jeanflop/post_ocr_correction2 huggingface dataset:
chef, elle impose à l’Etat, aux communes, des dépenses extrêmement onéreuses; elle prive l’agriculture et l’industrie d’un nombre important de travailleurs : elle torture le corps et l’esprit du malade, sème le deuil et la misère dans les foyers et fait du pellagreux un objet de répulsion pour la société, par l’aspect hideux des lésions cutanées. Le Dr Sambon rejette délibérément la notion causale du maïs sain ou altéré, théorie très ancienne, mais qui compte encore d’assez nombreux adeptes. Il oppose à la thèse maïdique les arguments suivants : i° La très grande ancienneté de la pellagre, en Europe, en tout cas bien antérieure à l’importation, vers le XVIIIe siècle, du maïs dans l’ancien monde. s° La distribution géographique de la pellagre qui ne coïncide nullement, ni avec la distribution de la culture du maïs, ni avec celle de sa consommation. Partout où la maladie existe, elle présente une distribution rurale caractérisée par des foyers épars, multiples et bien circonscrits, qui n’a aucun rapport avec le maïs. 3° Les mesures italiennes de prophylaxie basées sur la théorie maïdique n’ont eu aucune influence sur la maladie, qui a plutôt augmenté dans certaines provinces ou qui avait commencé à décliner bien avant que l’on eut adopté aucune mesure préventive. 4° La récurrence des symptômes à plusieurs reprises au printemps ou à l’automne, pendant de longues années, sur des malades éloignés des foyers de la maladie et entièrement privés de maïs, ne peut s’expliquer par l’action d’une substance toxique qui s’élimine rapidement dès qu’on en cesse l’administration, tandis qu’elle s’explique fort bien par le parasitisme qui offre beaucoup d’exemples semblables. 5° La pellagre ne se manifeste que sur une proportion tout à fait infime des populations qui se nourrissent de maïs, tandis qu’elle apparaît également chez les individus et les peuples qui n’en mangent pas, comme dans les îles Britanniques. Il est vrai qu’on peut objecter théoriquement que ce n’est pas la vraie pellagre qu’on observe en Angleterre; mais l’auteur, savant spécialiste en la matière, affirme d’une façon absolue l’identité de l’affection, et rejette, par des arguments probants, toutes les théories pathogéniques basées
que l’on eut adopté aucune mesure préventive. 4° La récurrence des symptômes à plusieurs reprises au printemps ou à l’automne, pendant de longues années, sur des malades éloignés des foyers de la maladie et entièrement privés de maïs, ne peut s’expliquer par l’action d’une substance toxique qui s’élimine rapidement dès qu’on en cesse l’administration, tandis qu’elle s’explique fort bien par le parasitisme qui offre beaucoup d’exemples semblables. 5° La pellagre ne se manifeste que sur une proportion tout à fait infime des populations qui se nourrissent de maïs, tandis qu’elle apparaît également chez les individus et les peuples qui n’en mangent pas, comme dans les îles Britanniques. Il est vrai qu’on peut objecter théoriquement que ce n’est pas la vraie pellagre qu’on observe en Angleterre; mais l’auteur, savant spécialiste en la matière, affirme d’une façon absolue l’identité de l’affection, et rejette, par des arguments probants, toutes les théories pathogéniques basées sur le maïs sain ou altéré, sur des idiosyncrasies spéciales ou sur l’action photodynamique des rayons solaires. Au cours d’une longue et patiente épidémie dans presque toutes les contrées où sévit la pellagre, notamment en Europe, aux Antilles et aux Etats-Unis, l’auteur a pu réunir un fort contingent d’observations sur la naissance, le développement et les conditions de transmission de la maladie. Toute la littérature concernant la pellagre démontre de la façon la plus nette que cette maladie n’est pas contagieuse; on ne peut citer un seul cas de transmission directe. Les foyers de la pellagre sont essentiellement ruraux ou forestiers; les citadins restent indemnes. On constate la maladie sur de très jeunes enfants, à peine âgés de quelques mois; ils contractent la maladie à leur premier ou à leur second printemps, avec une période d’incubation de deux semaines environ, après que le sujet a été placé dans un foyer pellagreux. Au même point de vue étiologique, le Dr Sambon signale l’importance des récidives dans la pellagre, et il note en passant les nombreuses analogies que cette affection présente avec le paludisme, sauf toutefois une distribution différente. On peut, il est vrai, rencontrer les deux états morbides dans la même
