jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The primary cause of this phenomenon is ice-albedo feedback, where by melting ice uncovers darker land or ocean beneath, which then absorbs more sunlight, causing more heating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming tends to decrease ice cover and hence decrease the albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed and leading to more warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This darkens the ice causing it to absorb more sunlight and potentially increasing the rate of melting.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If sea-ice retreats in the Arctic, the albedo of the sea will be darker which means more warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Dark, open water left behind as sea ice melts absorbs vastly more heat than ice covered water, leading to physical implications that include the ice-albedo feedback or warmer sea surface temperatures which increase ocean heat content.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but the arrangement of land masses around the Arctic Ocean has resulted in the maximum surface area flipping from reflective snow and ice cover to ocean and land surfaces that absorb more sunlight and thus more heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.
Claim: As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There were likely polar ice caps and a series of glaciations, as the planet was still recovering from an earlier Snowball Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the terminology of glaciology, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The single-day maximum extent in 2014 was reached on 20 Sep, according to NSIDC data, when the sea ice covered 7.78 million square miles (20.14 million square kilometers).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This would explain recent observations of its surface compared to evidence of different conditions in its past, such as the extent of its polar caps.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called Snowball Earth state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The maximum ice extent occurred approximately 25,000 -- 21,000 years ago during the last glacial maximum, also known as the Late Wisconsin in North America.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The sea level has risen more than since the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] about 20,000 years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While there are still large region to region and multiyear shifts in the Arctic climate, the large spatial extent of recent changes in air temperature, sea ice, and vegetation is greater than observed in the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Relationships between global climate and changes in ice extent are complex.
Claim: Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Each planet therefore has seasons, changes to the climate over the course of its year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Like Uranus, Pluto rotates on its "side" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120°, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its solstices, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These changes can influence the planetary climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.
Claim: 'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: UDC's "Water Edge Study" called for the highway to be routed above the water at the ends of the then mostly abandoned piers on the Hudson River and the addition of hundreds of acres of concrete platforms between the bulkhead and the pierhead lines for parks and apartments.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "New York to Build Elevated Highway: Road for Fast Motor Traffic Will Run Along the Hudson Waterfront From Seventy-Second to Canal Street—Will Relieve Congestion on the West Side".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Elevated Highway Along Hudson Shore Is Ordered by City: Estimate Board Passes Half of Miller Plan for Viaduct From 59th to 72d Street".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a busy one, with significant cross traffic going to docks and ferries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He suggested Hudson River Boulevard for the name of the highway.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway) is a 5.42-mile-long (8.72 km) mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Category : Rivers of Delaware County, New York

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Close to of land have been submerged.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Category : Rivers of Tompkins County, New York

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Henry M. Brinckerhoff (1868 -- 1949), American highway engineer

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Category : Rivers of the West Coast, New Zealand

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: James E. Hansen (1941 --), American climatologist
Claim: the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other large-scale climate changes are sometimes loosely called a ``runaway greenhouse effect'' although it is not an appropriate description.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Insertion of bugs into climate models?
Claim: The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Estimates of transient climate response (TCR) calculated from models and observational data can be reconciled if it is taken into account that fewer temperature measurements are taken in the polar regions, which warm more quickly than average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He asserts that global warming is not supported by a significant number of climate scientists, and criticises how the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents evidence and data, in particular citing its reliance on potentially inaccurate global climate models to make temperature projections.
Claim: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The [[Greenland ice sheet|Greenland]] and the [[Antarctic ice sheet]]s are major ice masses, and at least the former of which may suffer irreversible decline.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.
Claim: …obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Prior to the 2008-2009 U.S. recession, experts argued for steps to be put in place immediately to address an unsustainable trajectory of federal deficits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Real Global Warming Disaster ("Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?")

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The predominance of catastrophe frames over solution frames may help explain the apparent value-action gap with climate change; the current discursive setting has generated concern over climate change but not inspired action.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antilla 2005: "One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is not to be confused with mitigation with regards to the overall topic of climate change, which refers to reduction of carbon or greenhouse emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Government policies regarding climate change and many official reports on the subject usually revolve around one of the following:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The focus areas for global warming politics are Adaptation, Mitigation, Finance, Technology and Losses which are well quantified and studied but the urgency of the global warming challenge combined with the implication to almost every facet of a nation-state's economic interests places significant burdens on the established largely-voluntary global institutions that have developed over the last century; institutions that have been unable to effectively reshape themselves and move fast enough to deal with this unique challenge.
Claim: Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Warming of 1.5 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the troposphere, the average environmental lapse rate is a drop of about 6.5 °C for every 1 km (1,000 meters) in increased height.