Some historians believe that saffron first came to China with Mongol invaders by way of Persia. On the other hand, saffron is mentioned in ancient Chinese medical texts, including the forty-volume "Shennong Bencaojing" (神農本草經—"Shennong's Great Herbal", also known as "Pen Ts'ao" or "Pun Tsao") pharmacopoeia, a tome dating from 200–300 BC. Traditionally attributed to the legendary "Yan" ("Fire") Emperor (炎帝) Shennong, it documents 252 phytochemical-based medical treatments for various disorders. Yet around the 3rd century AD, the Chinese were referring to saffron as having a Kashmiri provenance. For example, Wan Zhen, a Chinese medical expert, reported that "[t]he habitat of saffron is in Kashmir, where people grow it principally to offer it to the Buddha." Wan also reflected on how saffron was used in his time: "The [saffron crocus] flower withers after a few days, and then the saffron is obtained. It is valued for its uniform yellow colour. It can be used to aromatise wine."
In Europe, saffron cultivation declined steeply following the Roman Empire's fall. Saffron was reintroduced when the Islamic civilization "Al-Andalus" spread to Spain, France, and Italy. During the 14th century Black Death, demand for saffron-based medicine skyrocketed, and much saffron had to be imported via Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes. The theft of one such shipment by noblemen sparked the fourteen-week long "Saffron War". The conflict and resulting fear of rampant saffron piracy spurred significant saffron cultivation in Basel, which grew prosperous. Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg, where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the "Safranschou" code, under which saffron adulterers were fined, imprisoned, and executed. Soon after, saffron cultivation spread throughout England, especially Norfolk and Suffolk. The Essex town of Saffron Walden, named for its new specialty crop, emerged as England's prime saffron growing and trading center. However, an influx of more exotic spices such as chocolate, coffee, tea, and vanilla from newly contacted Eastern and overseas countries caused European cultivation and usage of saffron to decline. Only in southern France, Italy, and Spain, did significant cultivation endure.
Europeans brought saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms; indeed, many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe. By 1730, the Pennsylvania Dutch were cultivating saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania. Spanish colonies in the Caribbean bought large amounts of this new American saffron, and high demand ensured that saffron's list price on the Philadelphia commodities exchange was set equal to that of gold. The trade with the Caribbean later collapsed in the aftermath of the War of 1812, when many saffron-transporting merchant vessels were destroyed. Yet the Pennsylvania Dutch continued to grow lesser amounts of saffron for local trade and use in their cakes, noodles, and chicken or trout dishes. American saffron cultivation survived into modern times mainly in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Ain al-Yaqeen
Ain al-Yaqeen (English: Heart of the Matter) is an Arab news magazine. It is published every week. It is mainly about politics.
Bombay riots
Many riots have happened in the City of Mumbai, India (Bombay) since Independence. However the Bombay Riots usually refers to the riots in Mumbai, in December 1992 and January 1993, in which 900 people died.
1993 Bombay bombings
The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of thirteen bomb explosions. They took place in Bombay (now Mumbai), India on March 12, 1993.
Clifford Edmund Bosworth
Clifford Edmund Bosworth FBA (born December 29, 1928, Sheffield, United Kingdom) is an English historian and orientalist. He specializes in Arabic studies.
Encyclopaedia of Islam
The "Encyclopaedia of Islam" ("EI") is the standard encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Islamic studies.
Al-Mawardi
Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi( أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن حبيب البصري الماوردي ), known in Latin as Alboacen (972-1058 CE), was an Arab Muslim jurist of the Shafi`i school.
Religious studies
Religious studies (or "religious education") is the academic study of religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions from a secular viewpoint. The main religions studied are Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, Judaism and Hinduism.
Pitch (baseball)
A pitch, in baseball, is when a pitcher throws the baseball to the batter. This is a pitcher's main job. The pitcher tries to get the player who is at-bat out. If a pitcher throws three strikes, the batter strikes out (unless the third strike is a foul tip). A strike is when a pitch is in the zone from the batter's knees to the belt and the width of home plate (the "strike zone"), and if the batter does not swing. A strike is also called if a batter swings at any pitch and misses, or if a batter hits a ball into foul territory (this is called a "foul tip"). If a pitcher throws a ball outside of the strike zone and the batter does not swing, this is called a "ball". If four of these are thrown, the batter gets to go to first base for free. This is called a "walk".
Pitchers use different pitches to try to get the batter out. The most common is a fastball. A fastball is when the pitcher throws the ball as hard as he or she can. The pitcher is trying to get the ball past the batter before the batter can hit it. Another type of pitch is a changeup. A pitcher throws a changeup when he or she wants the batter to swing before the ball gets to home plate. The batter might do this because he or she thinks the pitch is a fastball and the baseball will get to the plate faster. In addition to these two types of pitches, there are also many others.
Dida
Dida (born 7 October 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Milan.
168||0||||||||||168||0
0||0||||||||||0||0
183||0||6||0||79||0||268||0
351||0||6||0||79||0||436||0
!Total||91||0
Juan Silveira dos Santos
Juan Silveira dos Santos (born 1 February 1979) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Roma and Brazil national team.
77||6||||||||||77||6
139||10||||||||||139||10
43||4||3||0||12||2||58||6
259||20||3||0||12||2||274||22
!Total||72||6
Kaká
Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite (born 22 April, 1982), better known as Kaká, is a Brazilian former football player.
!Total||92||29
Zé Roberto
Zé Roberto (born 6 July 1974) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Hamburger SV.
85||3
15||0
282||31
382||34
!Total||84||6
Erich Hartmann
Erich Alfred "Bubi" Hartmann (19 April 1922 in Weissach – 20 September 1993 in Weil im Schönbuch) was a German flying ace in World War II. He was the flying ace with the most victories ever: 352 planes. After the war he spent ten years in Soviet prison camps. Later, he joined the West Germany Air Force. He had a conflict with his superiors in the West German Air Force. So he was forced to resign. After that, he worked as a flight instructor.
His highest rank was that of colonel.
Cicinho
Cicinho (born 24 June 1980) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for São Paulo.
130||16||||||||||130||16
26||2||||||||||26||2
54||3||9||0||14||0||77||3
210||21||9||0||14||0||233||21
!Total||15||1
Luisão
Luisão (born 13 February 1982) is a Brazilian retired football player.
62||7||||||||||||||62||7
132||13||16||3||8||1||46||2||202||19
194||20||16||3||8||1||46||2||264||26
!Total||39||3
Cristiano Marques Gomes
Cristiano Marques Gomes (born 3 June 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Olympique Lyonnais.
148||13
2||0
148||13
298||26
!Total||17||1
Gilberto
Gilberto (born 25 April 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Cruzeiro.
186||24
2||0
101||14
7||1
296||39
!Total||32||1
Gilberto Silva
Gilberto Silva (born 7 October 1976) is a etired Brazilian football player. He last played for Atletico Mineiro
47||4||||||||||||||47||4