jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Gases are more available in terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Anthropocene ( ) is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Current studies indicate that the increase in greenhouse gases, most notably , is mostly responsible for the observed warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: More specifically, emissions from farms, such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, are the main culprits, and can be held accountable for up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of all emissions just within agriculture.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).
Claim: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed "twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, "We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An example is the phrase ``common stocks rose <Number> to <Number>'', e.g., ``common stocks rose 1.72 to 340.36''.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rates may be higher than reported in some regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In other words, the increase from year-to-year isn't constant, but itself is increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Typically the asymmetry is seen in cases where there 's a investor that has other interests in addition to straight profit generation through the investment, such as tax income in case of public investors.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The buy trigger is the rise through that high.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The following phrases explain the above figure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most of the predicted increase was expected to be in Asia.
Claim: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Low Temperature Geothermal refers to the use of the outer crust of the earth as a Thermal Battery to facilitate Renewable thermal energy for heating and cooling buildings, and other refrigeration and industrial uses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the land the retrieval of temperature from radiances is harder, because of the inhomogeneities in the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For cogeneration to be practical power generation and end use of heat must be in relatively close proximity (<2 KM typically).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Overall efficiency is reduced when the heat must be transported over longer distances.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: : Radar-Derived Statistics and the Behavior of Moist Convection'' examined 28 target cities and random control points in the U.S..

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather was reportedly in bad condition.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Conceptually, an average temperature of 0 ° C or colder is assumed to be necessary to bring this about ; thus the climate of a location where at least one full month is this cold is classified as microthermal (however, at least one month in the summer must average 10 ° C or higher ; otherwise the climate would be reckoned as polar).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: No climate station directly at site but in the general area.
Claim: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2003, a class action lawsuit against Chevron was filed in Ecuadorian court for $28 billion by indigenous residents, who accused Texaco of making residents ill and damaging forests and rivers by discharging 18 billion US gallons (68,000,000 m3) of formation water into the Amazon rainforest without any environmental remediation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill was a major industrial accident on the Gulf of Mexico, which killed 11 people and injured 16 others, leaked about of oil with plus or minus 10% uncertainty, which makes it the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, and cost to the company more than $65 billion of cleanup costs, charges and penalties.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Hall of Famer Connie Mack was part owner and catcher for the Bisons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2010 "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill, the largest accidental release of oil into marine waters in history, resulted in severe environmental, health and economic consequences, and serious legal and public relations repercussions for BP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Chevron Corporation is the primary operator in the area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He is credited as discovering Connie Mack.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Waters of the United States Regulatory Overreach Protection Act of 2014 is a bill that would prohibit the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) from implementing or enforcing certain proposed regulations regarding the use of the nation 's waters and wetlands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: So-called Big Oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, Total S.A., Chevron Corporation, and ConocoPhillips are amongst the largest corporations associated with the fossil fuels lobby.
Claim: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A typical bituminous coal may have an ultimate analysis on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These include a target to reduce the energy intensity of their GDP by 20% during the 2005–10 period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon Reductions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: emissions were reduced 20 percent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Total CO emissions per unit of GDP, the “CO intensity”, decreased more rapidly than energy intensity: by 2.3%/year and 1.4%/year, respectively, on average between 1990 and 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2000, the carbon intensity (CO emissions) of U.S. coal thermal combustion was 2249 lbs/MWh (1,029 kg/MWh) while the carbon intensity of U.S. oil thermal generation was 1672 lb/MWh (758 kg/MWh or 211 kg/GJ) and the carbon intensity of U.S. natural gas thermal production was 1135 lb/MWh (515 kg/MWh or 143 kg/GJ).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is part of the Tallahassee, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Total aggregate GHG emissions excluding emissions/removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF, i.e., carbon storage in forests and soils) for all Annex I Parties (see list below) including the United States taken together decreased from 19.0 to 17.8 thousand teragrams (Tg, which is equal to 10 kg) equivalent, a decline of 6.0% during the 1990–2008 period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Where total land coverage by tropical rainforests decreased from 14% to 6%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".
Claim: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Model simulation suggest diminished Arctic sea ice may have been a contributing driver of recent wet summers over northern Europe, because of a weakened jet stream, which dives further south.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Claim: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will in their fifth report establish scenarios for the future, where the temperature in the Arctic will rise between 1.5 and 2.5 °C by 2040 and with 2 to 7.5 °C by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC estimates that land-use change (e.g.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario ("SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.