Claim: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Play media Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 4,000 years and the Arctic-wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days per decade (from 1979 to 2013), dominated by a later autumn freeze-up.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 2.2 ° C to 48.4 ° C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar regions are characterized by the polar climate, extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region (home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 °C to 3 °C (1.8 °F to 5.4 °F) over the last 50 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature ranges from sub-zero in winters to more than 50 ° C in summers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The subtropics (latitudes from about 23.5° to 35°, north and south) have temperate climates that have the least seasonal change and the warmest in winter, while at the other end, Boreal climates located from 55 to 65 north latitude have the most seasonal changes and long and severe winters.