jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These scientific instruments are commonly used by plant physiologists to measure CO2 uptake and thus measure photosynthetic rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO 2 variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: New approaches retrieve data such as content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO concentrations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Transpiration from plants can be affected by a rise in atmospheric CO, which can decrease their use of water, but can also raise their use of water from possible increases of leaf area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many desert plants have a special type of photosynthesis, termed crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM photosynthesis, in which the stomata are closed during the day and open at night when transpiration will be lower.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The isotopic signature of plants shows higher degree of C depletion than the plants, due to variation in fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis across plant types.
Claim: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Marinebased studies suggest sea-level rise from the Antarctic or rapid ice-shelf basal melting.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2016, a team of 19 researchers led by Hansen published a paper "Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous" describing the effect of meltwater from ice sheets on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (slowing it or even stopping) and Antarctic bottom water formation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: i) Coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion and increasing vector and water borne diseases due to sea level rise;

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the report's abstract, rising sea level can inundate low areas and increase flooding, coastal erosion, wetland loss, and saltwater intrusion into estuaries and freshwater aquifers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Observational and modeling studies of mass loss from glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to sea-level rise of 0.2 to 0.4 mm/yr averaged over the 20th century.
Claim: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: indicates that current greenhouse gas reduction policies in the US are based on what appear to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most estimations still underestimate the amplifying climate change feedbacks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In their usage, "climate change" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projections were made over future climate change impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.
Claim: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During this six-month "night", air temperatures can drop below −73 °C (−99 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A subarctic climate has little precipitation, and monthly temperatures which are above 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months of the year, with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rarely, at a temperature of around −2 °C (28 °F), snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry—triangular snowflakes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result of this feedback process, “BC on snow warms the planet about three times more than an equal forcing of CO.” When black carbon concentrations in the Arctic increase during the winter and spring due to Arctic Haze, surface temperatures increase by 0.5 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, with a temperature that remains at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Frost or freezing occurs when the temperature of air falls below the freezing point of water (0 ° C, 32 ° F, 273.15 K).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 2.2 ° C to 48.4 ° C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Permafrost, permanently frozen ground found in periglacial zones

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic amplified warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because of the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2–3 times higher in the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By definition, permafrost is ground that remains frozen for two or more years.
Claim: Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The population of species could change due to the speed at which they adapt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Organisms are subject to environmental pressures, but they also modify their habitats.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes in species diversity lead to changes in the environment, leading to adaptation of the remaining species.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: All life that has survived must have adapted to conditions of its environment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: We Adapt

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment
Claim: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have "implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coal is an impure fuel and produces more greenhouse gas and pollution than an equivalent amount of petroleum or natural gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Mpumalanga highveld in South Africa is the most polluted area in the world due to the mining industry and coal plant power stations and the lowveld near the famous Kruger Park is under threat of new mine projects as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, pronounced \'naks\) are standards for harmful pollutants.
Claim: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Meltwater from melting ice sheets and glacier retreat contributes to a rise in the future sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.
Claim: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Certain scientists, skeptics and otherwise, believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although all the datasets show the expected tropospheric amplification at seasonal and annual timescales it is still debated whether or not the long term trends are consistent with the expected moist adiabatic lapse rate amplification due to difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, some satellite temperature reconstruction are consistent with the expected amplification while others are not.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community.
Claim: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: — WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region "will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated above, the total volume of glaciers on Earth is declining sharply.