Transcription as going from sound to script must be distinguished from transliteration, which creates a mapping from one script to another that is designed to match the original script as directly as possible.
Standard transcription schemes for linguistic purposes include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and its ASCII equivalent, SAMPA. See also phonetic transcription
In this table IPA is an example of phonetic transcription of the name of the former Russian president known in English as Boris Yeltsin, followed by accepted hybrid forms in various languages. Note that 'Boris' is a transliteration rather than transcription in strict sense.
The same words are likely to be transcribed differently under different systems. For example, the Mandarin Chinese name for the capital of China is "Beijing" in the commonly-used contemporary system Hanyu Pinyin, and in the historically significant Wade Giles system, it is written "Pei-Ching".
Practical transcription can be done into a non-alphabetic language too. For example, in a Hong Kong Newspaper, George Bush's name is transliterated into two Chinese characters that sounds like "Bou-sū" (布殊) by using the characters that mean "cloth" and "special". Similarly, many words from English and other Western European languages are borrowed in Japanese and are transcribed using Katakana, one of the Japanese syllabaries.
After transcribing a word from one language to the script of another language:
This is especially evident for Greek loan words and proper names. Greek words are normally first transcribed to Latin (according to their old pronunciations), and then loaned into other languages, and finally the loan word has developed according to the rules of the goal language. For example, "Aristotle" is the currently used English form of the name of the philosopher
whose name in Greek is spelled ("Aristotélēs"),
which was transcribed to Latin "Aristóteles", from where it was loaned into other languages
and followed their linguistic development.(In "classical" Greek of Aristotle's time, lower-case letters were not used, and the name was spelled .)
When this process continues over several languages, it may fail miserably in conveying the original pronunciation.
One ancient example is the Sanskrit word "dhyāna" which transcribed into the Chinese word "Ch'an" through Buddhist scriptures. "Ch'an" (禪 Zen Buddhism) was transcribed from Japanese (ゼン "zen") to "Zen" in English. "dhyāna" to "Zen" is quite a change.
Another complex problem is the subsequent change in "preferred" transcription.
For instance, the word describing a philosophy or religion in China was popularized in English as Tao and given the termination -ism to produce an English word Taoism.
That transcription reflects the Wade-Giles system.
More recent Pinyin transliterations produce Dao and Daoism.
Sumgait pogrom
The Sumgait pogrom was a pogrom by the local Azerbaijanis that targeted the Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani seaside town of Sumgait on February 1988. An estimated 30 were killed. But most say 200.
710
784
842
825
825 (DCCCXXV) was .
880
Momijigari
Many people in Japan do this. The cities of Nikkō, Tochigi and Kyoto are very popular. The tradition started in the Heian era.
Bloom
The term bloom mostly means one or more flowers on a flowering plant. The word may also be used as a metaphor for young people at the peak of their beauty or health. See also Blossom.
Bloom may also mean:
Ancient
Ancient means very old. The word can also be used in these ways:
Calm
Calm is an adjective meaning peaceful, quiet; particularly used of the weather, free from wind or storm, or of the sea, opposed to rough. The word appears in French "calme," through which it came into English, in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian "calma."
Himeji Castle
It is a Japanese National Cultural Treasure. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, it is one of Japan's "Three Famous Castles", and is the most visited castle in Japan.
Several movies have been filmed at the castle, like Akira Kurosawa's "Kagemusha" and "Ran"; "The Last Samurai" starring Tom Cruise; and the "Shogun" 1980 TV-miniseries/movie starring Richard Chamberlain.
In 2009, Himeiji Castle was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty (Chinese: 唐朝; Pinyin: Táng Cháo) (18 June 618 – 4 June 907) was an imperial dynasty of China. It came after the Sui Dynasty and was followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li (李) family, who came to power during the fall of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was interrupted for a short time by the Zhou Dynasty (周) (16 October 690 – 3 March 705) founded by Empress Wu Zetian who managed to claim the throne, becoming the first and only Chinese Empress.
The Tang Dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an (today Xi'an), was the biggest city in the world at the time. It is considered by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization—maybe even greater than the earlier Han Dynasty—as well as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture.
Empress Wu, the first woman to ever rule in China, was also included in the Tang Dynasty. Her methods were sometimes vicious, but she was very intelligent and talented.
Divination
Divination (Greek μαντεια, from μαντις "seer") is an attempt to get information through omens or supernatural things. The verb form is "to divine", but this should not be confused with the adjective "divine". Divining the outcome of things has been done by many different methods, such as the ones listed below.
Divination is different from fortune-telling. Divination is more ritual, usually religious. Fortune-telling is more for personal things.
Offering
Offering can mean any of the following:
Feast
Feast may mean:
Emperor Saga
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name ("imina") was . He was the son of Emperor Kammu, and he was the younger brother of Emperor Heizei by the same mother.
He had nine Empresses and consorts; and 47 Imperial sons and daughters.
Saga was known as a good writer. He sponsored the first imperial poetry competitions ("naien"). According to legend, he was the first Japanese emperor to drink tea.
Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for three years.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum ("misasagi") of Heizei is near Daikaku-ji in Ukyō-ku, Kyoto. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.
The years of Kammu's reign are identified by more than one era name ("nengō").
In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the "Gempeitōkitsu" (源平藤橘). One of these clans, the Minamoto clan are also known as Genji (源氏). The Saga Genji (嵯峨源氏) are said to be descended from Emperor Saga.
Murder of Kriss Donald
Kriss Donald (2 July 1988 – 15 March 2004) was a Scottish boy who was kidnapped, tortured and stabbed to death by five Pakistani Muslims because he was white. The murderers were later convicted of his murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Imperial Court in Kyoto
Imperial Court in Kyoto was the government of Japan from 794 AD until the Meiji Era, in which the court was moved to Tokyo. It was moved by Empress Gemma.
Since Minamoto no Yoritomo started the shogunate, the true power had been in the hand of the Shoguns, who were mistaken several times for the Emperors of Japan by the Chinese government.
Uhorilka
Úhořilka is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 51 people live in Úhořilka. It covers 2,52 km². It was first documented in 1454.
Temporary
Temporary is a term that shows a finite period of time, with a clear beginning and an end. It is derived from the Latin "temporarius" "of seasonal character, lasting a short time," from "tempus" (gen. "temporis") "time, season." It is the opposite of "permanent". It could also mean any of the following:
Ukiyo-e