jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate system also gives off energy to outer space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate system also gives off energy to outer space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In their 2014 report, the IPCC comparison of energy sources global warming potential per unit of electricity generated, which notably included albedo effects, mirror the median emission value derived from the Warner and Heath Yale meta-analysis for the more common non-breeding light water reactors, a -equivalent value of 12 g -eq/kWh, which is the lowest global warming forcing of all baseload power sources, with comparable low carbon power baseload sources, such as hydropower and biomass, producing substantially more global warming forcing 24 and 230 g -eq/kWh respectively.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Warming of 1.5 °C.
Claim: The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For January 2016, the satellite based data showed the lowest overall Arctic sea ice extent of any January since records begun in 1979.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record" (Press release).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are differing scientific opinions about how long perennial sea ice has existed in the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: New warning on Arctic sea ice melt.
Claim: “The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming tends to decrease ice cover and hence decrease the albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed and leading to more warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the , “the presence of black carbon over highly reflective surfaces, such as snow and ice, or clouds, may cause a significant positive radiative forcing.” The IPCC also notes that emissions from biomass burning, which usually have a negative forcing, have a positive forcing over snow fields in areas such as the Himalayas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Glacier loss adds to global heat rise through a decrease in what is called ice-albedo feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The “climate forcing due to snow/ice albedo change is of the order of 1.0 W/m at middle- and high-latitude land areas in the Northern Hemisphere and over the Arctic Ocean.” The “soot effect on snow albedo may be responsible for a quarter of observed global warming.” “Soot deposition increases surface melt on ice masses, and the meltwater spurs multiple radiative and dynamical feedback processes that accelerate ice disintegration,” according to NASA scientists James Hansen and Larissa Nazarenko.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice.
Claim: Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes to Earth's radiative equilibrium, that cause temperatures to rise or fall over decadal periods, are called climate forcings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes occuring around the last ice age (in technical terms, the last glacial) show that the circulation is the North Atlantic can change suddenly and substantially, leading to global climate changes, even though the total amount of energy coming into the climate system didn't change much.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.
Claim: Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 4) Atmospheric O levels are decreasing in Earth's atmosphere as it reacts with the carbon in fossil fuels to form .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Natural sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide include volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter, wildfires and the respiration processes of living aerobic organisms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.
Claim: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is less evidence that precipitation is changing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Detection of a climate signal does not always imply significant attribution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage
Claim: The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Concern has been expressed about the stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, "unstoppable" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8 ft) They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 – 1000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The formation of ice sheets can cause Earth's surface to sink.
Claim: The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the industrial revolution, human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide () is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.