jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The restoration was complicated by the presence of old seawalls, groins, piles of rocks and other structures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As in the flatwoods, these soils are poorly drained for many purposes unless drainage systems are installed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is threatened by coastal development and marsh draining.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The New River is a tidal estuary in South Florida, United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is due to the subsiding of coastal lands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wetlands in the U.S. are rapidly disappearing due to an increase in housing, industry, and agriculture, and rising sea levels contribute to this dangerous trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Miami metropolitan area, also known as the Greater Miami Area or South Florida, is the 67th largest metropolitan area in the world and the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Land alteration along the waterways has caused loss and degradation of the habitat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evapotranspiration is a significant water loss from drainage basins.
Claim: The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the entire of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the entire of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.
Claim: On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
Claim: "We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO 2 was about 0.45.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the part of The Great Climate Change Swindle where I am describing the fact that the ocean tends to expel carbon dioxide where it is warm, and to absorb it where it is cold, my intent was to explain that warming the ocean could be dangerous—because it is such a gigantic reservoir of carbon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Specifically they believe that suggestions that atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide of 550 parts per million by volume (ppmv) would be safe are wrong.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a much-cited study from 1998, the world bacterial biomass had been mistakenly calculated to be 350 to 550 billions of tonnes of carbon, equal to between 60% and 100% of the carbon in plants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."
Claim: [Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, U.S. civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The modeling also shows that "even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Costs of production from coal fired plants built in "the 1970s and 1980s" are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Wind power is cheapest energy, EU analysis finds".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wind power could become cheaper than nuclear power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Overall, wind power raises costs of electricity slightly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewable energy, or energy that is harnessed from renewable sources, is an alternative energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is often confused with renewable energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In general, carbon dioxide removal methods are more expensive than the solar radiation management ones.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2011, the 120-member Irish Academy of Engineering described wind as "an extremely expensive way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions when compared to other alternatives" like conservation, nuclear energy or the Corrib gas project and Liquified Gas tanker imports at Shannon, concluding that the suggestion of 40% grid penetration by wind, is "unrealistic".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Drilling for oil or building a wind power plant requires energy.
Claim: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Now measurements are made at many sites globally.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These observations are on a global scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many countries publish statistics on the energy supply from their own country or from other countries or the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gas concentrations are aggregated in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".
Claim: Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report stated (p. 36) that, "The average surface air temperature in the northern hemisphere increased from the 1880's until about 1940 and has been decreasing thereafter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|Glacier retreat]] declined and reversed in many cases from 1950 to 1980 as a slight global cooling occurred.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some areas have, in fact, cooled slightly over the last century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.
Claim: They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 1998 and three other reconstructions to support the conclusion that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was likely to have been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year during the past 1,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The text stated that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.
Claim: If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A study in 2015 found that assuming cumulative fossil fuel emissions of 10 000 gigatonnes of carbon, the Antarctic Ice Sheet could melt completely over the following millennia, contributing 58 m to global sea-level rise, and 30 m within the first 1000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the entire of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the entire of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents.