jeanflop/post-ocr-correction huggingface dataset:
being, the citizen-civil servant as opposed to the subject-employee. This struggle required the expression of social liberty and spontaneous "trade unions". The defence of professional interest was based on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, seen as the model for an unwritten charter of employees' rights. This employees' movement of 1789 was to have long-term social repercussions. FRANÇOISE BLÉCHET 1789 IN THE BIBLIOTHÈQUE DU ROI. In 1789 the Bibliothèque du Roi was under the control of Jean-Charles Pierre Lenoir, former head of the Paris police, who was a firm and active manager but was too close
was a firm and active manager but was too close to Calonne. He was attacked in a mass of very violent pamphlets for his past and his running of the library. In addition, the library was inundated by requests for information from the nobles' assembly and the Estates General. The Palais Mazarin, with its long arcades, seemed to many to be an ideal meeting-place in easy reach of Palais Royal. Thus there were assemblies of nobles, of the inhabitants of the Filles-Saint-Thomas area, and finally of a regiment of the guards. Even Bailly set up an office for patriotic donations.
guards. Even Bailly set up an office for patriotic donations. Finally Lenoir resigned at the end of the year and emigrated to Switzerland; his successor, Lefèvre d'Ormesson, was appointed on 23rd December 1789. MONIQUE CUBELLS Aix-EN-PROVENCE IN 1789, MOVEMENT AND RESISTANCE. As a result of the dispute over the Provence Estates, the debate concerning the elections for the Estates General, the popular agitation and the events in Paris on 14th July, the oligarchical Aix town council was forced to hold enlarged meetings even general assemblies of the citizens to set up the future national guard and reform slightly its ancient
up the future national guard and reform slightly its ancient charter. But in spite of these apparent changes, the town council managed to remain unchanged until the February 1790 elections which produced a new council. The influence of the nobles all but vanished and the artisans and rich farmers were no longer totally excluded from the council; nevertheless the traditional Aix middle classes, composed of lawyers, still predominated and were even represented by the same men. YVES BENOT THE COLONIAL QUESTION IN 1789. A YEAR OF DISAPPOINTMENTS AND CONTRADICTIONS. This article, based on four texts by Brissot, by a journalist
article, based on four texts by Brissot, by a journalist in Les Révolutions de Paris, by Grégoire and by Mirabeau studies the obstacles facing the anti-slavery movement in the early months of the Revolution. It emphasizes, first of all, a political problem, namely the de facto alliance between the moderate revolutionaries and the slave-trading middle classes in the ports. More important, however, is the analysis (following Mirabeau) of the short-term economic constraints: a new form of industrial and economic development was the precondition for a coherent anti-slavery policy. But a new idea was gaining ground, that of home rule for
new idea was gaining ground, that of home rule for the colonies which would form a federation with the mother country. ANTOINE DE BAECOUE BRAVE NEW MAN. THE IDEA OF THE REGENERATION OF THE FRENCH IN 1789. The idea of a sudden historical break predominates in the political imagination of the French Revolution. This break is often seen as a sort of biological revolution, an idealized renewal of human nature through political action. The main illustration of this is the appeal for the regeneration of man, to be heard on many lips. The symbols of a crumbling "barbaric feudalism" are
many lips. The symbols of a crumbling "barbaric feudalism" are replaced by those of a new world which has brought forth the regenerated Frenchman. Here we attempt to see how at what moment, in response to which events, in relation to which themes and following which paths this myth of the "new man" was constructed (or reconstructed) during 1789. JACQUES GUILHAUMOU ACCOUNTS OF 14th JULY 1789 IN POLITICAL LIVES (1793-1794). Imprisoned suspects in the years 1793-4 tried to justify themselves by writing their political lives. These documents, which have been preserved in manuscript form, recount their participation in the main
preserved in manuscript form, recount their participation in the main events of the French Revolution. References to 14th July 1789 occupy a large place in these accounts, as the initial, and major, event. In addition to the storming of the Bastille itself, the recurrent theme is that of the « people in arms », amongst whom are to be found the protagonists of these Political Lives. However, the retrospective interpretation of July 1789 also depends on the moment of writing, as can be seen in the two Lives written by Antoine Collin, at a few months' distance, which are published
Antoine Collin, at a few months' distance, which are published as an appendix to the article. MALCOLM COOK THE FRENCH NOVEL IN 1789. Long novels, popular as they were in 1789, did not portray a precise revolutionary reality. The most striking novel of 1789, Lavallée's Le Nègre comme il y a peu de blancs is an effective example of political propaganda in fiction. It is analysed here in relation to the political pamphlets of the period which dealt specifically with the slave trade. Many short political pamphlets used fictional allegorical forms. Three are studied here Le Royaume de Naudelit Le
forms. Three are studied here Le Royaume de Naudelit Le Rêve philosophique de Bryltophend and Une nuit de Babylone. Using allegorical veils, these works offer transpositions of the revolutionary reality but tend, as do the majority of short contemporary fictional works, to favour a conservative view. JEAN-RÉMY MANTION AUTOPSY OF THE BASTILLE. This article studies the problem created by the urgent need to paint the storming of the Bastille, symbol of the beginning of the Revolution. This difficulty is particularly in evidence in the few paintings of the 1789 Salon devoted to the important events of that historic summer. It
devoted to the important events of that historic summer. It can be especially seen in a perhaps momentary, but nevertheless significant, blurring of the hierarchy of pictorial genres. Painters like Vestier, Hubert Robert, Moreau le Jeune, Demachy or Houel, whose status was unclear (were they genre, architecture or landscape painters ?), painted the demolition rather than the storming of the Bastille. This example leads us to reflect on why, in the space of a year, there was an unexpected alliance of history and landscape. JEAN-LOUIS JAM MUSIC IN PARIS. Nothing in the musical scene in 1789 foreshadowed the coming upheaval.
