jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The view that cosmic rays could provide the mechanism by which changes in solar activity affect climate is not supported by the literature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it "rule out a role for cosmic radiation" in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: We find that the Svensmark results on cloud seeding have not yet been shown to be robust or sufficient to materially alter the conclusions of the assessment literature, especially given the abundance of recent literature that is skeptical of the cosmic ray-climate linkage

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).
Claim: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The latter is particularly important because optical instruments containing gravity-reference leveling devices are commonly used to make geodetic measurements.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: * to calculate a current situation based on existing physics, mostly when a physical measurement at a location is impractical

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientific predictions of a temperature rise of two to three degrees Celsius over several decades do not respond with people, e.g.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If Earth was to experience an equilibrium temperature change of (°C) due to a sustained forcing of (W/m), then:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Satellites do not measure temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This yields an apparent effective average earth temperature of .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."
Claim: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An even more recent study of the contributions to global sea level due to melting of the two large ice sheets based on satellite measurements of gravity fluctuations suggests that the melting of these alone are causing global sea level to about 1 mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tide tables, sometimes called tide charts, are used for tidal prediction and show the daily times and levels of high and low tides, usually for a particular location.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
Claim: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño "could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "El Niño in a changing climate".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.
Claim: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a single climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between three phases: Neutral, La Niña or El Niño.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.
Claim: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the permafrost, which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere, releases the potent greenhouse gas, methane, in a positive feedback cycle that is feared to lead to a tipping point called runaway climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Release of greenhouse gases from thawed permafrost to the atmosphere increases global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, thus large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.
Claim: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The petition contained the names of "around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals", and called on the United States and other nations to “change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases,” starting with carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The film features scientists and others who are sceptical that global warming is caused by human activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Boucher's review concludes: "Movies like Cowspiracy aren’t believable, not only because of how they twist the science, but also because of what they ask us to believe: that the fossil fuel industry—the ExxonMobils of the world—aren’t the main cause of global warming... and that thousands of scientists have covered up the truth about the most important environmental issue of our time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The human cost associated with denying climate change science is one that concerns many governments.
Claim: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Nick Bostrom argues that it would be "misguided" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be "a tall order" for the human race to "get our precautions sufficiently right the first time", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An event that could cause human extinction or permanently and drastically curtail humanity's potential is known as an existential risk.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Existential risks pose unique challenges to prediction, even more than other long-term events, because of observation selection effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The existential risk from artificial general intelligence is the hypothetical threat that dramatic progress in artificial intelligence (AI) could someday result in human extinction (or some other unrecoverable global catastrophe).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some economists have discussed the importance of global catastrophic risks, though not existential risks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While this does not mean that it will not be in the future, it does make modelling existential risks difficult, due in part to survivorship bias.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unlike with most events, the failure of a complete extinction event to occur in the past is not evidence against their likelihood in the future, because every world that has experienced such an extinction event has no observers, so regardless of their frequency, no civilization observes existential risks in its history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An existential risk, on the other hand, is one that either destroys humanity (and, presumably, all but the most rudimentary species of non-human lifeforms and/or plant life) entirely or at least prevents any chance of civilization recovering.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Handled poorly, this philosophy could be disastrous.
Claim: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Regarding the persistent belief in a global warming hoax they note that the Earth is continuing to warm and the rate of warming is increasing as documented in numerous scientific studies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For example, if the reference value is 15 °C, and the measured temperature is 17 °C, then the temperature anomaly is +2 °C (i.e., 17 °C −15 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence for warming accumulated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation."