jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For instance, if absorbing aerosols are present in a layer aloft in the atmosphere, they can heat surrounding air which inhibits the condensation of water vapour, resulting in less cloud formation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In general, aerosol particles can affect the radiation balance leading to a cooling or heating effect with the magnitude and sign of the temperature change largely dependent on aerosol optical properties, aerosol concentrations, and the albedo of the underlying surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They may either increase or decrease cloud cover under different conditions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Semi-direct effect Black carbon absorb incoming solar radiation, perturb the temperature structure of the atmosphere, and influence cloud cover.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects described here all lead to a reduction in cloud cover i.e.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Absorption of solar radiation by plane-parallel clouds decreases with increasing zenith angle because radiation that is reflected to space at the higher zenith angles penetrates less deeply into the cloud and is therefore less likely to be absorbed.
Claim: Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the "U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most of the observed warming occurred in two periods: around 1900 to around 1940 and around 1970 onwards; the cooling/plateau from 1940 to 1970 has been mostly attributed to sulphate aerosol.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the past century was found to be , with warming similar in both hemispheres.
Claim: Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ocean heat content can be estimated using temperature measurements obtained by a Nansen bottle, an ARGO float, or ocean acoustic tomography.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's energy imbalance measurements provided by Argo floats have detected an accumulation of ocean heat content (OHC).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA), an acronym for a National Science Foundation-funded research project

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After 2000, the [[sea surface temperature]]s of the tropical Western Pacific, where a warm pool of water exists and where temperatures are heavily influenced by [[ENSO]], between 10°N - 10°S and 139° - 171° longitude became anti-correlated with temperatures at the [[tropopause]] in the same latitudes between 171° - 200° longitude, both measured since the early 1980s; although the correlation had been previously positive, since 2000 the SST anomalies increased while tropopause temperatures decreased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some of the temperature variations over this time period may also be due to ocean circulation patterns.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Geophysical global cooling, a conjecture about the formation of natural features that was made obsolete by the theory of plate tectonics

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent studies (2017) suggest potential convection collapse (heat transport) of the subpolar gyre in the North Atlantic, resulting in rapid cooling, with implications for economic sectors, agriculture industry, water resources and energy management in Western Europe and the East Coast of the United States.
Claim: If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 400 litres (105 US gal) of water consumption monthly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A hybrid wet/dry cooling system could reduce water consumption by 32 to 58 percent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the temperate scenario this is sufficient to heat 200 litres of water by some 17 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: When combined with storage, large scale solar heating can provide 50-97% of annual heat consumption for district heating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These may use electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, solar, or other energy sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Compared to those with electric water heaters, Florida homeowners with solar water heaters save 50 to 85 percent on their water heating bills, according to the Florida Solar Energy Center.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In many climates, a solar hot water system can provide up to 85% of domestic hot water energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At the beginning of this century 70% of all electricity was generated by fossil fuels, and as carbon free sources eventually make up half of the generation mix, replacing gas or oil furnaces and water heaters with electric ones will have a climate benefit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In many warmer climates, a solar heating system can provide a very high percentage (50 to 75%) of domestic hot water energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This calculation assumes that the solar system produces about half of the hot water requirements of a household.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Assuming a solar collector panel delivering 4 kWh/day and a pump running intermittently from mains electricity for a total of 6 hours during a 12-hour sunny day, the potentially negative effect of such a pump can be reduced to about 3% of the heat produced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar water heaters reduce the need for conventional water heating by about two-thirds and pay for their installation within 4 to 8 years with electricity or natural gas savings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Worldwide, total installed solar water heating systems meet a portion of the water heating needs of over 70 million households.
Claim: Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2007 study found the decline to be "faster than forecasted" by model simulations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, these models do tend to underestimate the rate of sea ice loss since 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The decline in sea ice does have a notable potential to significantly speed up global warming and the climate changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic sea ice "faces rapid melt", BBC.
Claim: The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In other words, if net anthropogenic CO2 emissions are kept above zero, a global warming of 1.5°C and more will eventually be reached.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: SR15 also has modelling that shows that, for global warming to be limited to 1.5 °C, "Global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching 'net zero' around 2050.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees C is technically possible if no new fossil fuel power plants are built from 2019.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As of 2019, there is still a chance of keeping global warming below 1.5°C if no more fossil fuel power plants are built and some existing fossil fuel power plants are shut down early, together with other measures such as reforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report says that for limiting warming to below 1.5C "global net human-caused emissions of CO2 would need to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching "net zero" around 2050.
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is the opposite of the expected pattern if the Sun, currently closer to the Earth during austral summer, were the principal climate forcing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.
Claim: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Knowledge of precise climatic events decreases as the record goes back in time, but some notable climate events are known:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The annual temperature has steadily increased over the last fifty years, with Alaska seeing it double (compared to the rate seen across the rest of the United States) to the rate of 3.4 degrees, with an alarming 6.3 degrees increase for the winters over the past fifty years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the "U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).
Claim: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy – overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Going into the 2007 federal election, the Labor opposition party presented itself as a "pro-climate" alternative to the Government, with Kevin Rudd, who had by then deposed Beazley as leader, famously describing climate change as "the great moral challenge of our generation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A carbon pricing scheme in Australia, commonly dubbed by its critics as a "carbon tax", was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the "Clean Energy Act 2011" which came into effect on 1 July 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heading into the 2013 Australian federal election, the Liberal Party platform included the removal of the 'Carbon Tax', claiming that the election was in effect a referendum on carbon pricing in Australia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Shortly before the Senate was due to vote on the carbon bills, on 1 December 2009 Tony Abbott replaced Turnbull as leader of the Liberal Party.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Liberal Party vowed to overturn the legislation if elected.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Clean Energy Act 2011 was an Act of the Australian Parliament, the main Act in a package of legislation that established an Australian emissions trading scheme (ETS), to be preceded by a three-year period of fixed carbon pricing in Australia designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as part of efforts to combat global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the 2007 election year, both the Liberal-led Coalition government and the Labor opposition promised to introduce carbon trading.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Liberal Party vowed to overturn the bill if it was elected.