jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent typhoons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: India, China, [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Myanmar]] could experience floods followed by [[drought]]s in coming decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The equatorial region near the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), or monsoon trough, is the wettest portion of the world's continents.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña causes a drop in sea surface temperatures over Southeast Asia and heavy rains over Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Drier and hotter weather occurs in parts of the Amazon River Basin, Colombia, and Central America during El Niño events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It can be observed that tropical countries in Asia and Africa have low availability of freshwater resources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Eastern portions of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia have become wetter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Eastern portions of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia have become wetter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades.
Claim: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This could be caused by the interaction between the stellar wind and the planet's magnetosphere creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up causing it to expand.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The four largest, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa, show similarities to the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter, probably due to the heat from the star.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In his newsletter, Peiser had cited a blog that had commented on warming observed on several planetary bodies in the Solar system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's heat content is about .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes.
Claim: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This ammonia is used as a feedstock for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The CO2 also is believed to have resulted in the greening of the planet "We show a persistent and widespread increase of growing season integrated LAI (greening) over 25% to 50% of the global vegetated area, whereas less than 4% of the globe shows decreasing LAI (browning).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Factorial simulations with multiple global ecosystem models suggest that CO2 fertilization effects explain 70% of the observed greening trend" -Nature Climate Change volume 6, pages 791–795 (2016).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Forests are an important part of the global carbon cycle because trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.
Claim: “Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Edward later fell out with the king over the proposal that the Roman Catholic James II should succeed to the throne on Charles's death, and after the discovery of the Rye House Plot in 1683 the castle was searched by royal officials looking for stocks of weapons that might be used in a possible revolt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Kightly suggests that the castle was sold to the Houlton family in 1705, rather than 1730; Jackson disagrees.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Both fighters are former boxers and had discussed a potential fight in their futures since early 2008.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Last Valley (1959), by John Pick, is about two men fleeing the Thirty Years' War.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Last Valley (1971) is a film starring Michael Caine and Omar Sharif, who discover a temporary haven from the Thirty Years' War.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The asteroids have long been suggested as possible sites for human colonization.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The practice had been going on for a number of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since c. 1984 H.H. ``Hoot'' Haddock from Florence, Alabama has been working on perfecting a polystyrene-based building system that would be faster and easier to construct than wood framed buildings, while having superior insulation and strength.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Chamberlin -- Moulton planetesimal hypothesis was proposed in 1905 by geologist Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and astronomer Forest Ray Moulton to describe the formation of the solar system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It extends to the rim of the crater Moulton.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: So, lakes may have been around much longer than previously thought.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The development of the site will take place over many years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Possible early references go back around 2000 years.
Claim: "I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Perry was re-elected to a second full term in office, winning 39% of the vote to Bell's 30%, Strayhorn's 18% and Friedman's 12%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Exit polls revealed that Perry won the Anglo vote with 46%, while Bell got 22%, Strayhorn got 16% and Friedman got 15%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When then presidential candidate Rick Perry suggested that scientists were frequently questioning "that manmade global warming is what is causing the climate to change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The phrase originated from a speech made by Secretary Rick Perry in Brussels earlier that month.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Former Governor of Texas Rick Perry is the current Secretary of Energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Now, that's not me talking, those are the scientists that say that.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other scientists were skeptical.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the scientific community, I am not alone.
Claim: Methane is the only cause of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Methane is a major target greenhouse gas and in the 4th protocol report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is recommended to increase from a x23 to x72 multiplier because of the magnitude of its effect relative to carbon dioxide and short longevity in Earth 's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Methane is a greenhouse gas, and methanogens play a critical role in global warming and the global carbon cycle via the production of methane.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These emissions contribute to global climate change as methane is a potent greenhouse gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO, NO and CH are common greenhouse gases and CO is the largest contributor to climate change.
Claim: Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coral reefs are one of the most well-known marine ecosystems in the world, with the largest being the Great Barrier Reef.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Barrier Reef along the coast of Australia experienced bleaching events in 1980, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016 and 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wilson Island (Queensland), an island on the Great Barrier Reef

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An effect called coral bleaching can be seen on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, where ocean acidification's effects are already taking place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) is responsible for the care and protection of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.
Claim: Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Within the region, desert/semi-desert (California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas), Mediterranean (California), humid subtropical (Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee), and tropical (Florida) climates can be found.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Florida is a state located in the Southern United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Minnesota has a continental climate, with hot summers and cold winters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The U.S. climate is temperate in most areas, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are multiple generations per year in Florida and Texas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change can be an important driver of migration, both within and between countries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Texas is a state located in the Southern United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They are partial migrants, with some populations moving south in winter.
Claim: "Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Real Global Warming Disaster ("Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?")

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A changing climate also results in economic burdens.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported in 2017 that climate-related extreme events accounted ca €400 billion ($430 billion) of economic losses in EEA area from 1980 to 2013, and were responsible for 85,000 deaths during 1980-2013.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.