jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that "2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature data was updated in 1999 to report that 1998 was the warmest year since the instrumental data began in 1880.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trends in global temperatures since January 1979 (the beginning of the satellite temperature record), measured in degrees Celsius per decade, at as October 31, 2019:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Indeed, over that period, satellite-measured temperatures never again approached their 1998 peak.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere has cooled.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This was once quite controversial: From the beginning of the satellite record in late 1978 into 1998 it showed a net global cooling trend, although ground measurements and instruments carried aloft by balloons showed warming in many areas.
Claim: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Higher atmospheric CO concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO, which causes ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".
Claim: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research", he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The judge ruled that An Inconvenient Truth contained nine scientific errors and thus must be accompanied by an explanation of those errors before being shown to school children.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Judge attacks nine errors in Al Gore's 'alarmist' climate change film".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The film in part explicitly challenged Al Gore's 2006 Oscar-winning environmental awareness documentary, "An Inconvenient Truth", and was frequently presented by the media in that light, as in the "Wall Street Journal" headline, "Controversial 'Cool It' Documentary Takes on 'An Inconvenient Truth'.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on Gore's lecture tour on the topic of global warming this book elaborates upon points offered in the film.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The documentary "The Great Global Warming Swindle" received criticism from several experts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The film is based on a real life incident.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An Inconvenient Sequel : Truth to Power is an upcoming 2017 American documentary film directed by Bonni Cohen and Jon Shenk about former United States Vice President Al Gore 's continuing mission to battle climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change".
Claim: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is also causing the amount of hazards on the ocean to increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The question of the effect of global warming on storms and the difficulty reaching conclusions intensified the conflict.
Claim: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Theories vary in the extent to which they have been tested and verified, as well as their acceptance in the scientific community.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This realization is the topic of intersubjective verifiability, as recounted, for example, by Max Born (1949, 1965) Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, who points out that all knowledge, including natural or social science, is also subjective.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The concept of ``meaning'' is thus used differently in different epistemological traditions in each field.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Occasionally other topics including science and culture are covered.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are multiple formal definitions of ``inherent bias'' which depend on the particular field of study.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Explanations have varied explanatory power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After a discussion of scientific uncertainties the statement concluded

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of study.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are multiple definitions of the term.
Claim: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Winters are cold and snowy, although the city typically sees less snow and rain in winter than that experienced on the East Coast; blizzards do occur, as in 2011.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Northeast winds from wintertime cyclones departing south of the region sometimes bring the city lake-effect snow.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In winter there may be as much as of snow.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The winters could be very cold with snowfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ``Chicago'' is a poem by Carl Sandburg, about the U.S. city of Chicago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The name was an acronym of ``Spring Summer Autumn Winter Snow''.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many areas reported blizzard-like conditions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: is Japanese for ``Snow Wind'', or, idiomatically, snowstorm or blizzard.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Here is ` Let it Snow, Let it Snow, Let it Snow. '''
Claim: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2003 European heat wave led to the hottest summer on record in Europe since at least 1540.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Marine Isotope Stage 11 or MIS 11 is a Marine Isotope Stage in the geologic temperature record, covering the interglacial period between 424,000 and 374,000 years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At that time, the climate was not unlike today's, but there was a slightly warmer period from the 10th–14th centuries known as the Medieval Warm Period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Magma temperatures have been estimated at higher than 1000 C.
Claim: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This occurred when the period of the trojans' libration about their Lagrangian point had a 3:1 ratio to the period at which the position where Jupiter passes Saturn circulated relative to its perihelion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As mentioned above, Gliese 876 e, b and c are in a Laplace resonance, with a 4:2:1 ratio of periods (124.3, 61.1 and 30.0 days).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Modeling the 5 : 2 Mean-Motion Resonance in the Jupiter-Saturn Planetary System".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From the 12th century onwards, we observe the usage of two sixty-year cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Galactic year is the time it takes Earth's Solar System to revolve once around the galactic center.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98  parsec {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left({\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 π / ν {\displaystyle 2\pi /\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other bodies in the Solar System undergo orbital fluctuations like the Milankovitch cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The solar cycle is a 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar with respect to the week.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The inclination of the Earth’s axis and the shape of its orbit around the Sun oscillate gently in cycles lasting tens of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Solar System to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's rotation around its axis, and revolution around the Sun, evolve over time due to gravitational interactions with other bodies in the solar system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In astronomy, Kepler 's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun.
Claim: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The heat wave broke a number of records for extended periods of heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heatwaves are associated with marked short-term increases in mortality.
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or longer is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Various proxy measurements have been used to attempt to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations millions of years in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He added "The last 2000 years of proxy reconstructed temperature variations for the Northern Hemisphere shows that the Modern Warm Period (today) is not significantly different from the Medieval Warm Period of ~1000 years ago, or the Roman Warm Period of ~2000 years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The longer history of the proxy is then used to reconstruct temperature from earlier periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The longer history of the proxy is then used to reconstruct temperature from earlier periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Radiometric dating uses the properties of radioactive elements in proxies.