jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body "protectively" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extreme high temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day for many reasons: people with heart problems are vulnerable because one's cardiovascular system must work harder to keep the body cool during hot weather, heat exhaustion, and some respiratory problems increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions, while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 ° C, and with prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 ° C death is almost inevitable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The hunting reaction or hunting response is a process of alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation in extremities exposed to cold.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deaths do not just occur from drowning, deaths are connected with dehydration, heat stroke, heart attack and any other illness that needs medical supplies that cannot be delivered.
Claim: Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO2 via the so-called solubility pump.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Igneous rock when exposed to a near surface environment absorbs carbon dioxide through a very slow weathering rate, but weathering increases in a warmer, higher rainfall climate, speeding the process.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Enhanced weathering is the removal of carbon from the air into the earth, enhancing the natural carbon cycle where carbon is mineralized into rock.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The weathering of silicate rock (see carbonate-silicate cycle).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in the rock is then released into the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The weathering sequesters CO, by the reaction of minerals with chemicals (especially silicate weathering with CO) and thereby removing CO from the atmosphere and reducing the radiative forcing.
Claim: Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report estimates that the upper ocean (surface to 750 m deep) has warmed by 0.09 to 0.13 degrees C per decade over the past 40 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".
Claim: Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.
Claim: Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.
Claim: The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide ().

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: acting as a carbon sink.
Claim: Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Neither direct measurements nor proxies of solar variation correlate well with Earth global temperature, particularly in recent decades when both quantities are best known.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name="www.mpg.de/english/"></ref>

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: "Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).
Claim: Donald Trump "thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented "the concept of global warming" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that “climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.” During his political campaign, he blamed China for doing little helping the environment on the earth, but he seemed to ignore many projects organized by China to slow global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: President Donald Trump has spoken out against the Green New Deal and has referred to climate change as a “hoax.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This was a significant milestone, as Trump once tweeted that "the concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled "The Science of Climate Change", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.
Claim: Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance fluctuates by +-0.1% over the ~11 years of the solar cycle, but that its average value has been stable since the measurements started in 1978.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar activity has been on a declining trend since the 1960s, as indicated by solar cycles 19-24, in which the maximum number of sunspots were 201, 111, 165, 159, 121 and 82, respectively.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The assessment of the solar activity/climate relationship involves multiple, independent lines of evidence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name="www.mpg.de/english/"></ref>

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.