jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: New Jersey is "losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters," which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The watershed of the Delaware River drains an area of 14119 sqmi and encompasses 42 counties and 838 municipalities in five U.S. states -- New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He examines the Dutch system of flood management and concludes that, in New Jersey, rebuilding so close to the ocean is environmentally and financially unsustainable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the EPA, “the amount of newly created wetlands, however, could be much smaller than the lost area of wetlands— especially in developed areas protected with bulkheads, dikes, and other structures that keep new wetlands from forming inland.” When estimating a sea level rise within the next century of 50 cm (20 inches), the U.S. would lose 38% to 61% of its existing coastal wetlands.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Expanding agriculture can exacerbate water scarcity and drive habitat loss.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ``Increasing population pressures, growing demand for fish and failures of governance are leading to unsustainable levels of exploitation of living aquatic resources and destruction of aquatic ecosystems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, that was established in its current form on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wetlands in the U.S. are rapidly disappearing due to an increase in housing, industry, and agriculture, and rising sea levels contribute to this dangerous trend.
Claim: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of ocean acidification can already be seen and have been happening since the start of the industrial revolution, with pH levels of the ocean dropping by 0.1 since the pre-industrial revolution times.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the time of the Industrial Revolution about 200 years ago, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 370 parts per million, an increase of around 30%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In water, CO becomes a weak [[carbonic acid]], and the increase in the greenhouse gas since the [[Industrial Revolution]] has already lowered the average [[pH]] (the laboratory measure of acidity) of seawater by 0.1 units, to 8.2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".
Claim: Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, "a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0 °C (32 °F) and 14 °C (57 °F) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres (5.5 in) and 43 centimetres (17 in).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Recent evidence suggests that a sudden and short-lived climatic shift between 2200 and 2100 BCE occurred in the region between Tibet and Iceland, with some evidence suggesting a global change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: One such method, based on principles of dendroclimatology, uses the width and other characteristics of tree rings to infer temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The value of tree rings for climate study was not solidly established until the 1960s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees, primarily from properties of the annual tree rings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Dendroclimatologist Keith Briffa's February 1998 study reporting a divergence problem affecting some tree ring proxies after 1960 warned that this problem had to be taken into account to avoid overestimating past temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tree-ring evidence shows a rise in C cosmogenic isotope.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Stress, too little precipitation or unsuitable temperatures, can alter the growth rate of trees, which allows scientists to infer climate trends by analyzing the growth rate of tree rings.
Claim: Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The temperature in New York City exceeds nearby rural temperatures by an average of 2–3 °C and at times 5–10 °C differences have been recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They concluded that global mean temperatures can be determined even though meteorological stations are typically in the Northern hemisphere and confined to continental regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Deep space missions are visible for long periods of time from a large portion of the Earth's surface, and so require few stations (the DSN has only three main sites).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Three were located at Goldstone, and one each at Canberra and Madrid.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: No climate station directly at site but in the general area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The following chart is from NASA data of combined land-surface air and sea-surface water temperature anomalies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the Alaska Interconnection is often referred to as one interconnected grid, its two parts are not connected to each other through interties, nor are the two grids connected to any other interconnection, making the grids in Alaska isolated circuits.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some systems are designed to operate in one mode only, heating or cooling, depending on climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: MSU Channel 1 is not used to monitor atmospheric temperature because it's too much sensitive to the emission from the surface, furthermore it is heavily contaminated by water vapor/liquid water in the lowermost troposphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The satellite time series is not homogeneous.
Claim: There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A forcing is something that is imposed externally on the climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Factors that can shape climate are called climate forcings or "forcing mechanisms".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A number of inputs can give rise to radiative forcing; the extra downwelling radiation due to the greenhouse effect, solar radiation variability due to orbital changes, changes in solar irradiance, direct aerosol effects – for example changes in albedo due to cloud cover – indirect aerosol effects, and changes in land use.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate system will vary in response to changes in forcings.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In this context, the term "forcing" signifies a physical process that affects the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models include different external forcings for their models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: "Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.
Claim: Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewable power generators are spread across many countries, with wind power providing a significant share of electricity in some regional areas: for example, 14 percent in the US state of Iowa, 40 percent in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, and 20 percent in Denmark.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Wind and Solar are able to produce electricity for 20-40% of the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2015, electric power generation from wind power was 10 percent or more in twelve U.S. states: Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, and South Dakota, Vermont, and Texas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Financial incentives to support renewable energy are available in some other US states.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The following places meet 90% or more of their average yearly electricity demand with renewable energy (incomplete list):

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Outside of the US, a higher proportion of petroleum tends to be used for electricity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2014, the share of world energy consumption for electricity generation by source was coal at 41%, natural gas at 22%, nuclear at 11%, hydro at 16%, other sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.)
Claim: “For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice, where the mother can once again catch seals.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The arctic refuge is where polar bears main habitat is to den and the melting arctic sea ice is causing a loss of species.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ian Stirling (born September 26, 1941) is a research scientist emeritus with Environment and Climate Change Canada and an adjunct professor in the University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears is a multilateral treaty signed in Oslo, November 15, 1973 by the five nations with the largest polar bear populations : Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway (Svalbard), the United States, and the Soviet Union.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar Bears are increasing in number.
Claim: There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: [clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are a many different solar industry jobs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The solar industry is projected to employ over 420,000 individuals by 2020- nearly double of the 260,000 solar workers in 2016- and contribute $30 billion to the United States economy annually.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The U.S. Department of Energy stated (in 2006) that more than 1.5 million homes and businesses were currently using solar water heating in the United States, representing a capacity of over 1,000 megawatts (MW) of thermal energy generation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018 Japan’s slowing economy meant that employment in the solar pv industry fell from 302 000 in 2016 to an estimated 272 000 jobs in 2017.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world.