jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some models of modern climate exhibit Arctic amplification without changes in snow and ice cover.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but the arrangement of land masses around the Arctic Ocean has resulted in the maximum surface area flipping from reflective snow and ice cover to ocean and land surfaces that absorb more sunlight and thus more heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.
Claim: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Greenland enters melt mode".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Total warming in Greenland was .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".
Claim: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: anthropogenic climate science.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models include different external forcings for their models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is governed by physical laws which can be expressed as differential equations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A climate model is a representation of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.
Claim: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The forest has been deteriorating in recent years as more trees have been harvested than planted, and it has been ravaged by fires.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Philippines also suffers major human-caused environmental degradation aggravated by a high annual population growth rate, including loss of agricultural lands, deforestation, soil erosion, air and water pollution, improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes, loss of coral reefs, mismanagement and abuse of coastal resources, and overfishing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Urban growth has become a problem for forests and agriculture, the expansion of structures prevents natural resources from producing in their environment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The increase has been attributed to human activity, particularly deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rather, it is the practices of the human population that can cause a landscape to become degraded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The species is threatened by destruction of its forest habitat as the area under cultivation in the region increases.
Claim: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) (or even −94.7 °C (−135.8 °F) as measured from space), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The EAIS is the driest, windiest, and coldest place on Earth, with temperatures reported down to nearly -100°C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: East Antarctica is generally higher than West Antarctica, and is considered the coldest place on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: East Antarctica appears to have experienced a net gain of a relatively small amount of ice during the 25-years although uncertainty is greater due to subsidence of the underlying bedrock.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: East Antarctica is a cold region with a ground base above sea level and occupies most of the continent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar regions of Earth, also known as Earth 's frigid zones, are the regions of Earth surrounding its geographical poles (the North and South Poles).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".
Claim: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When greenhouse gas molecules absorb thermal infrared energy, their temperature rises.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gas, a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because greenhouse gas molecules radiate infrared energy in all directions, some of it spreads downward and ultimately returns to the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
Claim: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of per year; since 1993, [[satellite]] altimetry from [[TOPEX/Poseidon]] indicates a rate of about per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.
Claim: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming temperatures lead to the melting of glaciers and ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming also has an enormous impact with respect to melting glaciers and ice sheets.
Claim: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming (recent climate change) is dangerous in Tuvalu since the average height of the islands is less than above sea level, with the highest point of Niulakita being about above sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming," irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and "Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Furthermore, the report finds that "limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) that the goal for COP21 should a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, which is the position of the Alliance of Small Island States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: M. Sanjayan interviews scientists around the world about global warming and reviews the data that they are collecting about the effects of climate change around the world, for example at Christmas Island, where El Niños begin.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".