jeanflop/post_ocr_correction2 huggingface dataset:
tableau. D'après la nouvelle interprétation, les colonnes A et B représentent l'Éocène supérieur et la colonne C représente l'Oligocène inférieur. ABC Up. Eoc. L. Olig. M. Olig. Orders N N N Marsupialia 0 1 0,8 0 Chiroptera 0 1 0,8 0 Insectivora 2 1,8 3 2,6 15 10,4 Primates. 3 2,7 1 ? 0,8? 0 Pantodonta 1 0,9 0 0 Tillodontia 1 0,9 0 0 Lagomorpha 3 2,7 4 3,6 15 10,4 Rodentia. 5 4,6 10 8,9 47 32,6 Anagalida. 0 1 0,8 0 Mixodontia. 1 0,9 0 0 Carnivora. 3 2,7 2 1,8 12 8,3 Creodonta. 5 4,6 8 7,1 5 3,5 Condylarthra. 4 3,6 2 1,8 0 Perissodactyla 57 52,3 54 48,2 22 15,3 Artiodactyla 24 22 25 22,3 28 19,4 in other areas (North America and Europe), these extinctions occurred at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. One of the last arguments suggested by Wang is the endemic character of the Oligocene Asian faunas. This endemism would therefore be explained by the fact that these faunas are older than actually considered. Indeed, it is very unlikely that faunal and climatic events that occurred in Europe and North America at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary also occurred in Asia, about 10 Ma later. The more satisfying solution is to consider that most of the alleged Oligocene Asian faunas must be older than actually thought. Thus, Chinese Lower Oligocene localities would fall into the Upper Eocene, and Middle Oligocene faunas would have to be shifted back into the Lower Oligocene. These conclusions are confirmed by the study of cenograms. The Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene mammalian communities from Asia are generally not well diversified. The Upper Eocene faunas of Heti (Eastern China), Naduo (Southern China) and Krabi (Thailand), and the Lower Oligocene fauna of Ergilin-Dzo (Mongolia) have been chosen because they are the most representative by the diversity and the number of taxa they display. Similarly, the fauna of Hsanda-Gol (Mongolia) is the most diversified and complete Middle Oligocene community of Asia so far known, and it has been selected for these reasons. The cenogram method developed by Legendre (1989) enables a relationship to
The more satisfying solution is to consider that most of the alleged Oligocene Asian faunas must be older than actually thought. Thus, Chinese Lower Oligocene localities would fall into the Upper Eocene, and Middle Oligocene faunas would have to be shifted back into the Lower Oligocene. These conclusions are confirmed by the study of cenograms. The Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene mammalian communities from Asia are generally not well diversified. The Upper Eocene faunas of Heti (Eastern China), Naduo (Southern China) and Krabi (Thailand), and the Lower Oligocene fauna of Ergilin-Dzo (Mongolia) have been chosen because they are the most representative by the diversity and the number of taxa they display. Similarly, the fauna of Hsanda-Gol (Mongolia) is the most diversified and complete Middle Oligocene community of Asia so far known, and it has been selected for these reasons. The cenogram method developed by Legendre (1989) enables a relationship to be indicated between the ponderal distribution of mammal species in a community and their environment. The structure of the cenogram is related to the general environment (structure of vegetation cover and climatic conditions) of a faunal community. As climatic conditions markedly changed at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, they must have been recorded in the structure of the mammalian communities, and thus the structure of the different cenograms should reflect the faunal and climatic conditions that existed before and after 34 Ma. Figure 2 shows that the cenograms constructed for the Asian Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene faunas are very similar. Indeed, the large-sized species (in the left part of the diagram) are abundant and the corresponding slope is smooth. In addition, the medium-sized species are normally present. This structure indicates a humid and forested environment for these faunas. On the other hand, large-sized species are rare but medium- and small-sized species are abundant in the cenogram constructed for the Middle Oligocene fauna of Hsanda-Gol (fig. 2). The slope corresponding to large-sized species is steep and very different from that of smaller species. This structure is characteristic of an arid and more open environment, which corresponds to the environment that existed in
