jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This is worsened by extreme weather events caused by climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This particularly strong event was punctuated by drought, flooding, extreme heat events, and severe storms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some of the extreme weather events responsible for these mental health changes include wildfires, earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, floods, and extreme heat.
Claim: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Example 2 In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: [vague] Possible explanations for the Hawthorne effect include the impact of feedback and motivation towards the experimenter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: [citation needed] Because of the positive feedback often associated with the network effect, system dynamics can be used as a modelling method to describe the phenomena.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Just as positive network externalities (network effects) cause positive feedback and exponential growth, negative network externalities create negative feedback and exponential decay.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: When a change occurs in a system, positive feedback causes further change, in the same direction.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The feedback mechanisms involved are often complex and incompletely understood.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The multiple simulations are conducted to account for the two usual sources of uncertainty in forecast models : (1) the errors introduced by the use of imperfect initial conditions, amplified by the chaotic nature of the evolution equations of the atmosphere, this is often referred to as sensitive dependence on the initial conditions ; and (2) errors introduced because of imperfections in the model formulation, such as the approximate mathematical methods to solve the equations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Positive feedback tends to cause system instability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This has caused some degree of confusion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The simulation was then designed to spiral out of control.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The origins of the paradoxes are somewhat unclear.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This asymmetry is believed to result from complex interactions of feedback mechanisms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This asymmetry is believed to result from complex interactions of feedback mechanisms.
Claim: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This "decline" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that greenhouse gas forcing is predominantly responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice extent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.
Claim: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:
Claim: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Effectively dissolving the media requires an acidic pH. Saltwater may have a pH of 7.8 or higher, so to reduce the pH carbon dioxide (CO2) is used.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called "dead zones."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In cooling down a clathrate SO2 · 5.75 H2O will crystallise which decomposes again at 7 ° C. Thus sulfurous acid H2SO3 can not be isolated.
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 1720–1800 period is most suitable to be defined as preindustrial in physical terms ...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."
Claim: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A new economic study of the health impacts and associated costs of air pollution in the Los Angeles Basin and San Joaquin Valley of Southern California shows that more than 3,800 people die prematurely (approximately 14 years earlier than normal) each year because air pollution levels violate federal standards.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The WHO estimates that air pollution causes nearly two million premature deaths per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Air pollution has increased the rate of hospital visits per year and is currently causing premature deaths.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The World Health Organization estimated in 2014 that every year air pollution causes the premature death of some 7 million people worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Outdoor air pollution alone causes 2.1 to 4.21 million premature deaths annually.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Annual premature European deaths caused by air pollution are estimated at 430,000-800,000 An important cause of these deaths is nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by road vehicles.
Claim: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 1850–1900 period is a reasonable pragmatic surrogate for preindustrial global mean temperature."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Anthropocene ( ) is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Quaternary geological period includes the current climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In recent studies, geologists claim that global warming is one of the reasons for increased seismic activity.
Claim: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Positive radiative forcing results in warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change can either occur due to external forcing or due to internal processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A forcing is something that is imposed externally on the climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Radiative forcing is the imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere resulting from a change in atmospheric composition or other changes in radiation budget prior to long-term changes in global temperature resulting from forcing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes to Earth's radiative equilibrium, that cause temperatures to rise or fall over decadal periods, are called climate forcings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).