jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Daytime temperatures have not risen as fast as nighttime temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, the primary need for central heating is at night and in winter when solar gain is lower.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During some periods the Northern Hemisphere would get slightly less sunlight during the winter than it would get during other centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Stratospheric temperatures also vary within the stratosphere as the seasons change, reaching particularly low temperatures in the polar night (winter).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although all the datasets show the expected tropospheric amplification at seasonal and annual timescales it is still debated whether or not the long term trends are consistent with the expected moist adiabatic lapse rate amplification due to difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, some satellite temperature reconstruction are consistent with the expected amplification while others are not.
Claim: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\displaystyle T} and density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } gives μ = α ρ λ 2 k B T π m , {\displaystyle \mu =\alpha \rho \lambda {\sqrt {\frac {2k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}},} where k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\displaystyle 1} .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Obtaining precise number is difficult for a variety of reasons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The environmental lapse rate (the actual rate at which temperature drops with height, formula_12) is not usually equal to the adiabatic lapse rate (or correspondingly, formula_13).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The graph shows that the overall efficiency does not increase steadily with the receiver's temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thermodynamics is chiefly concerned with changes in internal energy and not its absolute value, which is impossible to determine with thermodynamics alone.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: when the efficiency derivative relative to the receiver temperature is null:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In this case, the median better reflects the temperature of a randomly sampled object (but not the temperature in the room) than the mean ; naively interpreting the mean as ``a typical sample'', equivalent to the median, is incorrect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat.
Claim: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change is having a direct impact on the people that live in the Arctic, as well as other societies around the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another aspect of the terrestrial working group involves how the changes of the Arctic climate will, in turn, affect the rest of the globe in the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a study describing the ongoing climate change in the Arctic and its consequences: rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, unprecedented melting of the Greenland ice sheet, and many impacts on ecosystems, animals, and people.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While there are still large region to region and multiyear shifts in the Arctic climate, the large spatial extent of recent changes in air temperature, sea ice, and vegetation is greater than observed in the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes occuring around the last ice age (in technical terms, the last glacial) show that the circulation is the North Atlantic can change suddenly and substantially, leading to global climate changes, even though the total amount of energy coming into the climate system didn't change much.
Claim: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An animal or plant species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The arctic refuge is where polar bears main habitat is to den and the melting arctic sea ice is causing a loss of species.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The wildlife consists largely of polar bears.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar Bears are increasing in number.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The species is now considered vulnerable to extinction.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IUCN lists six bear species as vulnerable or endangered, and even least concern species, such as the brown bear, are at risk of extirpation in certain countries.
Claim: Climate change is because of El Niño.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "El Niño in a changing climate".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a single climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between three phases: Neutral, La Niña or El Niño.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.
Claim: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It shows a general warming in global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooler climate".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.
Claim: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, having a depth of 10,900 metres (6.8 mi).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.
Claim: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2015, "The Guardian" quoted Romm about historic high global temperatures, and "MarketWatch" quoted him on actions that Donald Trump might take concerning climate agreements if he were to be elected president.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result of the Trump Presidency, media coverage on climate change is expected to decline during his term as president.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Above this level, temperatures could rise by more than 2 °C to produce "catastrophic" climate change.
Claim: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Chlorofluorocarbon: In 1973, British scientist James Lovelock speculated that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could have a global warming effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Organic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) have generated an unwanted opening in the ozone layer, which emits higher levels of ultraviolet radiation putting the globe at large threat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ozone hole is attributed to the emission of chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs into the atmosphere, which decompose the ozone into other gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2017 study concluded that similar conditions to today's Antarctic ozone hole (atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate changes), ∼17,700 years ago, when stratospheric ozone depletion contributed to abrupt accelerated Southern Hemisphere deglaciation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.