jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Land-use change can be a factor in CO (carbon dioxide) atmospheric concentration, and is thus a contributor to global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.
Claim: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: About 99% is in the great ice sheets of polar and subpolar Antarctica and Greenland.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Despite the possibility that global warming could result in losses to the Greenland ice sheet being offset by gains to the Antarctic ice sheet, there is major concern about the possibility of a West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenland (, ; , ) is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".
Claim: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He further stated that a lower limit on "dangerous anthropogenic interference" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The ice sheet has historically been considered to be relatively stable and has therefore attracted less scientific attention and observations compared to West Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Concern has been expressed about the stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure".
Claim: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In addition, the end of the 20th century drying trend may be due to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Analysis of the temperature records in Lake Tahoe has shown that the lake warmed (between 1969 and 2002) at an average rate of 0.027 °F (0.015 °C) per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models indicate that solar and volcanic activity can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a decline in stratospheric temperatures, interspersed by warmings related to volcanic eruptions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some scientists suggested that ice ages and other great climate changes were due to changes in the amount of gases emitted in volcanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.
Claim: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Each player carries a "stick" that normally measures between 80–95 cm (31–38"); shorter or longer sticks are available.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the direct temperature record is more accurate than the proxies (indeed, it is needed to calibrate them) it is used when available: i.e., from 1850 onwards.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman, to describe the pattern this showed, envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an Ice hockey stick's "shaft", followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the "blade".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "hockey stick graph" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The lower the flex number on a hockey stick, the more bend the stick creates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 1930s -- 1940s -- 1950s -- 1960s -- 1970s -- 1980s -- 1990s -- 2000s

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: {``class'' : 2, ``x'' : ``1994-95'', ``y'' : 61.4},

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: {``class'' : 5, ``x'' : ``1997-98'', ``y'' : 42.4},

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data are of 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data are of 2017.
Claim: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The immense volume of water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows the lakes to remain relatively warm for much later into the year and postpones the Arctic spread in the region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature," Gronewold said.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes, and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Current Great Lakes Water Levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GLOS: Great Lakes Observing System

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: MSU Channel 1 is not used to monitor atmospheric temperature because it's too much sensitive to the emission from the surface, furthermore it is heavily contaminated by water vapor/liquid water in the lowermost troposphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report identified and corrected errors in satellite temperature measurements and other temperature observations, which increased scientific confidence in the conclusion that lower atmosphere is warming on a global scale: "There is no longer a discrepancy in the rate of global average temperature increase for the surface compared with higher levels in the atmosphere," said the report, "the observed patterns of change over the past 50 years cannot be explained by natural processes alone".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate change is lowering Great Lakes water levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several temperature records were broken in the Midwest on this day.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.
Claim: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This causes the climate to have cool summers and cool (but not cold) winters, and relative humidity and precipitation evenly distributed along the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A simplified definition of what global warming means for the planet is that colder regions would get warmer and warmer regions would get much warmer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Firstly, the regions are the warmest part of the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result of their location, these regions tend to be on the cool end of oceanic climates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Climatic condition remains cool throughout the year.
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Â­humans[...]

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no "causative link" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".
Claim: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for a warming effect global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Among the possible factors that could produce changes in global mean temperature are internal variability of the climate system, external forcing, an increase in concentration of greenhouse gases, or any combination of these.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."