jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Oil Production Is at Record Levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To create lasting climate change mitigation, the replacement of high carbon emission intensity power sources, such as conventional fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—with low-carbon power sources is required.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The continual use of fossil fuels is known to contribute to global warming and cause more severe climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To achieve stabilization, global GHG emissions must peak, then decline.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As of 2016, emissions of CO from burning fossil fuels had stopped increasing, but The Guardian reports they need to be "reduced to have a real impact on climate change".
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.
Claim: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been proposed that the mechanism of increased Arctic surface air temperature anomalies during La Niña periods of ENSO may be attributed to the Tropically Excited Arctic Warming Mechanism (TEAM), when Rossby waves propagate more poleward, leading to wave dynamics and an increase in downward infrared radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "El Niño in a changing climate".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
Claim: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate sensitivity can be estimated by using reconstructions of Earth's past temperatures and levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the context of global warming, different measures of climate sensitivity are used.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2013, Hansen authored a paper called "Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide," in which he estimated climate sensitivity to be (3±1)°C based on Pleistocene paleoclimate data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario ("SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Different approaches to the task of estimating climate sensitivity from the LGM are taken.
Claim: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Application to ice ages is known as Milankovitch cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As more ice melts, there is less solar reflectivity and less heat is reflected away from the Earth, causing more heat to be absorbed, and retained in the atmosphere and soil In addition to the El Niño events, glacial melt is contributing to the rapid turnover of sea surface temperatures and ocean salt content by diluting the ocean water and slowing the Atlantic conveyor belt's usually swift dive because of a top layer of buoyant, cold, fresh water that slows the flow of warm water to the north.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic region is one of the many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Interglacials and glacials coincide with cyclic changes in the Earth's orbit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.
Claim: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5 to 2.5 °C (relative to global temperatures over the years 1980–1999) and in concomitant atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, projected changes in ecosystems will have predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services, e.g., water and food supply.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Above this level, temperatures could rise by more than 2 °C to produce "catastrophic" climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An increase of global temperature by more than 2°C has come to be the majority definition of what would constitute intolerably dangerous climate change with efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels per the Paris Agreement.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This result can change if the damage function is changed to include the possibility of catastrophic climate change impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Moreover, the impacts associated with 2°C have been revised upwards, sufficiently so that 2°C now more appropriately represents the threshold between 'dangerous' and 'extremely dangerous' climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Centre for Science and Environment said the repercussions for developing countries such as India, would be "catastrophic" at 2°C warming and that the impact even at 1.5°C described in SR15 is much greater than anticipated.
Claim: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the IPCC 2001 report, such warming would, if kept from rising further after the 21st Century, result in 1 to 5 meter sea level rise over the next millennium due to Greenland ice sheet melting.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming," irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and "Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.
Claim: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Hansen testified that "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now" and "The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no "causative link" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, says: "While the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modelling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C.