jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By 2003 there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The SUV segment further grew to 26% of the global passenger car market in 2016, then to 36.8% of the market in Q1–Q3 of 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: September 2011 Angus Reid Public Opinion poll found that Britons (43%) are less likely than Americans (49%) or Canadians (52%) to say that "global warming is a fact and is mostly caused by emissions from vehicles and industrial facilities".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late 1980s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In his 1992 book "Earth in the Balance", Al Gore wrote, "... it ought to be possible to establish a coordinated global program to accomplish the strategic goal of completely eliminating the internal combustion engine over, say, a twenty-five-year period..." Approximately half of the oil produced in the United States is refined into gasoline for use in internal combustion engines.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming "stopped in 1998".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The proportion of Americans who believe that the effects of global warming have begun or will begin in a few years rose to a peak in 2008 where it then declined, and a similar trend was found regarding the belief that global warming is a threat to their lifestyle within their lifetime.
Claim: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The mass balance, or difference between accumulation and ablation (melting and sublimation), of a glacier is crucial to its survival.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A combination of satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance suggests the overall mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was relatively steady or slightly positive for much of the period 1992–2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Studies based on estimated snowfall and mass output tend to indicate that the ice sheets are near balance or taking some water out of the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Long-term mass balance records from Lemon Creek Glacier in Alaska show slightly declining mass balance with time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Combined glacier mass balance estimates of the large ice sheets carry an uncertainty of about 20%.
Claim: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) are recorded well in speleothems, giving high-resolution data that can show annual variation in temperature (oxygen isotopes primarily reflect rainfall temperature) and precipitation (carbon isotopes primarily reflect C3/C4 plant composition and plant productivity, but the interpretation is often complicated).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The oxygen isotope ratio obtained from seabed sediment core samples, a proxy for the average global temperature, is an important source of information about changes in the climate of the earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon isotope measurements of benthic foramifinera at the K -- T boundary suggest rapid, repeated fluctuations in oceanic productivity in the 3 million years before the final extinction, and that productivity and ocean circulation ended abruptly for at least tens of thousands of years just after the boundary, indicating devastation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent evidence from a global study of water stable isotopes shows that transpired water is isotopically different from groundwater and streams.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The oxygen isotope ratios in their shells can also be used as proxies for temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Similar to their study on other proxies, paleoclimatologists examine oxygen isotopes in the contents of ocean sediments.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For Heinrich event 4, based on a model study reproducing the isotopic anomaly of oceanic oxygen 18, the fresh water flux has been estimated to 0.29±0.05 Sverdrup with a duration of 250±150 years (Roche "et al"., 2004), equivalent to a fresh water volume of about or a sea-level rise.
Claim: Peer review process was corrupted

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is "ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report was not properly peer reviewed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Peer Review (magazine), an academic magazine

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The circumstances of the paper's publication were controversial, prompting concerns about the publishers' peer review process.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The peer-review process is as robust as it could possibly be.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some physicists have also treated this as evidence of the fallibility inherent within the peer review system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The election process was overshadowed my multiple allegations of violations of its integrity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In academic publishing, a retraction is a statement published in an academic journal stating that a peer-reviewed article previously published in the journal should be considered invalid as a source of knowledge.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This latter point was missed in the review process, explaining why I perceive this paper to be fundamentally flawed and therefore wrongly accepted by the journal.
Claim: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.
Claim: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because greenhouse gas molecules radiate infrared energy in all directions, some of it spreads downward and ultimately returns to the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's surface, warmed to an "effective temperature" around −18 °C (0 °F), radiates long-wavelength, infrared heat in the range of 4–100 μm.
Claim: cold kills many more people than heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Within the United States alone, an average of 1,000 people die each year due to extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cold-related deaths are far more numerous than heat-related deaths in the United States, Europe, and almost all countries outside the tropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reductions in cold-deaths due to climate change are projected to be greater than increases in heat-related deaths in the UK.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions, while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extreme high temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day for many reasons: people with heart problems are vulnerable because one's cardiovascular system must work harder to keep the body cool during hot weather, heat exhaustion, and some respiratory problems increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Europe, mean annual heat related mortalities are 304 in north Finland, 445 in Athens, and 40 in London, while cold related mortalities are 2457, 2533, and 3129 respectively.
Claim: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mount Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania, Africa.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Researchers reported Kilimanjaro's glacier retreat was due to a combination of increased sublimation and decreased snow fall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mid-latitude mountain ranges such as the Himalayas, Alps, Rocky Mountains, Cascade Range, and the southern Andes, as well as isolated tropical summits such as Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa, are showing some of the largest proportionate glacial losses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising global temperatures have noticeable effects on the rate at which glaciers melt, causing glaciers in general to shrink worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Furtwängler Glacier is located near the summit of Kilimanjaro.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 1912 the glacier cover on the summit of Kilimanjaro has apparently retreated 75%, and the volume of glacial ice is now 80% less than it was a century ago due to both retreat and thinning.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.
Claim: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's heat content is about .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence for warming accumulated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."