jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Lindzen said that predicted warming may be overestimated because of their handling of the climate system's water vapor feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate models also overpredict the results of the radiosonde measurements.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most estimations still underestimate the amplifying climate change feedbacks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Environmentally, the world is in an overshoot mode.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.
Claim: Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Brown ovals are warmer and located within the "normal cloud layer".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 °C (54 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is somewhat cooler and less luminous than our Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter, probably due to the heat from the star.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If solar variations were responsible for the observed warming, warming of both the troposphere and the stratosphere would be expected, but that has not been the case.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes".
Claim: Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In June 2019, U.N. special rapporteur Philip Alston warned of a "climate apartheid" situation developing, where global warming "could push more than 120 million more people into poverty by 2030 and will have the most severe impact in poor countries, regions, and the places poor people live and work".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: David Wallace-Wells, "The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think," New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may also lead to new human diseases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".
Claim: So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result, for example, US stock prices reached record highs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) on or above seven days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On average, there are 77 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, 8.1 days per winter where the high does not exceed 50 °F (10 °C), and 8.0 nights with freezing lows annually.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Records at the time of the event were:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperatures were felt in:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has a standard weather monitoring station, which has recorded some national record high temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data are of 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data are of 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This allows a temperature record to be constructed.
Claim: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.
Claim: "NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This premature announcement came from a preliminary news release about a study which had not yet been peer reviewed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's heat content is about .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2011, Spencer and Braswell published a paper in "Remote Sensing" concluding that more energy is radiated back to space and released earlier than previously thought.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Spencer stated, "The satellite observations suggest there is much more energy lost to space during and after warming than the climate models show.
Claim: The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Three to four billion years ago the Sun emitted only 70% of its current power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 1970s (pronounced ``nineteen-seventies'', commonly abbreviated as the ``Seventies'') was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1970, and ended on December 31, 1979.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth Day (continuing from 1970)
Claim: Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice plays an important role in Earth's climate as it affects the total amount of sunlight that is reflected away from the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
Claim: Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Following the coup, chaos ensued.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Social breakdown thesis also known as the anomie–social breakdown thesis is a theory that posits that individuals that are socially isolated living in atomized socially disintegrated societies are particularly likely to support right-wing populist parties.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Tainter's view, while invasions, crop failures, disease or environmental degradation may be the "apparent" causes of societal collapse, the ultimate cause is an economic one, inherent in the structure of society rather than in external shocks which may batter them: "diminishing returns on investments in social complexity".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The economic system of many nations has been dislocated as a result of military expenditures and war related destruction.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (titled Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive for the British edition) is a 2005 book by academic and popular science author Jared Diamond, in which the author first defines "collapse": "a drastic decrease in human population size and/or political/economic/social complexity, over a considerable area, for an extended time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Political decay is a political theory, originally described by Samuel P. Huntington, which describes how chaos and disorder can arise from social modernization increasing more rapidly than political and institutional modernization.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The diagram of history shows humanity having long periods of stability interrupted with short periods of transition.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: And, in his final chapters, Tainter discusses why modern societies may not be able to choose to collapse: because surrounding them are other complex societies which will in some way absorb a collapsed region or prevent a general collapse; the Mayan and Chaocan regions had no powerful complex neighbors and so could collapse for centuries or millennia, as could the Western Roman Empire - but the Eastern Roman Empire, bordered as it was by the Parthian/Sassanid Empire, did not have the option of devolving into simpler smaller entities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He recognizes collapse when a society involuntarily sheds a significant portion of its complexity.