jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: [citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperatures were felt in:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "El Niño in a changing climate".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The traditional ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), also called Eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO, involves temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific.
Claim: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He has called global warming the "greatest scam in history" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After reading a 2007 speech by US Senator James Inhofe, who maintains that global warming is a hoax, John Cook created Skeptical Science as an internet resource to counter common arguments by climate change deniers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled "The Science of Climate Change", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that “climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese.” During his political campaign, he blamed China for doing little helping the environment on the earth, but he seemed to ignore many projects organized by China to slow global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The programme's publicity materials assert that man-made global warming is "a lie" and "the biggest scam of modern times.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Clark is among the scientists who reject the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change; in the 2007 UK television documentary "The Great Global Warming Swindle", he states that changes in global temperature correlate with solar activity, saying "Solar activity of the last hundred years, over the last several hundred years correlates very nicely on a decadal basis, with sea ice and Arctic temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Skeptical Science (occasionally abbreviated SkS) is a climate science blog and information resource created in 2007 by Australian cognitive scientist John Cook.
Claim: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The USA consumes about 14% of the world total, using 90% of it for generation of electricity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: America needs renewable energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management owned nearly (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar currently supplies only 0.1% of our world energy needs, but there is enough out there to power humanity's needs 4,000 times over, the entire global projected energy demand by 2050.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) owned nearly (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: About 90% of the electricity is produced by the sunlight.
Claim: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The number of PhD graduates has grown substantially in many countries since 2000, PhD Graduates still represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries — around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The total fresh STEM graduates were 2.6 million in 2016.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These scientists include:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several scientists (including e.g.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As per the latest 2011 Census, about 8.15 % (68 millions) of Indians are graduates, with Union Territories of Chandigarh and Delhi topping the list with 24.65 % and 22.56 % of their population being graduates respectively.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The "Report"'s authors are predominantly natural scientists, one-third are social scientists, and about ten percent are interdisciplinary workers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists and technologists including e.g.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The list includes scientists from several specialities or disciplines.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A brief curriculum vitae for each scientist is presented.
Claim: When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been suggested by scientists that higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the early Earth's atmosphere might help explain this faint young sun paradox.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere.
Claim: more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Installing LED lighting, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight windows reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Intelligent Light System is a headlamp beam control system introduced in 2006 on the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211) which offers five different bi-xenon light functions, each of which is suited to typical driving or weather conditions: Country mode Motorway mode Enhanced fog lamps Active light function (Advanced front-lighting system (AFS)) Cornering light function Adaptive Highbeam Assist is Mercedes-Benz' marketing name for a headlight control strategy that continuously automatically tailors the headlamp range so the beam just reaches other vehicles ahead, thus always ensuring maximum possible seeing range without glaring other road users.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Raising Awareness of Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Pays off in Rwanda".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and a 12-volt automotive battery.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Energy conservation is broader than energy efficiency in including active efforts to decrease energy consumption, for example through behaviour change, in addition to using energy more efficiently.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the course of a person 's life the various aspects may alter in importance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Additionally, it highlighted needed shifts in individual behaviours, such as reducing meat consumption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: other excessive behaviors (e.g., gambling, sexual addiction)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Energy conservation is broader than energy efficiency in that it encompasses using less energy to achieve a lesser energy demanding service, for example through behavioral change, as well as encompassing energy efficiency.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Vices are usually associated with a transgression in a person 's character or temperament rather than their morality.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It falls under the broader scope of illness behaviour.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: and to a greater extent, than previous, similar changes.
Claim: The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Black carbon emissions also significantly contribute to Arctic ice-melt, which is critical because “nothing in climate is more aptly described as a ‘tipping point’ than the 0 °C boundary that separates frozen from liquid water—the bright, reflective snow and ice from the dark, heat-absorbing ocean.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At lower temperatures, air can hold less water vapour, which can lead to decreased precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.
Claim: “[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on the current rate of increase - averaging about 2 ppm per year - greenhouse gas concentrations are likely to reach 400 ppm by 2016, 450 ppm by 2041, and 550 ppm by around 2091.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the year 2100 the model predicts that we could potentially acquire CO2 levels at 1,000 ppm, which correlates with the pH of 7.8 ± 0.05.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2 °C rise is typically associated in climate models with a carbon dioxide equivalent concentration of 400–500 ppm by volume; the current (January 2015) level of carbon dioxide alone is 400 ppm by volume, and rising at 1–3 ppm annually.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, rose by 2.6 parts per million to 396 ppm in 2013 from the previous year (annual global averages).
Claim: By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They may either increase or decrease cloud cover under different conditions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar energy from the Sun creates temperature differentials that result in wind.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cloud cover may change in the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If there are little clouds in a particular year, there is an energy imbalance and extra heat can be absorbed by the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar output varies throughout the day, the seasons, with cloud cover and by latitude on the globe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Dependent on the radiative balance of incoming and outgoing energy, the Earth either warms up or cools down.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".