jeanflop/post_ocr_correction2 huggingface dataset:
SOURON, Aux origines du travail actuel des femmes de Marcillac, Saint-Quentin Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Station d’économie et de sociologie rurale (ESR), Paris, 1984. S. COCHEPAN, C. FONTAN, R.M. PAINVIN, M. PLANCHENAULT, Bilan comparatif des actions de formation aux tâches administratives et comptables réalisées dans le Morbihan et avec le Cernod de l’Oise. Fédération nationale des groupes d’études et de développement agricole (FNGEDA) Paris, Ministère de l’Agriculture, DGER, Paris 1984. Je suis agricultrice et je m'informe Centre régional d’information des droits de la femme de la région Poitou-Charentes, Poitiers 1984. Métier : agricultrice Supplément au n° de mars 1986 de la Revue Economie et Finances Agricole" CNCA. ENGLISH SUMMARY THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANTIQUE ANIMAL BREEDING A lot of research projects have been devoted, particularly in the past decades, to the antique woman, her assignments and her status. Most of those works do not recognize, and sometimes deny, the place she took in animal breeding. As a matter of fact, evidence has been given that, even in ancient times, woman did watch and take care of the animals, and sometimes even took the full responsibility of them. But such activities were limited for women by the very conditions prevailing in the organization of animal breeding and more generally by the place given to a woman in the antique society. Thus, in order to define the role of women in animal breeding, one needs to take into account the social and economic environment. This environment largely influenced and oriented this activity through time. So one can distinguish different specific situations corresponding to different civilizations. One can also reveal main features which, long after the Greek-Roman antiquity, still characterize the role of women in traditional animal-breeding. Lilianne BODSON Assistant Professor University of Liège (Belgium) HISTORICAL ROLE OF WOMAN IN ANIMAL BREEDING FROM THE 17TH TO THE 19TH CENTURY The preindustrial agriculture of the 18th and 19th century was mostly a subsistence agriculture. Animal breeding was at this time usually a secondary activity, grain production being the first priority of the farmers. A first survey of the situation in
very conditions prevailing in the organization of animal breeding and more generally by the place given to a woman in the antique society. Thus, in order to define the role of women in animal breeding, one needs to take into account the social and economic environment. This environment largely influenced and oriented this activity through time. So one can distinguish different specific situations corresponding to different civilizations. One can also reveal main features which, long after the Greek-Roman antiquity, still characterize the role of women in traditional animal-breeding. Lilianne BODSON Assistant Professor University of Liège (Belgium) HISTORICAL ROLE OF WOMAN IN ANIMAL BREEDING FROM THE 17TH TO THE 19TH CENTURY The preindustrial agriculture of the 18th and 19th century was mostly a subsistence agriculture. Animal breeding was at this time usually a secondary activity, grain production being the first priority of the farmers. A first survey of the situation in Morvan and Yvelines reveals a specialization for animal breeding largely depending on the sex, with slight differences due to the region, the size and main activity of the farm. Women usually assumed physical tasks, such as milking the cows or taking care of the poultry. But they also realized good - or sometimes maleficent interventions, resulting from ancient customs and beliefs, having usually little to do with christianism. For example, a pilgrimage was supposed to cure animals or bring lost bees back. But shame on anyone meeting a woman when conducting animals to a show : he would not sell anything ! A. PARIS Professor of history (retired) Member of historical societies Vice president of the historial and archeological society of Rambouillet PERMANENTES DE L’ELEVAGE, INTERMÉDIAIRES DES CHAMPS The present paper refers to an European comparative study based upon inquiries made in 1978-79 with 2 450 wives of farmers in family farms, and concerning their living and working conditions. This work, especially through an analysis of working schedules, emphasizes the importance and the steadiness of women's contributions to the cattle-breeding work in the six countries concerned, while their participation in land cultivation and harvest shows large seasonal and geographic variations.
