jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25 °C or above.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: How much water vapor a parcel of air can contain before it becomes saturated (100% relative humidity) and forms into a cloud (a group of visible and tiny water and ice particles suspended above the Earth's surface) depends on its temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The source of water vapor is at the Earth's surface through the process of evaporation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The major influence on δ18O is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the δ18O value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Moisture also refers to the amount of water vapour present in the air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heat is transported from the equator polewards mostly by the atmosphere but also by ocean currents, with warm water near the surface and cold water at deeper levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.
Claim: For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A tropical year (also known as a solar year) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is currently on or close to January 1.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The book begins with the earth's climate time-line, starting from the formation of the earth 4.5 billion years ago, and leading up to the Modern Warm Period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Warming of 1.5 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.
Claim: Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the Greenland ice sheet loses mass from calving of icebergs as well as by melting of ice, any such processes tend to accelerate the loss of the ice sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Greenland enters melt mode".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
Claim: When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their "efficient prices," when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coal contains more carbon than oil or natural gas fossil fuels, resulting in greater volumes of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electricity generated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coal is an impure fuel and produces more greenhouse gas and pollution than an equivalent amount of petroleum or natural gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nuclear and coal plants have very high fixed costs, high plant load factor but very low marginal costs, though not as low as solar, wind, and hydroelectric.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IGCC power plants emit less local pollution than conventional pulverized coal-fueled plants; however the technology for carbon capture and storage after gasification and before burning has so far proved to be too expensive to use with coal.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Moreover, wind and solar generation are beginning to challenge coal on cost.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nuclear power may be uncompetitive compared with fossil fuel energy sources in countries without a carbon tax program, and in comparison to a fossil fuel plant of the same power output, nuclear power plants take a longer amount of time to construct.
Claim: for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The strong economic growth helped the government to reduce the government debt as a percentage of GDP and Spain's high unemployment rate began to steadily decline.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: What the programme failed to do, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis has done from 2010 to 2011 in that tens of thousands of immigrants have left the country due to lack of jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: See also renewable energy in the United States for US-figures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Source: US Energy Information Administration

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Source: US Energy Information Administration

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Source: US Energy Information Administration

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2010 Green Goods and Services survey found there are 3.1 million Green Goods and Services (GGS) jobs in the United States which accounts for 2.4 percent of all United States salary and wage employment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018 Japan’s slowing economy meant that employment in the solar pv industry fell from 302 000 in 2016 to an estimated 272 000 jobs in 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.
Claim: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase has significantly contributed to the persistence of racial stratification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The timing of mitigation responses is critical.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Few are supported by scientific studies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are various versions/subsets of the data set used in economic papers and text books, some of which contain errors at some data points.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are some instances where the sources disagree.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analyzing data that has not been carefully screened for such problems can produce misleading results.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Economists point out several flaws with the assumption :

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.
Claim: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate sensitivity is the steady state change in the equilibrium temperature as a result of changes in the energy budget.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They are not sensitive to the climate or humidity changes in a room and there is also no need for tuning, as with acoustic pianos.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sensitivity is the degree to which a land system undergoes change due to natural forces, human intervention or a combination of both.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Because of its latitude and its land-locked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Herbaceous perennials are also able to tolerate the extremes of cold in temperate and Arctic winters, with less sensitivity than trees or shrubs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the context of global warming, different measures of climate sensitivity are used.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (e.g. CMIP5) the climate sensitivity is an emergent property : it is not a model parameter, but rather a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the term climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by CO, it is thought of as a general property of the climate system: the change in surface air temperature following a unit change in radiative forcing, and the climate sensitivity parameter is therefore expressed in units of °C/(W/m).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models the climate sensitivity is an emergent property; rather than being a model parameter it is a result of a combination of model physics and parameters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By contrast, simpler energy-balance models may have climate sensitivity as an explicit parameter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Due to climate inertia, the climate sensitivity depends upon the timescale in which one is interested.
Claim: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Windmill: a disconnected but free-spinning miniature, typically in the American Aermotor style having about a dozen metal vanes, or the traditional Dutch style having four wood vanes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If wind speed is too low (less than about 2.5 m/s) then the wind turbines will not be able to make electricity, and if it is too high (more than about 25 m/s) the turbines will have to be shut down to avoid damage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although no longer operational, the turbine (and associated mill structure) is a rare example of wind power technology in the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Originally a windmill was atop the structure to lift the water, but is no longer present.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If investment is greater than the value of the energy produced by the resource, it is no longer an effective energy source.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Even though a source of renewable energy may last for billions of years, renewable energy infrastructure, like hydroelectric dams, will not last forever, and must be removed and replaced at some point.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An example of a non-renewable energy source is coal, which does not form naturally at a rate that would support human use.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At this time steam power was available, but not electricity.