jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, the elevated oceanic levels of CO 2 may produce CO 2-induced acidification of body fluids, known as hypercapnia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called "dead zones."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.
Claim: Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2016, China's greenhouse gas emissions accounted for 26% of total global emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2010, 9.14 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC, equivalent to 33.5 gigatonnes of or about 4.3 ppm in Earth's atmosphere) were released from fossil fuels and cement production worldwide, compared to 6.15 GtC in 1990.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.
Claim: Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
Claim: For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From ancient times, people suspected that the climate of a region could change over the course of centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In their usage, "climate change" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.
Claim: "In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, which caused approximately 1 kelvin of global cooling for 2 years due to sulfate emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming "stopped in 1998".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global warming debate is over.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|Glacier retreat]] declined and reversed in many cases from 1950 to 1980 as a slight global cooling occurred.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.
Claim: “We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Additionally, the amount of carbon released from harvesting is small compared to the amount of carbon lost each year to forest fires and other natural disturbances.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From the perspective of the developing world, the benefits of forest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarily to richer developed nations and there is insufficient compensation for these services.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: acting as a carbon sink.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mitigation may be achieved through the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or through the enhancement of sinks that absorb GHGs, for example forests.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period, such as a growing forest.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deforestation eliminates carbon sinks, accelerating the process of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon Reductions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is likely to be threatened by climate change and forestry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The constant cutting down of trees is getting rid of our oxygen supply as well as the absorption of co2.
Claim: The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Warming of 1.5 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018.
Claim: The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (285 km/h) near 18:00 UTC on September 5.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Andrew, at the time, was the costliest tropical cyclone in United States history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The only notable storms are Hurricane Olivia, which killed 30 people, caused $ 30 million (1975 USD) in damage, and left thousands homeless when it made landfall in October ; and an unnamed hurricane that developed at very high latitude, but had no effect on land.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It was the costliest United States hurricane at the time, until Hurricane Agnes in 1972.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season was, at the time, the costliest season ever recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: List of Texas hurricanes (1980-present)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 1896 Atlantic hurricane season was fairly inactive but produced one of the costliest hurricanes ever to strike the United States until that point, along with several other destructive tropical cyclones.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There have been a total of 6 such seasons in which no storms have made landfall in the United States at at least tropical storm strength ; these were the 1853, 1862, 1864, 1922, 1962, and 1990 seasons.
Claim: Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Volcanoes are also part of the extended carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Volcanoes are the largest source but there are also anthropogenic sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ocean could potentially hold over a thousand billion tons of CO.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's oceans contain a large amount of in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions—much more than the amount in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.