jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a "crisis" or a "serious problem", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Norway, a 2013 poll conducted by TNS Gallup found that 92% of those who vote for the Socialist Left Party and 89% of those who vote for the Liberal Party believe that global warming is caused by humans, while the percentage who held this belief is 60% among voters for the Conservative Party and 41% among voters for the Progress Party.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: September 2011 Angus Reid Public Opinion poll found that Britons (43%) are less likely than Americans (49%) or Canadians (52%) to say that "global warming is a fact and is mostly caused by emissions from vehicles and industrial facilities".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).
Claim: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which can lead to more precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To some extent moisture in the atmosphere accelerates the probability of a global warming event.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By increasing the amount of moisture available to fall as precipitation, severe weather events are more likely to occur.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.
Claim: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: — WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region "will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: With very high or high confidence, IPCC (2007d:11) made a number of projections related to future changes in glaciers:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He goes on to state that the IPCC claims were

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yellow – could disappear by 2035 as temperatures rise.
Claim: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effect of this warm water propagates through the ocean, and reduces the amount of CO 2 that the oceans can hold in solution, which makes the oceans release large quantities of CO 2 into the atmosphere in a geologically short time (tens or thousands of years).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the part of The Great Climate Change Swindle where I am describing the fact that the ocean tends to expel carbon dioxide where it is warm, and to absorb it where it is cold, my intent was to explain that warming the ocean could be dangerous—because it is such a gigantic reservoir of carbon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.
Claim: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The BBC fought to overturn a ruling by the Information Tribunal that the BBC was wrong to refuse to release to a member of the public under the Freedom of Information Act of 2000 (FOI) the Balen report on its Middle East coverage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2008 FOI request by David Holland for emails discussing work on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report was refused by the university.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: David Holland, an electrical engineer from Northampton, made a 2008 FOI request for all emails to and from Keith Briffa about the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report; the university's information policy and compliance manager refused the request.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Two FOIA requests for data shared with another researcher were refused by the university, and the requestors appealed this to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The committee's report was largely ignored.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right of access to information held by public bodies also known as ``right to know''.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right of access to information held by public bodies also known as ``right to know''.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Additional information is incomplete because there are no records available at the time of the request.
Claim: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% nitrogen, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants convert carbon dioxide into biomass and emit oxygen into the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants that survive solely on fixation ( plants) tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, carbon dioxide concentrations are around 200 ppm or higher, and groundwater is plentiful.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate.
Claim: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Finally, Earth Systems models project that under ongoing greenhouse gas emissions as early as 2047, the Earth's near surface temperature could depart from the range of variability in the last 150 years, affecting over 3 billion people and most places of great species diversity on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late 1980s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2008) also referred to projections over the same time period of the: US Climate Change Science Program (2.7% max, and 2.0% mean), International Monetary Fund's 2007 "World Economic Outlook" (2.5%), Energy Modelling Forum (2.4% max, 1.7% mean), US Energy Information Administration (2.2% high, 1.8% medium, and 1.4% low), IEA's "World Energy Outlook 2007" (2.1% high, 1.8 base case), and the base case from the Nordhaus model (1.3%).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It was one of the major models used in the IPCC Third Assessment Report in 2001.
Claim: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
Claim: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report F igure 9.3 shows the global mean response of 19 different coupled models to an idealised experiment in which emissions increased at 1% per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: "Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While recently a suggests a significant revision of methane IPCC formula.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC explains this as follows:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists, and criticises how the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents evidence and data, in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The film argues that IPCC reports misrepresent the views of scientists who contribute to them through selective editorialising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report".