jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The loss of plant life would also result in the eventual loss of oxygen.
Claim: Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As measuring technology changes over time, records of data cannot be compared directly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A Climate Data Record (CDR) is a specific definition of a climate data series, developed by the Committee on Climate Data Records from NOAA Operational Satellites of the National Research Council at the request of NOAA in the context of satellite records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The index is also used in studies of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 100,000-year problem, a climatological records problem

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because many such phenomena are very sensitive to small variations in climate, especially to temperature, phenological records can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, especially in the study of climate change and global warming.
Claim: Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctica is the driest continent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctica is intensely cold and arid.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The cryosphere (from the Greek "kryos", "cold", "frost" or "ice" and "sphaira", "globe, ball") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).
Claim: the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coral reefs are one of the most well-known marine ecosystems in the world, with the largest being the Great Barrier Reef.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is found in Australia and the Tanimbar Islands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is endemic to coral reefs in Australia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wilson Island (Queensland), an island on the Great Barrier Reef

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is found in the coastal waters of Australia.
Claim: Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), "there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The estimate is uncertain, but probably lies within 0.5 °C of the true value.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GISS (NASA): +0.185

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Assuming with a reaction order gives value of equal to 0.1.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The most probable impact angle is 45 degrees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: for which K = 0.22 at 270 °C or 0.1 at 5 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most systems operate within the to degree range.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.
Claim: The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Potential methane releases from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, may occur.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to become extinct.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A vast release of methane might cause significant global warming since methane is a very powerful greenhouse gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Furthermore, permafrost melting will eventually cause methane release from melting permafrost peat bogs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.
Claim: Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs; 500 million years ago CO 2 levels were likely 10 times higher than now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high "for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion may be the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to , smaller than ever recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.
Claim: Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: "We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenland, Antarctica, and the northern portions of Europe, Asia, and North America are situated such that a minor change in solar energy will tip the balance in the climate of the Arctic, between year-round snow/ice preservation and complete summer melting.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate modelling suggests that low solar activity may result in, for example, colder winters in the US and northern Europe and milder winters in Canada and southern Europe, with little change in global averages.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar regions are characterized by the polar climate, extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.
Claim: Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatology (from Greek , "klima", "place, zone"; and , "-logia") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, in more recent climate classifications climatologists use the line .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather is known as the condition of the atmosphere over a period of time, while climate has to do with the atmospheric condition over an extended to indefinite period of time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are essentially two definitions of abrupt climate change:
Claim: Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Limiting global warming to below 2 °C would imply a reduction in surface ocean pH of 0.16 from pre-industrial levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result, the pH in the oceans is declining.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
Claim: Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more rapidly than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2–3 times higher in the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The January 2016's remarkable phase transition of Arctic oscillation was driven by a rapid tropospheric warming in the Arctic, a pattern that appears to have increased surpassing the so-called stratospheric sudden warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic amplified warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because of the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While Arctic temperatures have generally increased, there is some discussion concerning the temperatures over Greenland.