jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The autumn of 2006 was the warmest in recorded history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Four of the warmest 7 years since 1889 occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Lastly, seven of the eight warmest years on record have occurred since 2001 and the 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1995.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.
Claim: One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: DC Comics) and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In Roosevelt's 12 years in office, the economy had an 8.5% compound annual growth of GDP, the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country, but recovery was slow and by 1939 the gross domestic product (GDP) per adult was still 27% below trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The growth in new titles has been strong, particularly in the past decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Hypothetically, according to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch Institute), in order to prevent collapse, human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population (2009).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This trend is expected to continue into the mid-21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Therefore it can not be accepted as it currently stands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Category :21 st century in the United States

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: None (a period of civil war and anarchy) 19901997

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A company/country only needs to keep producing, or produce more wisely, or respond to market conditions with products that meet consumer's demands to avoid a (national recession/depression) glut.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: one of the years 10 BC, AD 10, 1910 or 2010

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They consider dates after 2030 implausible.
Claim: In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Gartner's own press release said, "Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading "1.7 percent [point]" decline.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, it is much lower than has commonly been assumed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As such, the population is on a slow downward trend, except for a brief pause in 2010.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several factors have contributed to this decline.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: But this is changing as prices continue to fall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is an indicator that also reflects demographic trends.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In other words, the increase from year-to-year isn't constant, but itself is increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: So the summation of percentages may be lower than 100 %.
Claim: It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to 700 watt-hours (2,500 kJ) of energy per Martian day.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: solar cells requires more energy than can be recovered in using the solar cell .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is the energy needed to create the system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power plants require large amounts of land.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar photovoltaics is a sustainable energy source.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.
Claim: Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $125 billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90–160 billion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large part of the displaced people were evacuated when the storm came, what saved many lives, but the price for the economy was very big.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tropical Storm Henri (2003), caused heavy rainfall along Florida 's Gulf coast, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, causing $ 19.6 million (USD) in damage

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Hurricanes Katrina and Rita devastated South Louisiana, destroying more than 200,000 homes and 18,000 businesses and causing about $ 25 billion in insured losses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The floods caused millions of dollars in damages to the surrounding area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tropical Storm Edouard brought coastal and minor inland flooding to Louisiana and Texas in August 2008.
Claim: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ruddiman claims that the Anthropocene, has had significant human impact on greenhouse gas emissions, which began not in the industrial era, but rather 8,000 years ago, as ancient farmers cleared forests to grow crops.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the glacial–interglacial cycles of the past million years, natural processes have varied by approximately 100 ppm (from 180 ppm to 280 ppm) , anthropogenic net emissions of have increased atmospheric concentration by a comparable amount: From 280 ppm (Holocene or pre-industrial "equilibrium") to approximately 400 ppm, with 2015–2016 monthly monitoring data of displaying a rising trend above 400 ppm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion may be the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to , smaller than ever recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Anthropogenic carbon emissions exceed the amount that can be taken up or balanced out by natural sinks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Claim: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By increasing the amount of moisture available to fall as precipitation, severe weather events are more likely to occur.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: • The intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.
Claim: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; "a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In academic publishing, a retraction is a statement published in an academic journal stating that a peer-reviewed article previously published in the journal should be considered invalid as a source of knowledge.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Category : Articles with inconsistent citation formats

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Peiser identified an error in this paper in that keywords used in the ISI database search were in fact "global climate change" and not "climate change" as originally stated, which resulted in a correction being published by "Science".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Category : Publications with year of establishment missing

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report was not properly peer reviewed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Citation:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Citation:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are various versions/subsets of the data set used in economic papers and text books, some of which contain errors at some data points.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Naming citation was published before November 1977.
Claim: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2 with implications for climate change as more CO 2 leaves the atmosphere for the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification.
Claim: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the entire of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the entire of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This ice is formed from the ocean water and floats in the same water and thus does not contribute to rise in sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If a layer of ice melts off the top of the iceberg, the remaining iceberg will rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: sea ice relative to the total at a given point in the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Therefore, when a mass of floating ice melts, sea levels will increase; however, this effect is small enough that if all extant sea ice and floating ice shelves were to melt, the corresponding sea level rise is estimated to be ~4 cm.