jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.
Claim: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He said that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Such warming over the past 15,000 years is widely accepted.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In January 1999, contrarian Patrick Michaels wrote a commentary offering to "take even money that the 10 years ending on December 31, 2007, will show a statistically significant global cooling trend in temperatures measured by satellite", on the basis of his view that record temperatures in 1998 had been a blip.
Claim: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If too high a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Hot-bar reflow is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to melt the solder.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: SnPb 63/37 Eutectic solder melts at 183 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: SAC lead free solder melts at 217–220 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Similar cycles have occurred in the 1950s and 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence for warming accumulated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This point has been made on earlier occasions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several accounts of this experience have surfaced over the years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Available data show, for example, that :

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The existence of this compound has been claimed intermittently since the early 1900s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been observed that

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, evidence exists that a similar feedback following other volcanic eruptions could also have triggered similar long-term cooling events during the last glacial period, the Little Ice Age, and the Holocene in general, suggesting that the proposed feedback is poorly constrained but potentially common.
Claim: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The New York Times highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The cause of the cooling trend is not known with certainty.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For the warming over the last century, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of the observational evidence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientific predictions of a temperature rise of two to three degrees Celsius over several decades do not respond with people, e.g.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It stated (Forward, p. v) that, "we do not have a good quantitative understanding of our climate machine and what determines its course [so] it does not seem possible to predict climate," and (p. 2) "The climates of the earth have always been changing, and they will doubtless continue to do so in the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Claim: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result of historical sea level rise, the king tide events lead to flooding of low-lying areas, which is compounded when sea levels are further raised by La Niña effects or local storms and waves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2010 -- 11 Australian bushfire season was notable for a relative lack of bushfires along Eastern Australia due to a very strong La Niña effect, which instead contributed to severe flooding, in particular the 2010 -- 2011 Queensland floods and the 2011 Victorian floods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This has an effect on sea levels as El Niño events can actually result in sea levels falling by 11 inches (28.4 centimeters) as compared to the sea level during a La Niña events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña causes a drop in sea surface temperatures over Southeast Asia and heavy rains over Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For example, in 2000 there was a switch from periods of downward pressure of El Niño on sea levels to an upward pressure of La Niña on sea levels, which upward pressure causes more frequent and higher high tide levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Claim: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is some speculation that global warming could, via a shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger localized cooling in the North Atlantic and lead to cooling, or lesser warming, in that region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is thought to have been caused by a decline in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, which transports warm water from the Equator towards the North Pole, in turn thought to have been caused by an influx of fresh, cold water from North America to the Atlantic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The meltwater pulse may have affected the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, reducing northward heat transport in the Atlantic and causing significant North Atlantic cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Currently, there are some concerns about the possible regional cooling effects of a slowdown or shutdown of thermohaline circulation, which might be provoked by an increase of fresh water mixing into the North Atlantic due to glacial melting.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming could, via a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern-hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2015 study by climate scientists Michael Mann of Penn State and Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research suggests that the observed cold blob in the North Atlantic during years of temperature records is a sign that the Atlantic Ocean's Meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) may be weakening.
Claim: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It found that the CRU's work had been "carried out with integrity" and had used "fair and satisfactory" methods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Describing its report as "hugely positive", he stated that "it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: EPA carefully reviewed the CRU emails and found no indication of improper data manipulation or misrepresentation of results.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Peer Review (magazine), an academic magazine

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report was not properly peer reviewed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether "the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cru is ``a vineyard or group of vineyards, especially one of recognized quality''.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It said that "even if the data that CRU used were not publicly available—which they mostly are—or the methods not published—which they have been—its published results would still be credible: the results from CRU agree with those drawn from other international data sets; in other words, the analyses have been repeated and the conclusions have been verified.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The peer-review process is as robust as it could possibly be.
Claim: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Seasonally, sea-ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere varies by a factor of 5, from a minimum of 3–4 million km in February to a maximum of 17–20 million km in September.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.
Claim: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic has various definitions, including the region north of the Arctic Circle (currently Epoch 2010 at 66°33'44" N), or the region north of 60° north latitude, or the region from the North Pole south to the timberline.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region (home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3 °C (1.8 °F to 5.4 °F) over the last 50 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The recent warmth has been greatest over North America and Eurasia between 40 and 70°N.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The meridian 90 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The north temperate zone extends from (approximately 23.5° north) to the Arctic Circle (approximately 66.5° north latitude).