jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Middle Rio Grande Basin, a hydrological basin in central New Mexico

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is projected to affect water availability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Storage dams are used to store water for extended lengths of time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While not presently glaciated, it contains a seasonal snowpack and is the source of several streams and rivers, including the Rio Salado.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Rio Grande ([ˈriːoʊ_ˈɡrænd] or [ˈriːoʊ_ˈɡrɑːndɛ] Río Bravo del Norte, [ˈri.o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte] or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2016 -- 17 Zimbabwe floods began in December 2016, following a severe drought.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The water could be also kept cold by using snow.
Claim: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Greenland enters melt mode".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Total warming in Greenland was .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.
Claim: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over thousands of years, changes in Earth 's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Interglacials and glacials coincide with cyclic changes in the Earth's orbit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years.
Claim: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the vortex becomes weaker, it is more likely to allow cold arctic air to escape from the confines of the jet stream and spill over into other hemispheres.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because the power of the polar vortex and jet stream is derived partly from the temperature contrast between cold polar air and warmer tropical air, it is at risk of becoming severely diminished as this contrast is eroded by the effects of melting sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When the vortex is strong, it keeps the cold, high pressure air masses "contained" in the arctic; when the vortex weakens, air masses move equatorward, and results in rapid changes of weather in the mid latitudes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Model simulation suggest diminished Arctic sea ice may have been a contributing driver of recent wet summers over northern Europe, because of a weakened jet stream, which dives further south.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic amplified warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because of the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients.
Claim: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather is known as the condition of the atmosphere over a period of time, while climate has to do with the atmospheric condition over an extended to indefinite period of time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.
Claim: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It then entered a pronounced decline, which accelerated markedly in October 2008.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In other words, the increase from year-to-year isn't constant, but itself is increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It shows a general warming in global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This rate has increased rapidly since around 1980, and overall each decade since has seen greater rates of retreat than the preceding one.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has also accelerated from /day to /day.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2016 it ran in the first week of September.
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The impulse of renewable energy can create jobs through the construction of new power plants and the manufacturing of the equipment that they need, as could be seen in the case of Germany and the wind power industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Green Jobs Act of 2007 (H.R.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Once construction of renewable energy facilities is completed, and only ongoing maintenance is required, employment falls quite significantly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These are lists about renewable energy:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewables contributed and nuclear power .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018 Japan’s slowing economy meant that employment in the solar pv industry fell from 302 000 in 2016 to an estimated 272 000 jobs in 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewable energy can directly contribute to poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating businesses and employment.
Claim: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He also stated that "I believe it must have been in places, not a continuous rip", but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet, to account for the flooding in several compartments.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An investigation by Maritime New Zealand was unable to determine the cause for the sinking.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other sources do not attach a specific time frame.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Maritime claims : none (landlocked)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Islands disappear under rising seas".
Claim: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientific understanding of abrupt climate change is generally poor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Discovery science and understanding of the climate system are proceeding well, but use of that knowledge to support decision making and to manage risks and opportunities of climate change is proceeding slowly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties (principally its mean and spread) of meteorological variables when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.
Claim: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Integration of renewable energy has caused some grid stability problems in Germany.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This higher dependence on back up/load following power plants to ensure a steady power grid output has the knock-on effect of more frequent inefficient (in e g/kWh) throttling up and down of these other power sources in the grid to facilitate the intermittent, or variable output, of these energy supplying systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The issue of intermittent supply applies to popular renewable technologies, mainly wind power and solar photovoltaics, and its significance depends on a range of factors which include the market penetration of the renewables concerned, the balance of plant and the wider connectivity of the system, as well as the demand side flexibility.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This higher dependence on back-up/Load following power plants to ensure a steady power grid output has the knock-on-effect of more frequent inefficient (in e g/kW·h) throttling up and down of these other power sources in the grid to accommodate the intermittent power source's variable output.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Expanding intermittent electrical sources such as wind power, creates a growing problem balancing grid fluctuations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewable electricity production, from sources such as wind power and solar power, is sometimes criticized for being variable or intermittent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers.