jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The stratosphere is stratified (layered) in temperature, with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth; this increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The earth then absorbed visible light and emitted infrared radiation in response, but the atmosphere did not transmit infrared efficiently, which therefore increased surface temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Infrared absorption bands prevent heat at that wavelength from escaping earth’s atmosphere.
Claim: Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC First Assessment Report (FAR) was completed in 1990, and served as the basis of the UNFCCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC published its First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990, a supplementary report in 1992, a Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995, a Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, a Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 and a Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He is a Lead Author of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He had previously been a contributor to Chapter 4 of the 1995 "IPCC Second Assessment".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that was published in 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Santer and his co-authors said the edits were integrations of comments from peer review as per agreed IPCC processes.
Claim: While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The heatwave was possibly attributed to global warming, with temperatures rising to an unseen high over Europe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because of global warming there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.
Claim: Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because most of the planet's snow and ice lies at high latitude, decreasing tilt may encourage the onset of an ice age for two reasons: There is less overall summer insolation, and also less insolation at higher latitudes, which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."
Claim: Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Arctic climate is believed to be now rapidly warming and much larger Arctic shrinkage changes are projected.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
Claim: At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the equator and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Future global warming is expected to be accompanied by a reduction in rainfall in the subtropics and an increase in precipitation in subpolar latitudes and some equatorial regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is expected to lead to latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As per current projections of IPCC the following future effects have to be expected:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Claim: Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2006, the State of Florida enacted the Florida Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency Act, which provided consumers with rebates and tax credits for solar photovoltaic systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Developers in Florida have announced the addition of solar panels on all new homes in several subdivisions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Florida is a state located in the Southern United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Florida and Nevada, Cecily Strong finds former officials and other insiders in the two sunny states who reveal how utility companies and politics are blocking the growth of solar energy and clean energy jobs in the US.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: the UK) and US States such as Florida and Arizona) have banned them.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Financial incentives to support renewable energy are available in some other US states.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2019, 22 states, six cities and Washington DC in United States, sued the Trump administration for blocking the repealing of Clean power plan.
Claim: Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's glaciers are expected to melt within the next forty years, greatly decreasing fresh water flow in the hotter times of the year, causing everyone to depend on rainwater, resulting in large shortages and fluctuations in fresh water availability which largely effects agriculture, power supply, and human health and well-being.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Currently, nearly all glaciers have a negative mass balance and are retreating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The glacier is said to be receding in size.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This large warming trend is the proposed causal factor for the accelerating retreat of Himalayan glaciers, which threatens fresh water supplies and food security in China and India.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated above, the total volume of glaciers on Earth is declining sharply.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.
Claim: If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The January 2014 southeastern Australia heat wave was a significant heat wave event which affected most of southeastern Australia from 13 to 18 January 2014.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cyclone Daisy (1972), caused some flooding near Brisbane