jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As climate change continues, heat will continue to rise and these problems will exacerbate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many risks increase with higher magnitudes of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."
Claim: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By this point, the sunspots are all but gone.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Maunder Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", is the name used for the period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as was then noted by solar observers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: "We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the minimum transit from solar cycle 19 to 20, there were a total of 227 days with no sunspots.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar activity has been on a declining trend since the 1960s, as indicated by solar cycles 19-24, in which the maximum number of sunspots were 201, 111, 165, 159, 121 and 82, respectively.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar sunspot maximum occurs when the magnetic field of the sun collapses and reverse as part of its average 11 year solar cycle (22 years for complete North to North restoration).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are some recent speculations that cycle 4, the longest solar cycle since 1755, was actually two cycles, based on the appearance of new sunspots at high solar latitudes in 1793-1796 and a reconstruction of the sunspot butterfly diagram for cycles 3 and 4, although total sunspot numbers only show a single-peaked distribution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While there is a Milankovitch cycle in the range of 100,000 years, related to Earth 's orbital eccentricity, its contribution to variation in insolation is much smaller than those of precession and obliquity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the modern era the Sun has operated within a band sufficiently narrow that climate has been less affected.
Claim: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Application to ice ages is known as Milankovitch cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The cryosphere (from the Greek "kryos", "cold", "frost" or "ice" and "sphaira", "globe, ball") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).
Claim: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled" Begley 2007: "polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was "mainly caused by things people do."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community, such as human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A scientific consensus on climate change exists, as recognized by national academies of science and other authoritative bodies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatology (from Greek , "klima", "place, zone"; and , "-logia") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...
Claim: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves, particularly at 10 MHz and below, with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Its fundamental principle is that of balance – the energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses to space by radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The stratosphere is stratified (layered) in temperature, with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth; this increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Level of free convection, a specific altitude in the atmosphere

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the troposphere generally decreases as altitude increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.
Claim: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It also enforces energy conservation, green technologies, emission reduction activities, and aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% renewable sources by 2020.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result, despite energy efficiency gains, total energy use and related carbon emissions have continued to increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet, and widely used as the source of energy in thermal power stations and is a relatively cheap fuel.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewables contributed and nuclear power .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The "Energiewende" (German for "energy transition") is the transition by Germany to a low carbon, environmentally sound, reliable, and affordable energy supply.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Integration of renewable energy has caused some grid stability problems in Germany.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In an electricity system without grid energy storage, generation from stored fuels (coal, biomass, natural gas, nuclear) must go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity (see load following power plant).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels "(see solar power by country)".
Claim: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive "feedback" process .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as "climate change" or "anthropogenic climate change").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.
Claim: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: is absorbed and emitted naturally as part of the carbon cycle, through animal and plant respiration, volcanic eruptions, and ocean-atmosphere exchange.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These natural sources are nearly balanced by natural sinks, physical and biological processes which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide () is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trees : Protecting forests and planting new trees contributes to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".
Claim: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is projected to affect water availability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change, such as altered weather-patterns (including droughts or floods), deforestation, increased pollution, green house gases, and wasteful use of water can cause insufficient supply.