jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body 's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body 's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 "The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.
Claim: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Measurements at Mauna Loa have been ongoing since then.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In May 2013, two independent teams of scientists measuring CO near the summit of Mauna Loa in Hawaii recorded that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere exceeded 400 parts per million, probably for the first time in more than 3 million years of Earth history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-level troposphere.
Claim: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As Gondwana drifted away from the South Pole, the glaciers melted, leaving a vast inland sea, extending across South Africa, and neighboring regions of Gondwana.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Water flowing down the headwall gains energy, which melts the surrounding ice, creating channels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the water passes through the bottom, it continues to drop in temperature; since it is highly pressurized at this point, the melting temperature is suppressed and the water becomes supercooled as it melts surrounding ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The addition of water lowers the melting point of the mantle material above the subducting slab, causing it to melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The remainder of the additional energy has melted ice and warmed the continents and the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thermal expansion of water and increased melting of oceanic glaciers from an increase in temperature gives way to a rise in sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).
Claim: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: [clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health; Physicians are noticing an influx of patients whose illnesses are directly or indirectly related to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This in combination with extreme weather events, leads to negative effects on human health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some media reports have used alarmist tactics to challenge the science related to global warming by comparing it with a purported episode of global cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Gardeners can slow climate change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Why is the news on global warming always bad?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is claimed that when applied to climate change, alarmist language can create a greater sense of urgency.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The site hosts various articles addressing the merit of common criticisms of the scientific consensus on global warming, such as the claim that solar activity (rather than greenhouse gases) is responsible for most 20th and 21st century global warming, or that global warming is natural and/or not harmful to humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.
Claim: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Covering such an extensive part of the planet has allowed the oceans to absorb a large portion of the carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide ().

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the warm surface waters of the oceans have limited ability to absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide, the coldest surface waters near the poles (2–3% of ocean surfaces) can transfer significant amounts of carbon dioxide to deep-ocean reserves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid.
Claim: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index peaked at 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014–16 El Niño event was "a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "El Niño in a changing climate".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña the cold phase.
Claim: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is colorless.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is formed by incomplete combustion, and is a colorless, odorless gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tetrafluorohydrazine or dinitrogen tetrafluoride,, is a colourless, reactive inorganic gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).
Claim: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Reflecting on developments in rock music at the start of the 1970s, Robert Christgau later wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tech writer Bruce Sterling commented in 2007 that using Twitter for "literate communication" is "about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations "next to nothing" will survive in a useful way besides "if we have continuity in our technological civilization" by which "a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These have been issued at various times since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been in research since the early 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Archaeological studies have continued into recent times.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been active from 1978 to the present.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While these records have been compiled for over 100 years, there are varying standards for these records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This trend is projected to continue.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Archival strategy Data must remain available in the long term.
Claim: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In meteorology and oceanography, it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Despite such interactions, highly accurate simulations show that overall, Earth's orbit is likely to remain dynamically stable for billions of years into the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projections were made over future climate change impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Throughout history, the Earth's atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles have been in a dynamic equilibrium with planetary ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's climate system is no exception.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth’s climate system is no exception.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.