jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.
Claim: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).
Claim: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At the pressure level of 10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340 K (67 °C; 152 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.
Claim: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Man-made carbon dioxide according to the IPCC contributes to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.
Claim: In South Florida, "we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Florida is a state located in the Southern United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is a timeline of the U.S. state of Florida.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Episode 2 (11), "Gathering Storm" (November 2, 2016): Jack Black explores how Miami and other low-lying coastal areas can survive rising sea-levels caused by climate change.
Claim: But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: "While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models include different external forcings for their models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate research is made difficult by the large scale, long time periods, and complex processes which govern climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the context of global warming, different measures of climate sensitivity are used.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.
Claim: "We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These early towers were positioned either on the rooftops of buildings or as free-standing structures, supplied with air by fans or relying on natural airflow.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: All flight operations were controlled from an air conditioned observation room in the control tower of this building, which had windows overlooking the runway and landing mat areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The building contained Bink's Paint Spraying and Air Washing Equipment, including blowers, air washing and purifying devices, and exhaust fans, installed to minimize danger of explosions and inhalation of fumes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A third, the Stanford station, located beside Alma Street at Embarcadero Road, is used for occasional sports events (generally football) at Stanford Stadium.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Buildings are ventilated and their temperature regulated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It hosts a ground of meteorological observation and recording.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It traps heat in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For example, an air conditioner uses more energy during the afternoon when it is hot.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: : Radar-Derived Statistics and the Behavior of Moist Convection'' examined 28 target cities and random control points in the U.S..

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The troposphere is heated from below by latent heat, longwave radiation, and sensible heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.
Claim: If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It traps heat in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor and CO allow the earth's atmosphere to catch and hold the Sun's energy through a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases, such as , methane and nitrous oxide, heat the climate system by trapping infrared light.
Claim: The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks, whereas carbon dioxide () has an atmospheric lifetime of more than 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).