jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, "The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new ‘mass extinction event’, where over 50 percent of animal and plant species would be wiped out."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses (as illustrated by observed impacts of recent regional temperature changes) and some will be irreversibly damaged or lost."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The integrity of essential natural systems is already at risk from climate change caused by the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change devastated tropical rainforests causing the extinction of many plant and animal species.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes in genetic diversity, such as in loss of species, leads to a loss of biological diversity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because climate change is a major and growing driver of biodiversity loss, and that biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, significantly contribute to climate change adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction, proponents of ecosystem-based adaptation suggest that the resilience of vulnerable human populations and the ecosystem services upon which they depend are critical factors for sustainable development in a changing climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Severe effects are likely to occur on biodiversity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Biodiversity loss is the extinction of species (plant or animal) worldwide, and also the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.
Claim: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.
Claim: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as "climate change" or "anthropogenic climate change").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the years, the definitions of "climate variability" and the related term "climate change" have shifted.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Bush Administration changed its name to Climate Change Science Program as part of its U.S.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the 2000s, the term "climate change" increased in popularity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Shaftel 2016: "'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The terms "global warming" and "climate change" are often used interchangeably.
Claim: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 'Central estimates of the annual costs of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550ppm CO2e are around 1% of global GDP, if we start to take strong action now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, capital costs tend to be high.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2010, Lomborg refined his position and stated that he believes in the need for "tens of billions of dollars a year to be invested in tackling climate change" and declared global warming to be "undoubtedly one of the chief concerns facing the world today" and "a challenge humanity must confront".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation also estimated that the GDP level would be 0.7% higher (in aggregate, not per annum) during the 2018–2027 period relative to the CBO baseline forecast, employment level would be 0.6% higher and personal consumption level would be 0.6% higher during the 2018–2027 period on average due to the Act.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The costs of mitigation and adaptation policies can be measured as a change in GDP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Too few allowances will result in too high a carbon price.
Claim: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As climate change continues, heat will continue to rise and these problems will exacerbate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unmitigated climate change (i.e., future climate change without efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions) would, in the long term, be likely to exceed the capacity of natural, managed and human systems to adapt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The other tradeoff is with climate change impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This also relates to the challenge of climate change.
Claim: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Common Effluent Treatment Plant is in operation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature (thermal pollution).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large quantities and concentrations of waste are produced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Power stations use additional technologies to control pollutants, depending on the particular wastestream in the plant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wastewater at these treatment plants contains a cocktail of different chemical and biological contaminants which may influence surrounding ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near-surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Higher temperatures will also affect water quality in ways that are not well understood.
Claim: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is one of the three most used acids (the other two being sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) and was first discovered by the alchemists in the 13th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nitrogen fertilizer can be converted by soil bacteria to nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Elevated levels of atmospheric compounds of nitrogen can increase nitrogen availability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Until modern times, nitrogen fixation was the major source of nitrogen for ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Through the increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer, which was used at a rate of about 110 million tons (of N) per year in 2012, adding to the already existing amount of reactive nitrogen, nitrous oxide (NO) has become the third most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nitrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric N2 into ammonia (NH3), through the process known as nitrogen fixation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The combustion of fossil fuels is a large human-initiated contributor to atmospheric nitrogen pollution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although nitrogen makes up most of the atmosphere, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants.
Claim: The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: (2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it "rule out a role for cosmic radiation" in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recently research has been going on at CERN 's CLOUD facility to study the effects of the solar cycle and cosmic rays on cloud formation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The CLOUD experiment is investigating possible physical mechanisms for solar/cosmic ray forcing - a theory whereby cloud nucleation is affected by cosmic rays and the cosmic rays are affected by solar activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent research at CERN's CLOUD facility examined links between cosmic rays and cloud condensation nuclei, demonstrating the effect of high-energy particulate radiation in nucleating aerosol particles that are precursors to cloud condensation nuclei.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 1983–1994 global low cloud formation data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) was highly correlated with galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux; subsequent to this period, the correlation broke down.
Claim: Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667 cm−1).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On the other hand, the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths (4.7 microns, or 2145 cm−1), where the emission of radiant energy from Earth's surface is at least a factor of ten lower.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Infrared absorption bands prevent heat at that wavelength from escaping earth’s atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Spencer stated, "The satellite observations suggest there is much more energy lost to space during and after warming than the climate models show.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.
Claim: "The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are "indicative of what could also happen in the future," as Narisma

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: India, China, [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Myanmar]] could experience floods followed by [[drought]]s in coming decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Similar droughts unfolded over the last thousand years", the researchers wrote, "Regardless of climate change, they added, similar weather patterns can be expected regularly in the future, with similar results.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Well-known historical droughts include:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the major causes of desertification in the 20th-21st centuries is probably climate change