jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Correlation between sunspots and climate and tenuous at best.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Travis Le ; Honolulu, HI ; ``Determining ` Hot Spots ' through Correlations of CMEs and Solar Flares.''

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When there are more sunspots, the total solar output increases, and when there are fewer sunspots, it decreases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Level of Neutral Buoyancy, equilibrium level, a meteorological term

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes of water level in wells and ditches were reported.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Between 1847 and 1849, he made important observations regarding sunspots.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been estimated that there are of water on Earth.
Claim: The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In historic times, glaciers grew during a cool period from about 1550 to 1850 known as the [[Little Ice Age]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The glacier has retreated since the end of the Little Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the 'Ice Age', spanned 125,000 to 14,500 years ago and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene epoch.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Claim: Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: U.S. officials, such as Philip Cooney, have repeatedly edited scientific reports from US government scientists, many of whom, such as Thomas Knutson, have been ordered to refrain from discussing climate change and related topics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, the warming was probably not uniform across the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientific predictions of a temperature rise of two to three degrees Celsius over several decades do not respond with people, e.g.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The governments of four countries (the gas/oil-producers USA, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) blocked a proposal to welcome the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C at the 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP24).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.
Claim: There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The historical Technology Review often published articles that were controversial, or critical of certain technologies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Editor-in-chief Pontin said, "Of the ten stories which were published, only three were entirely accurate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and Physical Review Letters, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In his 2008 book Wealth, War and Wisdom, Biggs has a gloomy outlook for the economic future, and suggests that investors take survivalist measures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In addition, headlines with tones of fear, misery, and doom were most prevalent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are multiple formal definitions of ``inherent bias'' which depend on the particular field of study.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This comparison shows that media coverage of environmental issues suffers from both shallowness and pro-corporate bias.According to Peter J. Jacques et al., the mainstream news media of the United States is an example of the effectiveness of environmental skepticism as a tactic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: First, journalists distort reality by making scientific errors.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Climate Feedback reviewers come to the conclusion that in one case Lomborg "practices cherry-picking", in a second case he "had reached his conclusions through cherry-picking from a small subset of the evidence, misrepresenting the results of existing studies, and relying on flawed reasoning", in a third case "[his] article [is in] blatant disagreement with available scientific evidence, while the author does not offer adequate evidence to support his statements", and, in a fourth case, "The author, Bjorn Lomborg, cherry-picks this specific piece of research and uses it in support of a broad argument against the value of climate policy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: But his research was criticized by many in the scientific community as being alarmist.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At the Britannica Blog, a part of the discussion focused on the apparent bias in Carr 's argument toward literary reading.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The term "alarmist" can be used as a pejorative by critics of mainstream climate science to describe those that endorse it.
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2011 report of the "Pacific Climate Change Science Program" published by the Australian Government, describes a strong zonal (east‑to-west) sea-level slope along the equator, with sea level west of the International Date Line (180° longitude) being about a half metre higher than found in the eastern equatorial Pacific and South American coastal regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Claim: Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.
Claim: Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: the Pacific decadal oscillation – The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The interdecadal pacific oscillation can create changes in the pacific ocean and lower atmosphere on decadal time scales.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.
Claim: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, developed countries will be negatively affected by increases in the severity and frequency of some extreme weather events, such as heat waves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Adaptation can mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, but it will incur costs and will not prevent all damage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Various attempts have been made to estimate the cost of adaptation to climate change.
Claim: Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 15 (1): 1–30.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 23 February 1998.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projection models of the evolution of the arctic ice floe are based on the last 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: temperature) over a 30-year period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In early 2012, Abdussamatov predicted the onset of a new "mini-ice age" commencing 2014 and becoming most severe around 2055.