jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Life on Earth is based on carbon and water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The loss of plant life would also result in the eventual loss of oxygen.
Claim: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Common invasive species traits include the following: Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotype plasticity (the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (Ecological competence) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist) Association with humans Prior successful invasions Typically, an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some species are attributed with high levels of intelligence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Species adaptation to disturbances is species specific but how each organism adapts effects all the species around them.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Diversifying selection is the hypothesis that two subpopulations of a species live in different environments that select for different alleles at a particular locus.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The population of species could change due to the speed at which they adapt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Not all species fall into one of these categories.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Species include:
Claim: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50 % chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15 % of global CO2 emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Due to projected growth in air travel, in the most technologically radical scenarios for having a better than 50% chance of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, in 2050 aviation will make up 15% of global CO emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Like the majority of human activities involving combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO) ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The largest group being electricity production accounting for 37% of carbon emissions, followed by personal ground travel at 22%, natural gas not used towards power at 11%, movement of goods by boat, truck, or air at 9%, oil refining at 6%, other uses of petroleum at 6%, jet fuel, specifically for air travel, at 4%, and the last 5% spread among other miscellaneous uses.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At present aviation accounts for 2.5% of global CO emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.
Claim: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When climate sensitivity is expressed for a doubling of CO, its units are degrees Celsius (°C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2013, Hansen authored a paper called "Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide," in which he estimated climate sensitivity to be (3±1)°C based on Pleistocene paleoclimate data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.
Claim: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This new source of ice volume flows down from above sea level, displacing sea water and so contributing to sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Ross Ice Shelf pushes out into the sea at between 1.5 and 3 m (5 and 10 ft) a day.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice shelf is a thick suspended platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although it is believed that the melting of floating ice shelves will not raise sea levels, technically, there is a small effect because sea water is ~2.6% more dense than fresh water combined with the fact that ice shelves are overwhelmingly "fresh" (having virtually no salinity); this causes the volume of the sea water needed to displace a floating ice shelf to be slightly less than the volume of the fresh water contained in the floating ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A large portion of the Antarctic coastline has ice shelves attached.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice may also accrete onto the underside of the shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Next to the continental shore are many ice shelves.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The thickness of ice shelves can range from about to .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.
Claim: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the pre-industrial era, albedo has increased due to land use change, which has a cooling effect on the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: an increase in planetary albedo.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.
Claim: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Skeptical Science (occasionally abbreviated SkS) is a climate science blog and information resource created in 2007 by Australian cognitive scientist John Cook.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: His conclusions have been disputed by other researchers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As described above, a small minority of scientists do disagree with the consensus: see list of scientists opposing global warming consensus.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.
Claim: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported in 2017 that climate-related extreme events accounted ca €400 billion ($430 billion) of economic losses in EEA area from 1980 to 2013, and were responsible for 85,000 deaths during 1980-2013.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extreme weather events cause negative changes to landscape and agriculture.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Various attempts have been made to estimate the cost of adaptation to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.
Claim: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice–albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While researchers acknowledge there are possible benefits of global warming, most agree that the negative consequences of climate change will outweigh any potential benefits and instead the shifting climate will result in more benefits to developed countries and more detriments to developing countries; exacerbating the discrepancy between wealthy and impoverished nations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a study describing the ongoing climate change in the Arctic and its consequences: rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, unprecedented melting of the Greenland ice sheet, and many impacts on ecosystems, animals, and people.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Furthermore, the report finds that "limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change.
Claim: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO 2-induced ocean acidification".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, so ocean acidification is a significant consequence of elevated carbon dioxide levels, and limits the rate at which it can be absorbed into the ocean (the solubility pump).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.