jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Great Barrier Reef 2050 plan no longer achievable due to climate change, experts say".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC's moderate warming scenarios (B1 to A1T, 2 °C by 2100, IPCC, 2007, Table SPM.3, p. 13) forecast that corals on the Great Barrier Reef are very likely to regularly experience summer temperatures high enough to induce bleaching.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the 2012–2040 period, coral reefs are expected to experience more frequent bleaching events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For example, coral reefs – which are biodiversity hotspots – will be lost within the century if global warming continues at the current rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Episode 5 (14), "Collapse of the Oceans" (November 23, 2016): At the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, Joshua Jackson investigates the devastating impacts of ocean warming on coral reefs and looks at the predicted impact on ocean ecosystems, and on our own food supply, of ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.
Claim: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a decline in stratospheric temperatures, interspersed by warmings related to volcanic eruptions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The solar minima in this period coincided with volcanic eruptions, which have a cooling effect on the global temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The retreat of glaciers and ice caps can cause increased [[volcanism]].
Claim: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In Western Australia during summer 2006–2007, DST increased electricity consumption during hotter days and decreased it during cooler days, with consumption rising 0.6% overall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 2007 U.S. change conformed to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start- and end-dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Germany led the way by starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States, beginning in 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (observes daylight saving time)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.
Claim: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide () is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ecosystems continually exchange energy and carbon with the wider environment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At any time, forests account for as much as double the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.
Claim: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70–90% kill rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mountain Pine Beetle are a species native to Western North America.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The mountain pine beetle ("Dendroctonus ponderosae") play an important role in limiting pine trees like lodgepole pine in forests of western North America.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This beetle is distributed in United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pine forests in the western North America provide a good example of such a cycle involving insect outbreaks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Limber Pine, a species of pine tree found in the Western United States and Canada

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pinus contorta, with the common names lodgepole pine and shore pine, and also known as twisted pine, and contorta pine, is a common tree in western North America.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reduced harvesting rates and fire suppression have caused an increase in the forest biomass in the western United States over the past century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, as climate change causes mountain areas to become warmer and drier, pine beetles have more power to infest and destroy the forest ecosystems, such as the whitebark pine forests of the Rockies.
Claim: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Also, until recently, an area in the North Atlantic including southern Greenland was one of the only areas in the World showing cooling rather than warming in recent decades, but this cooling has now been replaced by strong warming in the period 1979–2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Total warming in Greenland was .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenland (, ; , ) is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While Greenland is geologically associated with North America, it is also a part of the Arctic region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Greenland enters melt mode".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While Arctic temperatures have generally increased, there is some discussion concerning the temperatures over Greenland.
Claim: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which is a major contributor to global warming.
Claim: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no "causative link" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Gear, clothes, and sleeping bags were constantly iced up; on 5 July, the temperature fell below −77 °F (−61 °C)—"109 degrees of frost—as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes", wrote Cherry-Garrard.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The meteorological data collected was the longest unbroken weather record in the early twentieth century, providing baselines for current assessments of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperatures were felt in:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result, different groups that have analyzed the satellite data have produced differing temperature datasets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence for warming accumulated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It uses monthly temperature and precipitation data.
Claim: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).