jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Prolonged periods of warmer temperatures typically cause soil and underbrush to be drier for longer periods, increasing the risk of wildfires.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change poses a challenge to the management of conventional air pollutants in the United States due to warmer, dryer summer conditions that can lead to increased air stagnation episodes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation, runoff, and soil moisture storage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In addition, the end of the 20th century drying trend may be due to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall.. Activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is projected to affect water availability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.
Claim: Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.
Claim: ‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Most recently in Summer 2018 and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: That, in turn, renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several weather records were broken in the United Kingdom, including a new record for the country's highest ever recorded temperature of at Faversham in Kent on 10 August, which remained the highest recorded temperature in the UK until the heatwave in July 2019.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2003 European heat wave led to the hottest summer on record in Europe since at least 1540.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The European heat wave of 2007 affected primarily south-eastern Europe during late June through August.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.
Claim: If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They used computer simulations of future climate to show that it was "possible, and indeed likely, to have a period as long as a decade or two of 'cooling' or no warming superimposed on a longer-term warming trend."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The long term cooling in the lower stratosphere occurred in two downward steps in temperature both after the transient warming related to explosive volcanic eruptions of El Chichón and Mount Pinatubo, this behavior of the global stratospheric temperature has been attributed to global ozone concentration variation in the two years following volcanic eruptions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The cause of the cooling trend is not known with certainty.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent evidence suggests that warming of the tropical oceans since a "[[tipping point (climatology)|tipping point]]" in 2000 may have acted as a [[negative feedback]], reducing the observed warming during the 2000s (decade).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data appeared to show a flux/number (` source counts ') trend which precluded some cosmological models (such as the Steady-State) : -

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence for warming accumulated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although all the datasets show the expected tropospheric amplification at seasonal and annual timescales it is still debated whether or not the long term trends are consistent with the expected moist adiabatic lapse rate amplification due to difficulty of producing homogenized datasets, some satellite temperature reconstruction are consistent with the expected amplification while others are not.
Claim: But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If high latitude waters are warmer than 5 °C (41 °F), their density is too low for them to sink below the cooler deep waters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Following Henry's law, as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Furthermore, oxygen levels decrease because oxygen is less soluble in warmer water, an effect known as "ocean deoxygenation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Low atmospheric pressure tends to occur over warm water and high pressure occurs over cold water, in part because of deep convection over the warm water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This cools the water down enough to where it is capable of dissolving more gasses and minerals, causing it to become very dense in relation to lower latitude waters, which in turn causes it to sink to the bottom of the ocean, forming what is known as North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in the north and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) in the south.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because the movement of deep water in ocean basins is caused by density-driven forces and gravity, deep waters sink into deep ocean basins at high latitudes where the temperatures are cold enough to cause the density to increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deep ocean currents are driven by density and temperature gradients.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming oceans are likely to become stratified, with most ocean nutrients trapped in the cold bottom layers while most of the light needed for photosynthesis in the warm top layer.
Claim: Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...
Claim: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: [citation needed] This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Siple Dome (SD) had a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the Little Ice Age in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is evident from temperature measurements in boreholes in North America and Europe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GLOS: Great Lakes Observing System

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Satellites do not measure temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the historical records temperature fluctuations may be regional rather than hemispheric in scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several temperature records were broken in the Midwest on this day.
Claim: "The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The source cited in the report for this claim is a non-peer reviewed policy paper published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, a Canadian think tank.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2008 NIPCC document titled "Nature, Not Human Activity Rules the Climate: Summary for Policymakers of the Report of the Nongovernmental International Panel of Climate Change", published by The Heartland Institute, was released in February–March 2008.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 2008, Heartland has published the work of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), an international group of scientists who analyze the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other published, peer-reviewed studies that relate to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been founded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for a better understanding of climate change and meeting concerns of these observations.
Claim: We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From hydrostatic balance, the warm core translates to lower pressure at the center at all altitudes, with the maximum pressure drop located at the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Usually, only mafic flows will erupt as pāhoehoe, since they often erupt at higher temperatures or have the proper chemical make-up to allow them to flow with greater fluidity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's heat content is about .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's surface temperature is thus higher than it would be if it were heated only by direct solar heating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Any geological effects would not be as pronounced as climate change on the Earth, but might cause the movement of elements in the solid state:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.