jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over sixteen chapters the authors present their view of the natural cycles in the earth's climate and argue that the current warming period is not caused by man-made greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent extinctions are more directly attributable to human influences, whereas prehistoric extinctions can be attributed to other factors, such as global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities (anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions) have already contributed of warming.
Claim: The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348–1350).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth 's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large particularly explosive volcanic eruption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: David Wallace-Wells, "The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think," New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climatology hypothesis is that if each city firestorms, a great deal of soot could be thrown up into the atmosphere which could blanket the earth, cutting out sunlight for years on end, causing the disruption of food chains, in what is termed a Nuclear Winter scenario.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).
Claim: When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During some periods the Northern Hemisphere would get slightly less sunlight during the winter than it would get during other centuries.
Claim: it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding "the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Air pollution is not bound to a nation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because petroleum is a naturally occurring substance, its presence in the environment need not be the result of human causes such as accidents and routine activities (seismic exploration, drilling, extraction, refining and combustion).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wild plants and animals do not perceive radiation as dangerous, and any slight reduction it may cause in their lifespans is far less a hazard than is the presence of people and their pets...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is probably not dangerous toward humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Phosphite is not toxic to people or animals.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Bentonite mining is a potential threat, but not a current one.
Claim: CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent research at CERN's CLOUD facility examined links between cosmic rays and cloud condensation nuclei, demonstrating the effect of high-energy particulate radiation in nucleating aerosol particles that are precursors to cloud condensation nuclei.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The CLOUD experiment is investigating possible physical mechanisms for solar/cosmic ray forcing - a theory whereby cloud nucleation is affected by cosmic rays and the cosmic rays are affected by solar activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recently research has been going on at CERN 's CLOUD facility to study the effects of the solar cycle and cosmic rays on cloud formation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This documentary presents the work done to develop the theory that cloud cover change is caused by variations in cosmic rays as the major originator of global climate variation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.
Claim: In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On September 2, 1997, Singer said that "The possibility that global temperatures could rise because of an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a concern that needs to be monitored...But there has been no indication in the last century that we've seen anything other than natural climate fluctuations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Even if human carbon dioxide emissions were to completely cease, atmospheric temperatures are not expected to decrease significantly for thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.
Claim: Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Simultaneously, the capacity of the atmosphere to carry precipitation increases with temperature so that precipitation, in the form of snowfall, increases in global and regional models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, resulting in changes in mass balance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is an aspect of modern climate change, a term that also includes the observed changes in precipitation, storm tracks and cloudiness.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.
Claim: Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenland's ice sheet contains enough fresh water as ice to raise sea level worldwide by .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).
Claim: The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Daytime temperatures have not risen as fast as nighttime temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the opposite behavior.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The total increase in global warming for the century should be ~0.3 °C, rather than the catastrophic warming of 3-6°C (4-11°F) predicted by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".