jeanflop/post_ocr_correction2 huggingface dataset:
étape de la recherche. Plusieurs types d'images Les tramages : Ce sont des tableaux de chiffres réorganisés sur lesquels une variation colorée du plus clair au plus foncé permet de cerner des groupes et de voir très rapidement les chiffres les plus significatifs. Les profils : Ce sont des visualisations par des longueurs proportionnelles aux nombres, classées des Plus grandes aux plus petites. Ces profils mettent en évidence ce qui diffère du schéma d'ensemble, ce qui se situe au-dessus ou en dessous d'une base commune de référence (moyenne, valeur de l'ensemble). Les points : Ils ont une surface proportionnelle aux nombres représentés, et donnent une image immédiate des données, sans privilégier lignes ou colonnes. Les courbes : Elles sont construites en progression géométrique, classées selon leur pente, et permettent de comparer par exemple des évolutions dans le temps et de découvrir des groupes de variables. Les cartes : Elles situent les phénomènes dans l'espace et permettent de voir des disparités régionales. Plusieurs types d'échelle Dans la construction des diagrammes deux types d'échelle peuvent être utilisés : Échelle commune : L'échelle utilisée est la même, commune à tous les profils d'un diagramme ; elle garde la proportionnalité entre tous les nombres ; l'échelle commune permet de comparer les quantités. Échelle propre : L'échelle utilisée n'est pas la même pour tous les profils d'un diagramme : chacun a sa propre échelle. L'échelle propre met en valeur les différences et permet de comparer la forme des profils. Dans la construction des courbes deux types d'échelle peuvent être utilisés : Échelle en progression arithmétique : L'échelle en progression arithmétique exprime des quantités additionnables, des quantités dont les unités (francs, kilos, etc.) sont de même nature. Les courbes se situent les unes par rapport aux autres en fonction de la grandeur des nombres. Échelle en progression géométrique (dite logarithmique) : L'échelle en progression géométrique exprime les rapports entre les nombres ; les quantités absolues n'étant pas visualisées, des unités différentes peuvent être représentées et comparées dans une même image. La pente des courbes définit des taux d'accroissement. Deux pentes parallèles expriment donc un même taux
; l'échelle commune permet de comparer les quantités. Échelle propre : L'échelle utilisée n'est pas la même pour tous les profils d'un diagramme : chacun a sa propre échelle. L'échelle propre met en valeur les différences et permet de comparer la forme des profils. Dans la construction des courbes deux types d'échelle peuvent être utilisés : Échelle en progression arithmétique : L'échelle en progression arithmétique exprime des quantités additionnables, des quantités dont les unités (francs, kilos, etc.) sont de même nature. Les courbes se situent les unes par rapport aux autres en fonction de la grandeur des nombres. Échelle en progression géométrique (dite logarithmique) : L'échelle en progression géométrique exprime les rapports entre les nombres ; les quantités absolues n'étant pas visualisées, des unités différentes peuvent être représentées et comparées dans une même image. La pente des courbes définit des taux d'accroissement. Deux pentes parallèles expriment donc un même taux d'accroissement. Toutes les courbes peuvent alors être classées en fonction des pentes pour découvrir des groupes de caractères dont l'évolution est semblable. DONNÉES SOCIALES 1990 Overview Pour almost twenty years now, Données Sociales periodically reviews French society. The 1990 issue starts with a comparative look at other countries. Some twenty articles compare France with other European countries and occasionally with Canada, the United States or Japan. Such international comparisons are not easy: for instance, all European countries do not have the same definition for "household" which is a basic unit in statistics. Taking into account the readers' wishes, the seventh issue of Données Sociales also deals with new questions: sports, religion, the world of associations or carries out more in-depth studies on some topics: social protection, education, politics, health. A particular effort at synthesis has been made in order to provide as much, and even more information in a limited volume. If the chapter "Urbanization and utilisation of space" has been removed, its central theme, the study of the localization of phenomena (per country, region, category of commune) is integrated throughout the work. Each chapter opens with a double introduction page, that proposes a link between the different articles in
