jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There was solar brightening beyond 2000 at numerous stations in Europe, the United States, and Korea.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Wild et al., using measurements over land, report brightening since 1990, and Pinker et al.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These observations are on a global scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global primary production can be estimated from satellite observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.
Claim: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, reports that the Arctic Ocean is expected to be ice free in summer before mid-century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many scientists have attempted to estimate when the Arctic will be "ice-free".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From sea ice models and recent satellite images it can be expected that a sea ice free summer will come before 2020.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)
Claim: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "United States delivers first payment to global climate fund".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: U.S. President Donald Trump in his announcement of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on June 1, 2017, also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a scheme to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Green New Deal (GND) is a proposed United States legislation that aims to address climate change and economic inequality.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a fund established within the framework of the UNFCCC as an operating entity of the Financial Mechanism to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As part of the Energy Security Fund, $1 billion was promised to highly emissions-intensive coal-fired generators.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan "established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change" and was "the biggest step" the United States had "ever taken to address climate change."
Claim: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is "physically plausible".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Under the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) A1B, by the mid-2090s global sea level will reach above 1990 levels, and is currently rising at about per year.
Claim: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming 'very likely' human-made".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.
Claim: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These observations are on a global scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gas concentrations are aggregated in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Now measurements are made at many sites globally.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations, buoys and ships around the globe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.
Claim: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see alternative biochemistry).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).
Claim: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mount Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania, Africa.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a section called "The Politicization of Global Warming", Al Gore stated:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, when speaking at the UN's COP 15 meeting in December 2009 said "Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Kilimanjaro, at , is the highest peak on the continent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As scientists define global warming a problem of the future, a liability in "attention economy", pessimistic outlooks in general and assigning extreme weather to climate change have often been discredited or ridiculed (compare Gore effect) in the public arena.
Claim: Climate change is normal and continual.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In their usage, "climate change" refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties, and that persists for extended periods, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007d:30).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties (principally its mean and spread) of meteorological variables when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.