jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the philosophy of science, verificationism holds that a statement must, in principle, be empirically verifiable in order that it be scientific.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.
Claim: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994, where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer trained as an atmospheric physicist and is known for his work in space research, atmospheric pollution, rocket and satellite technology, his questioning of the link between UV-B and melanoma rates, and that between chlorofluoro compounds and stratospheric ozone loss, his public downplaying of the health risks of passive smoking, and as an advocate for climate change denial.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 1990 article for the Cato Institute identifies Singer as the director of the science and environmental policy project at the Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, on leave from the University of Virginia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, where he had worked from 1980.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The VCR/LTER is a member of the Long Term Ecological Research Network, and is administered by the Department of Environmental Sciences of the University of Virginia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Alexander Singer (born 1932), film director

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904 -- 1991), American novelist

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer has been accused of rejecting peer-reviewed and independently confirmed scientific evidence in his claims concerning public health and environmental issues.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer has had a varied career, serving in the armed forces, government, and academia.
Claim: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2–3 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's reviews of scenarios of energy usage that would keep global warming to approximately 1.5 degrees, the proportion of primary energy supplied by renewables increases from 15% in 2020 to 60% in 2050 (median values across all published pathways).
Claim: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region (home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3 °C (1.8 °F to 5.4 °F) over the last 50 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The annual temperature has steadily increased over the last fifty years, with Alaska seeing it double (compared to the rate seen across the rest of the United States) to the rate of 3.4 degrees, with an alarming 6.3 degrees increase for the winters over the past fifty years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will in their fifth report establish scenarios for the future, where the temperature in the Arctic will rise between 1.5 and 2.5 °C by 2040 and with 2 to 7.5 °C by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Claim: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The urban heat island warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.
Claim: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: solar cells requires more energy than can be recovered in using the solar cell .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ), If the yearly average electricity production from sustained sources is higher than the total energy consumed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wind and Solar are able to produce electricity for 20-40% of the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One vision of a sustainable energy future involves all human structures on the earth's surface (i.e., buildings, vehicles and roads) doing artificial photosynthesis (using sunlight to split water as a source of hydrogen and absorbing carbon dioxide to make fertilizer) efficiently than plants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is often confused with renewable energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Employment in large scale solar and wind power is driven primarily by installation activity, rather than ongoing operation and maintenance..
Claim: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about −0.1 unit from pre-industrial levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It plays an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle, and there is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Firstly, the high carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would cause the oceans to become acidic, and dissolve any carbonates contained within—starkly at odds with the deposition of cap carbonates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: • Ocean acidification is projected to continue (very high confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.
Claim: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperatures were felt in:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.
Claim: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to irrigate crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While warmer temperatures create longer growing seasons, and faster growth rates for plants, it also increases the metabolic rate and number of breeding cycles of insect populations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While summer growing seasons are expanding, winters are getting warmer and shorter, resulting in reduced winter ice cover on bodies of water, earlier ice-out, earlier melt water flows, and earlier spring lake level peaks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In areas where the amount of water in rivers and streams depends on snow melting, warmer temperatures increase the fraction of precipitation falling as rain rather than as snow, causing the annual spring peak in water runoff to occur earlier in the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During a growing season, a leaf will transpire many times more water than its own weight.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warmer winter temperatures cause a decrease in snowpack, which can result in diminished water resources during summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The water flow in a stream can vary widely from season to season.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Transpiration from plants can be affected by a rise in atmospheric CO, which can decrease their use of water, but can also raise their use of water from possible increases of leaf area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive.