jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Birds are severely impacted by fossil fuel energy; examples include birds dying from exposure to oil spills, habitat loss from acid rain and mountaintop removal coal mining, and mercury poisoning.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines, as there are around other artificial structures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deforestation affects wind flows,

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2019, research was published showing that insects are destroyed by human activities like habitat destruction, pesticide poisoning, invasive species and climate change at a rate that will cause the collapse of ecological systems in the next 50 years if it cannot be stopped.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some species of land and sea birds were consumed into extinction.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, more recently, there has been increasing local resistance to the expansion of wind power in Germany, due to its impact on the landscape, incidences of removal of forests to build wind turbines, the emission of low frequency noise, and the negative impact on wildlife, such as birds of prey and bats.
Claim: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate over a great period of the Earth's history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate science predictions are based substantially on historical analysis of Earth's paleoclimate (climate through geological ages), and the sea-level/ temperature/ carbon dioxide record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.
Claim: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This was compared to a baseline climate in which no global warming had occurred.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nevertheless, the gases which have been emitted so far are unlikely to cause global temperature to rise to 1.5°C alone, meaning a global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels is avoidable, assuming net zero emissions are reached soon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer argues there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ice core data shows that temperature change causes the level of atmospheric CO2 to change - not the other way round.
Claim: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because of human overpopulation, coral reefs are dying around the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the 2012–2040 period, coral reefs are expected to experience more frequent bleaching events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are concerns that increasing acidification could have a particularly detrimental effect on [[coral]]s (16% of the world's coral reefs have died from bleaching caused by warm water in 1998, which coincidentally was, at the time, the warmest year ever recorded) and other marine organisms with [[calcium carbonate]] shells.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When corals bleach it is because the coral loses 60–90% of their zooxanthellae due to various stressors, ocean temperature being one of them.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: With the increase of coral bleaching events worldwide, In 2017, the National Geographic proposed "In the past three years, 25 reefs—which comprise three-fourths of the world’s reef systems— experienced severe bleaching events in what scientists concluded was the worst-ever sequence of bleachings to date.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people.
Claim: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The idea of 'too baroque' is connected to 'simplicity': "a theory jammed with fudge factors is not very elegant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When uncertainties in models and observations are properly accounted for, newer observational data sets (with better treatment of known problems) are in agreement with climate model results.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models include different external forcings for their models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These and other aspects of modelled climate change are in agreement with observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Insertion of bugs into climate models?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.
Claim: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The area in which extremely hot summers are observed has increased 50-100 fold.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main effect is an increasing global average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: • The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat are projected to increase (very high confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The most direct effect of climate change on humans might be the impacts of hotter temperatures themselves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.
Claim: but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Warming beyond the 2 °C (3.6 °F) target potentially lead to rates of sea-level rise dominated by ice loss from Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are no countries where the majority of baseload power is supplied by wind, solar, biofuels or geothermal, as each of these sources fails one or more of the criteria of low price, availability and reliability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewable generation does not include amounts for ` rooftop solar '.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The baseload (also base load) on a grid is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, for example, one week.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Power plants that do not change their power output quickly, such as large coal or nuclear plants, are generally called baseload power plants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: wind power) which have low capacity factors due to the weather, requires either: a) the construction of energy storage projects, which have their own emission intensity, or b) more frequent back up than the reserve requirements necessary to back up more dependable/baseload power sources, such as hydropower and nuclear energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.