la naissance, le développement et les conditions de transmission de la maladie. Toute la littérature concernant la pellagre démontre de la façon la plus nette que cette maladie n’est pas contagieuse; on ne peut citer un seul cas de transmission directe. Les foyers de la pellagre sont essentiellement ruraux ou forestiers; les citadins restent indemnes. On constate la maladie sur de très jeunes enfants, à peine âgés de quelques mois; ils contractent la maladie à leur premier ou à leur second printemps, avec une période d’incubation de deux semaines environ, après que le sujet a été placé dans un foyer pellagreux. Au même point de vue étiologique, le Dr Sambon signale l’importance des récidives dans la pellagre, et il note en passant les nombreuses analogies que cette affection présente avec le paludisme, sauf toutefois une distribution différente. On peut, il est vrai, rencontrer les deux états morbides dans la même localité et sur le même individu ; ils peuvent se superposer dans quelques localités, mais ils affectent une distribution généralement inverse. Rapprochant alors l’évolution de la pellagre de celles du paludisme et d’autres affections dont l’étiologie est notoirement fonction d’insectes vecteurs du virus, l’auteur en arrive à cette conclusion que la pellagre ne peut être transmise que par de semblables intermédiaires, et, en procédant par élimination, il incrimine les petites mouches piquantes appartenant aux familles des Chironomidés et des Simulidés. Toutefois, comme les Simulies n'existent pas à la Barbade, où la pellagre est endémique, le Dr Sambon ajoute à cette liste les Céralopogoninés, moucherons très voisins des Simulidés, mais dont l’histoire naturelle est encore peu connue. L’aperçu forcément très restreint que je viens de donner de l’étude passionnante du Dr Sambon m'amène finalement à la conclusion que nous devons en tirer pour l’Égypte, où Pruner bey, le Dr Sandwilh et d’autres médecins indigènes ont démontré l’extrême fréquence de la pellagre. Pour répondre au vœu de M. le Dr Sambon, je fais appel à la collaboration active des médecins et des entomologistes d’Egypte en vue d’arriver à élucider cette question de l’étiologie de la pellagre. De plus en plus, le rôle
la pellagre ne peut être transmise que par de semblables intermédiaires, et, en procédant par élimination, il incrimine les petites mouches piquantes appartenant aux familles des Chironomidés et des Simulidés. Toutefois, comme les Simulies n'existent pas à la Barbade, où la pellagre est endémique, le Dr Sambon ajoute à cette liste les Céralopogoninés, moucherons très voisins des Simulidés, mais dont l’histoire naturelle est encore peu connue. L’aperçu forcément très restreint que je viens de donner de l’étude passionnante du Dr Sambon m'amène finalement à la conclusion que nous devons en tirer pour l’Égypte, où Pruner bey, le Dr Sandwilh et d’autres médecins indigènes ont démontré l’extrême fréquence de la pellagre. Pour répondre au vœu de M. le Dr Sambon, je fais appel à la collaboration active des médecins et des entomologistes d’Egypte en vue d’arriver à élucider cette question de l’étiologie de la pellagre. De plus en plus, le rôle des insectes dans la propagation des maladies s’affirme puissamment efficient, aussi bien sur l’homme que sur les animaux. Les glossines, les taons, les mouches, les moustiques, les tiques, les poux, les puces, etc., sont les propagateurs d’une foule de maladies, la plupart d’une extrême gravité. Leur puissance du mal à notre égard et à celui de nos frères inférieurs réside dans leur prodigieuse fécondité. C’est à nous, par des mesures d’hygiène et de prophylaxie bien comprises, à imposer à nos ennemis un malthusianisme sévère qui nous libère complètement du contact de ces redoutables parasites. J. B. Piot. THE TEN COMMANDMENTS AND THE CROSSING OF THE RED SEA BY SIR WILLIAM WILLCOCKS, K.C. M.G. The descendants of the king who knew not Joseph had been for many years on the throne of Egypt when God chose Moses to lead the children of Israël out of the house of bondage. Moses was brought up in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, but wrote his works in the Babylonian language, which even the Pharaohs of his time had to employ when corresponding with Asiatics. He might have learnt the use of the Babylonian script when in Egypt or Horeb, or he might have
notre égard et à celui de nos frères inférieurs réside dans leur prodigieuse fécondité. C’est à nous, par des mesures d’hygiène et de prophylaxie bien comprises, à imposer à nos ennemis un malthusianisme sévère qui nous libère complètement du contact de ces redoutables parasites. J. B. Piot. THE TEN COMMANDMENTS AND THE CROSSING OF THE RED SEA BY SIR WILLIAM WILLCOCKS, K.C. M.G. The descendants of the king who knew not Joseph had been for many years on the throne of Egypt when God chose Moses to lead the children of Israël out of the house of bondage. Moses was brought up in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, but wrote his works in the Babylonian language, which even the Pharaohs of his time had to employ when corresponding with Asiatics. He might have learnt the use of the Babylonian script when in Egypt or Horeb, or he might have travelled to Ur of the Chaldees and studied in the libraries