jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict emission of longwave radiation to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Conversely, haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is in contrast to the troposphere, near the Earth's surface, where temperature decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Meanwhile, the radiation of heat at the top of the atmosphere results in the cooling of that part of the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.
Claim: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, the intense heat (particularly in the summer months) endures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: • The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat are projected to increase (very high confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mitigation of and adaptation to climate change are two complementary responses to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as "climate change" or "anthropogenic climate change").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Various attempts have been made to estimate the cost of adaptation to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called "allowances".
Claim: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Past observations have indicated some of the likely effects of climate change on biodiversity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.
Claim: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The improvement in prognosis can be attributed to the use of penicillin in the treatment of this disease.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Scarlet fever, a disease of yore, is making a comeback in parts of the world".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Hamilton's general view about climate change is that the "world is on a path to a very unpleasant future and it is too late to stop it".
Claim: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The close association of images of Arctic glaciers, ice, and fauna with climate change might harbor cultural connotations that contradict the fragility of the region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be "ice-free".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenland, Antarctica, and the northern portions of Europe, Asia, and North America are situated such that a minor change in solar energy will tip the balance in the climate of the Arctic, between year-round snow/ice preservation and complete summer melting.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.
Claim: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of "The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Change Myths and Realities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Regarding the persistent belief in a global warming hoax they note that the Earth is continuing to warm and the rate of warming is increasing as documented in numerous scientific studies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence for warming accumulated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.
Claim: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This results in falling global sea levels (relative to a stable land mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.
Claim: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The goal of cross-validation is to test the model's ability to predict new data that was not used in estimating it, in order to flag problems like overfitting or selection bias and to give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset (i.e., an unknown dataset, for instance from a real problem).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This would mean that when a new hypothesis needs to be tested, the available data will already be there in a validated and accessible form, and there will be no need create a new dataset and then have to validate it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It was gradually replaced by an Old Norse borrowing, þeir (nominative plural masculine of the demonstrative, which acted in Old Norse as a plural pronoun), until it was entirely replaced in around the 15th century in Middle English.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A device in any vdev can be marked for removal, and ZFS will de-allocate data from it to allow it to be removed or replaced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A pool level snapshot (known as a "checkpoint") is available which allows rollback of operations that may affect the entire pool's structure, or which add or remove entire datasets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Resolution and confidence in the data decrease over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Available data show, for example, that :

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It may happen that the same data will again be believed, and the previous knowledge will be required in the KB.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As researchers review the data collected, repeated ideas, concepts or elements become apparent, and are tagged with codes, which have been extracted from the data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the previous data are not present, but may be required for new inference.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientific experiments often consist of comparing two or more sets of data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When data are aggregated, groups of observations are replaced with summary statistics based on those observations.
Claim: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The change was relatively sudden, taking place in decades, and it resulted in a decline of 2 to 6°C (3.6 to 10.8°F) and advances of glaciers and drier conditions, over much of the temperate Northern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The anomalously high global temperature in 1998 due to El Niño resulted in a brief drop in subsequent years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An April 28, 1975 article in "Newsweek" magazine was titled "The Cooling World", it pointed to "ominous signs that the Earth's weather patterns have begun to change" and pointed to "a drop of half a degree [Fahrenheit] in average ground temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere between 1945 and 1968.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.