jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks, whereas carbon dioxide () has an atmospheric lifetime of more than 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.
Claim: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This was a common misconception in the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, comprehensive satellite data go back only to 1979.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other sources do not attach a specific time frame.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Additional information is incomplete because there are no records available at the time of the request.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By the end of the 1970s, this prediction proved to be incorrect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The earliest recorded example is from 1970.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Data in "An Inconvenient Truth" have been questioned.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, data on EQSOI goes back only to 1949.
Claim: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self-enhancement is the drive to seek positive feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Less water vapor means both low dew point temperatures and more efficient daytime heating, decreasing the chances of humidity in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming from increased would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Drought intensifies through positive feedback.
Claim: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.
Claim: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence of humans emitting greenhouse gases, global surface temperatures have started rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
Claim: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ... even with the most optimistic set of assumptions -- the ending of deforestation, a halving of emissions associated with food production, global emissions peaking in 2020 and then falling by 3 per cent a year for a few decades -- we have no chance of preventing emissions rising well above a number of critical tipping points that will spark uncontrollable climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the absence of policies to mitigate climate change, GHG emissions could rise significantly over the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Emissions of carbon dioxide () might be irreversible on the time scale of millennia (Halsnæs "et al.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: increases in the scale and ambition of emissions reductions after 2030.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a recent DICE model, DICE-2013R Model, the social cost of carbon is estimated based on the following alternative scenarios: (1) a baseline scenario, when climate change policies have not changed since 2010, (2) an optimal scenario, when climate change policies are optimal (fully implemented and followed), (3) when the optimal scenario does not exceed 2oC limit after 1900 data, (4) when the 2oC limit is an average and not the optimum, (5) when a near-zero (low) discount rate of 0.1% is used (as assumed in the Stern Review), (6) when a near-zero discount rate is also used but with calibrated interest rates, and (7) when a high discount rate of 3.5% is used.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Stabilizing the world's climate will require high-income countries to reduce their emissions by 60–90% over 2006 levels by 2050 which should hold CO levels at 450–650 ppm from current levels of about 380 ppm.
Claim: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is considered to be a health hazard.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 "The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Excess greenhouse gases are a threat to our health and welfare.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Black carbon causes human morbidity and premature mortality.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Particulate matter from coal-fired plants can be harmful and have negative health impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These processes also have an impact on the atmosphere from the emissions of carbon which have effect on the quality of human health and biodiversity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Indoor air pollution in developing nations is a major health hazard.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Inhalation of coal dust or soot (carbon black) in large quantities can be dangerous, irritating lung tissues and causing the congestive lung disease, coalworker's pneumoconiosis.
Claim: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the release of pollution into the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something — oil, coal, or natural gas — leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The inefficient atmospheric combustion (burning) of fossil fuels in vehicles, buildings, and power plants contributes to urban heat islands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The other large factor is the burning of fossil fuels from buildings and vehicles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Others suffer from increasing pollution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ('' (It must be that) Spring is here in the street : outhouse smells strong shit.'')

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.
Claim: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2013) estimated that global warming had increased the probability of local record-breaking monthly temperatures worldwide by a factor of 5.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.
Claim: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.