jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: “The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent research, based on archaeological and paleontological digs on 70 different Pacific islands has shown that numerous species became extinct as people moved across the Pacific, starting 30,000 years ago in the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: SOPAC: South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It hosted the Tarawa Climate Change Conference on November 9–11, 2010, where the Ambo Declaration was signed by 12 countries: Kiribati, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, the Republic of the Maldives, Cuba, Brazil, Fiji, Japan, China, the Marshall Islands, New Zealand and Australia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a pair of studies published in 2015, extrapolation from observed extinction of Hawaiian snails of the family Amastridae, led to the conclusion that "the biodiversity crisis is real", and that 7% of all species on Earth may have disappeared already.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a pair of studies published in 2015, extrapolation from observed extinction of Hawaiian snails led to the conclusion that 7% of all species on Earth may have been lost already.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Gilbert Islands (Tungaru formerly Kingsmill or King 's - Mill Islands) are a chain of sixteen atolls and coral islands in the Pacific Ocean about halfway between Papua New Guinea and Hawaii.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In March 2019, "Nature Climate Change" published a study by ecologists from Yale University, who found that over the next half century, human land use will reduce the habitats of 1,700 species by up to 50%, pushing them closer to extinction.
Claim: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.
Claim: Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Bermuda Triangle is a region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean where a number of aircraft and surface vessels allegedly disappeared mysteriously.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Also, until recently, an area in the North Atlantic including southern Greenland was one of the only areas in the World showing cooling rather than warming in recent decades, but this cooling has now been replaced by strong warming in the period 1979–2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is some speculation that global warming could, via a shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger localized cooling in the North Atlantic and lead to cooling, or lesser warming, in that region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Norwegian Sea (Norwegian: Norskehavet) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ian Somerhalder travels to the Bahamas where he looks at historical evidence and explores a blue hole, diving and taking core samples of the ocean floor with scientists from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to learn how the warming of the oceans' surface will increase the strength and destructiveness of hurricanes and superstorms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This mechanism possibly caused the cold ocean surface temperature anomaly currently observed near Greenland (Cold blob (North Atlantic)).
Claim: Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...
Claim: At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For comparison, the 2003 European heat wave killed an estimated 35,000–70,000 people, with temperatures slightly less than in India and Pakistan.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The European heat wave of 2007 affected primarily south-eastern Europe during late June through August.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2003 European heat wave killed 22,000–35,000 people, based on normal mortality rates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the BBC, around 2,000 more people than usual may have died in the United Kingdom during the 2003 heatwave.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For example, in August 2003, a heatwave in Europe resulted in excess mortality in the range of 35,000 total deaths.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2000), "populations in Europe have adjusted successfully to mean summer temperatures ranging from 13.5°C to 24.1°C, and can be expected to adjust to global warming predicted for the next half century with little sustained increase in heat related mortality.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Around 300 people—mostly elderly—died during the 2003 heatwave in Germany.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Europe, mean annual heat related mortalities are 304 in north Finland, 445 in Athens, and 40 in London, while cold related mortalities are 2457, 2533, and 3129 respectively.
Claim: 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Shaftel 2016: "'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The terms "global warming" and "climate change" are often used interchangeably.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, speaking more properly, "global warming" denotes the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, but "climate change" includes both "global warming" and its effects, such as changes in precipitation and impacts that differ by region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the term "climate change" now implies change that is both long-term and of human causation, in the 1960s the word climate change was used for what we now describe as climate variability, that is, climatic inconsistencies and anomalies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In their usage, "climate change" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term "climate change" often refers only to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface temperature known as global warming.
Claim: Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.
Claim: “The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because the power of the polar vortex and jet stream is derived partly from the temperature contrast between cold polar air and warmer tropical air, it is at risk of becoming severely diminished as this contrast is eroded by the effects of melting sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar vortex is a whirlwind of especially cold, dense air forming near the poles that is contained by the jet stream, a belt of fast-flowing winds that serves as a boundary between cold polar air and the warmer air of other hemispheres.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern-hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Forcings that initially warm the northern hemisphere, land, or polar regions more strongly; are systematically more effective at changing temperatures than an equivalent amount of CO whose forcing is more uniformly distributed over the globe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic amplified warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because of the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When there is a lot of sea ice present globally, especially in the tropics and subtropics, the climate is more sensitive to forcings as the ice–albedo feedback is very strong.
Claim: Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere concluded that global mean sea level rose by 0.16 metres between 1901 and 2016.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The fact that the IPCC estimates did not include rapid ice sheet decay into their sea level predictions makes it difficult to ascertain a plausible estimate for sea level rise but a 2008 study found that the minimum sea level rise will be around by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.