jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña episodes are defined as sustained cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in an increase in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and the opposite effects in Australia when compared to El Niño.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña, on the other hand, usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Claim: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A large portion of the Antarctic coastline has ice shelves attached.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Without a floating ice shelf to support them, continental ice sheets would flow out towards the oceans and disintegrate into icebergs and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The event, which some have linked to global warming, is similar to the 2002 breakup of the Larsen B Ice Shelf in Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.
Claim: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Long-term radiometer drifts can be mistaken for irradiance variations that can be misinterpreted as affecting climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: MSU Channel 1 is not used to monitor atmospheric temperature because it's too much sensitive to the emission from the surface, furthermore it is heavily contaminated by water vapor/liquid water in the lowermost troposphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As more ice melts, there is less solar reflectivity and less heat is reflected away from the Earth, causing more heat to be absorbed, and retained in the atmosphere and soil In addition to the El Niño events, glacial melt is contributing to the rapid turnover of sea surface temperatures and ocean salt content by diluting the ocean water and slowing the Atlantic conveyor belt's usually swift dive because of a top layer of buoyant, cold, fresh water that slows the flow of warm water to the north.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Positive radiative forcing results in warming.
Claim: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Peiser later admitted that it was a mistake to include one of the papers in his survey and said that his main criticism of Oreskes' essay its "claim of a unanimous consensus on anthropogenic global warming (APG) (as opposed to a majority consensus) is tenuous" and that it still was valid.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In a 2006, letter to Australia's Media Watch, Peiser explained that he had retracted 97% of his original critique and elaborated on some of his comments: "I do not think anyone is questioning that we are in a period of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Oreskes' 2004 "Beyond the Ivory Tower" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser § Objections to Oreskes essay).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Media Watch" wrote "So how many of the 34 articles does Benny Peiser stand by?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nathan Rabin ([ˈneɪðᵻn_rɑːˈbiːn] born April 24, 1976) is an American film and music critic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Benny Josef Peiser (born 1957) is a social anthropologist specialising in the environmental and socio-economic impact of physical activity on health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (Ad Hoc Committee on Global Climate Issues: Annual report, by Gerhard LC and Hanson BM, AAPG Bulletin 84 (4): 466-471 Apr 2000) Peiser says he withdrew his criticism in March this year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Critics accuse him of being an antisemite.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Benny Peiser is director of the Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) and has described the climate change debate as being "near hysteria".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Israel Getzler, in Martov : A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (Cambridge U.P., 1967, p. 74), says he was ``intensely disliked by all and sundry [with the exception of Lenin]... [Boris Nikolaevsky] sums him up as a drunken brawler... J. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommisar war (Munich, 1929), has devoted an entire chapter... to Krasikov 's misdeeds as co-chairman (together with the notorious M. Iu.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Peiser's entry, in which he posted articles from the AP and Boston Globe spawned from an article in "The New York Times" entitled "Pluto's Not a Planet?
Claim: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on the NOAA dataset (note that other datasets produce different rankings), the following table lists the global combined land and ocean annually averaged temperature rank and anomaly for each of the 10 warmest years on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".
Claim: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He stated that warming on Mars was evidence that global warming on Earth was being caused by changes in the sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Journalists for news sources canada.com (Solomon, 2007b), National Geographic News (Ravillious, 2007), and LiveScience (Than, 2007) reported on the story of warming on Mars.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some writers also use the word Martian to describe a human colonist on Mars.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".
Claim: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models are unable yet to predict abrupt climate change events, or most of the past abrupt climate shifts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other large-scale climate changes are sometimes loosely called a ``runaway greenhouse effect'' although it is not an appropriate description.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.
Claim: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The direct effect, via albedo, is a cooling effect that slows the overall rate of global warming: the IPCC's best estimate of the radiative forcing is −0.4 watts per square meter with a range of −0.2 to −0.8 W/m² but there are substantial uncertainties.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: an increase in planetary albedo.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is measured as radiative forcing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: if a highly scattering aerosol is above a surface of low albedo it has a greater radiative forcing than if it was above a surface of high albedo.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thick clouds (such as stratocumulus) reflect a large amount of incoming solar radiation, meaning they have a high albedo.
Claim: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Another lawsuit was filed by opponents of the Budget Repair Bill, raising claims that public workers could lose their jobs to Wisconsin prisoners by officials who will now have greater leeway to assign those jobs previously reserved for unionized employees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Act has spawned years of litigation by industry groups that have challenged the standards limiting the amount of permitted exposure to chemicals such as benzene.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This has meant that union organizing in the US may involve substantial levels of litigation which most workers cannot afford.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law, abortion restrictions, and legislation removing certain gun controls.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wisconsin Dept. of Revenue v. William Wrigley, Jr., Co.,

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change, industry and society.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wisconsin Department of Revenue v. William Wrigley Jr..

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Kohler strikes at the Kohler Company, just west of Sheboygan, Wisconsin in 1934 and 1954 are landmarks in the history of both business and labor in the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are sometimes legislative efforts to prevent regulation through litigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: WI FACETS is a non-profit organization covering the state of Wisconsin that focuses on special education and advocacy skills and is headquartered in Milwaukee, WI.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Watson v. Employers Liability Assurance Corp.,

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is an employee-owned customer brand dairy company headquartered in Green Bay, Wisconsin.