jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Orrell says that the range of future increase in temperature suggested by the IPCC rather represents a social consensus in the climate community, but adds "we are having a dangerous effect on the climate".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming 'very likely' human-made".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC states that global warming "could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some researchers have argued that the most serious consequences of global warming might be avoided if global average temperatures rose by no more than 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels (1.4 °C above present levels).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pathways reflecting these ambitions would not limit global warming to 1.5°C, even if supplemented by very challenging

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Currently, the concern that cooler temperatures would continue, and perhaps at a faster rate, has been observed to be incorrect by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 1995 saw the creation of the phrase "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (also called "avoiding dangerous climate change") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.
Claim: Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He tells Friedman that "you've got to recognize [that global warming] is going to be one of the most significant long-term challenges, if not the most significant long-term challenge, that this country faces and that the planet faces.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record".
Claim: If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Norway, a 2013 poll conducted by TNS Gallup found that 92% of those who vote for the Socialist Left Party and 89% of those who vote for the Liberal Party believe that global warming is caused by humans, while the percentage who held this belief is 60% among voters for the Conservative Party and 41% among voters for the Progress Party.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to PolitiFact in May 2014, "...relatively few Republican members of Congress...accept the prevailing scientific conclusion that global warming is both real and man-made...eight out of 278, or about 3 percent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As described above, a small minority of scientists do disagree with the consensus: see list of scientists opposing global warming consensus.
Claim: The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: So that is sometimes said to be the cost of the policy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon emissions have an "unpriced" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called "allowances".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In sum, while a carbon price has the potential to reduce future emissions, a carbon subsidy has the potential to reduce past emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While there are many potential solutions that fall under the term carbon pricing, the costs could be significant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This statement summarizes the economic case for carbon pricing as follows:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon pricing -- the method favored by many economists for reducing global-warming emissions -- charges those who emit carbon dioxide (CO2) for their emissions.
Claim: Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar Bears are increasing in number.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The arctic refuge is where polar bears main habitat is to den and the melting arctic sea ice is causing a loss of species.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the paper was cited by Sarah Palin to justify opposition to listing polar bears on the endangered-species list, its findings were contradicted by reports from the U.S. Geological Survey and other independent researchers, who concluded that man-made climate change was likely to devastate polar-bear populations by 2050.
Claim: International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This publication on renewable energy – "which is now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix and accounts for almost a fifth of all electricity produced worldwide – will join annual medium-term reports on oil, gas and coal, which the IEA already produces".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Fatih Birol ushers in new era for IEA—Takes office as Executive Director of global energy authority".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IEA has a broad role in promoting alternate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational energy policies, and multinational energy technology co-operation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Environmental groups have become critical of the IEA's 450 Scenario (created to align with the 2009 Copenhagen Accord), contending that it does not align with up-to-date climate science, nor is it consistent with the Paris climate agreement that aspires to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The International Energy Agency (IEA) (Agence internationale de l'énergie) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: World organizations and international agencies, like the IEA, are concerned about the environmental impact of burning fossil fuels, and coal in particular.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: International Energy Agency (IEA)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The World Coal Association (WCA) is an international non-profit, non-governmental association based in London, United Kingdom.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the reference scenario of "World Energy Outlook 2004", the International Energy Agency projected future energy-related CO emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The International Energy Agency defines renewable energy saying

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It was created to represent the global coal industry.
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is known that climate affects the ocean and the ocean affects the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Shifts in ocean currents also might explain many climate changes.
Claim: an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC's moderate warming scenarios (B1 to A1T, 2 °C by 2100, IPCC, 2007, Table SPM.3, p. 13) forecast that corals on the Great Barrier Reef are very likely to regularly experience summer temperatures high enough to induce bleaching.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event occurred the indian ocean region worst affected by it due to rising of temperature of sea by 2℃ to normal temperature level coupled by strong El nino event in 1997-1998.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The leading cause of coral bleaching is rising water temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors.
Claim: In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that "the last decade is the warmest since 1400", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The satellites that actually measure the temperature showed no significant warming whatsoever.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Satellites do not measure temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere has cooled.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average annual temperature in the area is -17 ° C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trends in global temperatures since January 1979 (the beginning of the satellite temperature record), measured in degrees Celsius per decade, at as October 31, 2019:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.