in the musical scene in 1789 foreshadowed the coming upheaval. All the programmes for both opera and concerts continued the tradition dating from the 1770s. The favourite French composers were all at the height of long and glorious careers, and their successors were as yet hardly emerging or were still children. This period saw the beginning of the music-lovers' long preference for Italian composers, who triumphed on the stage, in the concert-hall and in amateur circles. The quarrel between French and Italian music, which had marked the whole century, was finally over the majority, « the Public », had overridden
finally over the majority, « the Public », had overridden the philosophes' diatribes. 1789 was for the French, united in their admiration for Italian music, a year of consensus, which was to be only briefly disturbed by the needs of revolutionary propaganda. HANS-JÜRGEN LÜSEBRINK AND ROLF REICHARDT ECHOES OF 1789 IN GERMANY. Two main aspects of echoes of 1789 in Germany are here analysed. Firstly, we discuss how information concerning the revolutionary events in France reached the other side of the Rhine, mainly through the press; a few representative examples of newspaper reports are studied. Secondly, we consider movements of
of newspaper reports are studied. Secondly, we consider movements of revolt stimulated by the news from France, with a number of case studies concerning both urban centres (Nuremberg, Cologne etc.) and rural areas, in the years 1789-1794. LEOPOLDO COLLOR JOBIM AND JOÃO LUIS LISBOA PORTUGUESE DIPLOMATS AND THE REVOLUTION. This article studies the dispatches sent to the Foreign Secretary in Lisbon throughout the year 1789 through these reports we can analyse the reactions of Portuguese diplomats in European courts to the events of that year in France, Geneva and the Austrian Low Countries. We can see not only the unfolding
Austrian Low Countries. We can see not only the unfolding of the revolutionary events, but also the way in which they were interpreted, and how they affected the outlook of these eye-witnesses. Thus we can follow the emergence of an awareness of the French Revolution as the foundation of a new political and social order. ANDRÉE MANSUY-DINIZ-SILVA THE REVOLUTION SEEN FROM TURIN BY A PORTUGUESE DIPLOMAT IN 1789. The Portuguese plenipotentiary at the Sardinian Court, D. Rodrigo de Souza Coutinho, in Turin since 1779, was an attentive observer of the political, economic and social situation in France. In the weekly
political, economic and social situation in France. In the weekly dispatches he sent to the Foreign Secretary, he recounted and commented on some of the main events in France in 1789. His attempt to grasp the underlying reasons for the unfolding revolution produced a lucid analysis which drew the lesson from the events. He was a man of the Enlightenment in favour of necessary reforms, but also a supporter of enlightened despotism, and he was concerned to preserve the king's complete sovereignty. JEAN-PAUL DE LAGRAVE EVENTS IN FRANCE AS SEEN BY THE MONTREAL GAZETTE. The beginning of the French Revolution
BY THE MONTREAL GAZETTE. The beginning of the French Revolution led, in Quebec, to a general questioning of its « feudal » society that the British conquerors had preserved and the Sons of Liberty had been unable to alter. The Montreal Gazette, edited by the printer Fleury Mesplet (1734-1794), a friend of Benjamin Franklin, reflected the Canadians' favourable reaction to the revolutionary movement. The storming of the Bastille became a sign of hope for the middle classes and caused panic among the church dignitaries and the nobles who had survived the British conquest in 1760. A study of the Montreal
the British conquest in 1760. A study of the Montreal Gazette in 1789 reveals the acceleration of the movement for political and social reform in the former « Nouvelle France ». JACQUES RUELLAND THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE CITIZEN IN THE QUEBEC GAZETTE FOR 1789. Between 19th November 1789 and 5th January 1792, the Quebec Gazette, a four-page weekly newspaper, published the text of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen four times. This interest shows the extent to which the changes brought by the Revolution to the old continent were approved by
