jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: (2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Repeat glacier altimetry, or altitude measuring, for 67 Alaska glaciers find rates of thinning have increased by more than a factor of two when comparing the periods from 1950 to 1995 ( per year) and 1995 to 2001 ( per year).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of per year; since 1993, [[satellite]] altimetry from [[TOPEX/Poseidon]] indicates a rate of about per year.
Claim: “Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Although increased rainful will not occur everywhere, models suggest most of the world will have a 16-24% increase in heavy precipitation intensity by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Changes in the climate system that are confidently predicted in response to increases in greenhouse gases include increases in mean surface air temperature, increases in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising sea level, and changes in the biosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global climate change is going to increase the probability of extreme weather events and environmental disturbances around the world, needless to say, future human populations are going to have to confront this issue.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate model simulations in support of AR5 use a different approach to account for increasing greenhouse gas concentrations than in the previous report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall.. Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario ("SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many risks increase with higher magnitudes of global warming.
Claim: Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The urban heat island warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The regional variation of warming, with more warming in the higher latitudes, is further evidence of warming that is anthropogenic in origin.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, speaking more properly, "global warming" denotes the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, but "climate change" includes both "global warming" and its effects, such as changes in precipitation and impacts that differ by region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.
Claim: Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but the arrangement of land masses around the Arctic Ocean has resulted in the maximum surface area flipping from reflective snow and ice cover to ocean and land surfaces that absorb more sunlight and thus more heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming is stronger over northern Europe, China and North America in winter, Europe and Asia interior in spring, Europe and north Africa in summer and northern North America, Greenland and eastern Asia in autumn.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because most of the planet's snow and ice lies at high latitude, decreasing tilt may encourage the onset of an ice age for two reasons: There is less overall summer insolation, and also less insolation at higher latitudes, which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Enhanced warming over north Eurasia is partly linked to the Northern Annular Mode, while in the southern hemisphere the trend toward stronger westerlies over the Southern ocean favoured a cooling over much of Antarctica with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula where strong westerlies decrease cold air outbreaks from the south.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Today, when autumn and winter in the Northern Hemisphere occur at closest approach, the Earth is moving at its maximum velocity and therefore autumn and winter are slightly shorter than spring and summer.
Claim: Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: "melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A rise in sea level could begin to corrode the bottom of an ice sheet, undercutting it; when one ice sheet failed and surged, the ice released would further raise sea levels, and further destabilizing other ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The melting of the polar ice caps, combined with thermal expansion, will lead to rises in sea levels that may impact adversely on our coastal cities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise due to the collapse of an ice sheet would be distributed nonuniformly across the globe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is grounded on bedrock below sea level, and its collapse has the potential of raising the world sea level 6–7 m over a few hundred years.
Claim: Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The stability of the atmosphere in Earth is not a consequence of chemical equilibrium.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.
Claim: A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The scientists declared "climate emergency" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In November 2017, a statement, titled "World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice", led by eight authors and signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that, among other things, "we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Data is collected from a network of more than 500 contributors and researchers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "UK Parliament declares climate change emergency".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A network of collective intelligence is created.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A Global Threat Emerges".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On 13 February 2015, scientists (including David Grinspoon, Seth Shostak, and David Brin) at an annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, discussed Active SETI and whether transmitting a message to possible intelligent extraterrestrials in the Cosmos was a good idea ; That same week, a statement was released, signed by many in the SETI community, that a ``worldwide scientific, political and humanitarian discussion must occur before any message is sent''.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These scientists include:
Claim: The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ozone is created when O comes in contact with photons from solar radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The stratosphere is stratified (layered) in temperature, with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth; this increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The radical Cl is long-lived in the upper atmosphere, where it catalyzes the conversion of ozone into O. Ozone absorbs UV-B radiation, so its depletion allows more of this high energy radiation to reach the Earth's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is absorbed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This ozone layer protects against harmful ultraviolet B sunlight linked to several medical conditions including cataracts and skin cancer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ozone absorbs UVC light and shorter wave UVB, and lets through UVA, which is largely harmless to people.
Claim: This is called the "atmospheric greenhouse effect", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's temperature would be about −18 °C (-0.4 °F) compared to Earth's actual surface temperature of approximately 14 °C (57.2 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.