jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century and beyond.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Geophysical global cooling, a conjecture about the formation of natural features that was made obsolete by the theory of plate tectonics
Claim: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in (8 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By 5000 BC the sea level rose 300 feet (90 m), filling the valley with water from the Pacific.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Mean sea level (MSL) – This is the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a possible corresponding change in the rate of change of sea level rise seen in the data from both Barbados and Tahiti.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewables contributed and nuclear power .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: America needs renewable energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These are lists about renewable energy:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Green Jobs Act of 2007 (H.R.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The impulse of renewable energy can create jobs through the construction of new power plants and the manufacturing of the equipment that they need, as could be seen in the case of Germany and the wind power industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.
Claim: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: NASA's Climate Change website indicates a compatible overall trend of greater than 100 gigatonnes of ice loss per year since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: an increase in planetary albedo.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It shows a general warming in global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent technological advances in studying the earth from space have resulted in a new field of phenological research that is concerned with observing the phenology of whole ecosystems and stands of vegetation on a global scale using proxy approaches.
Claim: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally there has been no statistically significant overall trend in precipitation over the past century, although trends have varied widely by region and over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally there has been no statistically significant overall trend in precipitation over the past century, although trends have varied widely by region and over time.
Claim: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Like Uranus, Pluto rotates on its "side" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120°, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its solstices, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pluto, circling the Sun in 248 years, has a rather elliptical orbit, which means that it stays in the sign it rules, Scorpio, for a mere 9 years, and the sign of its fall, Taurus for 30!

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's orbit varies between nearly circular and mildly elliptical (its eccentricity varies).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The first is a change in the Earth's orbit around the sun, or eccentricity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's orbit approximates an ellipse.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Orbital mechanics require that the length of the seasons be proportional to the swept areas of the seasonal quadrants, so when the eccentricity is extreme, the seasons on the far side of the orbit can last substantially longer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the orientation of Earth's orbit changes, each season will gradually start earlier in the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Precession means the Earth's nonuniform motion (see above) will affect different seasons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As axial precession changes the place in the Earth's orbit where the solstices and equinoxes occur, Northern Hemisphere winters will get longer and summers will get shorter, eventually creating conditions believed to be favorable for triggering the next glacial period.
Claim: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have mapped out the predicted motions several hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Those that are at least "trans-generational" (affecting all future generations) in scope and "terminal"[clarification needed] in intensity are classified as existential risks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even crippling or destroying modern civilization.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some climate researchers and activists have characterized it as an existential threat to civilization.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: assessed the literature on global futures scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projections were made over future climate change impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change scenarios or Socioeconomic scenarios are projections of future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions used by analysts to assess future vulnerability to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization.
Claim: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Each year about 8 mm (0.31 in) of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most evaporation comes from the oceans and is returned to the earth as snow or rain.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is generally necessary that the upper of ocean water cools to the freezing point for sea ice to form.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of sea water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As sea water freezes in the polar oceans, salt brine concentrates are expelled from the sea ice, creating a downward flow of dense, extremely cold and saline water with a lower freezing point than the surrounding water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The evaporation of ocean water in the North Atlantic increases the salinity of the water as well as cooling it, both actions increasing the density of water at the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been estimated that there are of water on Earth.
Claim: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gas emissions present a broader threat through sea temperature rise and sea level rise, though corals adapt their calcifying fluids to changes in seawater pH and carbonate levels and are not directly threatened by ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".