jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some large wildfires in the United States have been blamed on years of fire suppression and the continuing expansion of people into fire-adapted ecosystems, but climate change is more likely responsible.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Fire of 1910 (also commonly referred to as the Big Blowup, the Big Burn, or the Devil 's Broom fire) was a wildfire that burned about 3000000 acre, approximately the size of Connecticut) in northeast Washington, northern Idaho (the panhandle), and western Montana.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change increases wildfire potential and activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Research shows that rising heat due to climate change has caused an increase in fires around the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reduced harvesting rates and fire suppression have caused an increase in the forest biomass in the western United States over the past century.
Claim: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A forcing is something that is imposed externally on the climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: External forcing mechanisms can be either anthropogenic (e.g.
Claim: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rapid or large climate change can cause mass extinctions when creatures are stretched too far to be able to adapt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is widely accepted as being a contributor to extinction worldwide, in a similar way that previous extinction events have generally included a rapid change in global climate and meteorology.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Pleistocene.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Holocene extinction, otherwise referred to as the sixth mass extinction or Anthropocene extinction, is an ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch (with the more recent time sometimes called Anthropocene) as a result of human activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Quaternary.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent extinctions are more directly attributable to human influences, whereas prehistoric extinctions can be attributed to other factors, such as global climate change.
Claim: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, livestock is responsible for 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, according to FAO's report called "Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases, specifically from livestock, are one of the leading sources furthering global warming; these emissions, which drastically effect climatic change, are also beginning to harm our livestock in ways we could never imagine.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Farm animals account for between 20% and 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the 2006 United Nations/FAO report, 18% of all greenhouse gas emissions found in the atmosphere are due to livestock.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Following a life-cycle analysis approach, the report evaluates "that livestock are responsible for 18% of greenhouse gas emissions" Greenhouse gas emissions arise from feed production (e.g.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Livestock contributes to climate change both through the production of greenhouse gases and through destruction of carbon sinks such as rain-forests.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: More specifically, emissions from farms, such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, are the main culprits, and can be held accountable for up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of all emissions just within agriculture.
Claim: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: With the increase of coral bleaching events worldwide, In 2017, the National Geographic proposed "In the past three years, 25 reefs—which comprise three-fourths of the world’s reef systems— experienced severe bleaching events in what scientists concluded was the worst-ever sequence of bleachings to date.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An effect called coral bleaching can be seen on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, where ocean acidification's effects are already taking place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Up to 90% of coral cover has been lost in the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Kenya and Tanzania and in the Seychelles during the massive 1997–98 bleaching event.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.
Claim: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During winter the lowest degree is –18 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Permafrost (perennially frozen ground) may occur where mean annual air temperatures (MAAT) are less than −1 or −2 °C and is generally continuous where MAAT are less than −7 °C.
Claim: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Gradual but pervasive environmental change and sudden natural disasters both influence the nature and extent of human migration but in different ways.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Slow-onset disasters and gradual environmental erosion such as desertification, reduction of soil fertility, coastal erosion and sea-level rise are likely to induce long term migration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Habitat destruction vastly increases an area's vulnerability to natural disasters like flood and drought, crop failure, spread of disease, and water contamination.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It assesses the effect that climate change has on the threat of natural disasters and how nations can better manage an expected change in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of severe weather patterns.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Fukushima I nuclear accidents in Japan have brought new attention to how national energy systems are vulnerable to natural disasters, with climate change is already bringing more weather and climate extremes.
Claim: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's heat content is about .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Generating electricity from heat is beyond the scope of

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth's formation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a heat engine, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), grows less and less.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.