jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Phoenix Force is a force of incredible power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On a 20-year timescale, a mass of methane is about 85 times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the Earth, but on a 100-year timescale, it is only about 28-34 times more powerful, because the carbon dioxide continues to warm the earth after the methane is gone.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: acting as a carbon sink.
Claim: The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Cline noted that the Review's large cost-benefit ratio for mitigation policy allows room for these long-term costs to be reduced substantially but still support aggressive action to reduce emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ... the bottom line is that the economic cost of action is low, whereas the cost of inaction is incalculably greater".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The book says, "the economic cost of action is low, whereas the cost of inaction is incalculably greater – what exactly is the 'price' of 5 feet of sea level rise in 2100 … and losing all of the inland glaciers that provide a significant fraction of water to a billion people?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The benefits of strong, early action on mitigation considerably outweigh the costs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The antonym of mitigation is aggravation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Mitigation:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The costs of mitigation and adaptation policies can be measured as a change in GDP.
Claim: There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has been observed that there is more precipitation where it is warmer, up to 1.5 meters per year on the southeast flank, and less precipitation or none on the 25–80 percent (depending on the time of year) of the island that is cooler.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?"

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Interpretation of ice core and clam shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300, the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius higher than usual in the North Atlantic, with trees and herbaceous plants growing, and livestock being farmed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Great Green Wall initiative is a pan-African proposal to "green" the continent from west to east in order to battle desertification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: When the North African monsoon is at its strongest annual precipitation and subsequent vegetation in the Sahara region increase, resulting in conditions commonly referred to as the "green Sahara".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Category : Former municipalities of Greenland

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Also, until recently, an area in the North Atlantic including southern Greenland was one of the only areas in the World showing cooling rather than warming in recent decades, but this cooling has now been replaced by strong warming in the period 1979–2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenland is abundant in minerals.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thermally fractionated nitrogen and argon isotope data from Greenland ice core GISP2 indicate that its summit was around colder during the Younger Dryas than today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the last glacial maximum, the continent of Europe was much colder and drier than it is today, with polar desert in the north and the remainder steppe or tundra.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Total warming in Greenland was .
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Geothermal power plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing baseload capacity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are no countries where the majority of baseload power is supplied by wind, solar, biofuels or geothermal, as each of these sources fails one or more of the criteria of low price, availability and reliability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The baseload (also base load) on a grid is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, for example, one week.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Power plants that do not change their power output quickly, such as large coal or nuclear plants, are generally called baseload power plants.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: wind power) which have low capacity factors due to the weather, requires either: a) the construction of energy storage projects, which have their own emission intensity, or b) more frequent back up than the reserve requirements necessary to back up more dependable/baseload power sources, such as hydropower and nuclear energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The criteria for baseload power generation are low price, availability and reliability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewable generation does not include amounts for ` rooftop solar '.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is a need to develop renewable energy resources.
Claim: But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This additional CO2 led to a projected increase in warming of between 0.1 and 1.5 °C.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming will likely rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052 if warming continues to increase at the current rate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.
Claim: The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere, and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When Earth first formed, Earth's atmosphere may have contained more greenhouse gases and concentrations may have been higher, with estimated partial pressure as large as , because there was no bacterial photosynthesis to reduce the gas to carbon compounds and oxygen.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.<br>We deny that Earth and its ecosystems are the fragile and unstable products of chance, and particularly that Earth’s climate system is vulnerable to dangerous alteration because of minuscule changes in atmospheric chemistry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Claim: Sea level rise is decelerating.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Meltwater from melting ice sheets and glacier retreat contributes to a rise in the future sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This results in falling global sea levels (relative to a stable land mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The retreat of non-polar glaciers also contributes to sea level rise.
Claim: Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2009, Australia had the highest per capita CO2 emissions in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coal and natural gas, along with oil-based products, are currently the primary sources of Australian energy usage and the coal industry produces approximately 38 % of Australia 's total greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Australian total emissions in 2007 were 396 million tonnes of CO. That year, the country was among the top polluter nations of the world per capita.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions increased by 0.3% in the first six months of the Carbon Tax to December 2012 to 276.5 Mt CO2 equiv, while Australia's gross domestic product grew at a rate of 2.5% per annum.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The burning of coal for electricity produces 29 % of Australia 's total greenhouse gas emissions, based on 2013-2014 Clean Energy Regulator data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Australian Government would have set a cap on carbon emissions, consistent with longer term goals of reducing Australia’s emissions by 60% compared with 2000 levels by 2050 (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 11).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Warming of 1.5 °C.
Claim: Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming from increased would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.