jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that "amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate risk means a risk resulting from climate change and affecting natural and human systems and regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a prevalent issue in society.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change, industry and society.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global climate change is going to increase the probability of extreme weather events and environmental disturbances around the world, needless to say, future human populations are going to have to confront this issue.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".
Claim: Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatology (from Greek , "klima", "place, zone"; and , "-logia") or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The scientific field of paleoclimatology came to maturity in the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Claim: water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is known that climate affects the ocean and the ocean affects the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes (e.g., plants), variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The role of the oceans in global warming is a complex one.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.
Claim: No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As part of former Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Million Solar Roofs Program, California set a goal to create 3,000 megawatts of new, solar-produced electricity by 2017, with funding of $2.8 billion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) in California, with the combined capacity from three separate locations at 354 megawatts (MW, 474,700 hp), is now the world's second largest solar thermal energy generating facility, after the commissioning of the even larger Ivanpah facility in 2014.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power plants require large amounts of land.
Claim: ‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These large-scale alterations in the physical environment are "driving change through all levels of Antarctic marine food webs".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Acidification of our oceans has the potential to drastically alter life as we know it - from extreme weather patterns and food scarcity to a loss of millions of species from the planet - all of these consequences hold the potential to directly affect human health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, this also leads to ocean acidification, with potentially significant impacts on marine life.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of ocean acidification decrease population sizes of marine life and may cause an economic disruption if enough fish die off, which can seriously harm the global economy as the fishing industry makes a lot of money worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However acidification may impact on a broad range of other physiological and ecological processes, such as fish respiration, larval development and changes in the solubility of both nutrients and toxins.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As well as having effects on ecosystems (e.g.
Claim: "Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The ice sheets themselves, by raising the albedo (the extent to which the radiant energy of the Sun is reflected from Earth) created significant feedback to further cool the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: an increase in planetary albedo.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth system sensitivity (ESS) includes the effects of slower feedback loops, such as the change in Earth's albedo from the melting of large ice sheets that covered much of the northern hemisphere during the last glacial maximum.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes in albedo as a result of vegetation changes are included.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, aerosols have been declining since 1990, removing some of the masking of global warming that they had been providing.
Claim: We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: If a day takes years, the temperature differential between the day and night side will be pronounced, and problems similar to those noted with extreme orbital eccentricity will come to the fore.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This may be explained by the presence of small temperature fluctuations within planetary nebulae.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The stability of the atmosphere in Earth is not a consequence of chemical equilibrium.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A strict application of the Milankovitch theory does not allow the prediction of a "sudden" ice age (sudden being anything under a century or two), since the fastest orbital period is about 20,000 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".
Claim: The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It shows a general warming in global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A positive radiative forcing will tend to increase the energy of the Earth-atmosphere system, leading to a warming of the system.
Claim: Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates have been many short-term fluctuations in climate similar to, and sometimes more severe than, the varying glacial and interglacial states of the present ice age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlie long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them.