In a controversial 1997 book, attorney Michael Trotter blamed over-reliance by American lawyers on binding and persuasive authority, rather than the merits of the case at hand, as a major factor behind the escalation of legal costs during the 20th century. He argued that courts should ban the citation of persuasive precedent from outside their jurisdiction, with two exceptions:
Ford Escort (Europe)
"For the North American Ford Escort, see Ford Escort (North America). For the 1950s Ford Escort estate car, see Ford Squire.
The European Ford Escort was a car made by Ford Motor Company from 1968 through 2002. In UK the Four-door saloon and the Three-door hatchback was discontinued in 1998. The first generation was produced from 1968 to 1974. The second generation was made from 1974 to 1980. The third generation was made from 1980 to 1986, it was the first Escort to offer hatchback models as well as front-wheel drive, it was mildly updated in 1983 with a 5-door estate added and also spawned a saloon version called the Orion. The fourth generation arrived in 1986 and was made until 1990. The fifth generation appeared in September 1990 and was criticised by the motoring press due to its bland styling, dull drive and old engines but it was still a strong seller, it got a facelift in 1992. The sixth and final generation arrived in early 1995 and was replaced by the Focus in late 1998, although the Escort continued alongside it with a reduced range until 2000 with the vans being discontinued in 2002.
Ford launched the Focus in 1998. It was supposed to replace the Escort, which was now 30 years old. However, the Escort wasn't fully discontinued until 2000. The van version continued on until 2002 when it was replaced with the Transit Connect.
This shows how the Ford Escort has changed each generation.
Ford Fiesta
Ford Fiesta is a subcompact car made by Ford Motor Company from 1976 to the present day. Until 1986 it was the smallest Ford vehicle until the arrival of the Festiva (a car made by Ford in a joint-venture with Mazda and Kia in markets where the Fiesta wasn't sold). The first generation was made from 1976 to 1983, the second generation was made from 1983 to 1989 although this version is a heavily updated first generation car, it was unusual in offering 2 different dashboard designs for basic and higher-end models of it. The third generation arrived in 1989 and was the first Fiesta to be sold with 5-doors alongside 3, it received updates in 1992, 1994 and 1995 when it became the Fiesta Classic, selling with the newer fourth generation car until production ended in 1997. The fourth generation arrived in late 1995 and gained a rebadged version called the Mazda 121 although it wasn't as popular as the Fiesta itself, it was facelifted in late 1999 and was made until 2002. The fifth generation arrived in Spring 2002 and was facelifted in late 2005 and was produced until 2008. The sixth generation Fiesta arrived in late 2008 and is sold more globally than previous generations including the US where it arrived in Spring 2010 as a 2011 model. It was facelifted in early 2013 and as a 2014 model for the US. The seventh generation Fiesta arrived in July 2017. The Fiesta is very popular in the UK and first became the best selling car there in 1990, by that time it was on the third generation.
This shows how the Ford Fiesta has changed each generation.
Ford Fusion (Europe)
The European Ford Fusion was a car made by Ford Motor Company from 2002 to 2012. It is sold in Europe and India. It was replaced with the B-Max in 2012.
Ford Galaxy
Ford Galaxy is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1995 to the present day. The original model was made by Volkswagen. It was also sold as the Volkwagen Sharan and Seat Alhambra. It got a facelift in 2000. It was redesigned in 2006 made by Ford themselves.
As of 2014 there have been three generations.
Ford C-Max
Ford C-Max is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2003 to the present day. It was originally called the Focus C-Max before it had a facelift in 2007. It entered its 2nd generation in 2010 and is available in 5-seat and Grand 7-seat versions.
Ford S-Max
Ford S-Max is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2006 to the present day. The first generation was made from 2006 to 2015 with a facelift in 2010. It entered its second generation in 2015.
Ford Puma
The Ford Puma was a sports car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1997 through 2002. The car received great praise for its fun handling but wasn't replaced when production stopped. In late 2019, Ford reused the Puma name on a new small, sporty crossover model.
Kilkenny
Kilkenny () is the county town (seat) of County Kilkenny in Ireland. It is situated on both banks of the River Nore, at the centre of County Kilkenny in the historical province of Leinster in the south-east of the country. Kilkenny City is administered by a borough council and has a Mayor form of government. The majority of the population of Kilkenny City live outside the borough boundary. It is the smallest city in the country, with only 25,000 people living there.
From being founded by the church, Kilkenny was the ancient capital of the kingdom of Ossory. The town was established, then a city, in 1609 by royal charter. Kilkenny was the capital of Confederate Ireland between 1642 and 1649. The seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Ossory and the Church of Ireland Bishop of Cashel and Ossory are in Kilkenny.
Kilkenny is famous for its medieval building and castle. The town has been referred to as the "Marble City" for centuries. People from Kilkenny are often referred to as 'Cats'.
Ford Cougar
The Ford Cougar was a car produced by Ford Motor Company. It was sold in the European market from 1998 through 2002. The US version was sold as the Mercury Cougar.
Ford Kuga
The Ford Kuga is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2008 to the present day. It entered its second generation in early 2013 and is the same as the US market Escape. It is only sold in Europe.
Ford Transit
Ford Transit is a van produced by Ford Motor Company from 1965 to the present day. It is currently in its fourth generation.
The first van to wear the Transit badge was the Taunus Transit. It was produced in Germany. It gained this name in 1961, eight years after it was introduced in 1953. It was not sold in the UK. Production of it ceased in 1965.
The first generation Transit was launched in October 1965.
In 1977, the model was improved. It had new front lights, new grille, new front and rear bumpers and a new new bonnet
The second generation Transit was launched in January 1986.
In 1994, the model was improved. It had new front and rear lights, new front and rear bumpers and a new new bonnet
The third generation Transit, was launched in July 2000.
In August 2006, the model was improved. It had new front and rear lights, new front and rear bumpers and a new new bonnet
The fourth-generation Transit was launched in January 2013 at the 2013 North American (Detroit) International Auto Show.
In 2020, the model was improved. It had a new grille and the engine was improved.
Ford Transit Connect is a compact van produced by Ford Motor Company from 2002 to the present day. It is currently in its second generation.
Ford Transit Custom is a compact van and leisure van produced by Ford Motor Company from 2013 to the present day. It is currently in its first generation.
Ford Transit Tourneo is a leisure vehicle produced by Ford Motor Company from 1995 to the present day.
A leisure version of the Transit Connect, the Tourneo Connect is made too however the Tourneo Connect is not the same model as the Connect.
Citroën XM
Citroën XM was a car produced by Citroën from 1989 through 2000.
Citroën hoped that the C6 would replace the XM after its proposed discontinuation in 2000. However, the first C6 did not roll off the production line until 2006.
Citroën Xantia