jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Modern climate models addressing the attribution of recent climate change take into account sulfate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the past century was found to be , with warming similar in both hemispheres.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Numerous cycles have been found to influence annual global mean temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Around the middle of the 20th century, many assumptions in meteorology and climatology considered climate to be roughly constant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2007) concluded that greenhouse gas forcing had "very likely" caused most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2007) concluded that greenhouse gas forcing had "very likely" caused most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.
Claim: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least thick.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.
Claim: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming," irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and "Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It was above sea level during the last ice age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A rise in sea level could begin to corrode the bottom of an ice sheet, undercutting it; when one ice sheet failed and surged, the ice released would further raise sea levels, and further destabilizing other ice sheets.
Claim: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Both theory and climate models indicate that global warming will reduce the rate of temperature decrease with height, producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.
Claim: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A two-day-long heat wave hit the more rural parts of Texas on July 1.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From July 4 to July 9, 2010, the majority of the American East Coast, from the Carolinas to Maine, was gripped in a severe heat wave.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The heat continued through the second half of July but extreme heat was mostly confined to the Southeastern United States, giving relief to the Northeast and Upper Midwest as it had early in the month.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The cold wave was followed by one of the hottest summers on record, the 1936 North American heat wave.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 1888 1888 US cold wave – A severe cold wave that passed through the Pacific Northwest.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 1948 edition had Rhode Island in the middle of a record late August ``heat wave'' with temperatures of over 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The predominant heat was recorded in July and August, partly a result of the western European seasonal lag from the maritime influence of the Atlantic warm waters in combination with hot continental air and strong southerly winds.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperatures were felt in:
Claim: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tide tables, sometimes called tide charts, are used for tidal prediction and show the daily times and levels of high and low tides, usually for a particular location.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been observed for millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.
Claim: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is also a close correlation between CO and temperature, where CO has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is believed to have played an important effect in regulating Earth's temperature throughout its 4.7 billion year history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The first game based on the series, Adventure Time: Hey Ice King!

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Hip hop's "golden age" (or "golden era") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s, which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "'Toy Story' Takes the Ice to the Blue Line and Beyond!".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The glacier has retreated since the end of the Little Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a 2009 editorial in the Wall Street Journal, Lindzen said that the earth was just emerging from the "Little Ice Age" in the 19th century and says that it is "not surprising" to see warming after that.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Soon and Baliunas attribute the Medieval warm period to such an increase in solar output, and believe that decreases in solar output led to the Little Ice Age, a period of cooling from which the earth has been recovering since 1890.
Claim: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: [citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Under the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) A1B, by the mid-2090s global sea level will reach above 1990 levels, and is currently rising at about per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.