jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The polar bear population has been growing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar Bears are increasing in number.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar bear has become a powerful discursive symbol in the fight against climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears is a multilateral treaty signed in Oslo, November 15, 1973 by the five nations with the largest polar bear populations : Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (Svalbard), the United States, and the Soviet Union.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.
Claim: Climate change is due to cosmic rays.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This documentary presents the work done to develop the theory that cloud cover change is caused by variations in cosmic rays as the major originator of global climate variation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.
Claim: NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These changes are often a sign of a changing climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because of global warming there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the "U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
Claim: The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the products of burning hydrocarbons with oxygen is water vapour, a greenhouse gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: That’s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.
Claim: [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming also affects weather patterns as they pertain to cyclones.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The EPA has determined that greenhouse gas pollution causes global temperature warming, leading to harmful changes to the environment and human health globally such as increased drought and increased famine due to decrease in water supply and agricultural production.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming such as extreme weather events, droughts, floods, biodiversity loss, disease and sea level rise are dangerous for humans and the environment.
Claim: “The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An example of a proposed causal chain leading to more warming is the decline of Arctic sea ice, potentially triggering subsequent release of ocean methane.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Melting Arctic ice caps are likely to increase traffic through the Arctic Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As Arctic ice melts and shipping activity increases, emissions originating within the Arctic are expected to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.
Claim: But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic Current which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The sea temperature during the summer months is up to 25 degrees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several weather records were broken in the United Kingdom, including a new record for the country's highest ever recorded temperature of at Faversham in Kent on 10 August, which remained the highest recorded temperature in the UK until the heatwave in July 2019.
Claim: world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.
Claim: Climate change need not endanger anyone”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The species said to be most at risk for endangerment or extinction are populations that are not of conservation concern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In case of the public opinion on climate change, no imminent danger is perceived.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the case of climate change an action that needs to be taken is one that influences them rather than the other way around.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: President Obama said in September 2009 that if the international community would not act swiftly to deal with climate change that "we risk consigning future generations to an irreversible catastrophe...The security and stability of each nation and all peoples—our prosperity, our health, and our safety—are in jeopardy, and the time we have to reverse this tide is running out.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Action is necessary now, before climate change moves beyond man’s control.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".
Claim: Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate has been fairly stable over the Holocene.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's heat content is about .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).