recorded in the structure of the mammalian communities, and thus the structure of the different cenograms should reflect the faunal and climatic conditions that existed before and after 34 Ma. Figure 2 shows that the cenograms constructed for the Asian Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene faunas are very similar. Indeed, the large-sized species (in the left part of the diagram) are abundant and the corresponding slope is smooth. In addition, the medium-sized species are normally present. This structure indicates a humid and forested environment for these faunas. On the other hand, large-sized species are rare but medium- and small-sized species are abundant in the cenogram constructed for the Middle Oligocene fauna of Hsanda-Gol (fig. 2). The slope corresponding to large-sized species is steep and very different from that of smaller species. This structure is characteristic of an arid and more open environment, which corresponds to the environment that existed in Europe and North America at the beginning of the Lower Oligocene. Fig. 2. Cenograms of the Asian faunas classically considered as Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene in age. Heti (Eastern China), Naduo (Southern China) and Krabi (Thailand) faunas: Upper Eocene; Ergilin Dzo fauna (Mongolia): Lower Oligocene. The Middle Oligocene fauna of Hsanda-Gol (Mongolia) is represented in superposition. In the present work, Heti, Naduo, Krabi and Ergilin Dzo are considered as Upper Eocene in age, and Hsanda-Gol is Lower Oligocene. Note the different orientation of the slope corresponding to the large (left part of the diagram) and small species (right part of the diagram). By comparison with European faunas, see figure 41, p. 46 in Legendre (1989). Fig. 2. — Cénogrammes des faunes classiquement considérées comme d'âge Éocène supérieur et Oligocène inférieur d'Asie. Faunes de Heti (Chine orientale), de Naduo (Chine méridionale) et de Krabi (Thaïlande) : Éocène supérieur; faune de Ergilin Dzo (Mongolie) : Oligocène inférieur. La faune Oligocène moyen de Hsanda-Gol (Mongolie) est présentée en superposition. Dans le présent travail, Heti, Naduo, Krabi et Ergilin Dzo sont considérées comme étant d'âge Éocène supérieur, et Hsanda-Gol est Oligocène inférieur. Noter la différence de pente correspondant aux grandes (partie gauche du
of Hsanda-Gol (Mongolia) is represented in superposition. In the present work, Heti, Naduo, Krabi and Ergilin Dzo are considered as Upper Eocene in age, and Hsanda-Gol is Lower Oligocene. Note the different orientation of the slope corresponding to the large (left part of the diagram) and small species (right part of the diagram). By comparison with European faunas, see figure 41, p. 46 in Legendre (1989). Fig. 2. — Cénogrammes des faunes classiquement considérées comme d'âge Éocène supérieur et Oligocène inférieur d'Asie. Faunes de Heti (Chine orientale), de Naduo (Chine méridionale) et de Krabi (Thaïlande) : Éocène supérieur; faune de Ergilin Dzo (Mongolie) : Oligocène inférieur. La faune Oligocène moyen de Hsanda-Gol (Mongolie) est présentée en superposition. Dans le présent travail, Heti, Naduo, Krabi et Ergilin Dzo sont considérées comme étant d'âge Éocène supérieur, et Hsanda-Gol est Oligocène inférieur. Noter la différence de pente correspondant aux grandes (partie gauche du diagramme) et aux petites espèces (partie droite du diagramme). Par comparaison avec les faunes européennes, voir la figure 41, p. 46 dans Legendre (1989). The association of results displayed by the faunal structures and the cenograms indicates that a marked climatic and faunal change occurred at the Lower Oligocene-Middle Oligocene boundary in Asia according to the classical conception of Asian chronological scale. Such changes are also recorded in European communities at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (Legendre and Hartenberger, 1992). In addition, the Eocene-Oligocene boundary turnover is considered to have occurred at about the same time and at a global scale in Northern Hemisphere (Berggren and Prothero, 1992). As no similar large-scale events are known at the Lower Oligocene-Middle Oligocene boundary, it is therefore highly probable that the faunal and climatic changes recorded in Asia correspond to those that occurred in Europe and North America by about 34 Ma. These results would implicate that Asian Lower Oligocene must be shifted in the Upper Eocene, and that the Asian Middle Oligocene certainly corresponds to Lower Oligocene. These conclusions should be tested with more geochronological data such as paleomagnetism. If the biochronological changes proposed here are correct, several patterns concerning the evolutionary history of
boundary in Asia according to the classical conception of Asian chronological scale. Such changes are also recorded in European communities at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (Legendre and Hartenberger, 1992). In addition, the Eocene-Oligocene boundary turnover is considered to have occurred at about the same time and at a global scale in Northern Hemisphere (Berggren and Prothero, 1992). As no similar large-scale events are known at the Lower Oligocene-Middle Oligocene boundary, it is therefore highly probable that the faunal and climatic changes recorded in Asia correspond to those that occurred in Europe and North America by about 34 Ma. These results would implicate that Asian Lower Oligocene must be shifted in the Upper Eocene, and that the Asian Middle Oligocene certainly corresponds to Lower Oligocene. These conclusions should be tested with more geochronological data such as paleomagnetism. If the biochronological changes proposed here are correct, several patterns concerning the evolutionary history of mammals (first appearance, migrations, last appearance among others) would have to be revised. Study of the Upper Eocene Krabi fauna from Thailand (Ducrocq et al., 1992) is a good example of what could be done in that field. Indeed, its mammalian community led to reconsideration of several steps of the evolutionary history of Asian mammals. In addition, the peculiar aspect of its components makes this fauna an important landmark for the Paleogene vertebrate record in Asia. The mammals from Krabi therefore permitted reappraisal of the Asian chronological scale. I wish to thank S. Legendre who suggested that I begin the present study, and for the discussions we had about the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in Asia. I also thank J.-L. Hartenberger and J.-J. Jaeger for their helpful comments during the writing of this paper. Note remise le 7 novembre 1992, acceptée après révision le 22 décembre 1992. REFERENCES W. A. BERGGREN and D. R. PROTHERO, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution: an overview, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 1-28. C. CAVELIER, La limite Éocène-Oligocène en Europe occidentale, Thèse Doct. d'État, Univ. Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 1979, 353 p. S. DUCROCQ, E. BUFFETAUT, H. BUFFETAUT-TONG, R. HELMCKE-INGAVAT, J.-J. JAEGER, Y. JONGKANJANASOONTORN
evolutionary history of Asian mammals. In addition, the peculiar aspect of its components makes this fauna an important landmark for the Paleogene vertebrate record in Asia. The mammals from Krabi therefore permitted reappraisal of the Asian chronological scale. I wish to thank S. Legendre who suggested that I begin the present study, and for the discussions we had about the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in Asia. I also thank J.-L. Hartenberger and J.-J. Jaeger for their helpful comments during the writing of this paper. Note remise le 7 novembre 1992, acceptée après révision le 22 décembre 1992. REFERENCES W. A. BERGGREN and D. R. PROTHERO, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution: an overview, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 1-28. C. CAVELIER, La limite Éocène-Oligocène en Europe occidentale, Thèse Doct. d'État, Univ. Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 1979, 353 p. S. DUCROCQ, E. BUFFETAUT, H. BUFFETAUT-TONG, R. HELMCKE-INGAVAT, J.-J. JAEGER, Y. JONGKANJANASOONTORN and V. SUTEETHORN, A lower Tertiary vertebrate fauna from Krabi (South Thailand), N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh., 184, 1, 1992, pp. 101-122. E. EVANOFF, D. R. PROTHERO and R. H. LANDER, Eocene-Oligocene climatic change in North America: the White River Formation near Douglas, East-Central Wyoming, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 116-130. J.-L. HARTENBERGER, Crises biologiques en milieu continental au cours du Paléogene : exemple des mammifères d'Europe, Bull. Centres Rech. Explor.-Prod. Elf Aquitaine, 10, 2, 1986, pp. 489-500. G. KELLER, N. MACLEOD and E. BARRERA, Eocene-Oligocene faunal turnover in planktic Foraminifera, and Antarctic glaciation, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 218-244. S. LEGENDRE, Les communautés de mammifères du Paléogène (Éocène supérieur et Oligocène) d'Europe occidentale : structures, milieux et évolution, Münch. Geowiss. Abh., Reihe A, 16, 1989, pp. 1-100. S. LEGENDRE and J.-L. HARTENBERGER, Evolution of mammalian faunas in Europe during the Eocene and Oligocene, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 516-528. E. B. LEOPOLD, G. LIU and S. CLAY-POOLE, Low-biomass vegetation across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 399-420. S. G. LUCAS, Redefinition of the
Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 116-130. J.-L. HARTENBERGER, Crises biologiques en milieu continental au cours du Paléogene : exemple des mammifères d'Europe, Bull. Centres Rech. Explor.-Prod. Elf Aquitaine, 10, 2, 1986, pp. 489-500. G. KELLER, N. MACLEOD and E. BARRERA, Eocene-Oligocene faunal turnover in planktic Foraminifera, and Antarctic glaciation, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 218-244. S. LEGENDRE, Les communautés de mammifères du Paléogène (Éocène supérieur et Oligocène) d'Europe occidentale : structures, milieux et évolution, Münch. Geowiss. Abh., Reihe A, 16, 1989, pp. 1-100. S. LEGENDRE and J.-L. HARTENBERGER, Evolution of mammalian faunas in Europe during the Eocene and Oligocene, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 516-528. E. B. LEOPOLD, G. LIU and S. CLAY-POOLE, Low-biomass vegetation across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 399-420. S. G. LUCAS, Redefinition of the Duchesnean Land Mammal "Age", Late Eocene of Western North America, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 88-105. K. G. MILLER, Middle Eocene to Oligocene stable isotopes, climate and deep-water history: the Terminal Eocene Event? Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 160-177. J.-A. REMY, J.-Y. CROCHET, B. SIGÉ, J. SUDRÉ, L. de BONIS, M. VIANEY-LIAUD, M. GODINOT, J.-L. HARTENBERGER, B. LANGE-BADRÉ and B. COMTE, Biochronologie des phosphorites du Quercy : mise à jour des listes fauniques et nouveaux gisements de mammifères fossiles, Münchner Geowiss. Abh., A, 10. 1987, pp. 169-188. D. E. RUSSELL and R.-J. ZHAI, The Paleogene of Asia: mammals and stratigraphy, Mém. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., 52, 1987, 488 p. H. G. STEHLIN, Remarques sur les faunules de mammifères de l’Éocène et de l’Oligocène du Bassin de Paris, Bull. Soc. géol. Fr., 4, 9, 1910, pp. 488-520. R. K. STUCKY, Mammalian faunas in North America of Bridgerian to Early Arikareean Ages (Eocene and Oligocene), Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 463-493. B. WANG, The Chinese Oligocene: a preliminary review of mammalian localities and local faunas, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton,
160-177. J.-A. REMY, J.-Y. CROCHET, B. SIGÉ, J. SUDRÉ, L. de BONIS, M. VIANEY-LIAUD, M. GODINOT, J.-L. HARTENBERGER, B. LANGE-BADRÉ and B. COMTE, Biochronologie des phosphorites du Quercy : mise à jour des listes fauniques et nouveaux gisements de mammifères fossiles, Münchner Geowiss. Abh., A, 10. 1987, pp. 169-188. D. E. RUSSELL and R.-J. ZHAI, The Paleogene of Asia: mammals and stratigraphy, Mém. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., 52, 1987, 488 p. H. G. STEHLIN, Remarques sur les faunules de mammifères de l’Éocène et de l’Oligocène du Bassin de Paris, Bull. Soc. géol. Fr., 4, 9, 1910, pp. 488-520. R. K. STUCKY, Mammalian faunas in North America of Bridgerian to Early Arikareean Ages (Eocene and Oligocene), Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 463-493. B. WANG, The Chinese Oligocene: a preliminary review of mammalian localities and local faunas, Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, pp. 529-547. Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Case Courrier n° 064, URA n° 327, Université Montpellier-II, place Eugène-Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Micropaléontologie Micropaleontology La grande dispersion des espèces d'ostracodes (Crustacea) d’eau douce à la fin de l’ère primaire Francis LETHIERS et Renée DAMOTTE Résumé — Certaines espèces d'ostracodes lacustres de la fin du Paléozoïque sont découvertes sur plus de 4000 km de distance. Les données biologiques actuelles et des observations paléontologiques nouvelles, telles que la découverte d’espèces nord-américaines en France et au Maroc, suggèrent que les premiers tétrapodes et les tempêtes humides sont intervenus dans la dissémination de ces espèces. Le deuxième facteur cadre bien avec les connaissances paléoclimatologiques de cette période. Wide dispersion of freshwater ostracod species during the late Paleozoic Abstract — Some late Paleozoic species of freshwater ostracods have been discovered in places more than 4,000 km apart. Modern biological data and new paleontological observations, such as North American species discovered in France and Morocco, suggest that the first tetrapods and humid storms affected the spread of these species. The climatic factor agrees well with the climatological data for the Late Paleozoic. Abridged English Version Stephanian-Autunian (Late Carboniferous-Early Permian) times were characterized by continental events. The
