jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Because different climate models have slightly different patterns of ocean heating, they do not agree fully on the predictions for the contribution of ocean heating on sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.
Claim: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1989 and 2002 the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly United States businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight the Kyoto Protocol.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The British press also changed its coverage at the end of 1988, following a speech by Margaret Thatcher to the Royal Society advocating action against human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another form of action is climate strike.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Political action can also gain media and public attention to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the elements of the Occupy movement is global warming action.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Regarding Climate change policy of the United States, see "The Climate War" (2010) by Eric Pooley deputy editor of Bloomberg Businessweek

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Action Network–International (CAN) is an umbrella group of environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) active on the issue of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Climate Action Network-International is a worldwide network of over 1100 non-governmental organizations in 120 countries working to promote government and individual action to limit human-induced climate change to ecologically sustainable levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Enhanced action on mitigation of climate change includes, inter alia:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change".
Claim: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: July 4, 1923.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: February 14, 1926.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2007) assessed the literature on impacts of climate change in Polar regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Category : Publications established in 1922

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice changes have been identified as a mechanism for polar amplification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An observation based study related to Arctic amplification was published in 1969 by Mikhail Budyko, the study conclusion has been summarized as, "Sea ice loss affects Arctic temperatures through the surface albedo feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming Arctic temperatures provide a powerful forcing toward lessened sea ice coverage.
Claim: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, the troposphere is predicted by models to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surplus heating and vertical expansion of the troposphere occurs in the tropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Level of free convection, a specific altitude in the atmosphere

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Radiative forcing is quantified based on the CO amount in the tropopause, in units of watts per square meter to the Earth's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming projections indicate that the best estimate of surface air warming for a “high scenario” is 4 C, with a likely range of 2.4-6.4 C by 2100.
Claim: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some of the changes have been faster than previous assessments had suggested.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The observed changes in some climate variables, such as Arctic sea ice, some aspects of precipitation, and patterns of surface pressure, appear to be proceeding much more rapidly than models have projected.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.
Claim: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: High pressure areas form due to downward motion through the troposphere, the atmospheric layer where weather occurs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: i. Brief summary of the location and movement of fronts, pressure systems and circulation patterns for an 18-hour period

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The phenomena typically described by synoptic meteorology include events such as extratropical cyclones, baroclinic troughs and ridges, frontal zones, and to some extent jet streams.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Storm has the ability to control the weather and can fly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Jet streams are the product of two factors : the atmospheric heating by solar radiation that produces the large scale Polar, Ferrel, and Hadley circulation cells, and the action of the Coriolis force acting on those moving masses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.
Claim: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 1979 World Climate Conference (12 to 23 February) of the World Meteorological Organization concluded "it appears plausible that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can contribute to a gradual warming of the lower atmosphere, especially at higher latitudes...It is possible that some effects on a regional and global scale may be detectable before the end of this century and become significant before the middle of the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name="www.mpg.de/english/"></ref>

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These changes can influence the planetary climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A contraction of the thermosphere has been observed as a possible result in part due to increased carbon dioxide concentrations, the strongest cooling and contraction occurring in that layer during solar minimum.
Claim: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cloud cover may change in the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The albedo of these low level clouds is much higher than the albedo of the underlying ocean surface and correctly modeling these clouds is needed to limit the uncertainty in climate model predictions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate models also overpredict the results of the radiosonde measurements.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: "While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatological temperatures substantially affect cloud cover and precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: I'm betting that if the climate models' 'clouds' were made to behave the way we see these clouds behave in nature, it would substantially reduce the amount of climate change the models predict for the coming decades.
Claim: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the "beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.