and temples so familiar to his ancestors. That Israélites from Goshen wandered freely over Western Asia is proved not only from inscriptions but from Chronicles. «And the sons of Ephraim, nine in all, whom the men of Gath, that were born in that land, slew, because they came down to take away their cattle. And Ephraim their father mourned many days» (1 Chronicles, vii). The wife of Moses is called in one place a daughter of Jethro the priest of Midian, and in another a Gushite or Babylonian woman (Exodus iv and Numbers xii). Cush was the name given to Babylonia in Moses’ time; Ashtal in the time of the Prophets it was Ethiopia. Jethro was in all probability a learned Babylonian, whose opinion was greatly valued by Moses, and his daughter probably thought slightingly of her husband’s humble-born brother and sister, and hence the unfortunate feud in Moses’ household. Moses was intimately acquainted with the institutes of Hammurabi, the legal code of Western Asia, of the time and written in the Babylonian script. He undoubtedly threw the ten commandments on brick tablets after the Babylonian fashion and burnt
were born in that land, slew, because they came down to take away their cattle. And Ephraim their father mourned many days» (1 Chronicles, vii). The wife of Moses is called in one place a daughter of Jethro the priest of Midian, and in another a Gushite or Babylonian woman (Exodus iv and Numbers xii). Cush was the name given to Babylonia in Moses’ time; Ashtal in the time of the Prophets it was Ethiopia. Jethro was in all probability a learned Babylonian, whose opinion was greatly valued by Moses, and his daughter probably thought slightingly of her husband’s humble-born brother and sister, and hence the unfortunate feud in Moses’ household. Moses was intimately acquainted with the institutes of Hammurabi, the legal code of Western Asia, of the time and written in the Babylonian script. He undoubtedly threw the ten commandments on brick tablets after the Babylonian fashion and burnt them. He was therefore able to break them by throwing them on the ground, and then to make others in their place. Brought up in the worship of Egypt’s bleating gods, with their dull and monotonous ritual, the Babylonian religion, with its interesting speculations and noble hymns, entranced him. In the burning bush of the deserts he saw the footsteps of the Almighty, heavenly voices spoke to him out of the storm raging on the summit of Sinai. Since the Midianite shepherds stretched across Arabia from Horeb and Sinai to the Lower Euphrates near Ur of the Chaldees, it was an easy matter for Moses to travel from one place to the other. At Ur of the Chaldees he found the worship of Yeh-hua (generally spelt Ea in European translations) thoroughly established. The name of this old Sumerian deity Yeh-hua «It is He, Jehovah, appealed to Moses with extraordinary force. He was the God of Abraham in Ur of the Chaldees, on the edge of the marshes, where he had his dwelling. To Moses the conceptions of God formed by the earliest Sumerians seemed far more worthy than those of the later Babylonians with Marduk as their deity. Jehovah was
the burning bush of the deserts he saw the footsteps of the Almighty, heavenly voices spoke to him out of the storm raging on the summit of Sinai. Since the Midianite shepherds stretched across Arabia from Horeb and Sinai to the Lower Euphrates near Ur of the Chaldees, it was an easy matter for Moses to travel from one place to the other. At Ur of the Chaldees he found the worship of Yeh-hua (generally spelt Ea in European translations) thoroughly established. The name of this old Sumerian deity Yeh-hua «It is He, Jehovah, appealed to Moses with extraordinary force. He was the God of Abraham in Ur of the Chaldees, on the edge of the marshes, where he had his dwelling. To Moses the conceptions of God formed by the earliest Sumerians seemed far more worthy than those of the later Babylonians with Marduk as their deity. Jehovah was no other than the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob. To Moses the discovery of this name, known to Abraham, as we can see in Genesis, was a revelation indeed; and in its strength he hurried from Horeb to the court of Pharaoh. A weak and dilident man had been changed into a real hero. Israël was chafing and restive under its long bondage. The taskmasters were severe, but not absolutely unreasonable in their so-called demand for bricks without straw as the records have represented. I have picked out of old ruins in the Delta scores of bricks which contained nothing but straw daubed round with mud. These had undoubtedly been made by captives who were contemplating revolt. The taskmasters had furnished a sufficiency of straw for a certain late of bricks. The captives had hastily wasted the straw and delivered a totally inadequate number of bricks. They were beaten and forced to collect stubble and complete their tasks. Captives who acted in this way had begun to feel that they were not utterly helpless. And this is borne out in statements in Exodus. The Israélites went up out of Egypt harnessed or carrying arms. Moses went out
