jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: “Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue beyond 2100 even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase" (Loehle and Scafetta)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scafetta and West correlated solar proxy data and lower tropospheric temperature for the preindustrial era, before significant anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, suggesting that TSI variations may have contributed 50% of the warming observed between 1900 and 2000 (although they conclude "our estimates about the solar effect on climate might be overestimated and should be considered as an upper limit.")

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2018 CRS cited the October 2017 CSSR: "Detection and attribution studies, climate models, observations, paleoclimate data, and physical understanding lead to high confidence (extremely likely) that more than half of the observed global mean warming since 1951 was caused by humans, and high confidence that internal climate variability played only a minor role (and possibly even a negative contribution) in the observed warming since 1951.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.
Claim: Miami Congressman Carlos "Curbelo supports drilling offshore" and "repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Miami Herald wrote that Curbelo has "attempted to position himself as the national voice for Republicans who are concerned about climate change," describing him as "one of the few GOP voices speaking out against Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement and his desire to dismantle the Environmental Protection Agency."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Freddie Rodriguez, American politician who assumed office in 2013

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On November 27, 2018, Climate Solutions Caucus members Representatives Ted Deutch (D-FL), Francis Rooney (R-FL), Charlie Crist (D-FL), Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA), and John Delaney (D-MD) introduced the Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act (HR 7173).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mike Feinstein, American Green Party politician

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Democratic Party seeks to develop policies which curb negative effects from climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Javier Diez Canseco, Peruvian Congressman and presidential candidate in the 2006 elections

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In its 2016 platform, the Democratic Party views climate change as “an urgent threat and a defining challenge of our time.” Democrats are dedicated to “curbing the effects of climate change, protecting America's natural resources, and ensuring the quality of our air, water, and land for current and future generations.”
Claim: While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Methods agree that the Totten Glacier has lost ice in recent decades in response to ocean warming and possibly a reduction in local sea ice cover.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Greenland enters melt mode".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenland (, ; , ) is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
Claim: that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ice core data shows that temperature change causes the level of atmospheric CO2 to change - not the other way round.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".
Claim: "The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Charles David Keeling, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, was the first person to make frequent regular measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at the South Pole, and on Mauna Loa, Hawaii from March 1958 onwards.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Charles David Keeling (April 20, 1928 – June 20, 2005) was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory first alerted the world to the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to the "greenhouse effect" and global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Keeling Curve measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Keeling Curve measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-level troposphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In July 1956, Charles David Keeling joined the SIO staff to head the program, and began measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory on Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and in Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Figure 4 shows seasonal and annual changes in CO2 concentration measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1987 to 1990.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.
Claim: While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In Hutton's words: "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some risks are due to phenomena that have occurred in earth's past and left a geological record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The idea that ice ages cycles were predictable appears to have become conflated with the idea that another one was due "soon" - perhaps because much of this study was done by geologists, who are accustomed to dealing with very long time scales and use "soon" to refer to periods of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For an overview of Geology see Outline of geology.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From the past to present, some authors consider the Anthropocene and the Holocene to be the same or coeval geologic time span, and others viewed the Anthropocene as being a bit more recent.
Claim: Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists acknowledge that "abrupt climate change initiated by Greenland ice sheet melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Paris Agreement aims to combat global climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below in the Paris Agreement, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020.