jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The ocean has already lost oxygen, throughout the entire water column and oxygen minimum zones are expanding worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of oxygen dissolved in the oceans may decline, with adverse consequences for [[ocean life]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One study suggests that the amount of oxygen dissolved in the oceans may decline, with adverse consequences for ocean life.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, over the past 3 billion years Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity, including a net 2% of its atmospheric oxygen.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In that scenario, warming from the enhanced greenhouse effect would reduce the solubility of oxygen in seawater, causing the concentration of oxygen to decline.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result, the pH in the oceans is declining.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Furthermore, oxygen levels decrease because oxygen is less soluble in warmer water, an effect known as "ocean deoxygenation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called "dead zones."
Claim: Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 1979 World Climate Conference (12 to 23 February) of the World Meteorological Organization concluded "it appears plausible that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming of the lower atmosphere, especially at higher latitudes...It is possible that some effects on a regional and global scale may be detectable before the end of this century and become significant before the middle of the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.
Claim: By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There are frequent summer droughts in this region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A drought in the 1930s known as the Dust Bowl affected 50 million acres of farmland in the central United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In June 2019, U.N. special rapporteur Philip Alston warned of a "climate apartheid" situation developing, where global warming "could push more than 120 million more people into poverty by 2030 and will have the most severe impact in poor countries, regions, and the places poor people live and work".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Crops in Southern Europe suffered the most from drought.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The worst droughts in the history of the United States occurred during the 1930s and 1950s, periods of time known as ` Dust Bowl ' years in which droughts lead to significant economic damages and social changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Africa will be one of the regions most impacted by the adverse effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Environmentally, the world is in an overshoot mode.
Claim: CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide concentrations dropped from 4,000 parts per million during the Cambrian periodabout 500 million years ago to as low as 180 parts per million during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This process could explain the narrowness of the 100,000-year climate cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Methane in the atmosphere has a 100-year global warming potential of 34.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.
Claim: Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Studies have been conducted on the urban heat island effect via satellite imagery.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report found that the instrumental temperature record for the past century included urban heat island effects but that these were primarily local, having a negligible influence on global temperature trends (less than 0.006 °C per decade over land and zero over the oceans).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Long-term effects of global warming: On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the magnitude of global warming will be determined primarily by anthropogenic CO emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some long-term effects happen over thousands, not hundreds, of years.
Claim: The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,640 feet) of sea water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thermal expansion of water and increased melting of oceanic glaciers from an increase in temperature gives way to a rise in sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).
Claim: Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, strong evidence exists of glaciation during the Carboniferous to Permian time, especially in South Africa.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the late Ordovician (~458.4 Ma), the particular configuration of Gondwana may have allowed for glaciation and high CO2 levels to occur at the same time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide concentrations dropped from 4,000 parts per million during the Cambrian periodabout 500 million years ago to as low as 180 parts per million during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the "beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere approximately 19,000 years BP, and in Antarctica approximately 14,500 years BP which is consistent with evidence that this was the primary source for an abrupt rise in the sea level 14,500 years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centred on the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but since CO only makes up 0.039% of air, temperatures of less than would be needed to produce dry ice snow in Antarctica.
Claim: It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.
Claim: It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The relationship between human labour and the environment and the types of work that humans have participated in have created a negative impact on many aspects of the environment including climate change and has resulted in the emerging green economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-driven modifications to the planet's ecosystems (e.g., disturbance, biodiversity loss, agriculture) contributes to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unlike other sectors that emit greenhouse gases, agriculture and forestry have the potential to mitigate climate change by reducing or removing greenhouse gas emissions, for example by reforestation and landscape restoration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.