- or sometimes maleficent interventions, resulting from ancient customs and beliefs, having usually little to do with christianism. For example, a pilgrimage was supposed to cure animals or bring lost bees back. But shame on anyone meeting a woman when conducting animals to a show : he would not sell anything ! A. PARIS Professor of history (retired) Member of historical societies Vice president of the historial and archeological society of Rambouillet PERMANENTES DE L’ELEVAGE, INTERMÉDIAIRES DES CHAMPS The present paper refers to an European comparative study based upon inquiries made in 1978-79 with 2 450 wives of farmers in family farms, and concerning their living and working conditions. This work, especially through an analysis of working schedules, emphasizes the importance and the steadiness of women's contributions to the cattle-breeding work in the six countries concerned, while their participation in land cultivation and harvest shows large seasonal and geographic variations. However, the mean time that farmers' wives devote to cattle breeding depends a lot upon the kind of cattle ; in all countries, the maximum time is reached in milk farms. Generally speaking, among breeding tasks, some appear as particularly feminine, especially milking and taking care of young cattle. What will it be in the future in highly technical farms in which more and more qualification is requested ? Rose-Marie PAINVIN Professor of sociology Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Rennes WOMEN IN ANIMAL BREEDING FARMS, BY THEMSELVES The main characteristics of women in animal breeding farms can be drawn from the results on the research conducted in 83-84 by the feminine development groups federated in FNGEDA (National Federation of Study and Agricultural Development Groups) : Women participate a lot to the milking of cows, the taking care of baby animals, the retail selling, particularly in bovine and sheep farms. They assume full responsibility of animals such as goats, chickens or rabbits. In all cases, they help with the curing, treating, and dropping of young animals. They help keeping records, though they usually do not compute the criteria figures, or use the records for decision making. They rarely participate to a
will it be in the future in highly technical farms in which more and more qualification is requested ? Rose-Marie PAINVIN Professor of sociology Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Rennes WOMEN IN ANIMAL BREEDING FARMS, BY THEMSELVES The main characteristics of women in animal breeding farms can be drawn from the results on the research conducted in 83-84 by the feminine development groups federated in FNGEDA (National Federation of Study and Agricultural Development Groups) : Women participate a lot to the milking of cows, the taking care of baby animals, the retail selling, particularly in bovine and sheep farms. They assume full responsibility of animals such as goats, chickens or rabbits. In all cases, they help with the curing, treating, and dropping of young animals. They help keeping records, though they usually do not compute the criteria figures, or use the records for decision making. They rarely participate to a decision taking process. But women do now ask for responsibilities, and have the possibility of acquiring technical and economic competence through education : they would like to become specialists of a production, real farmers, and co-responsible of the enterprise. Marguerite PLANCHENAULT FNGEDA MULTIPLE ROLES AND QUALIFICATIONS Farmers' spouses in Aveyron contribute to maintain and develop the family-farm system, which they are a part of. They assume first of all the education of the young children, the care of the elderly and the housekeeping. In the farm, they help their husband with both production and bookkeeping, and sometimes have the responsibility of a specific production. These diversified activities, taken on by women either simultaneously or successively in their life, do require constant adjustments. When male workforce is abundant, they only help once in a while, but do not really participate to the production process. They usually assume a precise job such as : milking the animals, watching the ewes, breeding the baby animals and keeping the books. Those tasks do not necessarily require specific qualifications, but essentially depend on women's motivation. If women decide to improve their work, they need to undertake professional reconversion, with a specific education. A lot of
contribute to maintain and develop the family-farm system, which they are a part of. They assume first of all the education of the young children, the care of the elderly and the housekeeping. In the farm, they help their husband with both production and bookkeeping, and sometimes have the responsibility of a specific production. These diversified activities, taken on by women either simultaneously or successively in their life, do require constant adjustments. When male workforce is abundant, they only help once in a while, but do not really participate to the production process. They usually assume a precise job such as : milking the animals, watching the ewes, breeding the baby animals and keeping the books. Those tasks do not necessarily require specific qualifications, but essentially depend on women's motivation. If women decide to improve their work, they need to undertake professional reconversion, with a specific education. A lot of young women, without prior qualifications are ready to invest that way. Marguerite BRAS Chambre d'Agriculture d'Aveyron WORK IN DAIRY FARMS: JOBS FOR WOMEN? The study of the situation in dairy farms requires a look at the role of women in the production process. Women's activities and hopes are factors of change in the evolution of the agricultural production system of a region. Both a statistical study of agricultural family-work and a monographic study of farms have shown that dairy production requires a team work of two people at least. The existence of this team allows a certain regulation of work, that stabilizes the production system. The analysis of the work reveals the precise functions taken on by the women on the farm : specialised jobs, substitution jobs, assistance jobs : that's the profile of woman's tasks, which in turn defines her economical role in the dairy farm. GOGUE Anne Marie Technician of the National Institute for Agronomic research (INRA) Department of Economics and Rural Sociology DIJON WOMEN AND WORK WITH LIVING: INVISIBLE SKILLS People working with human or animal beings tend to perceive those living beings as artificial objects : this is probably due to biological engineering, as it questions
