jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The satellite time series is not homogeneous.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many climate changes have a random aspect and a cyclical aspect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlie long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Natural changes in the climate system result in internal "climate variability".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From one year to another, ecosystems experience variation in their biotic and abiotic environments.
Claim: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The committee criticised a "culture of non-disclosure at CRU" and a general lack of transparency in climate science where scientific papers had usually not included all the data and code used in reconstructions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Muir Russell report stated that the scientists' "rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt," that the investigators "did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments," but that there had been "a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The "rigour and honesty" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: No scientific body of national or international standing maintains a formal opinion dissenting from the summary conclusions of the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It would be correct to describe a scientist who was involved with AR4 or earlier IPCC reports in this way: 'X contributed to the reports of the IPCC, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Muir Russell report exonerated the scientists, but found "a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness, both on the part of CRU scientists and on the part of the UEA".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, it does not reject the concepts of global climate change or greenhouse theory (or other well-established and widely accepted scientific theories or empirical studies), in general attempting to engender itself as giving a well balanced and scientific view of the sources (though often at a contrary expense of its perceived adversaries: the aforementioned alleged 'Global Warming Alarmists').

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report endorsed findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as representing the views of the scientific community:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether "the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data".
Claim: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most estimations still underestimate the amplifying climate change feedbacks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projections were made over future climate change impacts.
Claim: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heatwaves are associated with marked short-term increases in mortality.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heat-related morbidity and mortality is projected to increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.
Claim: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide ().

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Humans have a substantial influence on the rise of sea level because we emit increasing levels of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through automobile use and industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The seas now absorb much of human-generated carbon dioxide, which then affects temperature change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.
Claim: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about ) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater.
Claim: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coal is an impure fuel and produces more greenhouse gas and pollution than an equivalent amount of petroleum or natural gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are fully or partly halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Commercial hydrogen production uses fossil fuels and produces more carbon dioxide than hydrogen.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The densities of CFCs are higher than their corresponding alkanes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC).
Claim: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some climate systems exhibit amplification (positive feedback) and damping responses (negative feedback).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On Earth, our climate is heavily influenced by interactions with solar radiation and feedback processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A component of climate sensitivity is directly due to radiative forcing, for instance by , and a further contribution arises from climate feedback, both positive and negative.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Positive radiative forcing results in warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.
Claim: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, nearly every country in the world agreed to a landmark climate deal in which each nation committed lowering their greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is a global good, so even if a large nation decreases it, that nation will only enjoy a small fraction of the benefit of doing so.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is intended to form the basis of an international agreement which will reduce carbon dioxide emissions to avoid dangerous climate change, carbon dioxide being the gas that is primarily responsible for changes in the greenhouse effect on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon Reductions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent (individual, institution or country) acts independently in its own selfish interest (see International cooperation and Emissions trading), suggesting the need for collective action.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change: to guarantee achieving national carbon reduction targets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty designed to reduce emissions of GHGs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon emissions are a significant causing factor for climate change and by putting federal regulations such as a carbon tax there will overall be a decrease in carbon emissions.