Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise, was the King of France from 1364 to his death and a member of the House of Valois. He was born in Vincennes, the son of King John II of France and Bona of Luxembourg. After his father was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers (1356), Charles acted as the ruler of France. His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War. His armies recovered large parts of the territory that had been given to England at the Treaty of Brétigny.
Émile Zola
Émile Zola () (2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) was a major French writer and the most important naturalist writer. He worked toward political liberalization of France.
Zola was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901 and 1902. His death from carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected to have been murder.
Capetian dynasty
The Capetian Dynasty includes any of the direct descendants of Hugh Capet of France. King Felipe VI of Spain and the grand duke of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty.
The "direct Capetians" ruled France from the years 987-1328. After that the junior House of Valois ruled France until 1589, and the House of Bourbon ruled until the revolution of 1792.
Charles the Bald
Charles the Bald (13 June 823 - 6 October 877) was King "Charles II" of France (843-877) and also "Charles II" of the Holy Roman Empire (875-877) and King of West Francia (840-877).
Charles married Ermentrude, daughter of Odo I, Count of Orléans, in 842. She died in 869. In 870, Charles married Richilde of Provence, who was descended from a noble family of Lorraine.
With Ermentrude:
With Richilde:
Louis the Stammerer
Louis the Stammerer (November 1, 846 — April 10, 879; ), was the oldest son of Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orléans. He became King of France after his father in France in 877. Unlike his father, he never became Holy Roman Emperor.
In 878, Louis is crowned king by Pope John VIII
Louis the Stammerer married twice. With his first wife Ansgarde of Burgundy he had two sons: Louis III of France (born in 863) and Carloman, King of the West Franks (born in 866). Both of them became kings of France. They also had two daughters: Hildegarde (born in 864) and Gisela (865–884). With his second wife, Adelaide of Paris, he had one daughter, Ermentrude (875–914) — who was the mother of Cunigunde, wife of the Count Palatine Wigerich of Bidgau; they were the ancestors of the House of Luxemburg —, and a posthumous son, Charles the Simple, who also became a king of France.
Gabdulla Tukay
Gabdulla Tukay (April 26, 1886 - April 15, 1913) was a Tatar poet, a classic of the Tatar literature, a critic and a publicist. Tukay was the founder of the modern Tatar literature and the modern Tatar literary language.
Metropolis (movie)
Metropolis (1927) is a West German silent science drama movie. It was written and directed by Fritz Lang. It was made in Germany. It was the most expensive silent movie of the time. The movie is set in 2026 in a city-state called Metropolis. People have been divided into two groups. One group is the thinkers. They live on the Earth in luxury. The other group is the workers. They work underground. They make the life of the thinkers possible.
The movie features special effects and set design. Lang took his inspiration for the sets from Manhattan. The movie opened in Germany in January 1927. It opened in the United States in March 1927. The American print is the only surviving copy.
Mathematical proof
A mathematical proof is a way to show that a mathematical theorem is true. To prove a theorem is to show that theorem holds in all cases (where it claims to hold). To prove a statement, one can either use axioms, or theorems which have already been shown to be true. Many techniques for proving a statements exist, and these include proof by induction, proof by contraction and proof by cases.
One type of proof is called proof by induction. This is usually used to prove that a theorem holds for all numbers (or all numbers from some point onwards). There are 4 steps in a proof by induction.
1. State that the proof will be by induction, and state which variable will be used in the induction step.
2. Prove that the statement is true for some beginning case.
3. Assume that for some value "n" = "n", the statement is true and has all of the properties listed in the statement. This is called the induction step.
4. Show that the statement is true for the next value, "n"+1.
Once that is shown, it would mean that for any value of "n" that is picked, the next one is true. Since it is true for some beginning case (usually "n"=1), it's true for the next one ("n"=2). And since it is true for 2, it must be true for 3. And since it is true for 3, it must be true for 4, etc. Induction shows that it is always true, precisely because it is true for whatever comes after any given number.
An example of proof by induction is as follows:
Prove that for all natural numbers "n", 2(1+2+3+...+"n"-1+"n")="n"("n"+1).
Proof: First, the statement can be written as "For all natural numbers "n", 2formula_1=n(n+1)."
By induction on n,
First, for n=1, 2formula_2=2(1)=1(1+1), so this is true.
Next, assume that for some "n"="n" the statement is true. That is, 2formula_3 = n(n+1).
Then for "n"="n"+1, 2formula_4 can be rewritten 2("n"+1) + 2formula_3.
Since 2formula_3 = n(n+1), 2"n"+1 + 2formula_3 = 2(n+1) + 2n(n+1).
So 2(n+1) + 2n(n+1)= 2(n+1)(n + 2), which completes the proof.
Proof by contradiction is a way of proving a mathematical theorem by showing that if the statement were false, then there would be a logical contradiction involved. That is, if one of the results of the theorem is assumed to be false, then there would be some inconsistency with the logic.
When proving a theorem by way of contradiction, it is important to note that in the beginning of the proof. This is usually abbreviated BWOC. When the contradiction appears in the proof, there is usually a ⨳ symbol involved.
The Wicker Man (1973 movie)
The Wicker Man is a cult 1973 British horror movie, made and set in Scotland. The movie was directed by Robin Hardy and written by Anthony Shaffer. It stars Edward Woodward, Christopher Lee, Diane Cilento, Ingrid Pitt and Britt Ekland. Paul Giovanni composed the soundtrack.
A police sergeant, Neil Howie goes to a remote island in the Hebrides to investigate the disappearance of a young girl, Rowan. He finds out that the island is run by a pagan cult who are hostile of outsiders, including him. They practice human sacrifice. He believes that Rowan will be used as their human sacrifice. The islanders force Neil into a wicker man and burn him to death.
"The Wicker Man" is generally very highly regarded by critics. Movie magazine "Cinefantastique" described it as "The "Citizen Kane" of Horror Movies", and in 2004 the magazine "Total Movie" named "The Wicker Man" the sixth greatest British movie of all time. It also won the 1978 Saturn Award for Best Horror movie. A scene from this movie was #45 on Bravo's "100 Scariest Movie Moments".
The 2006 remake of this movie stars Nicolas Cage.
Ushuaia
Ushuaia is the capital city of the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego. It was called "the world's southernmost city". The climate is cool and wet. About 64,000 people live there.
Puerto Iguazú
Puerto Iguazú is a city in the province of Misiones, Argentina. The city is near the Iguazu Falls. More than 32,000 people live in Puerto Iguazú.
La Plata
La Plata is a capital city of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina. More than 600,000 people live there.
Mendoza
Mendoza is the capital city of the Mendoza Province in Argentina. It is the 4th largest city in Argentina.
It has about 111,000 inhabitants, with another 848,660 more inhabitants in the city area.
Córdoba Province (Argentina)
Córdoba is a Province of Argentina.
The city of Córdoba is its capital.