jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Another longer-term near-millennial oscillation involves the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, occurring on roughly 1,500-year cycles during the last glacial maximum.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the Pleistocene, cycles of glaciations and interglacials occurred on cycles of roughly 100,000 years, but may stay longer within an interglacial when orbital eccentricity approaches zero, as during the current interglacial.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Multicentennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its climatic influence in a 4000 year simulation of the GFDL CM2.1 climate model".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate patterns can last tens of thousands of years, like the glacial and interglacial periods within ice ages, or repeat each year, like monsoons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are different modes of variability: recurring patterns of temperature or other climate variables.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are different modes of variability: recurring patterns of temperature or other climate variables.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Essentially, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, as well as other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On the other hand, periodic variability occurs relatively regularly and in distinct modes of variability or climate patterns.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Numerous cycles have been found to influence annual global mean temperatures.
Claim: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A sea surface temperature increase in the tropics would result in reduced cirrus clouds and thus more infrared radiation leakage from Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surplus heating and vertical expansion of the troposphere occurs in the tropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After 2000, the [[sea surface temperature]]s of the tropical Western Pacific, where a warm pool of water exists and where temperatures are heavily influenced by [[ENSO]], between 10°N - 10°S and 139° - 171° longitude became anti-correlated with temperatures at the [[tropopause]] in the same latitudes between 171° - 200° longitude, both measured since the early 1980s; although the correlation had been previously positive, since 2000 the SST anomalies increased while tropopause temperatures decreased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Radiative forcing is the imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere resulting from a change in atmospheric composition or other changes in radiation budget prior to long-term changes in global temperature resulting from forcing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: an increase in planetary albedo.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: • Surface air temperature and sea‑surface temperature are projected to continue to increase (very high confidence).
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Such a scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The second law of thermodynamics is valid only for systems which are near or in equilibrium state.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rudolf Clausius (Second Law of Thermodynamics)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The T-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is of the second kind, while

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.
Claim: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This has been called the Medieval Warm Period, and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.
Claim: Polar bear numbers are increasing

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar Bears are increasing in number.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar bear has become a powerful discursive symbol in the fight against climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar bears are turning to alternative food sources because Arctic sea ice melts earlier and freezes later each year.
Claim: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice plays an important role in Earth's climate as it affects the total amount of sunlight that is reflected away from the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The sea ice is affected by wind and ocean currents, which can move and rotate very large areas of ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of sea water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice–albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet.
Claim: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: External forcings include natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and variations in the sun's output.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the earth's climate often with consequences for the human population.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some sources of catastrophic risk are natural, such as meteor impacts or supervolcanoes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."
Claim: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC explains this as follows:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that greenhouse gas forcing is predominantly responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice extent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC documents detail several notable proposals.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
Claim: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because of global warming there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather.