jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been founded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for a better understanding of climate change and meeting concerns of these observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 glossary definition is as follows:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines adaptation as: 'the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).
Claim: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Patterns of warming are independent of the locations of greenhouse gas emissions because the gases persist long enough to diffuse across the planet; however, localized black carbon deposits on snow and ice do contribute to Arctic warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Claim: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Generally, heat energy is transported between the planet's surface layers (land and ocean) to the atmosphere, transported via evapotranspiration and latent heat fluxes or conduction/convection processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's heat content is about .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's energy imbalance measurements provided by Argo floats have detected an accumulation of ocean heat content (OHC).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: • Surface air temperature and sea‑surface temperature are projected to continue to increase (very high confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence for warming accumulated.
Claim: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heat is transported from the equator polewards mostly by the atmosphere but also by ocean currents, with warm water near the surface and cold water at deeper levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Along the equator trade winds cause the ocean currents in the eastern Pacific to draw water from the deeper ocean to the surface, thus cooling the ocean surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other ocean currents redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean currents transport a lot of energy from the warm tropical regions to the colder polar regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Air over the continents warms, thins and rises drawing cooler moist ocean air landward, producing a wet season.
Claim: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At higher temperatures, CO 2 has poor solubility in water, which means there is less CO 2 available for the photosynthetic reactions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A reduction in carbon dioxide followed during spring and early summer each year as plant growth increased in the land-rich northern hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.
Claim: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: To cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilise levels of CO2e to 450 ppm or lower.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, nearly every country in the world agreed to a landmark climate deal in which each nation committed lowering their greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The U.S. has goals to significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The most cost effective way to limit global warming to 1.5°C, a target of the Paris Agreement, includes EU and OECD countries closing all coal-fired power stations by 2030, China by 2040 and the rest of the world by 2050.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Stabilizing the world's climate will require high-income countries to reduce their emissions by 60–90% over 2006 levels by 2050 which should hold CO levels at 450–650 ppm from current levels of about 380 ppm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty designed to reduce emissions of GHGs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change: to guarantee achieving national carbon reduction targets.
Claim: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A warmer earth could serve to moderate temperatures worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On Earth, water vapor and trace gasses provide a lesser greenhouse effect, and the atmosphere and extensive oceans provide efficient poleward heat transport.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The water vapor in the stratosphere arrives through tall [[thunderstorm]]s, while 15% of this vapor is delivered by tropical cyclones, and through chemical breakdown of [[methane]] into water vapor and carbon dioxide, both of which are greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Gaia hypothesis states that there is an emergent feedback loop generated by the metabolism of living organisms that maintains the core temperature of the Earth and atmospheric conditions within a narrow self-regulating range of tolerance.
Claim: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Californian climate usually exhibits wet winters and dry summers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is projected to affect water availability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An example of periodic water scarcity in the United States is droughts in California.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation, runoff, and soil moisture storage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These extreme weather patterns are creating extended rainy seasons in some areas, and extended periods of drought in others, as well as introducing new climates to different regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.
Claim: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From 2008 to 2011, Arctic sea ice minimum extent was higher than 2007, but it did not return to the levels of previous years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record" (Press release).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?".