by the Revolution to the old continent were approved by the inhabitants of this former French territory, conquered by Britain in 1760-63 and living since 1774 under the yoke of the Quebec Act. By publishing the Declaration, they were encouraging political change in a colony which was deprived of the most fundamental institutions and rights. In OTHER ARTICLES, MICHEL PÉRONNET RELIGIOUS, ROYAL AND MEDICAL VIEWS OF ILLNESS. In the West, the earliest view of illness was that of the Church, for whom it was a divine warning and epidemics a divine punishment. The royal point of view added a practical
divine punishment. The royal point of view added a practical application of this esoteric conception, as the state tried to help the sick and, in particular, to stop the spread of epidemics. This, however, implied a contradiction as, if one believed that the epidemic was the expression of the wrath of God, one should not attempt to halt it. A third attitude appeared with the development of medical knowledge, as medicine became an independent discipline only concerned with the sick individual. These three attitudes can be summed up as follows: the sick man is, first, a soul to be saved,
the sick man is, first, a soul to be saved, then a subject to be treated, and finally a human being to be cared for. MARIE SOUVIRON, DIDEROT IN THE « ALLÉE DES MARRONNIERS ». A careful reading of the last episodes of the « Allée des Marronniers » in La Promenade du Sceptique reveals that its « curve » follows exactly that of the Pensées philosophiques and extends it by adding representatives of philosophical « sects » who were missing. This text is a step in the direction of the Lettre sur les aveugles and the 1749 letter to
the Lettre sur les aveugles and the 1749 letter to Voltaire and, instead of being a « regression » towards deism, it in fact « goes further » as Diderot opens up two new possibilities. One leads to « modern Spinozism » as defined in the Encyclopédie and embodied in the Rêve materialistic monism with no divinity. The other represents one of Diderot's obsessions: the crimes committed against Atheos' family by the blind man who no longer fears divine punishment pose the problem of how to found a moral system independent of religion, as in Antiquity. ANN THOMSON, THE MAN
independent of religion, as in Antiquity. ANN THOMSON, THE MAN MACHINE: MYTH OR METAPHOR. La Mettrie's Homme machine is still too often considered as the embodiment of « mechanistic materialism » inspired directly by Descartes. This article demonstrates the error of this interpretation. In particular, the reference to a machine, instead of being an explanatory principle, is shown to function as a metaphor. Similarly, the use of Cartesian animal spirits, present in La Mettrie's first works, is replaced in L'Homme machine by more dynamic metaphors for the workings of the brain, to account for human creativity. Far from constructing a
brain, to account for human creativity. Far from constructing a mechanistic model of man, La Mettrie's sole aim is to demonstrate that a dynamic matter can account for all human activity; he admits ignorance as to the exact workings of this material being. JEAN-FRANÇOIS COMBES, MALAVIALLE, A FRESH LOOK AT THE ABBÉ DE PRADES. The abbé de Prades is not well known; interest has been focused on only a few years of his life, between 1751, date of his thesis, and 1757, when he was imprisoned at Magdeburg. This article outlines a complete biography, throwing light on obscure periods in
outlines a complete biography, throwing light on obscure periods in his youth and adult life, and revealing other events beyond his condemnation, retraction, and imprisonment. We also see that his character, maligned by contemporary polemics, is worth studying with more understanding than hitherto. Finally, his works merit complete study, not limited to the censored passages, linking the controversies of the period to the long-term trends in philosophy, theology and Church history. DAVID BEESON, AN ANECDOTE ABOUT LA CONDAMINE. A scurrilous quatrain against La Condamine appeared at the time of his admission to the Académie française in 1761. The evidence of
admission to the Académie française in 1761. The evidence of correspondence in the Bernoulli archives in Basel shows that, as has long been suspected, the author was La Condamine himself. BELINDA CANNONE, A PAMPHLET BY MIRABEAU IN FAVOUR OF INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC. Although Mirabeau had apparently no musical education, he wrote, in 1777, a pamphlet in defence of Raimondi's Télémaque. This defence of instrumental music was unusual at the time, but his arguments appeal to the traditional theory of music as the universal language of feeling. What is new is his claim that instrumental music expresses more than vocal music and
claim that instrumental music expresses more than vocal music and is therefore superior, even though the latter expresses better. Describing, at the end of the pamphlet, Raimondi's musical technique, he rejects his opponents' preference for seeing a story, in favour of hearing and feeling it. The emotion aroused by hearing is more personal, less reasoned, and therefore preferable. Mirabeau thus attempts a theoretical justification of instrumental music. RAYMOND TROUSSON, MIRABEAU SEEN BY ROMANTIC WRITERS. Because of his scandalous youth, his role at the beginning of the Revolution, and his ambiguous character, Mirabeau interested the Romantics. Mme de Staël and Chateaubriand
character, Mirabeau interested the Romantics. Mme de Staël and Chateaubriand considered him to be an exceptional being with an uncommon destiny, impressive physique and fiery eloquence. Although Balzac identified with him, Stendhal, however, was not very interested in him, and George Sand saw him as a false revolutionary motivated by ambition and bought off by the right. It was Hugo who developed all the elements which gave Mirabeau a truly mythical status, expressing his own political and social ideals. Following him, Michelet and other historians, and Lamartine together created, during the Romantic period, the legend of Mirabeau. YVES CHASTAGNARET, GEORGE
the Romantic period, the legend of Mirabeau. YVES CHASTAGNARET, GEORGE SAND AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. The author here tries to show the originality of the historical analysis begun in 1830 by G. Sand. She began her literary career after the July Revolution, which strongly influenced the content of her work and the form taken by her political commitment. It was urgent, she believed, to return to the ideals of 1789 and to resume the debate concerning the fundamental principles of the Revolution. Her meeting with Pierre Leroux in 1835 was decisive, for it made her thinking, previously fragmented, more coherent
decisive, for it made her thinking, previously fragmented, more coherent and profound. Instead of simply criticizing, she produced a more unified system. But this plan for a new « social contract » foundered on the harsh reality of 1848. FRANÇOIS MOUREAU WATTEAU'S ITALY, OR THE ARTIST'S DREAM. Watteau, a painter in the Northern tradition who never made the pilgrimage to Italy, was apparently fascinated by this Latin civilization. There was in Flemish painting a tradition of mixing conversations with subjects inspired by the commedia dell'arte and Arcadian myths but in Watteau's painting, the depiction of flirtation is almost always separate
Watteau's painting, the depiction of flirtation is almost always separate from evocations of Italian theatre. The characters of the commedia dell'arte constitute a modern mythology and explain that for him, the fête galante appears, in the hierarchy of genres, as a substitute for historical painting. Pierrot replaces Apollo for new art lovers who look for a certain decorum but are blind to the meaning of the great genre. JEAN SGARD A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE EDITION OF PRÉVOST'S WORKS. The last volume of Prévost's works was recently published by the Presses Universitaires de Grenoble. In this article, its general editor
Presses Universitaires de Grenoble. In this article, its general editor provides a brief history of the edition, emphasizing the importance of economic factors in the publication of a critical edition. These economic constraints have adversely affected the physical presentation of the text, but have not seriously compromised the project as a whole. This new edition can be said to provide a completely new version of the text of Prévost's thirteen novels. DOMINIQUE BOUREL 1986, THE YEAR OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. The bicentenary of the death of Frederick II in 1786 produced a certain number of publications, biographies, monographs, volumes of
produced a certain number of publications, biographies, monographs, volumes of selected works, and a conference on him. Politicians in the two Germanies gave their views concerning him, and the rediscovery of both the king and of Prussia have encouraged research into fields which had long been neglected. It is to be hoped that a similar reawakening of interest in Prussia and her most brilliant monarch will take place in France. TABLE DES MATIÈRES I. NUMÉRO SPÉCIAL L'ANNÉE 1789 Roland DESNÉ et Michel VOVELLE Présentation 5 Pierre RÉTAT Une année au jour le jour. Chronologie du 1er janvier au 31 décembre
jour le jour. Chronologie du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 7 Michel GUYARD Un provincial à Paris en juillet extrait du journal inédit de Nicolas LOUET, avocat chaumontais 33 Jean-Claude DAVID Paris en août une lettre inédite de GIN 55 Paul HOFFMANN Une lettre inédite de Philippe SECRETAN à MIRABEAU (septembre) 65 André MAGNAN Prophétie féministe pour l'après-89 une lettre inédite de la comtesse de BENTINCK 71 Pierre RÉTAT L'année vue par les journaux problèmes et propositions 83 Claude LABROSSE Le récit d'événement dans la presse 99 Pierre LAMARQUE Naissance de l'« Assemblée Nationale » 111 Michel PÉRONNET Nos Seigneurs
de l'« Assemblée Nationale » 111 Michel PÉRONNET Nos Seigneurs du clergé de France 119 Vida AZIMI L'écho des employés ou le nouveau discours administratif 133 F. BLÉCHET À la Bibliothèque du Roi 151 Monique CUBELLS À Aix-en-Provence le mouvement et la résistance 161 Yves BENOT La question coloniale l'année des déceptions et des contradictions 179 Antoine de BAECQUE L'homme nouveau est arrivé. La « règle » du Français 193 Jacques GUILHAUMOU Le récit du 14 juillet dans les Vies politiques (1793-94) 209 Malcolm COOK Le roman en France 221 Jean-Rémy Autopsie de la Bastille peindre l'événement. 235 Jean-Louis JAM
Jean-Rémy Autopsie de la Bastille peindre l'événement. 235 Jean-Louis JAM La musique à Paris 249 Hans-Jürgen et Rolf REICHARDT L'écho de 1789 en Allemagne 259 Leopoldo COLLOR JOBIM et João-Luis LISBOA Les diplomates portugais devant la Révolution 277 Andrée MANSUY-DINIZ SILVA L'année vue de Turin par un diplomate portugais 289 Jean-Paul de LAGRAVE L'année dans la Gazette de Montréal 315 Jacques RUELLAND La Déclaration des Droits dans la Gazette de Québec 333 II. MÉLANGES Michel PÉRONNET Discours ecclésial, monarchique et médical sur la maladie 337 Marie SOUVIRON: Diderot dans l'allée des Marronniers. Être matérialiste en 1747 353 Ann THOMSON L'homme-machine
des Marronniers. Être matérialiste en 1747 353 Ann THOMSON L'homme-machine mythe ou métaphore ? 367 Jean-François COMBES-MALAVIALLE Vues nouvelles sur l'abbé de Parades 377 David BEESON Une anecdote sur La Condamine 399 Belinda CANNONE Le lecteur y mettra le titre. Un pamphlet de Mirabeau en faveur de la musique instrumentale 403 Raymond TROUSSON Mirabeau vu par les écrivains romantiques 415 Yves CHASTAGNARET George Sand et la Révolution française 431 François MOUPEAU L'Italie d'Antoine Watteau, ou le rêve de l'artiste 449 Documentation Jean SGARD Regard critique sur l'édition des Œuvres de Prévost. 459 Dominique BOUREL 1986, année Frédéric le Grand 465
Prévost. 459 Dominique BOUREL 1986, année Frédéric le Grand 465 Notes de lecture Revues, publications pluridisciplinaires, bibliographies 469 Éditions de textes 483 Histoire 501 Histoire des idées 547 Littérature 564 Arts 578 par Lise ANDRIES, François Azouvi, Michel BARIDON, Jean BLANKOFF, Pierre-André Bois, Jean Boissière, Dominique BOUREL, Denise BRAHIMI, Bernard CHEVIGNARD, Anne-Marie CHOUILLET, Jean-Claude DAVY, Michel DELON, Roland DESNÉ, Marcel DORIGNY, Daniel DROUHE, Jean DUCROCQ, Georges DULAC, Henri DURANTON, Gilles DUVAIL, Jean EHRARD, Robert FAVRE, Béatrice FINK, Dieter GEMBICKI, Gianluigi GOGGI, Robert GRANDEROURTE, Jacques GUILHAUMOU, Roland KREBS, Georges LAMOINE, Gérard LAUDIN, Daniel LIGOU, Gérard LUCIANI, Henry MÉCHOULAN, Claude NICHAUD, Françoise
LAUDIN, Daniel LIGOU, Gérard LUCIANI, Henry MÉCHOULAN, Claude NICHAUD, Françoise MICHAUD-FRÉJAVILLE, Sylvette MILLIOT, Jean MONDOT, Alain MONTANDON, François MOUREAU, Philippe ROGER, Martine de ROUGEMONT, Jean SGARD, Gerhardt STENGER, Mineko SUZUKI, Jean TERRASSE, Chantal THOMAS, Ann THOMSON, Raymond TROUSSON, Élisabeth WAHL. Index alphabétique des notes de lecture 587 Livres reçus 592 Correspondance Sur le Rousseauisme en France avant 1789 une lettre de Roger BARNY et la réponse de Lise ANDRIES 595 Summaries of the articles in this issue (avec la collaboration d'Ann THOMSON) 597 TARIFFS FOR ADVERTISEMENTS TO APPEAR IN THE N° 21 (1989) OF DIX-HUITIÈME SIÈCLE 4' page de couverture