jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models show that while some regions should expect an increase in precipitation, such as in the tropics and higher latitudes, other areas are expected to see a decrease, such as in the subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has distinct dry - and wet-season forms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some of the regional differences can be explained by climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising temperatures will increase evaporation and lead to increases in precipitation, though there will be regional variations in rainfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most desert and arid climates receive between of rainfall annually.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Humid regions experience more precipitation than evaporation each year, while arid regions experience greater evaporation than precipitation on an annual basis.
Claim: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the warming caused by human technology since the 19th century or earlier.
Claim: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Higher global temperatures melt glaciers such as the one in Greenland, which flow into the oceans, adding to the amount of seawater.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming," irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and "Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although previously it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing a year each to global sea level rise.
Claim: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global cooling was a conjecture, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth culminating in a period of extensive glaciation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Greenland enters melt mode".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the "U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.
Claim: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The tax will increase each year after until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon tax support:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called "allowances".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A carbon tax is a price-based policy since the regulator sets the price directly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately €13 or US$18.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over that same period, actual GHG emissions were projected to increase by 11%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over that same period, actual GHG emissions were projected to increase by 11 percent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon pricing support:
Claim: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the "heat island effect", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Similarly, if the Greenland or Antarctic land ice retreats, the darker underlying land is exposed and more solar radiation is absorbed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Dust particles in the air scatter incoming radiation from the sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are several measured types of solar irradiance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Received radiation is unevenly distributed over the planet, because the Sun heats equatorial regions more than polar regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During some periods the Northern Hemisphere would get slightly less sunlight during the winter than it would get during other centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In particular, the Southern Hemisphere, with more ocean area and less land area, has a lower albedo ("whiteness") and absorbs more light.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is as if the Earth is covered by a blanket that allows high frequency radiation (sunlight) to enter, but slows the rate at which the low frequency infrared radiant energy emitted by the Earth leaves.
Claim: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientific understanding of abrupt climate change is generally poor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The paper was criticized by numerous climate scientists.
Claim: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied between 180–210 ppm during ice ages, increasing to 280–300 ppm during warmer interglacials.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide concentrations have varied widely over the Earth's 4.54 billion year history.
Claim: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid "dangerous" levels, by 2036.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The math revolves around these three numbers: to stay below 2 degrees Celsius of global warming we can emit only 565 more gigatons of carbon dioxide versus the 2,795 gigatons held in proven reserves by fossil fuel corporations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Doubling in the model's atmosphere gave a roughly 2 °C rise in global temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the 1998 paper, "CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change" Idso said: "Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air’s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result of this feedback process, “BC on snow warms the planet about three times more than an equal forcing of CO.” When black carbon concentrations in the Arctic increase during the winter and spring due to Arctic Haze, surface temperatures increase by 0.5 °C.