The earliest Passion plays of France and Flanders are thought to have their source in a nondramatic narrative poem of the 13th century, the Passion des jongleurs. These plays became highly elaborated in the course of their development, culminating in performances (Mons, 1501; Valenciennes, 1547) lasting more than a week. Confraternities were founded for performance of Passion plays, the most famous being the Confrérie de la Passion (1402). Passion plays were also performed in Spain, Italy, and elsewhere, with local variations.
By the 16th century, many of the Passion plays, debased by secular influences, had degenerated into mere popular entertainments, full of crude slapstick and buffoonery. Many were forbidden by ecclesiastical authorities, and many more were suppressed after the Reformation.
The most famous of the Passion plays to survive into the 20th century is that performed at Oberammergau, in the Bavarian Alps. According to tradition, the play has been presented every 10 years since 1634, in fulfillment of a vow made after the village was spared an epidemic of plague (shifting to decennial years in 1700), except in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War and World War II, when religious plays were banned. It remains an entirely local production, with villagers taking all the parts and singing in the chorus. Since 1930 roofed seats have protected the audience from the weather. The production runs from May through September. Some villagers and some Jewish organizations have protested anti-Semitic overtones in the 1860 text. Traditional Passion plays have also been revived in villages in the Austrian Tirol. In northern Spain, during Lent and Holy Week, a Catalan Passion play is performed by villagers; and in Tegelen, in the Netherlands, a modern play by the Dutch poet Jacques Scheurs is given every five years.
Königslutter
Königslutter am Elm is a city in the district of Helmstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany, near the Elm hills. In 2003, about 17,000 people lived in Königslutter. Königslutter is twinned with Taunton in Somerset, in the southwest of England.
Königslutter is on the tourist route called the German Half-Timbered House Road ("Deutsche Fachwerkstraße").
In its current form, the city was created in 1974 by joining the following 18 municipalities:
Königslutter proper is on the Lutter stream and developed from the village of Lutter which was first mentioned in 1150. It became a market town around 1300, then a city around 1400. In early modern times, beer brewing and Elm limestone mining and cutting have been its main industries. Tourism is also important, because of the German Half-Timbered House Road and the Dom - the monastery church built by Emperor Lothar II.
In 1924, the village of Oberlutter and the monastery church of Königslutter were incorporated as a city. The Benedictine monastery was founded near the village of Lutter in 1135 by Holy Roman Emperor Lothar II. The monastery church is known for its sculptural art and the tomb of the emperor.
Königslutter is also the site for a large psychiatric hospital. The hospital, run by AWO can treat over 500 people plus outpatients and day-care therapy in the clinics in Wolfsburg and Peine.
St Ives, Cornwall
St Ives is a seaside town and port in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town lies north of Penzance and west of Camborne on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It was once commercially dependent on fishing but fishing has declined and the town is now primarily a holiday resort. St Ives has become renowned for the large number of artists who work there. It was named best seaside town of 2007 by the "Guardian" newspaper.
Tate St Ives is an important art gallery.
Airport (1970 movie)
Airport is a 1970 American drama movie. It is based on a novel by Arthur Hailey. It is about an airport almost being closed because of a snow storm while a mad bomber is trying to blow up an airliner in flight.
Grace Andrews
Grace Andrews (May 30, 1869 – July 27, 1951) was an American mathematician.
Andrews got her undergraduate degree from Wellesley College in 1890. She got a Master's degree from Columbia University in 1899 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1901. She was one of only two women listed in the first edition of American Men of Science, which appeared in 1906. Charlotte Angas Scott, was the other female mathematician.
She worked as an Assistant Professor of Mathematics for Barnard College from 1900 to 1902. She then worked as accountant to the treasurer for Wesleyan University from 1903 to 1926.
Gladys Anslow
Gladys Amelia Anslow (1892-1962) was a physicist who worked at Smith College.
Anslow got her undergraduate degree and Master's from Smith College. She then got a Doctor of Philosophy from Yale University in 1924. She got the President's Certificate of Merit for service during World War II.
Andrea Lloyd
Andrea Lloyd (b. August 10, 1971 in Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) was in the 1996 Summer Olympics. She won a Bronze medal for Jamaica in the 4 X 100 metres Relay.
Lloyd attended high school in Camperdown. She studied at the University of Alabama. Her personal best is 11.36 seconds in the 100 metres which came in 1996.
Absh Khatun
Absh Khatun was a Queen of Persia from 1263 to 1287. Her mother was Bibi Khatun.
She married Manku Timur and lived in Urdu, capital of the Ilkhanate. Her father-in-law, Khan Hulägu, sent Absh to Shiraz to rule in 1263. When Absh returned to Shiraz the people were happy. Coins were made in her name. She was the last ruler of the Atabek dynasty.
Miss Marple
Miss Jane Marple is a British fictional character, that appeared in twelve of Agatha Christie's crime novels and in twenty short stories. She is an elderly spinster who lives in the village of St. Mary Mead and acts as an amateur detective. She is one of the most famous characters of crime fiction and murder mystery. Many movies and television series have been made about her investigations.
Tragedy of the anticommons
The tragedy of the anticommons is a new phrase invention of Michael Heller. It says, that things can go bad if too many people have rights on a shared thing. It is related to the phrase "tragedy of the commons," which says that things can go bad if not enough people have rights. It is a general phrase for problems like patent thickets, submarine patents, nail houses, and more red tapes. It is difficult to find solutions, but some of them are eminent domain, Laches, patent pools or other agreements on rights and copyrights.
Tragedy of the anticommons is one of four outcomes:
The prevalent outcome depends on the details of the situation.
Rupert Bottenberg
Rupert Bottenberg (born: 19 July 1971 in Wolfville, Nova Scotia) is a comic artist and writer. He works for the "Montreal Mirror" newsweekly.
Bottenberg grew up in Montreal. He started "Comix Jams, public events centered around collaborative, improvised comic art," a concept other North American cities copy. His way of drawing is called "clean-line" and full of "technical precision."
Sophie Bledsoe Aberle
Sophie Bledsoe Aberle (October 21, 1896 - October 1996) was an American anthropologist, physician and nutritionist. She got a Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics from Stanford University in 1927 and a Master's degree from Yale University in 1930. As a Native American, Aberle supported Native Americans in the southwestern United States. In 1951 President Harry S. Truman put Aberle to work on the first National Science Board.
Aberle worked with the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1935 to 1944. She then worked with the National Research Council until 1949. From 1949 to 1954 she worked at the University of New Mexico. She worked for the Bernalillo County Indian Hospital until 1970. Then she returned to the University of New Mexico.
Bernice Ackerman