jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming 'very likely' human-made".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The film features scientists and others who are sceptical that global warming is caused by human activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Attribution of the temperature change to natural or anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) factors is an important question: see global warming and attribution of recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).
Claim: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Currently there is scientific consensus from a number of American Scientific Societies that the earth's temperature is warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some media reports have used alarmist tactics to challenge the science related to global warming by comparing it with a purported episode of global cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Despite this scientific consensus on climate change, allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A global warming conspiracy theory invokes claims that the scientific consensus on global warming is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global cooling was a conjecture, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth culminating in a period of extensive glaciation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Giving equal voice to scientists on both sides makes it seem like there is a serious disagreement within the scientific community, when in fact there is an overwhelming scientific consensus that anthropogenic global warming exists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the 1970s, global cooling, a claim with limited scientific support (even during the height of a media frenzy over global cooling, "the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature") was widely reported in the press.
Claim: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this period, a sharp drop in global temperatures took place.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This results in falling global sea levels (relative to a stable land mass).
Claim: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In a state that is presently faced with various renewable energy issues, the idea of terminating personal property taxes on solar panels was widely supported.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Customers who use a small amount of electricity because they produce some of their own via solar panels do not pay enough to cover their portion of transmission and distribution systems, according to the utility companies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The new rules "encourage community solar projects and help ratepayers, who subsidize the above market rates utilities are required to pay for power generated under the program."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2014 report funded by the Institute for Electric Innovation claims that net metering in California produces excessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Nevada Solar One generates 64MW of power and in Boulder City, Nevada, and was built by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and Solargenix Energy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Renewable generation does not include amounts for ` rooftop solar '.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project is a 110 megawatt (MW) solar thermal power project near Tonopah, about northwest of Las Vegas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power plants require large amounts of land.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In an electricity system without grid energy storage, generation from stored fuels (coal, biomass, natural gas, nuclear) must go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity (see load following power plant).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) owned nearly (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Boulder Solar project is a 100 MW solar photovoltaic power plant in the Eldorado Valley of Boulder City, Nevada.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power is a major, albeit insufficient, source of power.
Claim: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: reducing emissions/consumption) and for the prolonging of profits to the oil industry at the expense of the environment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Russia has an upper-middle income mixed economy with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change, industry and society.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The role of the sun in recent climate change has been looked at by climate scientists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The book deals with climate modeling produced by scientific institutions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Meteorologists are scientists who study meteorology.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The other tradeoff is with climate change impacts.
Claim: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Island President is a 2011 documentary film about the efforts of then-President of the Maldives Mohamed Nasheed to tackle rising sea levels resulting from climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Emmanuel Macron (President of France) said at the 2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bonn (COP 23): "Climate change adds further injustice to an already unfair world".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In July 2019, they issued a declaration "affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tuvalu participates in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".
Claim: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It was the second-coolest year of the 21st century to date, and tied with the second-warmest year of the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the Pacific, strong MJO activity is often observed 6 – 12 months prior to the onset of an El Niño episode, but is virtually absent during the maxima of some El Niño episodes, while MJO activity is typically greater during a La Niña episode.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean responsible for most of the global variability in temperature, and has a cycle between two and seven years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: El Niño episodes are defined as sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the Pacific trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Australia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.
Claim: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Geostatistical algorithms are often incorporated in GIS software applications.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is characterized by high annual precipitation and the absence of any significant seasonal variation in temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with Røst and Værøy lacking a meteorological winter in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: GLOS: Great Lakes Observing System

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the historical records temperature fluctuations may be regional rather than hemispheric in scale.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Satellites do not measure temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.
Claim: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Essentially, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, as well as other effects, that occur over several decades or longer.