had been changed into a real hero. Israël was chafing and restive under its long bondage. The taskmasters were severe, but not absolutely unreasonable in their so-called demand for bricks without straw as the records have represented. I have picked out of old ruins in the Delta scores of bricks which contained nothing but straw daubed round with mud. These had undoubtedly been made by captives who were contemplating revolt. The taskmasters had furnished a sufficiency of straw for a certain late of bricks. The captives had hastily wasted the straw and delivered a totally inadequate number of bricks. They were beaten and forced to collect stubble and complete their tasks. Captives who acted in this way had begun to feel that they were not utterly helpless. And this is borne out in statements in Exodus. The Israélites went up out of Egypt harnessed or carrying arms. Moses went out with a high hand, showing that he was nearly a match for Pharaoh. This has an important bearing on the departure of the children of Israël out of Egypt. The statement that they borrowed from the Egyptians and at the same time spoiled them, has always appeared to me as a plundering of the Egyptians, grimly described as a payment for many years work done so far without any remuneration. The highly dramatic account of the very low Nile in the field of Zoan or the northeastern corner of Lower Egypt, which gave the Israelites an opportunity of escaping from bondage, an opportunity of which, under the leadership of Moses, they took full advantage, has been preserved for us in the early chapters of Exodus and some of the Psalms. The ten plagues, with the exception of the eighth and the ninth, could only have followed one another in the northeastern corner of Lower Egypt, described as the field of Zoan. The first and second plagues, which the magicians are said to have imitated, were not infrequent, while the others, with the exception of the two mentioned in the previous sentence, only accompanied extraordinary low Niles which might have come
a plundering of the Egyptians, grimly described as a payment for many years work done so far without any remuneration. The highly dramatic account of the very low Nile in the field of Zoan or the northeastern corner of Lower Egypt, which gave the Israelites an opportunity of escaping from bondage, an opportunity of which, under the leadership of Moses, they took full advantage, has been preserved for us in the early chapters of Exodus and some of the Psalms. The ten plagues, with the exception of the eighth and the ninth, could only have followed one another in the northeastern corner of Lower Egypt, described as the field of Zoan. The first and second plagues, which the magicians are said to have imitated, were not infrequent, while the others, with the exception of the two mentioned in the previous sentence, only accompanied extraordinary low Niles which might have come once in a century or in a succession of centuries. The children of Israel had their main settlements in the land of Goshen or the Wady Tumilat; the long narrow cultivated valley which stretches from the east of Zagazig to the west of Ismailia. It is described in Garnis as the best of the land, which is indeed true, for it is the only part of the low-lying eastern Delta which is everywhere blessed with sweet sub-soil water, and it was on account of this advantage that the children of Israel escaped many of the plagues which so grievously afflicted the Egyptians in the field of Zoan. The ruins of Tanis or Zoan, the capital of Lower Egypt for many hundreds of years, are known today as San el Hagar, and lie between Mansourah on the Damietta branch of the Nile and Rosetta on the Suez Canal. Though owing to the construction in 1863 of the Ismailia sweet water canal at a high level through sandy soil, part of the Wady Tumilat has temporarily been turned into a marsh, previous to 1863 it possessed one thousand wells for irrigation and was very happily situated. The sweet water canal is gradually
