jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700 K (−173 to 427 °C; −280 to 800 °F) at the most extreme places: 0°N, 0°W, or 180°W.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 110 K. The intensity of sunlight on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the solar constant (1,370 W·m−2).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The polar regions are constantly below 180 K (−93 °C; −136 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Sun is a G2V star, with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K (5,505 °C, 9,941 °F), and V that it, like most stars, is a main-sequence star.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 2.2 ° C to 48.4 ° C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: With average temperature +8.1 °C (47 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: temperature and atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperatures sometimes exceed 131 degrees Fahrenheit (55 degrees Celsius) and is among the hottest places in the world from May to September.
Claim: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Europe also saw the 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe which has been linked to the cold winter in North America.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing cryosphere to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extreme summer weather in northern mid-latitudes has been linked to a vanishing cryosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A link has been proposed between reduced Barents-Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Studies have linked rapidly warming Arctic temperatures, and thus a vanishing cryosphere, to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperatures across Canadian Arctic and Greenland, a reduced summer sea ice cover, record snow cover decreases and links to some Northern Hemisphere weather support this conclusion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".
Claim: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One geological symptom resulting from human activity is increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide () content.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.
Claim: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Holocene extinction event is an ongoing mass extinction associated with humanity's expansion across the globe over the past few thousand years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Life on Earth has suffered occasional mass extinctions at least since .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Holocene extinction, otherwise referred to as the sixth mass extinction or Anthropocene extinction, is an ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch (with the more recent time sometimes called Anthropocene) as a result of human activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although they were disasters at the time, mass extinctions have sometimes accelerated the evolution of life on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Throughout history, the Earth's atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles have been in a dynamic equilibrium with planetary ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global extinction has so far been proven to be irreversible.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rapid or large climate change can cause mass extinctions when creatures are stretched too far to be able to adapt.
Claim: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Variations in temperature can also induce a change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The slight rise in P50 that occurs with temperature change allows oxygen pressure to remain high in the capillaries, allowing for elevated diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria during periods of high oxygen consumption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In moving vertically throughout the water, the octopus is subjected to various pressures and temperatures, which affect the concentration of oxygen available in the water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This means the density of ocean water changes as its temperature and salinity changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of a body of water directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen it can hold.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The shell is part of the body of the animal.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Following Henry's law, as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another line of evidence comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An increase in water temperature can also affect ecosystems greatly because of a species' sensitivity to temperature, and also by inducing changes in a body of water's self-purification system from decreased amounts of dissolved oxygen in the water due to rises in temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.
Claim: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Sun is roughly middle-aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years, and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The link between recent solar activity and climate has been quantified and is not a major driver of the warming that has occurred since early in the twentieth century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).
Claim: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming 'very likely' human-made".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2018 CRS cited the October 2017 CSSR: "Detection and attribution studies, climate models, observations, paleoclimate data, and physical understanding lead to high confidence (extremely likely) that more than half of the observed global mean warming since 1951 was caused by humans, and high confidence that internal climate variability played only a minor role (and possibly even a negative contribution) in the observed warming since 1951.
Claim: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to sulphate aerosol.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|Glacier retreat]] declined and reversed in many cases from 1950 to 1980 as a slight global cooling occurred.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Subsequently, until about 1940, glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Subsequently, until about 1940, glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed substantially.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 1979 World Climate Conference (12 to 23 February) of the World Meteorological Organization concluded "it appears plausible that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming of the lower atmosphere, especially at higher latitudes...It is possible that some effects on a regional and global scale may be detectable before the end of this century and become significant before the middle of the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By the early 1980s, the slight cooling trend from 1945–1975 had stopped.
Claim: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change]."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Non-communicable diseases are a long-term effect of floods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists have found that although there have been fewer cyclones than in the past, the intensity of each cyclone has increased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mortalities are not uncommon when it comes to floods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Floods are among the most devastating of natural disasters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2007) projected that climate change would increase the number of people suffering from death, disease and injury from heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts.