jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This comes mainly from wind turbines situated right across Orkney Many initiatives seek to assist individuals, businesses and states in reducing their carbon footprint or achieving climate neutrality.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "The 11 Biggest Wind Farms and Wind Power Constructions That Reduce Carbon Footprint".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a typical study of a wind farms Life cycle assessment (LCA), in isolation, it usually results in similar findings as the following 2006 analysis of 3 installations in the US Midwest, were the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of wind power ranged from 14 to 33 metric ton per GWh (14 - 33 g/kWh) of energy produced, with most of the emissions coming from the production of concrete for wind-turbine foundations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewable power technologies can have significant environmental benefits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main energy-related impact is emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The impact of such human activities in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced can be measured in units of carbon dioxide and is referred to as the "carbon footprint".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Also known as a carbon footprint, it is a business tool that constructs information that may (or may not) be useful for understanding and managing climate change impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2014-published life-cycle analysis of land use for various sources of electricity concluded that the large-scale implementation of solar and wind potentially reduces pollution-related
Claim: Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This effect also causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces the growth of raindrops and makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In addition to storing heat, the atmosphere also protects living organisms by shielding the Earth's surface from cosmic rays—which are often incorrectly thought to be deflected by the magnetic field.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This would be achieved by deflecting sunlight away from the Earth, or by increasing the reflectivity (albedo) of the atmosphere or the Earth's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:
Claim: Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: White House deputy press secretary Dana Perino stated that "The president noted in 2001 the increase in temperatures over the past 100 years and that the increase in greenhouse gases was due to a certain extent to human activity".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human-driven modifications to the planet's ecosystems (e.g., disturbance, biodiversity loss, agriculture) contributes to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming 'very likely' human-made".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The UNFCCC uses "climate variability" for non-human caused variations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).
Claim: “It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coastal regions would be most affected by rising sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: “Sea level rise will cause a change of state from freshwater to marine or estuarine ecosystems, radically altering the composition of biotic communities".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This results in falling global sea levels (relative to a stable land mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Islands disappear under rising seas".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
Claim: When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their "efficient prices," when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coal contains more carbon than oil or natural gas fossil fuels, resulting in greater volumes of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electricity generated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nuclear and coal plants have very high fixed costs, high plant load factor but very low marginal costs, though not as low as solar, wind, and hydroelectric.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Speaking of the numerous assumptions and therefore wide results returned by authors of previous individual studies, the Warner and Heath Yale paper states: "the difference between nuclear power life cycle GHG emissions constructed in an electric system dominated by nuclear (or renewables) and a system dominated by coal can be fairly large (in the range of 4 to 22 g -eq/kWh compared to 30 to 110 g -eq/kWh, respectively)".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Biofuels are different from fossil fuels in regard to carbon emissions being short term, but are similar to fossil fuels in that biofuels contribute to air pollution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nuclear power may be uncompetitive compared with fossil fuel energy sources in countries without a carbon tax program, and in comparison to a fossil fuel plant of the same power output, nuclear power plants take a longer amount of time to construct.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By considering emission costs the prices for i.e.
Claim: Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Flooding creates more standing water for mosquitoes to breed; as well, shown that these vectors are able to feed more and grow faster in warmer climates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: When temperature rises, the larvae take a shorter time to mature and, consequently, there is a greater capacity to produce more offspring.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, rising global temperatures would allow for the disease vector to expand their range further north, allowing Zika to follow.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming may extend the favourable zones for vectors conveying infectious disease such as dengue fever, West Nile virus, and malaria.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The World Health Organization (WHO) says global warming could lead to a major increase in insect-borne diseases in Britain and Europe, as northern Europe becomes warmer, ticks—which carry encephalitis and lyme disease—and sandflies—which carry visceral leishmaniasis—are likely to move in.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mosquitoes are sensitive to temperature changes and the warming of their environment will boost their rates of production.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Dengue fever used to be considered a tropical disease, but climate change is causing dengue fever to spread.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may also lead to new human diseases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is an influential driving force of vector-borne diseases such as malaria.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is because some of the climate changes that are occurring are increased heat, precipitation and humidity which create prime breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming oceans and a changing climate are resulting in extreme weather patterns which have brought about an increase of infectious diseases—both new and re-emerging.
Claim: But there is also good data showing sea levels

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By analyzing the various growth morphologies, microatolls offer a low resolution record of sea level change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Water levels have been recorded since 1875, averaging about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) above sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Available data show, for example, that :

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The land and marine records can be compared.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is geographic evidence to support this.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some of the graphs show a positive trend, e.g., increasing temperature over land and the ocean, and sea level rise.
Claim: Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC states that global warming "could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The total increase in global warming for the century should be ~0.3 °C, rather than the catastrophic warming of 3-6°C (4-11°F) predicted by the IPCC.
Claim: Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the 2010 election campaign, Gillard also said that no carbon tax would be introduced under a government she led.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a "carbon tax", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the "Clean Energy Act 2011" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The day before the 2010 federal election, Prime Minister, Julia Gillard sent out a message regarding carbon pricing, stating "I don't rule out the possibility of legislating a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, a market-based mechanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The introduction of a carbon price in Australia was controversial.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Following her election as party leader, in various policy announcements in the lead up to the 2010 election, Prime Minister Gillard and Treasurer Wayne Swan gave assurances that no carbon tax would be introduced by a Gillard led government, but that a "citizens' assembly" would be called to sound out public support for a price on carbon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On 24 February 2011, in a joint press conference of the "Climate Change Committee" – comprising the Government, Greens and two independent MPs – Gillard announced a plan to legislate for the introduction of a fixed price to be imposed on "carbon pollution" from 1 July 2012 The carbon price would be placed for three to five years before a full emissions trading scheme is implemented, under a blueprint agreed by a multi-party parliamentary committee.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heading into the 2013 Australian federal election, the Liberal Party platform included the removal of the 'Carbon Tax', claiming that the election was in effect a referendum on carbon pricing in Australia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon tax support:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While any carbon price would not be triggered until after the 2013 election... She would legislate the carbon price next term if sufficient consensus existed", and the federal opposition accused the government of breaking an election promise to not introduce a carbon tax.
Claim: Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Another peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could actually have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by 1 °C (1.8 °F) in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cooling of the lower stratosphere (about 49,000-79,500 ft.) since 1979 is shown by both satellite Microwave sounding unit and radiosonde data, but is larger in the radiosonde data likely due to uncorrected errors in the radiosonde data (see figure opposite).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The satellite time series is not homogeneous.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warmer air holds more water vapor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The brightness temperature (T) measured by satellite is given by: