jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of correlation between human arrival and megafauna extinction is still being debated: for example, in Wrangel Island in Siberia the extinction of dwarf woolly mammoths (approximately 2000 BCE) did not coincide with the arrival of humans, nor did megafaunal mass extinction on the South American continent, although it has been suggested climate changes induced by anthropogenic effects elsewhere in the world may have contributed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.
Claim: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he "would not agree that" carbon dioxide is "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see" backing up his claim by stating that "measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are a primary contributor to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated earlier, the US is not part of the Kyoto treaty, and is a major contributor to global annual emissions of carbon dioxide (see also greenhouse gas#Regional and national attribution of emissions).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ball has said he opposes the consensus scientific opinion on climate change and has stated that he believes global warming is occurring but that human production of carbon dioxide is not the cause.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.
Claim: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).
Claim: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: temperature) over a 30-year period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The classical time period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.
Claim: Clouds provide negative feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are several other effects such as clouds.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The opposite is true if cloud cover decreases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast, a system in which the results of a change act to reduce or counteract it has negative feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or particles suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.
Claim: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This statement summarizes the economic case for carbon pricing as follows:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Both studies outline an economic approach to climate policy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cost-benefit integrated assessment models are the main tools for calculating the social cost of carbon, or the marginal social cost of emitting one more tonne of carbon (as carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere at any point in time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon emissions are a significant causing factor for climate change and by putting federal regulations such as a carbon tax there will overall be a decrease in carbon emissions.
Claim: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.
Claim: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.
Claim: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 20th century AD, the period between the years 1901 and 2000 of the Gregorian calendar

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The scientific field of paleoclimatology came to maturity in the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to sulphate aerosol.