jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In one model, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war falls for several years by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius (13 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit) on average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The "likely" range (as assessed to have a greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on the IPCC's expert judgment) is a projected increase in global mean temperature over the 21st century of between 1.1 and 6.4 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The total increase in global warming for the century should be ~0.3 °C, rather than the catastrophic warming of 3-6°C (4-11°F) predicted by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.
Claim: There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming 'very likely' human-made".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
Claim: This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effect can be so pronounced that during extreme events, it is not possible to obtain quality images of the Sun or stars.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Timescales of events described as 'abrupt' may vary dramatically.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This blockade causes hyperexcitability of the nervous system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A floodgate effect is situation in which a small action can result in a far greater effect with no easily discernible limit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During certain extreme space weather events solar wind can interfere with transmissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A process that is blocked is one that is waiting for some event, such as a resource becoming available or the completion of an I/O operation.
Claim: Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In August 2013, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.09m km2, which represents 1.13 million km2 below the 1981–2010 average for that month.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950–1970 period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.
Claim: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO 2 variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When CO levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Transpiration from plants can be affected by a rise in atmospheric CO, which can decrease their use of water, but can also raise their use of water from possible increases of leaf area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The isotopic signature of plants shows higher degree of C depletion than the plants, due to variation in fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis across plant types.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.
Claim: It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ordinary degrees are at level 9 and require 360 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 9.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: a diatomic molecule) in a 3-D space with constant distance between them (let's say d) we can show (below) its degrees of freedom to be 5.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The latitude of the Earth's equator is, by definition, 0° (zero degrees) of arc.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The average separation for all users of the application is 5.73 degrees, whereas the maximum degree of separation is 12.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), "there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is likely to be in the range of 2 to 4.5 °C, with a best estimate of about 3 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The estimate is uncertain, but probably lies within 0.5 °C of the true value.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature coefficient of most of the reactions lies between - 2 & 3

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.
Claim: In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8–9 mm per year, or 1 meter in 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At the end of the last ice age, between 10,000 and 11,500 years ago, the sea level was about 175 meters higher than it is today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It was above sea level during the last ice age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.
Claim: They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.
Claim: Droughts and floods have not changed since weve been using fossil fuels

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The increased demands are contributing to increased environmental degradation and to global warming, with resultant intensification of tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, forest fires, and incidence of hyperthermia deaths.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The continual use of fossil fuels is known to contribute to global warming and cause more severe climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At present, the main energy source used by humans is non-renewable fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-renewable resources, though individual elements are always conserved (except in nuclear reactions).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Fossil fuel ("primary non-renewable fossil") sources burn coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Non-energy consumption will still include fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Non-communicable diseases are a long-term effect of floods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2016 -- 17 Zimbabwe floods began in December 2016, following a severe drought.