Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary
The Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary () is a World Heritage Site in Senegal. It is on the Senegal River. It has different wetland areas that are used by many migrating birds. Some birds use the wetland after they cross the Sahara desert. There are almost 400 kinds of birds. Some of the most common are pelicans and flamingos. Many different kinds of animals also live in the park.
Refining
Refining is the name for a number of processes that purify or concentrate a substance. The name is used for natural resources, food and technical products. The place where this is done, is often called a refinery.
Petroleum contains hydrocarbons. After distillation, it still contains chemical compounds with sulfur, oxygen and Nitrogen as well as other unwanted compounds, such as Alkalenes. Processed petroleum is used for lubricants; the substances mentione are unwanted in lubricants as they can speed up the aging process. For this reason, they are extracted using a process called hydrogenation. In hydrogenation, Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases are produced. These gases require special handling, as they are very toxic.
Vegetable oils and fats are produced by chemical or mechanical extraction from plants. This produces a kind of oil that still has many unwanted substances, such as pigments and smell, which influence the quality of the refined product. In essence, the factors influenced are taste, shelf life, smell and color, as well as the ability to use the oil for further technical transformations. Depending on the process, between four and eight percent of usable vegetable oil is lost. There are two basic procedures to refine vegetable oil, chemical refining, and physical refining.
Sugar is washed, and treated with concentrated syrup. Its colored because most customers expect sugar to be white. The white sugar sold in shops in almost pure sucrose. It has an extent of 99,8 percent of its weight.
There are two basic processes to refine metals: Refining by fire, and refining by electrolysis. Higher grades of purity require both processes, lower grades use only the first process.
Salt that is gained through evaportation of seawater needs to be cleaned; this is done by dissloving it in brine and then forcing it to crystallize. After the process, it is no lnoger possible to distinguish it from the salt extracted from rocks, by a mining process. Depending on the country, table salt for common use as a food additive may have iodine added. Sometimes Potassium fluoride is added as well.
American cheese
American cheese (also called a cheese slice or processed cheese) is a kind of pasteurized processed cheese. Usually, it has a mild taste. Originally, it was white, and made by mixing other kinds of cheese, most often Cheddar cheese and Swiss.
It is no longer produced by mixing existing kinds of cheeses, but by using a number of ingredients. In many countries, including the US, processed cheese is licensed differently to "real" cheese. American cheese may therefore not be sold as "cheese", but as "processed cheese".
On the label, the word cheese is often left out, and the product is labeled "American slices", "slices" or similar. Since this kind of processed cheese is very common in the United States, it is often used to refer to all kinds of processed cheese. All the same, the term "American cheese" does have a legal definition in the American Code of Federal Regulations.
Fraser Island
Fraser Island is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the east coast of Queensland in Australia.
Fraser Island is long. It is the largest sand island in the world. It has large shifting sand dunes, and highly coloured sand cliffs. The World Heritage Site covers .
The island has a range of plants including patches of rainforest. There are also perched freshwater lakes. These are lakes that are not connected to the groundwater, but sit above them. Half of the perched lakes in the world are found on Fraser Island. The water in the lakes is very clear.
The endangered cooloola sedge frog lives on Fraser Island. Fraser Island is one of only three places where this frog lives.
Village Voice
The Village Voice is a free weekly newspaper and news and features website in New York City. It features investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts and music coverage, and events listings for New York City. It is also distributed throughout the United States on a pay basis. It was the first of the big-city tabloids that came to be known as alternative weeklies.
The "Voice" was launched by Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, and Norman Mailer on October 26, 1955 from a two-bedroom apartment in Greenwich Village. This was its initial coverage area. It expanded to other parts of the city by the 1960s. The offices in the 1960s were located at Sheridan Square. They are now at Cooper Square in Manhattan in the East Village.
Purnululu National Park
Purnululu National Park is an Australian national park in the north east of Western Australia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The site covers and includes the Bungle Bungle Ranges. The ranges are made from Devonian era sandstone and have been eroded over 20 million years into shapes like towers and cones. The sandstone has horizontal stripes of orange coloured by iron oxide which dry out quickly, and dark strips where bacteria are growing in damp layers of stone. Other areas of the park include the sand plains which surround the Bungle Bungles; the Ord River valley, and limestone ridges.
Cinema of India
The cinema of India includes movies produced in India. It has been around since the early 20th century. Movies made in India are popular in the Middle East, South Asia, and Western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States as well as India. In 2010 India produced the most films, with Hollywood and China behind them. Bollywood (Hindi cinema) and Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema) are considered to be the national cinema of India.
Lord Howe Island Group
The Lord Howe Island Group is a group of 28 small islands and rocks about north east of Sydney. The islands are governed by New South Wales. The islands became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.
The islands were formed by a volcano which erupted for a period of about 500,000 years during the Miocene era, about 7 million years ago. This volcano is about under the sea, and the islands are the tops of the volcano's peak. The main islands of the World Heritage Site are:
Lord Howe Island
Lord Howe Island is a small island about north east of Sydney. It is governed by New South Wales. About 70% of the island is part of the Lord Howe Island Group which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982. The island was first discovered in 1788 by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, who was captain of the HMS Supply. He was taking convicts from Sydney to start a new prison colony on Norfolk Island.
Islam in Iran
The Islamic conquest of Persia (637-651) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity. Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then, except short duration after Mongol raid and establishment of Ilkhanate. Iran became an Islamic republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
Before the Islamic conquest, the Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian, however, there were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities. Eastern Iran (what is now Afghanistan) was predominantly Buddhist. There was a slow but steady movement of the population toward Islam. When Islam was introduced to Iranians, the nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert, Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the "dihqans", or landed gentry. By the late 11th century, the majority of Persians had become Muslim, at least nominally.