Claim: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, boreholes, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within things such as rocks, sediments, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Mike's Nature trick" referred to Michael E. Mann's paper on temperature trends published by Michael Mann in Nature in 1998, which combined various proxy records and related them to actual temperature records: it included a figure later dubbed the ""hockey stick" graph, which clearly distinguished between the proxy and instrumental data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: More than two dozen reconstructions, using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records, have supported the broad consensus shown in the original 1998 hockey-stick graph, with variations in how flat the pre-20th century "shaft" appears.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions, incorporating proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals which are found in different regions, and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Various proxy measurements have been used to attempt to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations millions of years in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: the conventional multi-proxy studies.