jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The U.S. has goals to significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A large portion of carbon emissions created by the United States is from personal use.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Total aggregate GHG emissions excluding emissions/removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF, i.e., carbon storage in forests and soils) for all Annex I Parties (see list below) including the United States taken together decreased from 19.0 to 17.8 thousand teragrams (Tg, which is equal to 10 kg) equivalent, a decline of 6.0% during the 1990–2008 period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 1950, many countries have significantly reduced black carbon emissions, especially from fossil fuel sources, primarily to improve public health from improved air quality, and “technology exists for a drastic reduction of fossil fuel related BC” throughout the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated earlier, the US is not part of the Kyoto treaty, and is a major contributor to global annual emissions of carbon dioxide (see also greenhouse gas#Regional and national attribution of emissions).
Claim: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming 'very likely' human-made".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He believes that most climate change is natural in origin, the result of long-term changes in the Earth's albedo and that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have caused some warming, but that its warming influence is small compared to natural, internal, chaotic fluctuations in global average cloud cover.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
Claim: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deforestation affects wind flows,

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food crop–based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the United States creates a “biofuel carbon debt” by releasing 17 to 420 times more CO than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: building 'green factories' is more expensive than building 'black factories.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Air is a renewable resource.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rates of deforestation vary around the world.
Claim: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Research suggests that upon reaching about 20–25% (hence 3–8% more), the tipping point to flip it into a non-forest ecosystems – degraded savannah – (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He goes on to state that the IPCC claims were

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC explains this as follows:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is found in Brazil (Amazonas).
Claim: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to the recent estimates, Assam's per capita GDP is ₹6,157 at constant prices (1993–94) and ₹10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the period 1990–2007, CO emissions from energy use have decreased on average by 0.3%/year although the economic activity (GDP) increased by 2.3%/year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is estimated that Malawi loses around $12.5 million, or the equivalent of 1% of its GDP each year to drought, and $9 million or 0.7% of its GDP, to flooding in the southern regions of the country.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Total CO emissions per unit of GDP, the “CO intensity”, decreased more rapidly than energy intensity: by 2.3%/year and 1.4%/year, respectively, on average between 1990 and 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: North Korea had a similar GDP per capita to its neighbor South Korea from the aftermath of the Korean War until the mid-1970s, but had a GDP per capita of less than $ 2,000 in the late 1990s and early 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Floods can be both beneficial to societies or cause damage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported in 2017 that climate-related extreme events accounted ca €400 billion ($430 billion) of economic losses in EEA area from 1980 to 2013, and were responsible for 85,000 deaths during 1980-2013.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A small flood in 1993 ruined a marginal amount of cropland.
Claim: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31 °F (−0.6 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed "winter months" and "summer months".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The months of June, July, August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches (114 mm) of total rainfall – only 12% of the 36.03 in (915 mm) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Lastly, seven of the eight warmest years on record have occurred since 2001 and the 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1995.
Claim: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This tremendous variation in the erupted magmas and influence of adjacent vents gave rise to a high and volumnous complex bimodal stratovolcano centrally located atop the shield.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In his treatment of elegy, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical education in his enumeration, in his effects of surprise, and in his transitional devices.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Groundwater is warmer and richer in CO 2 the closer to Socompa it is pumped, also suggesting that volcanic gas fluxes still occur at the volcano and that the volcano influences groundwater systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The influence of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal, William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's Divine Comedy enrich the novel's meaning.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Volcanoes are the largest source but there are also anthropogenic sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A synonym for Pressure ridge (lava) in volcanology

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is also well known for its volcanic topography.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is a list of active and extinct volcanoes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Volcanic processes made the crust pull apart.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the earth's climate often with consequences for the human population.
Claim: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Similarly the warming of the oceans is extending the oceanic thermocline layer of tropical oceans into the Arctic and Antarctic waters, preventing the rise of oceanic nutrients into the surface waters and eliminating the algal blooms of phytoplankton on which oceanic food chains depend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.
Claim: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called Snowball Earth state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: sea ice relative to the total at a given point in the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.