jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.
Claim: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A heat wave began across much of the midwestern United States, killing hundreds of people over a six-day period where temperatures remained above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An increase in temperature has the potential to cause a widespread epidemic of the disease that has the capacity to wipe out entire populations of people.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heat-related morbidity and mortality is projected to increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions, while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.
Claim: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar Bears are increasing in number.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result, the diet is less nutritional, which leads to reduced body size and reproduction, thus indicating population decline in polar bears.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar bears are turning to alternative food sources because Arctic sea ice melts earlier and freezes later each year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities.
Claim: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The speed at which a transition in the energy sector needs to take place will be historically rapid.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is also not a fast enough response to address climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To create lasting climate change mitigation, the replacement of high carbon emission intensity power sources, such as conventional fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—with low-carbon power sources is required.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to Jacobson, a speedy transition to clean, renewable energy is required to reduce the potential acceleration of global warming, including the disappearance of the Arctic Sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A timely implementation of the energy transition requires multiple approaches in parallel.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Energy transition is the shift by several countries to sustainable economies by means of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development.
Claim: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models suggest that lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of future global warming, while higher stabilization levels are associated with higher magnitudes of future global warming (see figure opposite).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions "yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, "but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The satellite records used to show much smaller warming trends for the troposphere which were considered to disagree with model prediction; however, following revisions to the satellite records, the trends are now similar.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name="www.mpg.de/english/"></ref>

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: less than 14% of the observed global warming.
Claim: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Republican Party has varied views on climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Individual and political action on climate change can take many forms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2015, the Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue recognized Tim Flannery for using dialogue and authentic engagement to build global consensus for action around climate change.His sometimes controversial views on shutting down conventional coal-fired power stations for electricity generation in the medium term are frequently cited in the media.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Robert K. Watson, known as Rob, American environmentalist

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Citizens' Climate Lobby is a non-partisan organization with members throughout the United States, Canada and other countries, which advocates for effective climate legislation.
Claim: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to mitigation and adaptation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From a global perspective, it is more likely that people living at or below poverty will be affected the most by climate change and are thus the most vulnerable, because they will have the least amount of resource dollars to invest in resiliency infrastructure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many studies have shown that those people who are least responsible for causing the problem of climate change are also the most likely to suffer from its impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As climate justice has revealed, the individual areas and countries that are least responsible for the phenomenon of climate change are also the ones who are going to be most negatively affected by future environmental disturbances.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Negative impacts of climate change are those that are least capable of developing robust and comprehensive climate resiliency infrastructure and response systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Future generations are likely to be the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, yet they are also the least represented in current decisions on climate action.
Claim: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This led to rising international tensions over the coming decades and eventually to a global nuclear war in 2077, destroying civilization across the globe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Environmental issues sometimes lead to armed conflict.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Depletion of natural resources including fresh water increases the likelihood of "resource wars".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Two groups may fight over remaining natural resources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This possible event is described as nuclear winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Overpopulation causes crowding, and conflict over scarce resources, which in turn lead to increased levels of warfare.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water is increasingly being used as a weapon in conflict.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Hence, the adverse effects of climate crisis together with the ever-increasing number of global population would trigger intense competition for this increasingly scarce resource, leading to regional instability and even wars.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nuclear peace is a theory of international relations that argues that under some circumstances nuclear weapons can induce stability and decrease the chances of crisis escalation.
Claim: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.
Claim: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Another benefit of a floating solar system is that the panels are kept at a lower temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the Gulf Stream and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of planet Earth's rotation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Continental west-coasts (to which all of Scandinavia belongs, as the westernmost part of the Eurasian continent), are notably warmer than continental east-coasts; this can also be seen by comparing e.g.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Newswatch branding was dropped after 28 years to coincide with the switch.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is less evidence that precipitation is changing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (such as more or fewer extreme weather events).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (such as more or fewer extreme weather events).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warmer air holds more water vapor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.