articles compare France with other European countries and occasionally with Canada, the United States or Japan. Such international comparisons are not easy: for instance, all European countries do not have the same definition for "household" which is a basic unit in statistics. Taking into account the readers' wishes, the seventh issue of Données Sociales also deals with new questions: sports, religion, the world of associations or carries out more in-depth studies on some topics: social protection, education, politics, health. A particular effort at synthesis has been made in order to provide as much, and even more information in a limited volume. If the chapter "Urbanization and utilisation of space" has been removed, its central theme, the study of the localization of phenomena (per country, region, category of commune) is integrated throughout the work. Each chapter opens with a double introduction page, that proposes a link between the different articles in the chapter as well as a short summary. This introduction is followed by a "framework article" that takes stock of the subject and by a series of contributions each of which highlights a specific point. The words followed by an asterisk refer to a box of definition, generally on the same page. In the case of the articles about Justice, the common definitions are gathered at the beginning. An index of definitions and a thematic index are provided at the end of the volume. This part also includes a dictionary of acronyms of the organizations mentioned, a list of diagrams by socioprofessional categories and a list of diagrams providing international comparisons. In 1989, the French population amounts to almost 56 million inhabitants. As regards population growth, France ranks fourth among the countries of the European Community. A number of basic trends tend to persist: a lower marriage rate, an ageing population, development of couple life outside wedlock. The phases of couple life, married or not, living together or not, and of solitary or monoparental life alternate, the families break up and recompose on a different basis. However, over the last years, the number of births has ceased dropping; there seems
same page. In the case of the articles about Justice, the common definitions are gathered at the beginning. An index of definitions and a thematic index are provided at the end of the volume. This part also includes a dictionary of acronyms of the organizations mentioned, a list of diagrams by socioprofessional categories and a list of diagrams providing international comparisons. In 1989, the French population amounts to almost 56 million inhabitants. As regards population growth, France ranks fourth among the countries of the European Community. A number of basic trends tend to persist: a lower marriage rate, an ageing population, development of couple life outside wedlock. The phases of couple life, married or not, living together or not, and of solitary or monoparental life alternate, the families break up and recompose on a different basis. However, over the last years, the number of births has ceased dropping; there seems to be a revival of marriage and a stabilization of divorce rates. The patterns of family life as well as of employment diversify. Precarious employment is developing: training periods, temporary jobs, fixed contracts; more or less chosen part-time work is also more frequent; the traditional pattern of salaried full-time job without limitation of duration is losing ground. The workforce turnover for short time jobs is accelerating. Many young people go through a period of precariousness at the beginning of their professional life. The adjustment to demand is translated in terms of flexibility, not only of the forms of employment but also working hours and rhythms as well as in remuneration. However, unemployment has stopped rising in 1985 and stabilized at around 10%. A decrease is even starting and leads to a 9.6 unemployment rate in March 1989. There is a recovery of employment in all sectors. Professional mobility, slowed down by the crisis, is rising again. School attendance among young people is very rapidly increasing and a real "school boom" is taking place. Owing to a longer schooling period, young people, especially boys, leave their parents' home later. Between 15 and 19, professional activity is now marginal. But if diplomas
