jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~ 2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The "global mean sea level is projected rise (relative to 1986-2005) by 0.26 to 0.77m by 2100 for 1.5°C global warming" and about 0.1m more for 2°C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Thresholds and boundaries The threshold, or tipping point, is the value at which a very small increment for the control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through feedbacks in the natural Earth System itself.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It should in principle, however the atmosphere is very complicated and one cannot simply argue that just because CO is a greenhouse gas it causes warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most scientists do seem to accept that there is an effect of CO2 on climate; the big question is how large and dangerous it will be in future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As of 2019, there is still a chance of keeping global warming below 1.5°C if no more fossil fuel power plants are built and some existing fossil fuel power plants are shut down early, together with other measures such as reforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC says, "All pathways that limit global warming to 1.5°C [2.7°F] with limited or no overshoot project the use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of 100-1000 GtCO over the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Limit global warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot would require reducing emissions to below 35 GtCOeq per year in 2030, regardless of the modelling pathway chosen.
Claim: It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There was high agreement and much evidence that a substantial fraction of these mitigation costs may be offset by benefits to health as a result of reduced air pollution, and that there would be further cost savings from other benefits such as increased energy security, increased agricultural production, and reduced pressure on natural ecosystems as well as, in certain countries, balance of trade improvements, provision of modern energy services to rural areas and employment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report's executive summary stated that the emission reductions necessary to stabilize radiative climate forcing would "require a transformation of the global energy system, including reductions in the demand for energy... and changes in the mix of energy technologies and fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An 'energy transition' is usefully defined as a change in the state of an energy system as opposed to a change in an individual energy technology or fuel source.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenpeace recently released a report entitled Fuelling a BioMess which outlines their concerns around forest bioenergy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To create lasting climate change mitigation, the replacement of high carbon emission intensity power sources, such as conventional fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—with low-carbon power sources is required.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One vision of a sustainable energy future involves all human structures on the earth's surface (i.e., buildings, vehicles and roads) doing artificial photosynthesis (using sunlight to split water as a source of hydrogen and absorbing carbon dioxide to make fertilizer) efficiently than plants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Moving towards energy sustainability will require changes not only in the way energy is supplied, but in the way it is used, and reducing the amount of energy required to deliver various goods or services is essential.
Claim: The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The fires were associated with record-high temperatures, which were attributed to climate change—the summer had been the hottest recorded in Russian history—and drought.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change increases wildfire potential and activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As extreme heat makes landscapes dry, nature is more prone to fire.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Research shows that rising heat due to climate change has caused an increase in fires around the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Episode 2, "End of the Woods" (April 20, 2014): Schwarzenegger accompanies the "hot shots", elite firefighters in Western US forests, as they risk their lives fighting the fire season made longer and more destructive by global warming, as fire regions expand from the southwest US further north into Canada.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rising temperatures cause massive wildfires especially in the Boreal forests.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive bushfires in 2009.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At the time of high sun (summer), scorching, desiccating heat prevails.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Eric Klinenberg has noted that in the United States, the loss of human life in hot spells in summer exceeds that caused by all other weather events combined, including lightning, rain, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes.
Claim: "A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Great Red Spot (GRS) is a persistent anticyclonic storm, 22° south of Jupiter's equator; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "New Red Spot Appears on Jupiter".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22° south of the equator.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They also observed changes in the Jovian atmosphere, including the Great Red Spot.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2009 Jupiter impact event, occasionally referred to as the Wesley impact, was a July 2009 impact on Jupiter that caused a black spot in the planet 's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: David Wallace-Wells, "The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think," New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These changes can influence the planetary climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is affected by media coverage of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".
Claim: The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Extensive flooding, damage in Turks and Caicos".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing in significant flooding, particularly along the St. Johns River and its tributaries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Examples of affected short-time climate in North America include precipitation in the Northwest US and intense tornado activity in the contiguous US.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extremely wet or dry events within the monsoon period have increased in India and East Asia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of 65 years of United States of America rainfall records show the lower 48 states have an increase in heavy downpours since 1950.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: • The intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high confidence).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics.
Claim: When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has also been stated that the sea level will rise 28–43 cm by 2100; if all the ice on Earth melts, it is predicted that the ocean level will increase 75 meters, destroying many coastal cities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The "global mean sea level is projected rise (relative to 1986-2005) by 0.26 to 0.77m by 2100 for 1.5°C global warming" and about 0.1m more for 2°C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to 2007 estimates by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “global average sea level will rise between 0.6 and 2 feet (0.18 to 0.59 meters) in the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming," irreversible instabilities could be triggered in Antarctica and "Greenland ice sheet, resulting in multi-metre rise in sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.
Claim: A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Slowing global warming requires a transition to a low-carbon economy, mainly by burning far less fossil fuel.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:13, 14) projected sea level rise to the end of the 21st century using the [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]] emission [[economics of global warming#Scenarios|scenarios]].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Control of black carbon, particularly from fossil-fuel and biofuel sources, is very likely to be the fastest method of slowing global warming in the immediate future, and major cuts in black carbon emissions could slow the effects of climate change for a decade or two.