change in the evolution of the agricultural production system of a region. Both a statistical study of agricultural family-work and a monographic study of farms have shown that dairy production requires a team work of two people at least. The existence of this team allows a certain regulation of work, that stabilizes the production system. The analysis of the work reveals the precise functions taken on by the women on the farm : specialised jobs, substitution jobs, assistance jobs : that's the profile of woman's tasks, which in turn defines her economical role in the dairy farm. GOGUE Anne Marie Technician of the National Institute for Agronomic research (INRA) Department of Economics and Rural Sociology DIJON WOMEN AND WORK WITH LIVING: INVISIBLE SKILLS People working with human or animal beings tend to perceive those living beings as artificial objects : this is probably due to biological engineering, as it questions our individual and social imagination. But both sociological and philosophical studies of work with living beings have omitted important characteristics of those activities. We'll analyse the main features of this type of work and the qualifications it requires : development of all senses, acceptance of autonomy of others, capacity of adaptation to the rhythm of others and their slowness -, ability to wait, to be inactive, ability to handle abject things (such as excrements), ability to intervene in the life cycle (reproduction, life, death) and to sustain the vision of the body of the others, image of one's own body. Some other qualities are necessary : precision of work (which is very important in care given to humans and animals) ; capacity to observe, recognize and analyze signs, so as to produce a diagnosis ; ability to anticipate and accept delayed benefits. Those qualities are all developed in the stock breeding and familial work. Those qualifications of both perfect laboratory assistant and nurse give women an historical advantage in practicing new forms of stock-breeding. Are women going to ask for the recognition of those qualifications, partly consequence of their work with both humans and animals ? Michele SALMONA University of
adaptation to the rhythm of others and their slowness -, ability to wait, to be inactive, ability to handle abject things (such as excrements), ability to intervene in the life cycle (reproduction, life, death) and to sustain the vision of the body of the others, image of one's own body. Some other qualities are necessary : precision of work (which is very important in care given to humans and animals) ; capacity to observe, recognize and analyze signs, so as to produce a diagnosis ; ability to anticipate and accept delayed benefits. Those qualities are all developed in the stock breeding and familial work. Those qualifications of both perfect laboratory assistant and nurse give women an historical advantage in practicing new forms of stock-breeding. Are women going to ask for the recognition of those qualifications, partly consequence of their work with both humans and animals ? Michele SALMONA University of Economical and Social Anthropology Applications and Research ROLE OF WOMEN Asked for by farmwomen, I managed last winter brainstorming sessions in the mountains of the Pays de Gex and of Triève. We first of all took the time to define our objectives : family relationships are a question of education* and a part of the technical management of the farm. On the base of recent research work (choose and succeed in animal breeding, V. Soriano Association Arbre pour le Développement de la Recherche Action -), we have studied the following subjects : Competence concerning animal breeding, linked to the social and affective dimension of the activities. Parents' projects and the role of parents in the children's orientations. Negotiations of a role on the farm, Familial roles ("his son is my husband"). The women wrote a summary which they published, as they thought that management of family relationships must be discussed with men (sons and husband) and in groups (installation, G.A.E.C., management) Veronique SORIANO DAIRY-FARM WOMEN IN THE STREET: CONTRADICTORY PUBLIC REPRESENTATIONS Most public demonstrations of farmwomen have taken place in dairy-farming areas. Are dairy-farmwomen because of their position in the agricultural work process the spearhead of women's movement in agriculture
and a part of the technical management of the farm. On the base of recent research work (choose and succeed in animal breeding, V. Soriano Association Arbre pour le Développement de la Recherche Action -), we have studied the following subjects : Competence concerning animal breeding, linked to the social and affective dimension of the activities. Parents' projects and the role of parents in the children's orientations. Negotiations of a role on the farm, Familial roles ("his son is my husband"). The women wrote a summary which they published, as they thought that management of family relationships must be discussed with men (sons and husband) and in groups (installation, G.A.E.C., management) Veronique SORIANO DAIRY-FARM WOMEN IN THE STREET: CONTRADICTORY PUBLIC REPRESENTATIONS Most public demonstrations of farmwomen have taken place in dairy-farming areas. Are dairy-farmwomen because of their position in the agricultural work process the spearhead of women's movement in agriculture ? Are their public demonstrations a symbolic and theatricalized way of representing for public opinion, through the media, their wish "to put themselves on an equal footing" (according to the expression of one of them) ? If this is why they mobilize, the social conditions of production of these actions * are such that their initiative, their organization and above all the identity of the demonstrators and the stakes which are given to see are for a large part being imposed to them. Since women have little to say on the preparation of the demonstrations, they have to implement get-around strategies in order to express the contradictions of working in a family unit of production. Nevertheless defending the family farm unit of production and living is a powerful screen against consciousness rising of social relations between sexes in agriculture. * This analysis relies on interviews realized in Finistère (milk strike may/september 1972), in Orne (demonstration of April 25, 1980 in Paris) and in Sarthe (demonstration of December 3rd 1981 in Le Mans), part of a collective research titled "Crisis of rural society and women's movement in agriculture", placed under the direction of Rose-Marie LAGRAVE, and financed by the CNRS and
