jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier "ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014–2017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".
Claim: temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The annual average temperature is 25.4 °C (78 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0 °C (61 °F) and minimum of 5.7 °C (42 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) at night.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Local average temperatures vary between 6 and 30 degrees Celsius.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Temperature varies from 39C in summer to 5C in winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Temperatures range from 22 to with an average of 27 C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mean maximum temperatures range from 19 ° C (66 ° F) in July, to 38 ° C (100 ° F) in January.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The definition of this climate regarding temperature is as follows : the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below − 3 ° C and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 ° C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature ranges from sub-zero in winters to more than 50 ° C in summers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Annual average temperatures : maximum 33.3 ° C, minimum 12.1 ° C ; annual rainfall 2506 mm.
Claim: Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).
Claim: Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the Mesozoic, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: within the past 10 ~ 10 years) captured by the Solar System.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports "Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He told CBC: "It was warmer a thousand years ago than it is today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Such warming over the past 15,000 years is widely accepted.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought".
Claim: More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry â three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At the same time, the solar power industry grew by almost a quarter to 374,000 jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The solar industry is projected to employ over 420,000 individuals by 2020- nearly double of the 260,000 solar workers in 2016- and contribute $30 billion to the United States economy annually.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When coal is compared to solar photovoltaic generation, the latter could save 51,999 American lives per year if solar were to replace coal generation in the U.S. Due to the decline of jobs related to coal mining a study found that approximately one American suffers a premature death from coal pollution for every job remaining in coal mining.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are a many different solar industry jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thousands of people are employed in the energy industry.
Claim: The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is by far the biggest cause of land use, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Alaska is the largest state in the United States in terms of land area at 570,380 sqmi, over twice (roughly 2.47 times) as large as Texas, the next largest state.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global consumption of meat is projected to rise by as much as 76% by 2050 as the global population surges to more than 9 billion, resulting in further biodiversity loss and increased GHG emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global meat consumption is projected to more than double by 2050, perhaps as much as 76%, as the global population rises to more than 9 billion, which will be a significant driver of further biodiversity loss and increased GHG emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some scientists and academics assert that industrial agriculture and the growing demand for meat is contributing to significant global biodiversity loss as this is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the Amazon region, are being converted to agriculture for meat production.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Habitat destruction by humans, including oceanic devastation, such as through overfishing and contamination; and the modification and destruction of vast tracts of land and river systems around the world to meet solely human-centered ends (with 13 percent of Earth's ice-free land surface now used as row-crop agricultural sites, 26 percent used as pastures, and 4 percent urban-industrial areas), thus replacing the original local ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is attributed to land use for two main reasons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2005 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated that although the Earth's total forest area continued to decrease at about 13 million hectares per year, the global rate of deforestation has recently been slowing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large land animals known as megafauna, starting at the end of the last Ice Age.
Claim: CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A related concept is the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions, which is the globally averaged surface temperature change per unit of CO 2 emitted.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ice core data shows that temperature change causes the level of atmospheric CO2 to change - not the other way round.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the term climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by CO, it is thought of as a general property of the climate system: the change in surface air temperature following a unit change in radiative forcing, and the climate sensitivity parameter is therefore expressed in units of °C/(W/m).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.
Claim: “The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a research unit of Columbia University located on a 157-acre (64 ha) campus in Palisades, N.Y., 18 miles (29 km) north of Manhattan on the Hudson River.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University is one of the world's leading research centers developing fundamental knowledge about the origin, evolution and future of the natural world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sean Carl Solomon (born October 24,1945) is the director of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, where he is also the William B. Ransford Professor of Earth and Planetary Science.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Change Research Program.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Change Research Program.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) is a scientific research organization that studies climate change impacts and solutions.
Claim: The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If solar variations were responsible for the observed warming, warming of both the troposphere and the stratosphere would be expected, but that has not been the case.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."