jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The ACRIM2 instrument on the UARS satellite measured the total solar irradiance (TSI), the total solar radiant energy reaching Earth, continuing the climate change database begun in 1980 by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment/Total Irradiance Measurement (SORCE/TIM) TSI values are lower than prior measurements by the Earth Radiometer Budget Experiment (ERBE) on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), VIRGO on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) and the ACRIM instruments on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and ACRIMSat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Total solar irradiance (TSI) changes slowly on decadal and longer timescales.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter "(see solar constant)", though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during the year due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One Sun is a unit of power flux, not a standard value for actual insolation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Disagreement among overlapping observations indicates unresolved drifts that suggest the TSI record is not sufficiently stable to discern solar changes on decadal time scales.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Satellites do not measure temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Different measurements of solar irradiance (direct normal irradiance, global horizontal irradiance) are mapped below :

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.
Claim: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projections of declines in Arctic sea ice vary.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change publication "Climate change 2013: The Physical Science Basis" stated that sea ice extent for the Northern Hemisphere showed a decrease of 3.8% ± 0.3% per decade from November 1978 to December 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Research published in 2011 finds evidence that massive volcanic eruptions caused massive coal combustion, supporting models for significant generation of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A massive volcano eruption would eject extraordinary volumes of volcanic dust, toxic and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with serious effects on global climate (towards extreme global cooling: volcanic winter if short-term, and ice age if long-term) or global warming (if greenhouse gases were to prevail).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some scientists suggested that ice ages and other great climate changes were due to changes in the amount of gases emitted in volcanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.
Claim: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the summer of 2001 a severe drought destroyed 80% of El Salvador's crops, causing famine in the countryside.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In El Salvador and Nicaragua alone, the reported number of men dying from this painful disease has risen five-fold in the last 20 years, although some researchers believe hidden cases have always been there and this increment in official data could be partially due to the recent increase in reports and improved case search, pushed by the growing social and political interest in the disease.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In El Salvador, the disease has become the second leading cause of death among adult men, and according to a recent editorial, it has been estimated that this largely unknown epidemic has caused the premature death of at least 20,000 men in the region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In addition to dehydration and heat stroke, these heat waves have also resulted in epidemics of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is known from El Salvador.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ratio may be used to determine the cause of acute kidney injury or dehydration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Kidney disease results from an immune response that deposits immune complexes in the kidney.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The kidneys are almost always affected and this often leads to kidney failure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Currently he is suffering from severe kidney failure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In addition to the inability to filter blood, renal failure results in the body 's inability to make some vitamins and minerals (example : vitamin D), as well as difficulty excreting excessive amounts of certain vitamins and minerals (example : phosphorus).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent studies have shown that prolonged heat exposure, physical exertion, and dehydration are sufficient factors to developing CKD.
Claim: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The correlation coefficient is not yet scientifically determined.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: So when the result of a statistical analysis is said to be an ``exact test'' or an ``exact p-value'', it ought to imply that the test is defined without parametric assumptions and evaluated without using approximate algorithms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cum hoc propter hoc ; see Correlation does not imply causation

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is some data but no published papers in this application.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Statistical randomness does not necessarily imply ``true'' randomness, i.e., objective unpredictability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An are experimentally determined coefficients.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Hypotheses are evaluated with reference to a null hypothesis which states that random processes create the observed data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Various academic studies have given alternative results.
Claim: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A paper on Greenland's temperature record shows that the warmest year on record was 1941 while the warmest decades were the 1930s and 1940s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The past nine years have all been among the 25 warmest years on record for the contiguous U.S., a streak which is unprecedented in the historical record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record".
Claim: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Such a machine is called a "perpetual motion machine of the second kind".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the whole undergoes changes and eventually reaches a new and final equilibrium with the surroundings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Such a scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the laws of thermodynamics, primary energy sources cannot be produced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The second law of thermodynamics is valid only for systems which are near or in equilibrium state.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The second law of thermodynamics states that any closed-loop cycle can only convert a fraction of the heat produced during combustion into mechanical work.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, for cyclic processes of practical interest in heat engines the second law of thermodynamics states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rudolf Clausius (Second Law of Thermodynamics)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The T-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is of the second kind, while
Claim: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that sea levels will increase with up to 0.6 meters by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: George Monbiot reports "The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: George Monbiot reports "The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as this century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Under the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) A1B, by the mid-2090s global sea level will reach above 1990 levels, and is currently rising at about per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
Claim: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".