jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.
Claim: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: -- defined as'' ``A radiocommunication service concerned exclusively with the operation of spacecraft, in particular space tracking, space telemetry and space telecommand.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 23 centimeter, 1200 MHz or 1.2 GHz band is a portion of the UHF (microwave) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use on a secondary basis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Fixed-satellite service (short : FSS | also : fixed-satellite radiocommunication service) is -- according to article 1.21 of the International Telecommunication Union ´ s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) -- defined as A radiocommunication service between earth stations at given positions, when one or more satellites are used ; the given position may be a specified fixed point or any fixed point within specified areas ; in some cases this service includes satellite-to-satellite links, which may also be operated in the inter-satellite service ; the fixed-satellite service may also include feeder links for other space radiocommunication services.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Category : Communications satellites of France

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The satellite time series is not homogeneous.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Meridian (satellite) is a Russian Communication satellite system, consisting of several satellites :
Claim: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At that time, the climate was not unlike today's, but there was a slightly warmer period from the 10th–14th centuries known as the Medieval Warm Period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This has been called the Medieval Warm Period, and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Interstadial climate may have been relatively warm but not necessarily.
Claim: “Sea level rise is global.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global sea levels have been rising as a consequence of thermal expansion and ice melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An effect of global climate change is the rising sea levels which can lead to reef drowing or coral bleaching.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the entire of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If the entire of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of .
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, if the increase in sea level occurs at a rate faster than coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for "unborn") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It resulted in the demise of the largest coral reefs in the Earth's history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coral bleaching may be caused by a number of factors.
Claim: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, or Assembly Bill (AB) 32, is a California State Law that fights global warming by establishing a comprehensive program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all sources throughout the state.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Political action can change laws and regulations that relate to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Climate Change Act 2008 (c 27) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (commonly known as AB 32) mandates a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 1995 saw the creation of the phrase "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (also called "avoiding dangerous climate change") first appeared in a policy document of a governmental organization, the IPCC's Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. and in 1996 the European Union adopt a goal of limiting temperature rises to a maximum 2 °C rise in average global temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In March 2001, the George W. Bush Administration announced that it would not implement the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan that would require nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that ratifying the treaty would create economic setbacks in the U.S. and does not put enough pressure to limit emissions from developing nations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate disobedience is a form of civil disobedience, deliberate action intended to critique government climate policy.
Claim: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global methane emissions are major part of the global greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.
Claim: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: [page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Humans are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy (Confalonieri "et al"., 2007:393).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Examples of how life may have affected past climate include:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidently drastic climate changes were possible within a human lifetime.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Modern climate models addressing the attribution of recent climate change take into account sulfate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century.