jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5 °C warmer than normal.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: December 2006 and January 2007 were the warmest months in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan and other cities of European Russia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Every winter month (December, January, February) had a CET above 5 °C (41 °F), only the second time this has happened since 1900 (after 1988/89, although November 1988 was colder than any month of 2006/07) and only the sixth since 1659 (1685–86, 1833–34, 1833–34, and 1868/69 also).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.
Claim: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Noun and Chyba propose three categories of measures to reduce risks from biotechnology and natural pandemics: Regulation or prevention of potentially dangerous research, improved recognition of outbreaks and developing facilities to mitigate disease outbreaks (e.g.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are several classes of argument about the likelihood of pandemics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Intensive farming may make the evolution and spread of harmful diseases easier.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, small family farms are more likely to introduce bird diseases and more frequent association with people into the mix, as happened in the 2009 flu pandemic

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has its Emerging Pandemic Threats Program which aims to prevent and contain naturally generated pandemics at their source.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities (e.g., agriculture and industry) modify the biosphere and abiotic sphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Industrial production of pigs and poultry is an important source of Greenhouse gas emissions and is predicted to become more so.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global spread of (highly pathogenic) H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.
Claim: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña the cold phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña episodes are defined as sustained cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in an increase in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and the opposite effects in Australia when compared to El Niño.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña, on the other hand, usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on modeled and observed accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), El Niño years usually result in less active hurricane seasons in the Atlantic Ocean, but instead favor a shift of tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean, compared to La Niña years favoring above average hurricane development in the Atlantic and less so in the Pacific basin.
Claim: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming "stopped in 1998".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 1995 saw the creation of the phrase "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (also called "avoiding dangerous climate change") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Jones, 1995.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the "water vapour feedback".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: That’s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.
Claim: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extremely wet or dry events within the monsoon period have increased in India and East Asia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These extreme weather patterns are creating extended rainy seasons in some areas, and extended periods of drought in others, as well as introducing new climates to different regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because of global warming there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather.
Claim: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Norwegian Sea (Norwegian: Norskehavet) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea ice is a common problem in the Arctic seas, but ice-free conditions along the entire northern route were observed at the end of August 2008.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic Sea ice maximum" is the day of a year when Arctic sea ice reaches its largest extent near the end of the Arctic cold season, normally during March.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Estimates of how long the Arctic Ocean has had perennial ice cover vary.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are differing scientific opinions about how long perennial sea ice has existed in the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.
Claim: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as ``Climategate'') began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") began in November 2009 with the hacking of a server at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) by an external attacker, copying thousands of emails and computer files, the Climatic Research Unit documents, to various internet locations several weeks before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nothing in the University of East Anglia hacked e-mails represents a significant challenge to that body of scientific evidence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Guardian's" analysis of the emails suggests that the hacker had filtered them.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: We don't see a lot of evidence that the general public in the United States is picking up on the (University of East Anglia) emails.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It found evidence that emails might have been deleted in order to make them unavailable should a subsequent request be made for them, though the panel did not ask anyone at CRU whether they had actually done this.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Independent reviews by FactCheck and the Associated Press said that the emails did not affect evidence that man-made global warming is a real threat, and said that emails were being misrepresented to support unfounded claims of scientific misconduct.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails".
Claim: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: All the winter months that season saw temperatures well below average across the continent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 1956 1956 European cold wave – February 1956 was the coldest month of the twentieth century over large areas of Western Europe, with mean temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) as far south as Marseilles being utterly unprecedented in records dating back into the eighteenth century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In May 2019 the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere reached 415 PPM.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mean monthly temperatures exceed during all months of the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A steep rise in temperature is observed from May to June.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.