jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This includes the record of , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These locations feature some of the highest annual average temperatures recorded on Earth, exceeding .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperatures were felt in:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.
Claim: The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: About 60.5 mya at the Danian/Selandian boundary, there is evidence of anoxia spreading out into coastal waters, and a drop in sea levels which is most likely explained as an increase in temperature and evaporation, as there was no ice at the poles to lock up water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence of past climate change and present climate change comes from a variety of sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The geological record suggests that ice at the poles does not melt in a gradual and linear fashion, but flips suddenly from one state to another.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The collection of long record of climate variables is essential for the study of climate.
Claim: (2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Florida is west of The Bahamas and 90 miles (140 km) north of Cuba.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2012, 75% of the population lived within 10 miles (16 km) of the coastline.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is down from a peak of 17.1% in 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2012 approximately 22% of world energy was consumed in North America, 5% was consumed South and Central America, 23% was consumed in Europe and Eurasia, 3% was consumed in Africa, and 40% was consumed in the Asia Pacific region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A total of 33 percent of the Earth's landmass is considered either arid or semi-arid, including southwest North America, southwest South America, most of northern and a small part of southern Africa, southwest and portions of eastern Asia, as well as much of Australia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.
Claim: Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2007, McIntyre started auditing the various corrections made to temperature records, in particular those relating to the urban heat island effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He discovered a discontinuity in some U.S. records in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) dataset starting in January 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2007, Stephen McIntyre notified GISS that many of the U.S. temperature records from the Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) displayed a discontinuity around the year 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After 2000, the [[sea surface temperature]]s of the tropical Western Pacific, where a warm pool of water exists and where temperatures are heavily influenced by [[ENSO]], between 10°N - 10°S and 139° - 171° longitude became anti-correlated with temperatures at the [[tropopause]] in the same latitudes between 171° - 200° longitude, both measured since the early 1980s; although the correlation had been previously positive, since 2000 the SST anomalies increased while tropopause temperatures decreased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar see-saw (also: "Bipolar seesaw") is the phenomenon that temperature changes in the northern and southern hemispheres may be out of phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A temperature anomaly is measured against a reference value or long-term average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".
Claim: Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".
Claim: In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For example, the natural decay of organic material in forests and grasslands and the action of forest fires results in the release of about 439 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide every year, while new growth entirely counteracts this effect, absorbing 450 gigatonnes per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.
Claim: Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar energy from the Sun creates temperature differentials that result in wind.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because the wind blows during stormy conditions when the sun does not shine and the sun often shines on calm days with little wind, combining wind and solar can go a long way toward meeting demand, especially when geothermal provides a steady base and hydroelectric can be called on to fill in the gaps.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An MIT peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the rising parcel of air is losing energy as it does work on the surrounding atmosphere and no energy is transferred into it as heat from the atmosphere to make up for the loss, the parcel of air is losing energy, which manifests itself as a decrease in the temperature of the air parcel.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It traps heat in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This would lead to an amplification of warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Air is a renewable resource.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:
Claim: […]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Shaftel 2016: "'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, speaking more properly, "global warming" denotes the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, but "climate change" includes both "global warming" and its effects, such as changes in precipitation and impacts that differ by region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.
Claim: “Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change.
Claim: Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A higher temperature had only been recorded twice before.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperatures were felt in:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the historical records temperature fluctuations may be regional rather than hemispheric in scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the past century was found to be , with warming similar in both hemispheres.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These historical observations of the same time period show periods of both warming and cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In meteorology, diurnal temperature variation is the variation between a high temperature and a low temperature that occurs during the same day.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.