jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reductions in cold-deaths due to climate change are projected to be greater than increases in heat-related deaths in the UK.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the climate warms, snow cover and sea ice extent decrease.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, resulting in changes in mass balance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gas, a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the "water vapour feedback".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent scientific assessments find that most of the warming of the Earth's surface over the past 50 years has been caused by human activities (see also the section on scientific literature and opinion).
Claim: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This will be the one which not only has hitherto stood up to the severest tests, but the one which is also testable in the most rigorous way.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From a new idea, put up tentatively, and not yet justified in any way—an anticipation, a hypothesis, a theoretical system, or what you will—conclusions are drawn by means of logical deduction.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Hypothesis tests are used when determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the course of increasing global temperature and extreme weather phenomena

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatology (from Greek , "klima", "place, zone"; and , "-logia") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At one extreme of this scale is climatology.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".
Claim: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks".
Claim: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The early Middle Ages were a period of climate deterioration, resulting in more land becoming unproductive.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.
Claim: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports "Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Claim: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is increasing growth of algae on the ice sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Antarctic ice sheet, however, is expected to grow during the 21st century because of increased precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."
Claim: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 ° C, and with prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 ° C death is almost inevitable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cold-related deaths are far more numerous than heat-related deaths in the United States, Europe, and almost all countries outside the tropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The health burden could be relatively small for moderate heatwaves in temperate regions, because deaths occur primarily in susceptible persons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The biology of life operates within a certain range of temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.