jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cooling of the lower stratosphere (about 49,000-79,500 ft.) since 1979 is shown by both satellite Microwave sounding unit and radiosonde data, but is larger in the radiosonde data likely due to uncorrected errors in the radiosonde data (see figure opposite).
Claim: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand, but at other times choices have to be made among different strategies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Long-term mass balance records from Lemon Creek Glacier in Alaska show slightly declining mass balance with time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.
Claim: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Five of the Solomon Islands have disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ocean is some higher in the western Pacific as the result of this motion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The sea level along the U.S. Pacific coast has also increased more than the global average but less than along the Atlantic coast.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2011 report of the "Pacific Climate Change Science Program" published by the Australian Government, describes a strong zonal (east‑to-west) sea-level slope along the equator, with sea level west of the International Date Line (180° longitude) being about a half metre higher than found in the eastern equatorial Pacific and South American coastal regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The western boundary is the Pacific Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After 2000, the [[sea surface temperature]]s of the tropical Western Pacific, where a warm pool of water exists and where temperatures are heavily influenced by [[ENSO]], between 10°N - 10°S and 139° - 171° longitude became anti-correlated with temperatures at the [[tropopause]] in the same latitudes between 171° - 200° longitude, both measured since the early 1980s; although the correlation had been previously positive, since 2000 the SST anomalies increased while tropopause temperatures decreased.
Claim: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.
Claim: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In an interview, Trenberth said, "The planet is warming", but "the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.
Claim: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600–760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4 °C warmer than today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 1945/1946: The PDO changed to a "cool" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20° N. During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the cycles continue as in the past, the current warm cycle should end soon and global temperatures should cool slightly until about 2035, then warm about 0.5°C from ~2035 to ~2065, and cool slightly until 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.
Claim: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several temperature records were broken in the Midwest on this day.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the historical records temperature fluctuations may be regional rather than hemispheric in scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This law is the basis of temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Such a scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The T-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is of the second kind, while

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The second law of thermodynamics is valid only for systems which are near or in equilibrium state.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rudolf Clausius (Second Law of Thermodynamics)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Research published in 2011 finds evidence that massive volcanic eruptions caused massive coal combustion, supporting models for significant generation of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A massive volcano eruption would eject extraordinary volumes of volcanic dust, toxic and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with serious effects on global climate (towards extreme global cooling: volcanic winter if short-term, and ice age if long-term) or global warming (if greenhouse gases were to prevail).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some scientists suggested that ice ages and other great climate changes were due to changes in the amount of gases emitted in volcanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).