jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A drought or drouth is an event of prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric (below-average precipitation), surface water or ground water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In their usage, "climate change" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the term "climate change" now implies change that is both long-term and of human causation, in the 1960s the word climate change was used for what we now describe as climate variability, that is, climatic inconsistencies and anomalies.
Claim: “The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The current level of GHG emissions means that ocean acidity will continue to increase and aquatic ecosystems will continue to degrade and change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells – a process known as calcification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For instance as oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, biodiversity is becoming reduced and changing currents will cause more frequent storms and droughts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The bicarbonate buffer is the concentration of bicarbonate ions that keeps the ocean's acidity balanced within a pH range of 7.5–8.4.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: • Ocean acidification is projected to continue (very high confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surface-ocean pH has probably not been below 8.1 during the past 2 million years.
Claim: Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming also affects weather patterns as they pertain to cyclones.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming such as extreme weather events, droughts, floods, biodiversity loss, disease and sea level rise are dangerous for humans and the environment.
Claim: In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It recognizes that warming of the climate system is scientifically verified and that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid twentieth century are very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, as assessed by the IPCC in its Fourth Assessment Report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.
Claim: Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global Warming of 1.5 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For 1979 to 2012, the linear warming trend for combined land and sea temperatures has been 0.155 °C (0.122 to 0.188 °C) per decade, according to AR5.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trends in global temperatures since January 1979 (the beginning of the satellite temperature record), measured in degrees Celsius per decade, at as October 31, 2019:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the "U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.
Claim: Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an electric dipole moment, as for example inside a microwave oven.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In comparison with radiation burns caused by ionizing radiation, where the dominant mechanism of tissue damage is internal cell damage caused by free radicals, the primary damage mechanism of microwave radiation is thermal, by dielectric heating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The method transfers energy using the principle of capacitive coupling (like a condenser) of radio waves of 13,56-MHz.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation is fairly uniform in the outer of a homogeneous, high water content food item ; food is more evenly heated throughout (except in heterogeneous, dense objects) than generally occurs in other cooking techniques.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The plasma is generated under low pressure (vacuum) by an electromagnetic field.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: to scatter microwave radiant energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This heat is a radiant emission from the newly formed water molecules.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Radio frequency electromagnetic energy is routinely produced by RF electrical circuits connected to a transducer usually called an antenna.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by Planck's relation: formula_3 (where formula_4 is Planck's constant and formula_5 the frequency).