jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is improving at only half the rate of world economic growth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In theory, a polluter's decisions should lead to an economically efficient allocation of reductions among polluters, and lower compliance costs for individual firms and for the economy overall, compared to command-and-control mechanisms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Therefore, solutions need to be found so that the economies of the world can continue to grow, but not at the expense of the public good.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Real Global Warming Disaster ("Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?")

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions (IMF, 2008, p. 6).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because the economics of climate change mitigation depend a lot on how quickly carbon neutrality needs to be achieved, climate sensitivity is very important economically: one study suggests that halving the uncertainty of the transient climate response could save trillions of dollars.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, and says that policies to fight it would be damaging to the economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The governmental endeavours to reduce climate costs have direct effects on economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change, industry and society.
Claim: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, the two other versions make sense over a principal ideal domain R: it suffices to replace "integer" by "element of the domain" and Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } by R. These two versions of the theorem are true in this context, because the proofs (except for the first existence proof), are based on Euclid's lemma and Bézout's identity, which are true over every principal domain.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quadratic reciprocity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In mathematics, in particular the area of number theory, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as a x ≡ 1 ( mod m ) , {\displaystyle ax\equiv 1{\pmod {m}},} which is the shorthand way of writing the statement that m divides (evenly) the quantity ax − 1, or, put another way, the remainder after dividing ax by the integer m is 1.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These arise from the fact that ACRIM uses the original TSI results published by the satellite experiment teams while PMOD significantly modifies some results to conform them to specific TSI proxy models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Russian MS-DOS 4.01, a special Russian version of MS-DOS 4.01 (RDOS) in 1990

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cromemco DOS (CDOS), an CP/M-like operating system

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Satellite Record:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is modified MediaWiki software and shown in the edit history mode.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Network-Attached Secure Disks, a 1997 -- 2001 research project of Carnegie Mellon University, with the goal of providing cost-effective scalable storage bandwidth

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The original SMM has been modified in multiple ways, including :

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In database management systems, a journal is the record of data altered by a given process.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP) (previously known as the ``Myocardial Infarction National Audit Database'') began in late 1998 when a broadly based steering group developed a dataset for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Claim: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These scientists include:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists, consisting of over 62,000 members from 144 countries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The petition has also been signed by at least two Nobel Prize winners and Jonas Salk.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Numerous scientists, including the Council for Sustainable Development

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another group of Danish scientists collected signatures in support of the DCSD.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ICSU: International Council for Science

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The petition contained the names of "around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals", and called on the United States and other nations to “change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases,” starting with carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several scientists (including e.g.
Claim: Solar cycles cause global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In general, since the 2010s, global oil companies do not dispute that climate change exists and is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some studies associate solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.
Claim: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: How much are we willing to spend to avoid a 23 foot rise in sea level?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the EPA, “the amount of newly created wetlands, however, could be much smaller than the lost area of wetlands— especially in developed areas protected with bulkheads, dikes, and other structures that keep new wetlands from forming inland.” When estimating a sea level rise within the next century of 50 cm (20 inches), the U.S. would lose 38% to 61% of its existing coastal wetlands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.
Claim: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Fed by a large number of data on past experiences, algorithms can predict future development if the future is similar to the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward or backward in time and so predict future or prior events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that scientists can use to predict the results of future experiments.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This enables those who study Earth's history to apply knowledge of how earth processes operate in the present to gain insight into how the planet has evolved and changed throughout long history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists can get a grasp of long term climate by studying sedimentary rock going back billions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geography, chronology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth works and evolves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Future Earth

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate science predictions are based substantially on historical analysis of Earth's paleoclimate (climate through geological ages), and the sea-level/ temperature/ carbon dioxide record.
Claim: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial Studies by Lockwood and Fröhlich (2007) and Sloan and Wolfendale (2008) found no relation between warming in recent decades and cosmic rays.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, "no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2007) state:[..] the cosmic ray time series does not appear to correspond to global total cloud cover after 1991 or to global low-level cloud cover after 1994.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.
Claim: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.
Claim: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Snow tends to be rare in regions with this climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the last 800,000 years, climate sensitivity has been found to be larger in cold periods than in warm periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates have been many short-term fluctuations in climate similar to, and sometimes more severe than, the varying glacial and interglacial states of the present ice age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Snowfall tends to be more common here than in other oceanic climates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate is a typically continental climate with extreme differences between winter and summer temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence exists of past warm periods in Earth's climate when polar land masses similar to Antarctica were home to deciduous forests rather than ice sheets.
Claim: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Islands disappear under rising seas".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They fled to Hawaii, leading to their dramatic demise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ocean is in great danger of collapse.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Atoll lagoons are often much deeper than coastal lagoons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Close to of land have been submerged.