jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Hippocrates and Medical Education: Selected Papers Presented at the XIIth International Hippocrates Colloquium, Universiteit Leiden, 24-26 August 2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Hitler Diaries (German: Hitler-Tagebücher) were a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly written by Adolf Hitler, but forged by Konrad Kujau between 1981 and 1983.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More importantly, according to Harris, it was decided that they should not have the material examined by a forensic scientist or historian until every diary had been obtained.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While the discussions between Murdoch and Sorge were taking place, the diaries were examined by Broyle and his Newsweek team.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 29 July 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ``Global Equity'' (Moscow, 2004, 2007)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2007

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2007

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2007

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2004

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2004

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2004

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 1976-2006
Claim: The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is thought that there have been at least 30 El Niño events since 1900, with the 1982–83, 1997–98 and 2014–16 events among the strongest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014–16 El Niño event was "a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics.
Claim: The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It shows a general warming in global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's heat content is about .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Claim: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These scientists include:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists, consisting of over 62,000 members from 144 countries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several scientists (including e.g.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The petition has also been signed by at least two Nobel Prize winners and Jonas Salk.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Numerous scientists, including the Council for Sustainable Development

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A number of French intellectuals, including prominent names, signed the petition.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The list includes scientists from several specialities or disciplines.
Claim: If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because CO is close to saturation with high concentrations and few infrared absorption bands, the radiation budget and hence the greenhouse effect has low sensitivity to changes in CO concentration: the increase in temperature is roughly logarithmic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects can be combined into an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface.
Claim: Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51 °C (124 °F) during the 2016 heat wave.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It holds the record for the highest verified temperature recorded in India at 51 °C (124 °F) on 19 May 2016.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The highest temperatures recorded in Phalodi during 2016 summers from 18 May to 21 May when it rose up to 51 degrees Celsius.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperatures were felt in:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several weather records were broken in the United Kingdom, including a new record for the country's highest ever recorded temperature of at Faversham in Kent on 10 August, which remained the highest recorded temperature in the UK until the heatwave in July 2019.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mean maximum temperatures range from 19 ° C (66 ° F) in July, to 38 ° C (100 ° F) in January.
Claim: Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Peiser identified an error in this paper in that keywords used in the ISI database search were in fact "global climate change" and not "climate change" as originally stated, which resulted in a correction being published by "Science".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Bibliography : It is possible to search by author/coauthor, by journal, by GeoReM number, and by keywords.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Benny Josef Peiser (born 1957) is a social anthropologist specialising in the environmental and socio-economic impact of physical activity on health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He is an ISI highly cited researcher.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Spiegelhalter is an ISI highly cited researcher.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Jan O. Pedersen (at PARC circa 1990-1996), researcher in search system technology and algorithms

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Proteins : Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by John Wiley & Sons, which was established in 1986 by Cyrus Levinthal.
Claim: But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: less than 14% of the observed global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The satellite time series is not homogeneous.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.
Claim: precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At present (2000 AD), we are in a dry period, but it is expected that the Sahara will become green again in 15000 years (17000 AD).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near-surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall.. Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming may also cause changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and drier conditions in parts of the subtropics and middle latitudes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is also causing changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions across eastern North America and drier conditions in the tropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the greatest cause of impact to the environment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A rise in global temperatures is also predicted to correlate with an increase in global precipitation but because of increased runoff, floods, increased rates of soil erosion, and mass movement of land, a decline in water quality is probable, because while water will carry more nutrients it will also carry more contaminants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Future global warming is expected to be accompanied by a reduction in rainfall in the subtropics and an increase in precipitation in subpolar latitudes and some equatorial regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which can lead to more precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation.