jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are differing scientific opinions about how long perennial sea ice has existed in the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Though extending the Antarctic sea-ice record back in time is more difficult due to the lack of direct observations in this part of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of sea water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the past, the Earth's oceans have been almost entirely covered by sea ice on a number of occasions, when the Earth was in a so-called Snowball Earth state, and completely ice-free in periods of warm climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: sea ice relative to the total at a given point in the ocean.
Claim: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67 km3 (16 cu mi) of ice, mainly through thinning.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The phenomenon was first described by Fridtjof Nansen, the Norwegian Arctic explorer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Massive icy beds have a minimum thickness of at least 2 m and a short diameter of at least 10 m. First recorded North American observations were by European scientists at Canning River, Alaska in 1919.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Fridtjof Nansen was the first to make a nautical crossing of the Arctic Ocean, in 1896.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Svante Arrhenius was the first person to quantify global warming as a consequence of a doubling of .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic permafrost has been diminishing for many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast, sea ice is formed on water, is much thinner (typically less than ), and forms throughout the Arctic Ocean.
Claim: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Research from the University of Auckland suggests that Tuvalu may remain habitable over the next century, but as of March 2018 Enele Sopoaga, the prime minister of Tuvalu, stated that Tuvalu is not expanding and has gained no additional habitable land.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Despite these findings the Prime Minister of Tuvalu maintains that "Tuvalu [is] not expanding" and that "the expansion of Tuvaluan shoreline did not equate to habitable land.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming (recent climate change) is dangerous in Tuvalu since the average height of the islands is less than above sea level, with the highest point of Niulakita being about above sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The sea level in Tuvalu varies as a consequence of a wide range of atmospheric and oceanographic influences.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Existing scientific narratives suggest that Tuvalu may become uninhabitable as a consequence of rising sea levels, however results of research from the University of Auckland challenge the existing narratives by showing that island expansion has been the most common physical alteration throughout Tuvalu over the past four decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are observable changes that have occurred over the last ten to fifteen years that show Tuvaluans that there have been changes to sea levels.
Claim: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Californian climate usually exhibits wet winters and dry summers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has distinct dry - and wet-season forms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The wet season is from April to October or November while the dry season is November to March.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The wet, or rainy, season is the time of year, covering one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The wet, or rainy, season is the time of year, covering one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The eastern half of the contiguous United States east of the 98th meridian, the mountains of the Pacific Northwest, and the Sierra Nevada range are the wetter portions of the nation, with average rainfall exceeding per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Humid regions experience more precipitation than evaporation each year, while arid regions experience greater evaporation than precipitation on an annual basis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Savanna climates and areas with monsoon regimes have wet summers and dry winters.
Claim: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Food availability decline ; see Theories of famines

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming will reduce access to clean water and food supplies, particularly in Africa and Asia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Food security will become more difficult to achieve as resources run out.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most food has its origin in renewable resources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This results in decreased production, increased food prices, and potential starvation in parts of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.
Claim: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming.<ref name="www.mpg.de/english/"></ref>

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It shows a general warming in global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.
Claim: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The law on carbon tax, also known as the Carbon Pricing Act, was passed on 20 March 2018.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate, and Australia became the first nation to abolish a carbon tax.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The County Council repealed the fee in July 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heading into the 2013 Australian federal election, the Liberal Party platform included the removal of the 'Carbon Tax', claiming that the election was in effect a referendum on carbon pricing in Australia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Industries may successfully lobby to exempt themselves from a carbon tax.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a "carbon tax", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the "Clean Energy Act 2011" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon tax support:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: RESOLVED: Shareholders request that BOA's board of directors amend its GHG emissions policies to observe a moratorium on all financing, investment and further involvement in activities that support MTR coal mining or the construction of new coal-burning power plants that emit carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate to abolish the carbon pricing scheme.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Clean Energy Act 2011 was an Act of the Australian Parliament, the main Act in a package of legislation that established an Australian emissions trading scheme (ETS), to be preceded by a three-year period of fixed carbon pricing in Australia designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as part of efforts to combat global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (or CPRS) was a cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme for anthropogenic greenhouse gases proposed by the Rudd government, as part of its climate change policy, which had been due to commence in Australia in 2010.
Claim: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."
Claim: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Processing of the greenhouse gas CO, explained below, plays a critical role in the maintenance of the Earth temperature within the limits of habitability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible and carbon dioxide plays a significant role in providing for the relatively warm temperature that the planet enjoys.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).
Claim: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Wason accepted falsificationism, according to which a scientific test of a hypothesis is a serious attempt to falsify it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Mathematics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman–Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians' and engineers' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error "Explorable - Think Outside The Box - Research, Experiments, Psychology, Self-Help".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably (or does not agree) with the speculated hypothesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: hypothesis:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several studies have explored this:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Various academic studies have given alternative results.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The hypothesis is generally not accepted by mainstream psychologists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is recently discovered and still under research.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Iris Challenge Evaluation (ICE) were a series of events conducted and managed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for projects on technology development and evaluation for iris recognition.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been in research since the early 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Research by Rau et al.