without limitation of duration is losing ground. The workforce turnover for short time jobs is accelerating. Many young people go through a period of precariousness at the beginning of their professional life. The adjustment to demand is translated in terms of flexibility, not only of the forms of employment but also working hours and rhythms as well as in remuneration. However, unemployment has stopped rising in 1985 and stabilized at around 10%. A decrease is even starting and leads to a 9.6 unemployment rate in March 1989. There is a recovery of employment in all sectors. Professional mobility, slowed down by the crisis, is rising again. School attendance among young people is very rapidly increasing and a real "school boom" is taking place. Owing to a longer schooling period, young people, especially boys, leave their parents' home later. Between 15 and 19, professional activity is now marginal. But if diplomas are still playing their role of protection against unemployment, they are discredited and less and less profitable "financially". An increasingly lengthy period of indecision is taking place between the moment when young people leave the educational system and the moment when they definitely settle in professional life and set up a home. Recently, vocational education and higher education have been developing strongly as these routes lead more rapidly to a job. Young girls, less inclined to follow them, lose the advantage they had on boys owing to a higher rate of success at the baccalauréat. Over the long term, the almost general rise in standards of living, the reduction of the time devoted to professional life and to domestic tasks have led to a rise in leisure activities. But the home and the family remain central elements in the life of French people. The family represents an important part in relationships and up to half of contacts for elderly people. Holidays afford an opportunity to meet up again with more remote relations or to travel with the family. Inter-generation solidarity inside the family finds its expression in the accommodation of aged people and in inheritance. The family is also a
a home. Recently, vocational education and higher education have been developing strongly as these routes lead more rapidly to a job. Young girls, less inclined to follow them, lose the advantage they had on boys owing to a higher rate of success at the baccalauréat. Over the long term, the almost general rise in standards of living, the reduction of the time devoted to professional life and to domestic tasks have led to a rise in leisure activities. But the home and the family remain central elements in the life of French people. The family represents an important part in relationships and up to half of contacts for elderly people. Holidays afford an opportunity to meet up again with more remote relations or to travel with the family. Inter-generation solidarity inside the family finds its expression in the accommodation of aged people and in inheritance. The family is also a fallback in case of unemployment. Apart from the family and its solidarity, every individual belongs to different groups which are more or less clearly outlined : professional surroundings, associations, "political families", similar religion. These different relationships have an influence on ways of life, behaviour and political options. Whereas in several sectors like leisure, infant mortality, possessions, disparities between the social strata diminish a little, on the contrary, some populations affected by poverty and unemployment are threatened by marginalization. In workers' households, unemployment for both members of the couple is very serious and can lead to homelessness. Large families of modest origin have a very low standard of living. Generalization of school attendance still leaves more than one in ten young people quitting the educational system without qualification. Illiteracy has not disappeared. In such cases, solidarity intervenes at a more collective level: through the recent progress in social protection, especially aid to the most underprivileged. The "Minimum Integration Income" and social aid to children are two important elements of this scheme. The French population: the most dynamic among the four large countries in the European Community, Q.C. DINH The socio-professional categories, G. DIDIER The job market in the eighties, T. LACROIX
