cao ya 鹤草牙 gemma Agrimoniae
he shi fructus Carpesii
guan zhong 贯眾（贯仲） rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae
fei zi 榧子 semen Torreyae
(T) Calm Shen
long gu 龙骨 os Draconis
suan zao ren 酸枣仁 semen Ziziphi Spinosae
yuan zhi 远志 radix Polygalae
bai zi ren 柏子仁 semen Biotae
(U)Extinguish Internal Wind and Stop Tremors
mu li 牡蠣 concha Ostreae
zhen zhu 珍珠 Magarita
zhen zhu mu 珍珠母 concha Margaritifera Usta
dai zhe shi 代赭石 Haematitum
ling yang jiao 铃羊角 cornu Saigae Tataricae
tian ma 天麻 rhizoma Gastrodiae
(V) Open Orifices
she xiang 麝香 Moschus
niu huang 牛黄 calculus Bovis
Bing Pian 冰片 borneolum Syntheticum
su he xiang 苏合香 Storax
shi chang pu 石菖蒲 rhizoma Acori Graminei
(1)The terms used here reflect typical TCM usage (as translated literally from individual Chinese characters), and may not reflect their meanings in TCM, namely, meanings that are normative, figurative or metaphorical when read in context. The meanings of these terms are therefore different from that in common English usage. In particular, they are not to be used for purposes of self-diagnosis, much less for self-medication. For example, "Xia Huo" means "To reduce fire", but "fire" here does not refer to combustion involving oxygen. Even within TCM, there are various meanings of "fire", and it can refer to "real" or "false" fire. The 3 herbs mentioned above cannot be used to reduce "false fire", or fires of yin deficiency in the zhang organs.
(2) An example of the non-literal use of transliterated characters is "long gu" which literally means "dragon bones". This term cannot possible refer to Chinese dragons, since they do not exist. However, one can easily buy "long gu" from any TCM herbal shop. Another term that cannot be taken literally is "di long" which literally means "earth dragon".
(3) Although the above herbs are common in TCM prescriptions, they cannot be purchased if we refer only to their Latin names. One likely reason is that TCM pharmacists rarely, if ever, use the Latin names of the herbs. The Chinese names, or the transliterated names (pinyin) should be used instead. For example, if we ask for "flos Lonicerae" we will almost certainly get a blank look. However, if we ask for "Jin Yin Hua" or 金银花 we will connect immediately, even though the pharmacist may speak any of the large number of Chinese dialects (such as Cantonese, where the herb is known as "Kum Gen Fa", or Golden Silver Flower, in Hong Kong). Wherever possible, use the written form (金银花) to avoid miscommunication and/or mis-pronunciation, since there is no dialect form of the written language.
(4) There are a large number of synonyms of the herb names, in both Chinese, English and Latin. This makes it even more essential to use the written form of the Chinese names to ensure accuracy.
(5) Some herbs are prone to adulteration, substitution, or both. For example, Ling Zhi Cao (Cordyceps) can be substituted with an inactive form of the herb. If an extract is first made with water, the herb will be tasteless when dried and re-used/recycled. On the other hand, the genuine Ling Zhi tastes bitter, but few consumers would know the difference, especially if the herb is mixed in a prescription and boiled together with other herbs. The pharmacists themselves may not be aware, as some may trust their suppliers implicitly, and do not conduct regular testing.
(6) Animal-based "herbs" are prone to substitution or adulteration, including Xiong Dan (bear bile / gall bladder) which looks very much like Niu Dan (bovine bile /gall bladder) when the gall bladder is dried, although Niu Dan is far less bitter in taste. Some are simply unavailable because they are banned in many countries. These include tiger parts, such as Hu Gu (tiger bone) which is substituted by bobcat bone, and Chuan San Jia (scales of the pangolin) which has no animal-based substitute. Niu Huang (bovine gallstone) is unavailable in many Western countries and Singapore because of its potential impact on pregnant women, although Niu Huang Pills with about 2% of Niu Huang are available in many Asian countries.
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Aldudes