the best of the land, which is indeed true, for it is the only part of the low-lying eastern Delta which is everywhere blessed with sweet sub-soil water, and it was on account of this advantage that the children of Israel escaped many of the plagues which so grievously afflicted the Egyptians in the field of Zoan. The ruins of Tanis or Zoan, the capital of Lower Egypt for many hundreds of years, are known today as San el Hagar, and lie between Mansourah on the Damietta branch of the Nile and Rosetta on the Suez Canal. Though owing to the construction in 1863 of the Ismailia sweet water canal at a high level through sandy soil, part of the Wady Tumilat has temporarily been turned into a marsh, previous to 1863 it possessed one thousand wells for irrigation and was very happily situated. The sweet water canal is gradually puddling its banks, and it will not be long before the land of Goshen will recover its ancient fertility and prosperity. The Bible introduction to the plagues is so graphic and well written that it can best be given in its words: «The sons of Israel came into Egypt with Jacob, every man and his household. And Joseph died and all his brethren and all that generation. And the children of Israel were fruitful and increased abundantly. Now there arose a new King over Egypt who knew not Joseph, and he said unto his people, behold the people of the children of Israel are too many for us. Therefore they did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens. And they built for Pharaoh store cities Pithom and Ramses in the land of Goshen where they dwelt. And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, every son that is born you shall cast into the Nile, and every daughter you shall save alive.» And it came to pass in the course of those many days that the King of Egypt died; and the children of Israel cried by reason of the bondage, and the cry came up unto God.
Jacob, every man and his household. And Joseph died and all his brethren and all that generation. And the children of Israel were fruitful and increased abundantly. Now there arose a new King over Egypt who knew not Joseph, and he said unto his people, behold the people of the children of Israel are too many for us. Therefore they did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens. And they built for Pharaoh store cities Pithom and Ramses in the land of Goshen where they dwelt. And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, every son that is born you shall cast into the Nile, and every daughter you shall save alive.» And it came to pass in the course of those many days that the King of Egypt died; and the children of Israel cried by reason of the bondage, and the cry came up unto God. Now Moses was keeping the flock of Jethro his father-in-law, and he led the flock to Horeb. And the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush; and he looked and behold the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. And God called to him out of the midst of the bush and said I have surely seen the affliction of my people which are in Egypt. Come now therefore I will send thee unto Pharaoh that thou mayest bring forth my people out of Egypt. And thou shalt come, thou and the elders of Israel, unto the King of Egypt, and ye shall say unto him let us go that we may sacrifice unto our God. And I know that the King of Egypt will not give you leave to go, no, not by a mighty hand. And I will put forth my hand and smite Egypt with all my wonders which I will do in the midst thereof: and after that he will let you go.» The Pharaoh of the oppression is generally acknowledged to have been Ramses the Great of the 19th dynasty
bush was not consumed. And God called to him out of the midst of the bush and said I have surely seen the affliction of my people which are in Egypt. Come now therefore I will send thee unto Pharaoh that thou mayest bring forth my people out of Egypt. And thou shalt come, thou and the elders of Israel, unto the King of Egypt, and ye shall say unto him let us go that we may sacrifice unto our God. And I know that the King of Egypt will not give you leave to go, no, not by a mighty hand. And I will put forth my hand and smite Egypt with all my wonders which I will do in the midst thereof: and after that he will let you go.» The Pharaoh of the oppression is generally acknowledged to have been Ramses the Great of the 19th dynasty who reigned 77 years from R.G. 1311 to R.G. 1231. His long reign is well described in the Bible as «in the course of those many days». It was his sister or daughter who brought up Moses; and it was from his face that he fled. It was under his son Merenptah that the Israelites left Egypt in the year R.C. 1230 (approximately). The mummy of this Pharaoh can be seen in the Muséeum and his handiwork at Thebes. Both he and his work look thoroughly obstinate. It has been objected by some critics that it is extraordinary to have the mummy of a man who was reported in the Bible to have been drowned, but the Bible nowhere says that Pharaoh was drowned. Pharaoh was overthrown and his host were drowned, but Pharaoh himself, as we can see, was not drowned. The first plague is thus tersely described in the Psalms: «He turned their waters into blood and slew all their fish.» This refers to the red muddy waters of the Nile which are not only not destructive of fish but are very beneficial to them. The right interpretation of this text is the key to the comprehension of