jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: § 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 1997 EPA tightened the NAAQS regarding permissible levels of the ground-level ozone that make up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The first federal legislation to actually pertain to "controlling" air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Clean Air Act of 1963 (42 U.S.C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Clean Air Act" of 1963

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: the Clean Air Act gives the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to regulate greenhouse gases, such as tailpipe emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 1950, many countries have significantly reduced black carbon emissions, especially from fossil fuel sources, primarily to improve public health from improved air quality, and “technology exists for a drastic reduction of fossil fuel related BC” throughout the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under authority of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the EPA, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments has prevented or will prevent:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the United States, despite the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, in 2002 at least 146 million Americans were living in non-attainment areas—regions in which the concentration of certain air pollutants exceeded federal standards.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Air Pollution Control Act" of 1955
Claim: The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Frost or freezing occurs when the temperature of air falls below the freezing point of water (0 ° C, 32 ° F, 273.15 K).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sublimation refers to evaporation from snow and ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pre-dusk, during early to intermediate stages of twilight, there may be enough light in the sky under clear-sky conditions to read outdoors without artificial illumination, but at the end of civil twilight, when the earth rotates to a point at which the center of the sun is at 6 ° below the local horizon, artificial illumination is required to read outside.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates, between autumn and spring.
Claim: Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Neptune's 164 year orbital period means that the planet takes an average of 13 years to move through each constellation of the zodiac.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 au (4.5 billion km; 2.8 billion mi).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Observed from Neptune, it would appear to go around it during one Neptunian year but it actually orbits the Sun, not Neptune.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune 's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K. Temperatures at the planet 's centre are approximately 5400 K. Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled ``arcs''), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Kepler-421b is an exoplanet that, as of July 2014, has the longest known year of any transiting planet (704 days), although not as long as the planets that have been directly imaged, or many of the planets found by the radial-velocity method, or as long as some transiting planet candidates which are listed as planets in the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia (KIC 5010054 b etc.).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Solar System to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.
Claim: Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Relationships between global climate and changes in ice extent are complex.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".
Claim: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: David Wallace-Wells, "The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think," New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may also lead to new human diseases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Abrupt climate change has likely been the cause of wide ranging and severe effects:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are risks of irreversible climate changes, and the possibility of sudden changes in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".
Claim: Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some studies associate solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models indicate that solar and volcanic activity can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:
Claim: Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When a planet generates a significant amount of heat internally, such as is the case for Jupiter, convection in the atmosphere can transport thermal energy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These changes can influence the planetary climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate forcing is the difference between radiant energy (sunlight) received by the Earth and the outgoing longwave radiation back to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.
Claim: The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This link is associated with climate variability and change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The links between the gradual environmental degradation of climate change and displacement are complex: as the decision to migrate is taken at the household level, it is difficult to measure the respective influence of climate change in these decisions with regard to other influencing factors, such as poverty, population growth or employment options.
Claim: "the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This has had cascading effects, especially on grizzly bear populations as pine nuts are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sirius's heliacal rising, just before the start of the Nile flood, gave Sopdet a close connection with the flood and the resulting growth of plants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Field evidence for a rapidly cascading underground food web".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change effects have been linked to the rise and also the collapse of various civilizations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate refugees or climate migrants are a subset of environmental migrants who were forced to flee "due to sudden or gradual alterations in the natural environment related to at least one of three impacts of climate change: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and drought and water scarcity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In some cases, climate change may lead to conflict arising between countries that as a result of flooding or other conditions produce a large number of refugees, and bordering countries that build fences to keep out these refugees.
Claim: Southern sea ice is increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".