* are such that their initiative, their organization and above all the identity of the demonstrators and the stakes which are given to see are for a large part being imposed to them. Since women have little to say on the preparation of the demonstrations, they have to implement get-around strategies in order to express the contradictions of working in a family unit of production. Nevertheless defending the family farm unit of production and living is a powerful screen against consciousness rising of social relations between sexes in agriculture. * This analysis relies on interviews realized in Finistère (milk strike may/september 1972), in Orne (demonstration of April 25, 1980 in Paris) and in Sarthe (demonstration of December 3rd 1981 in Le Mans), part of a collective research titled "Crisis of rural society and women's movement in agriculture", placed under the direction of Rose-Marie LAGRAVE, and financed by the CNRS and the Ministry of Women's rights (ATP Research on women and feminist researches). Martine BERLAN INRA She presents her farm, the work of transforming milk and commercializing cheese, and the corresponding human environment. Stress and pleasure are two components of her activity. But should she tell us? Jeannette GASCHARD AUDE PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF GOOSE LIVERS AND CONSERVES Two farm women, Mireille and Christine, describe their position in the agricultural environment, and their role in the production of goose livers and conserves. Mireille and Christine manage the groupement "Tresors du Pays d'Armagnac", which regroups the production of 13 women. This production is processed in an authorized workshop and transformation is realized by the women themselves, helped by their husbands. The selling of the product is done at the farm level, and by mail. The group benefits from the technical help of Michele OECHSLI, technician for the production of "fat palmiped" of the "Chambre d’Agriculture" of Auch, Gers. Christine SAINT BLANCARD Mireille POMIES TESTIMONY OF A VETERINARY SURGEON As a woman and veterinary surgeon, I have not had major problems of acceptance by people working with animals. In my relation with stock breeders, my status as a veterinary surgeon was more important
AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF GOOSE LIVERS AND CONSERVES Two farm women, Mireille and Christine, describe their position in the agricultural environment, and their role in the production of goose livers and conserves. Mireille and Christine manage the groupement "Tresors du Pays d'Armagnac", which regroups the production of 13 women. This production is processed in an authorized workshop and transformation is realized by the women themselves, helped by their husbands. The selling of the product is done at the farm level, and by mail. The group benefits from the technical help of Michele OECHSLI, technician for the production of "fat palmiped" of the "Chambre d’Agriculture" of Auch, Gers. Christine SAINT BLANCARD Mireille POMIES TESTIMONY OF A VETERINARY SURGEON As a woman and veterinary surgeon, I have not had major problems of acceptance by people working with animals. In my relation with stock breeders, my status as a veterinary surgeon was more important than the fact I was a woman. Among the others, including women, being a woman was usually helpful. I consider that being a woman finally eased my professional success. Dominique JOUANNE Veterinary Surgeon PROBLEMS OF ACCEPTANCE OF QUALIFIED WOMEN IN THE STOCK-FARMING ENVIRONMENT We received 25 answers from women between 26 and 64, more than half of them being former INA PG and ENSA students. Only two of them choose to work exclusively with stock breeding farms and agriculture. Eight of them have always worked in an agricultural environment. The others have been, through their activities in administrations or regional and national associations, more or less in relations with stock breeders. The difficulties they faced in their jobs usually came from technicians or professionals of stock breeding. Most of them were accepted without too many difficulties though, and believe they had a positive influence on the evolution of women's status. Geneviève CHARLET Director of Research, INRA DISTRIBUTION OF QUALIFIED WOMEN IN DIFFERENT JOBS DEALING WITH STOCK BREEDING By means of census and professional yearbooks, the author tries to understand the role of women with university degrees in the stock-breeding sector. For purpose of comparison, women in general represent about 50%
26 and 64, more than half of them being former INA PG and ENSA students. Only two of them choose to work exclusively with stock breeding farms and agriculture. Eight of them have always worked in an agricultural environment. The others have been, through their activities in administrations or regional and national associations, more or less in relations with stock breeders. The difficulties they faced in their jobs usually came from technicians or professionals of stock breeding. Most of them were accepted without too many difficulties though, and believe they had a positive influence on the evolution of women's status. Geneviève CHARLET Director of Research, INRA DISTRIBUTION OF QUALIFIED WOMEN IN DIFFERENT JOBS DEALING WITH STOCK BREEDING By means of census and professional yearbooks, the author tries to understand the role of women with university degrees in the stock-breeding sector. For purpose of comparison, women in general represent about 50% of the active population in agriculture: but the activity of specialized women in the stock-breeding sector is a recent phenomenon. The percentage of qualified women is more important in teaching and research than in professional organizations (technical fields), in which overqualification of women is generally observed. The percentage of women is very low in the public and parapublic sector (excluding teaching and research) and so it is in elective positions among the profession. But the overall percentage of qualified women increases, as graduate agro-schools give degrees to an increasing percentage of women. What is the capacity of the job market to absorb them? Mariane MONOD Agricultural Engineer D.P.E. Ministry of Agriculture