de la fin du Paléozoïque sont découvertes sur plus de 4000 km de distance. Les données biologiques actuelles et des observations paléontologiques nouvelles, telles que la découverte d’espèces nord-américaines en France et au Maroc, suggèrent que les premiers tétrapodes et les tempêtes humides sont intervenus dans la dissémination de ces espèces. Le deuxième facteur cadre bien avec les connaissances paléoclimatologiques de cette période. Wide dispersion of freshwater ostracod species during the late Paleozoic Abstract — Some late Paleozoic species of freshwater ostracods have been discovered in places more than 4,000 km apart. Modern biological data and new paleontological observations, such as North American species discovered in France and Morocco, suggest that the first tetrapods and humid storms affected the spread of these species. The climatic factor agrees well with the climatological data for the Late Paleozoic. Abridged English Version Stephanian-Autunian (Late Carboniferous-Early Permian) times were characterized by continental events. The Variscan Mountains covered southern Europe and northern Africa. The collision between Africa and North America caused the last orogenic phase of the Appalachian-Mauritanian chain (map). Molassic sediments, principally clastic but including seams of coal and rare beds of carbonate, were deposited on the new continental areas. Lakes and swamps formed in small intramountain fault basins, especially in France and Morocco. Such lacustrine and paludal environments often shelter abundant ostracodes, whose microscopic fossilized valves are found on surfaces of shale or in calcareous beds. We have recently found species of ostracods in Permian continental beds in the Noyant-Souvigny Basin (North Massif Central, France) and in the Mechraâ Ben Abbou Basin (Meseta, Morocco) that were previously known from the northeastern United States. These species were first described from Upper Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) and Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) sediments in Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Virginia ([1], [2], [3]). The sediments were deposited in large swamps resulting from cyclic regressions of the North American epicontinental sea. The wide geographic distribution of continental species of ostracods poses a question of how they are disseminated. Since their viable environments were discontinuous, how could the species spread abroad over a distance of more than 4,000 km, according to the most
in small intramountain fault basins, especially in France and Morocco. Such lacustrine and paludal environments often shelter abundant ostracodes, whose microscopic fossilized valves are found on surfaces of shale or in calcareous beds. We have recently found species of ostracods in Permian continental beds in the Noyant-Souvigny Basin (North Massif Central, France) and in the Mechraâ Ben Abbou Basin (Meseta, Morocco) that were previously known from the northeastern United States. These species were first described from Upper Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) and Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) sediments in Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Virginia ([1], [2], [3]). The sediments were deposited in large swamps resulting from cyclic regressions of the North American epicontinental sea. The wide geographic distribution of continental species of ostracods poses a question of how they are disseminated. Since their viable environments were discontinuous, how could the species spread abroad over a distance of more than 4,000 km, according to the most precise paleographic maps [4]? Moreover, the French and Moroccan basins were probably isolated by high reliefs of the Variscan ranges, and the North American swamps were enclosed by the Appalachian fold belt. The American-type ostracods found in Autunian beds in the Noyant-Souvigny Basin belong to two superfamilies, existing since the Carboniferous: 1) the Cypridoidea with near-specific or conspecific specimens of "Cypridopsis" ovata (Holland 1934) (fig. 13), Candona magnitata (Holland 1934) (fig. 11), and "Candona" planidorsata Cooper 1946 (fig. 12); and 2) the Darwinuloidea with Darwinula cf. hollandi Scott 1944 (figs. 14-15) and Whipplella carbonaria Scott 1944 (figs. 1-8). Today members of these superfamilies still live in the same freshwater environments. The Cypridoidea are well adapted to propagation of species, because Note présentée par Jean DERCOURT. 0764-4450/93/03160427 $ 2.00 e Académie des Sciences their eggs can withstand desiccation, cold, and drops in atmospheric pressure. Their eggs can be carried by winds, even at high altitudes, to hatch in distant lakes [6]. Such an adaptive type was probably present in the Cypridoidea since the late Carboniferous. In modern times, migratory birds carrying desiccation-resistant eggs in mud attached to their feet are known agents in the spreading of ostracods [7]. In Stephanian-Autunian times,