sectors like leisure, infant mortality, possessions, disparities between the social strata diminish a little, on the contrary, some populations affected by poverty and unemployment are threatened by marginalization. In workers' households, unemployment for both members of the couple is very serious and can lead to homelessness. Large families of modest origin have a very low standard of living. Generalization of school attendance still leaves more than one in ten young people quitting the educational system without qualification. Illiteracy has not disappeared. In such cases, solidarity intervenes at a more collective level: through the recent progress in social protection, especially aid to the most underprivileged. The "Minimum Integration Income" and social aid to children are two important elements of this scheme. The French population: the most dynamic among the four large countries in the European Community, Q.C. DINH The socio-professional categories, G. DIDIER The job market in the eighties, T. LACROIX The job policy turns towards young people and long-term unemployed, T. LACROIX The job market in developed countries, O. MARCHAND Diversification of employment forms in France, J. JACQUIER Diversification of employment forms abroad, O. VILLEY Youth: between school and work, J.-L. HELLER and E. JOIN-LAMBERT The first two years of active life, M-C. COMBES and S. ZILBERMAN Finding another job, M-L. VOISIN Professional integration, the unemployed and his/her two families, N. HERPIN Self-employment: more executives and young people, P. LAULHE Hour mobility: the impact of the crisis, P. LAULHE Return to the country for State civil servants, M. MERON Salaries and restructuring of work, G. ROTBART Are diplomas less and less profitable?, C. BAUDELOT and M. GLAUDE Working conditions, S. VOLKOFF Work hours, N. ROTH Uneven modernization, M. GOLLAC Occupational risks, M-F. CRISTOFARI Salaries: the value of experience, S. LOLLIVIER and J.-F. PAYEN Fringe benefits, P. MADINIER Organization of the industrial work time, F. KRAMARZ Family, job market and status: the three poles of employment, M. CEZARD Household incomes, G. CANCEILL Incomes, J. ASSEMAT The poor in France and elsewhere, H. SUESSER Incomes of self-employed: diverging trends in a context of crisis, P. CONCIALDI The estate of the French: facts
active life, M-C. COMBES and S. ZILBERMAN Finding another job, M-L. VOISIN Professional integration, the unemployed and his/her two families, N. HERPIN Self-employment: more executives and young people, P. LAULHE Hour mobility: the impact of the crisis, P. LAULHE Return to the country for State civil servants, M. MERON Salaries and restructuring of work, G. ROTBART Are diplomas less and less profitable?, C. BAUDELOT and M. GLAUDE Working conditions, S. VOLKOFF Work hours, N. ROTH Uneven modernization, M. GOLLAC Occupational risks, M-F. CRISTOFARI Salaries: the value of experience, S. LOLLIVIER and J.-F. PAYEN Fringe benefits, P. MADINIER Organization of the industrial work time, F. KRAMARZ Family, job market and status: the three poles of employment, M. CEZARD Household incomes, G. CANCEILL Incomes, J. ASSEMAT The poor in France and elsewhere, H. SUESSER Incomes of self-employed: diverging trends in a context of crisis, P. CONCIALDI The estate of the French: facts and controversies, D. KESSLER and A. MASSON Estate today: a lot in the hands of a few people, S. LOLLIVIER and D. VERGER The transmission of estate, A. LAFERRÈRE Unequal inheritance: the estate of farming couples, A. BARTHEZ, A. FOUQUET and M. VILLAL The evolution of lifestyles, M-C. de LA GODELINAIS and Y. LEMEL The price of rents, G. CURCI Increased financial difficulties for unemployed workers, S. PORTIER, R. RABIER, P. SALVATORI, P. SCHERRER and R. VIATTE Growing old: withdrawal within oneself and the domestic sphere, M. MOUTARDIER The supermarket gets closer, the retailer leaves the village, L-P. COURSON Consumption and prices in the European Community, H. PICARD Cultural expenditures of households, O. DONNAT Twenty years of leisure development, O. CHOQUET Leisure as an educational means for youth, M. BOZON Time management in a few western countries, C. ROY The geography of holidays, M. CHRISTINE Health in France, O. CHOQUET and B. MOREL Social profile of infant mortality, J. Q.C. DINH Youth mortality in Europe, M.H. BOUVIER-COLLE and J. INIZAN Drinking and smoking: poisoning pleasures, N. GUIGNON Drug addiction: a difficult passage to adulthood?, J.-M. COSTES AIDS in France, F. HATTON, A. LE TOULLEC, E. MICHEL and V. NICAUD The
