jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes in the speed of sound are primarily caused by changes in the temperature of the ocean, hence the measurement of the travel times is equivalent to a measurement of temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The slab model needs a calibration phase in which the ocean temperatures are held to climatology while it calculates the "flux correction", i.e., extra ocean-atmosphere fluxes needed to keep the model ocean in balance (the model ocean does not include currents; these fluxes to some extent replace the heat that would be transported by the missing currents).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The new measurements require climate model parameter adjustments.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When adjustment was made for transient events the data showed a slight warming, and research suggested that the discrepancy between surface and satellite data was largely accounted for by problems such as instrument differences between satellites.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The first is a change in the Earth's orbit around the sun, or eccentricity.
Claim: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is difficult to predict time of collapse in such a nonlinear problem … An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From ancient times, people suspected that the climate of a region could change over the course of centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The idea that ice ages cycles were predictable appears to have become conflated with the idea that another one was due "soon" - perhaps because much of this study was done by geologists, who are accustomed to dealing with very long time scales and use "soon" to refer to periods of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice sheet dynamics and continental positions (and linked vegetation changes) have been important factors in the long term evolution of the earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust.
Claim: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar Bears are increasing in number.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears is a multilateral treaty signed in Oslo, November 15, 1973 by the five nations with the largest polar bear populations : Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (Svalbard), the United States, and the Soviet Union.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.
Claim: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer argues there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
Claim: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.
Claim: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.
Claim: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Adaptation can mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, but it will incur costs and will not prevent all damage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).
Claim: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The role of the oceans in global warming is a complex one.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increasing heat content in the ocean is also consistent with sea level rise, which is occurring mostly as a result of [[thermal expansion]] of the ocean water as it warms.
Claim: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An "ice-free" Arctic Ocean is often defined as "having less than 1 million square kilometers of sea ice", because it is very difficult to melt the thick ice around the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Frozen ground (permafrost and seasonally frozen ground) occupies approximately 54 million km of the exposed land areas of the Northern Hemisphere (Zhang et al., 2003) and therefore has the largest areal extent of any component of the cryosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be "ice-free".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.