jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over the past 30 years, temperatures have risen faster in winter than in any other season, with average winter temperatures in the Midwest and northern Great Plains increasing more than 7 °F (3.9 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It says that 2 °C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Translation: Once human beings start to warm the climate, they do so at a constant rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ... for centuries to come, if man's industrial growth continues, the earth's climate will continue to grow warmer.
Claim: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: June was one of the wettest months on record in Britain (see List of weather records).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2003 European heat wave led to the hottest summer on record in Europe since at least 1540.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A steep rise in temperature is observed from May to June.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2018's temperature was 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), meaning it ranks as the 18th warmest June recorded in England in the past 359 years, also being the warmest since 1976.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ESA: European Space Agency
Claim: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide is colorless.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tetrafluorohydrazine or dinitrogen tetrafluoride,, is a colourless, reactive inorganic gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At standard temperature and pressure it is a colorless flammable gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is formed by incomplete combustion, and is a colorless, odorless gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In physiology, carbonic acid is described as volatile acid or respiratory acid, because it is the only acid excreted as a gas by the lungs.
Claim: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These factors have led to the average climate of cities to be warmer than surrounding areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are a couple factors why the climate of large city landscapes differs from the climate of rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The urban heat island warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.
Claim: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The observed changes in some climate variables, such as Arctic sea ice, some aspects of precipitation, and patterns of surface pressure, appear to be proceeding much more rapidly than models have projected.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic climate is believed to be now rapidly warming and much larger Arctic shrinkage changes are projected.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Glaciers are melting at an alarming rate which is causing the ocean to rise faster than predicted.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.
Claim: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Change Myths and Realities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence for warming accumulated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Regarding the persistent belief in a global warming hoax they note that the Earth is continuing to warm and the rate of warming is increasing as documented in numerous scientific studies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Correlation between sunspots and climate and tenuous at best.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Travis Le ; Honolulu, HI ; ``Determining ` Hot Spots ' through Correlations of CMEs and Solar Flares.''

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes of water level in wells and ditches were reported.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When there are more sunspots, the total solar output increases, and when there are fewer sunspots, it decreases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Between 1847 and 1849, he made important observations regarding sunspots.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes of 3–4% in cloudiness and concurrent changes in cloud top temperatures correlated to the 11 and 22-year solar (sunspot) cycles, with increased GCR levels during "antiparallel" cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Level of Neutral Buoyancy, equilibrium level, a meteorological term
Claim: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The geological record, however, shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For a body that is not in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, different thermometers can record different temperatures, depending respectively on the mechanisms of operation of the thermometers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Natural changes in the climate system result in internal "climate variability".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Claim: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nature Climate Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group covering all aspects of research on global warming, the current climate change, especially its effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.
Claim: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Non-communicable diseases are a long-term effect of floods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc..

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Moreover, it is unlikely that a fundamental change has occurred in either how often or where severe droughts have occurred over the continental United States during the past half-century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These come and go due to the effect of storms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.