jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar Bears are increasing in number.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar bear has become a powerful discursive symbol in the fight against climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".
Claim: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O2), and some water vapor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effect also applies to marine organisms such as shells, and marine mammals such as whales and seals, which have radiocarbon ages that appear to be hundreds of years old.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As BOD increases, available oxygen decreases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Actually, it is oxygen being consumed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One study suggests that the amount of oxygen dissolved in the oceans may decline, with adverse consequences for ocean life.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The shell is part of the body of the animal.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: More research is needed because the life cycle is not completely known.
Claim: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: solar cells requires more energy than can be recovered in using the solar cell .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the sun 's energy directly into electric energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sunlight is the primary input of energy into the planet's ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.
Claim: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Therefore, we might be nearing the end of this warm period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: that noted "the atmosphere has been growing gradually cooler for the past three decades" but noted that "Some scientists... think that the cooling trend may be only temporary.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Standard global warming theory predicts that the stratosphere will cool.
Claim: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2015 study of carbon taxes in British Columbia found that the taxes reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5–15% while having negligible overall economic effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reducing energy use reduces emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ``There 's a strong scientific case for significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Economic growth was found to be compatible with increasing or decreasing GHG emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ...Carbon dioxide removal strategies address a key driver of climate change, but research is needed to fully assess if any of these technologies could be appropriate for large-scale deployment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Claim: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The wheel moves continuously, removing garbage and dumping it into an attached dumpster using only hydro and solar renewable power to keep its wheel turning.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "MetLife Stadium Solar Ring lighted with a programmable, customizable multi-color LED array".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: America needs renewable energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The U.S. Department of Energy stated (in 2006) that more than 1.5 million homes and businesses were currently using solar water heating in the United States, representing a capacity of over 1,000 megawatts (MW) of thermal energy generation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power is in use in Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Portugal, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The solar energy industry uses watt-hour per square metre (Wh/m) per unit time .
Claim: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Well-known historical droughts include:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Using tree rings, scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth, narrower when times are difficult.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While covering less area than the Dust Bowl, which covered 70 % of the United States, the drought of 1988 ranks as not only the costliest drought in United States history but also the costliest natural disaster in United States history before Hurricane Katrina.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The worst droughts in the history of the United States occurred during the 1930s and 1950s, periods of time known as ` Dust Bowl ' years in which droughts lead to significant economic damages and social changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the summer of 1988, the drought led to many wildfires in forested western North America, including the Yellowstone fires of 1988.
Claim: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Communication for development is seen as a two-way process for sharing ideas and knowledge using a range of communication tools and approaches that empower individuals and communities to take actions to improve their lives.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Its approach is anticipatory which aims to improve policymaking in order to provide as much lead time as necessary in the solution of societal problems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Submission of reports provides specific interventions that will guide policy makers in decisions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Marshall Islands

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Karen B. Stewart is the current United States Ambassador to the Marshall Islands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In May 2005, Chen Shui-bian, President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), became the first foreign head of state to make an official visit to the Marshall Islands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Elections in Marshall Islands gives information on election and election results in Marshall Islands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Work is proceeding under the Pacific Plan on options for improving feeder shipping services to a number of small island states

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (4) focusing on enhancing resilience and implementing low-regrets adaptation options; and

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Societies need to build resiliency into these systems in order to achieve such a feat.
Claim: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E﻿ / ﻿71.17250°N 25.79444°E﻿ / 71.17250; 25.79444.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: less than 14% of the observed global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Warming of 1.5 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.
Claim: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate models also overpredict the results of the radiosonde measurements.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, the troposphere is predicted by models to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models include different external forcings for their models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the tropics, all models predicted that with a rise in greenhouse gases, the troposphere would be expected to warm more rapidly than the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.