jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the cycles continue as in the past, the current warm cycle should end soon and global temperatures should cool slightly until about 2035, then warm about 0.5°C from ~2035 to ~2065, and cool slightly until 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate".
Claim: This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide from the air with electrons from water to make sugars (and other biomass) and a waste product, oxygen, in the process of photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For example, photosynthetic plants draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or seawater) and build it into biomass, as in the Calvin cycle, a process of carbon fixation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction, so photosynthesis needs to supply both the source of energy to drive this process and the electrons needed to convert into a carbohydrate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The carbon in the trees or crops used for the biomass comes from the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO), which they extract from the atmosphere whilst growing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants and other photoautotrophs use solar energy to produce carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture energy from light and use it to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Light must be provided for the growth of phytoplankton.
Claim: whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-Day Levels of Atmospheric CO2 During Part of the Tertiary".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide concentrations have varied widely over the Earth's 4.54 billion year history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For example, the dynamic history of the planetary atmosphere's CO and O composition has been affected by the biogenic flux of gases coming from respiration and photosynthesis, with levels fluctuating over time in relation to the ecology and evolution of plants and animals.
Claim: We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte, who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers—Kragen's clients—to participate in Belafonte's musical endeavor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Lionel Richie were assigned the task of writing the song.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty-one-year-old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor, County Down after taking issue with Rihanna's clothing, focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an "inappropriate state of undress".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, "You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/ ..Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Please contact us directly in case of further questions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ---- in German contact S Fischer

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Again, it is at least 2, but may be larger.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They are up to 4.5 centimeters in length.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Further clarification is needed on both species.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: - If the value of the respond server is bigger that si value, then si will update its information with the new value.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This species attains a known length of 1.83 m, though larger specimens have been reported.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Details regarding this update are outlined below.
Claim: Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar Bears are increasing in number.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears is a multilateral treaty signed in Oslo, November 15, 1973 by the five nations with the largest polar bear populations : Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (Svalbard), the United States, and the Soviet Union.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.
Claim: The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The choice of authors aims for a range of views, expertise and geographical representation, ensuring representation of experts from developing and developed countries and countries with economies in transition.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On 23 June 2010 the IPCC announced the release of the final list of selected coordinating lead authors, comprising 831 experts who were drawn from fields including meteorology, physics, oceanography, statistics, engineering, ecology, social sciences and economics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature, which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC explains this as follows:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On 23 June 2010, the IPCC announced the release of the final list of selected coordinating lead authors, comprising 831 experts.
Claim: Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As climate change proceeds, more EM outbreaks may occur because of the extreme weather events that are projected to increase in coming decades thus making Erythromelalgia the first known disease, that isn't of infectious origin, that could be directly affected by climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Factors that may increase the probability of abrupt climate change include higher magnitudes of global warming, warming that occurs more rapidly and warming that is sustained over longer time periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.
Claim: There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When coal is compared to solar photovoltaic generation, the latter could save 51,999 American lives per year if solar were to replace coal generation in the U.S. Due to the decline of jobs related to coal mining a study found that approximately one American suffers a premature death from coal pollution for every job remaining in coal mining.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The solar industry is projected to employ over 420,000 individuals by 2020- nearly double of the 260,000 solar workers in 2016- and contribute $30 billion to the United States economy annually.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are a many different solar industry jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are also some indications that the solar industry "welcomes coal workers with open arms".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.
Claim: For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Elevated CO 2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated CO 2 in FACE experiments.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject CO2 into their environment to help improve growth and plant fertility.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The carbon in the trees or crops used for the biomass comes from the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO), which they extract from the atmosphere whilst growing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This may be by increased photosynthesis (through practices such as reforestation / preventing deforestation and genetic engineering); by enhanced soil carbon trapping in agriculture; or by the use of algal bio sequestration (see algae bioreactor) to absorb the carbon dioxide emissions from coal, petroleum (oil) or natural gas-fired electricity generation.