jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It concluded, "The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence for warming accumulated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.
Claim: There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: No deaths were associated with the hurricane 's impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Hurricane Boris (2008) -- a Category 1 hurricane with no impacts on land

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There have been a total of 6 such seasons in which no storms have made landfall in the United States at at least tropical storm strength ; these were the 1853, 1862, 1864, 1922, 1962, and 1990 seasons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tropical Storm Calvin (1999), storm was over open waters so there were no reports of deaths or damage

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A Coastal Flood Watch is issued by the National Weather Service of the United States when coastal flooding along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, or the Gulf of Mexico is possible.
Claim: If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in the Washington Post.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coastal regions would be most affected by rising sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Along the Pacific coast, the most vulnerable areas are low-lying beaches, and “their susceptibility is primarily a function of geomorphology and coastal slope.” With regard to research performed along the Atlantic coast, the most vulnerable areas to sea level rise were found to be along the Mid-Atlantic coast (Maryland to North Carolina) and Northern Florida, since these are “typically high-energy coastlines where the regional coastal slope is low and where the major landform type is a barrier island.” For the Gulf coast, the most vulnerable areas are along the Louisiana-Texas coast.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.
Claim: So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.
Claim: While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: "Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In comparison, the more recent direct radiative forcing estimate by Ramanathan and Carmichael would lead one to conclude that black carbon has contributed the second largest globally averaged radiative forcing after carbon dioxide (CO), and that the radiative forcing of black carbon is “as much as 55% of the CO forcing and is larger than the forcing due to the other greenhouse gasses (GHGs) such as CH, CFCs, NO, or tropospheric ozone.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change.
Claim: The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is affected by media coverage of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) is a scientific research organization that studies climate change impacts and solutions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatic Change is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering cross-disciplinary work on all aspects of climate change and variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The exchange of between the air and the ocean can also be impacted by further aspects of climatic change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The index is also used in studies of climate change.
Claim: [S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has a regular activity cycle of starspots.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This surface activity produces starspots, which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This star is smaller, cooler, dimmer, and less massive than our Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: stars that has evaporated over time, becoming gravitationally unbound.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This star is smaller, cooler, fainter, and less massive than our Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The neutrinos escape from the star carrying away some energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The star has a current mass of around 0.64 solar masses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The star is known to be a low activity flare star, which means it undergoes random increases in luminosity because of magnetic activity at the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The surface activity makes the star an X-ray emission source.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Such atmospheric stripping is a likely result of proximity to a star.
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: ], inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.
Claim: So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tipping points are "perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes", leading to irreversible impacts on society.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global warming debate is over.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models suggest that lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of future global warming, while higher stabilization levels are associated with higher magnitudes of future global warming (see figure opposite).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The method used by the One Earth Climate Model does not resort to dangerous geo-engineering methods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several media pieces have claimed that since the even-at-the-time-poorly-supported theory of global cooling was shown to be false, that the well-supported theory of global warming can also be dismissed.