GODELINAIS and Y. LEMEL The price of rents, G. CURCI Increased financial difficulties for unemployed workers, S. PORTIER, R. RABIER, P. SALVATORI, P. SCHERRER and R. VIATTE Growing old: withdrawal within oneself and the domestic sphere, M. MOUTARDIER The supermarket gets closer, the retailer leaves the village, L-P. COURSON Consumption and prices in the European Community, H. PICARD Cultural expenditures of households, O. DONNAT Twenty years of leisure development, O. CHOQUET Leisure as an educational means for youth, M. BOZON Time management in a few western countries, C. ROY The geography of holidays, M. CHRISTINE Health in France, O. CHOQUET and B. MOREL Social profile of infant mortality, J. Q.C. DINH Youth mortality in Europe, M.H. BOUVIER-COLLE and J. INIZAN Drinking and smoking: poisoning pleasures, N. GUIGNON Drug addiction: a difficult passage to adulthood?, J.-M. COSTES AIDS in France, F. HATTON, A. LE TOULLEC, E. MICHEL and V. NICAUD The French and sports, P. GARRIGUES Physical activity, a way to care for our appearance?, P. IRLINGER, C. LOUVEAU and M. METOUDI 269 FAMILY 274 I. Families today. G. DESPLANQUES and M. de SABOULIN 276 Housing and new social structures in Europe. C. BONVALET 285 Medical contraception has become common practice. L. TOULEMON 289 The end of undesired pregnancies. H. LERIDON and L. TOULEMON 293 A new phase for divorce? B. MUNOZ-PEREZ and M.-C. RONDEAU-RIVIER 297 Social and marital pressures on separated women. P. FESTY and M.-F. VALENTAS 301 Large families: a prevailing trend in the working class. S. THAVE 306 Social integration of immigrants and their children. J.-L. BORKOWSKI 310 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 316 8. Education. The Ministry of Education 318 School attendance after 16 years of age. J. DEBIZET 330 Are young people in professional colleges satisfied with their training? F. OEUVRARD 336 First steps at university. P. POULET and G. SEROUSSI 341 Girls and boys in the school competition. C. BAUDELOT and R. ESTABLET 344 The national educational system and employment. F. HATEM 348 Continuous vocational training. J.-P. GÉHIN and E. VERDIER 351 Illiteracy. J.-L. BORKOWSKI 355 SOCIAL RELATIONS 362 9. Finding someone to talk to: ———— sex
L. TOULEMON 289 The end of undesired pregnancies. H. LERIDON and L. TOULEMON 293 A new phase for divorce? B. MUNOZ-PEREZ and M.-C. RONDEAU-RIVIER 297 Social and marital pressures on separated women. P. FESTY and M.-F. VALENTAS 301 Large families: a prevailing trend in the working class. S. THAVE 306 Social integration of immigrants and their children. J.-L. BORKOWSKI 310 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 316 8. Education. The Ministry of Education 318 School attendance after 16 years of age. J. DEBIZET 330 Are young people in professional colleges satisfied with their training? F. OEUVRARD 336 First steps at university. P. POULET and G. SEROUSSI 341 Girls and boys in the school competition. C. BAUDELOT and R. ESTABLET 344 The national educational system and employment. F. HATEM 348 Continuous vocational training. J.-P. GÉHIN and E. VERDIER 351 Illiteracy. J.-L. BORKOWSKI 355 SOCIAL RELATIONS 362 9. Finding someone to talk to: ———— sex and age of interlocutors. F. HERAN 364 The world of associations between 1978 and 1986. L. HAEUSLER 369 An aspect of the associative world: associations members of the Fonjep. A FOUQUET. N. TABARD and M. VILLAC 371 Religious life: figures and surveys. Z. DJIDER and M. MARPSAT 376 Level of catholic integration and voting pattern. G MICHELAT and M. SIMON 385 Is the left/right dimension still relevant today? G. MICHELAT 389 Electoral participation between April 1988 and March 1989. L MORIN 394 Non-participation in the electoral process. N. MAYER and A. PERCHERON 398 The French and the European Community: ill-defined goals and expectations. A. PERCHERON 402 SOLIDARITY AND DISEQUILIBRIUM 406 10. Public financing and social protection 406 Public expenditure: the end of a century-long period of growth. M. H. AMIEL and B. BOET 408 The system of social protection. F. DURAND. L. POLLINA and B. SEYS 412 Decentralization and social aid. B. BOISGUERIN 419 Poor families. V. GUIHARD 423 Who receives the "Minimum Integration Income"? V. POUBELLE 425 Justice 428 The organization of penal justice. B. AUBUSSON de CAVARLAY 428 From court to judgement: selective prosecution. B. AUBUSSON de CAVARLAY 430 Social maladjustment exposed by the victims. C. CHIARAMONTI 434