jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes USEPA) is an agency of the Federal government of the United States which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s, but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although Donald Trump has tried to remove the United States from the Paris Agreement, other states such as New York have been creating greener spaces by installing more solar panels and creating 'green building' which mitigate pollution in an effort to make New York city 'cleaner'.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The following is a partial list of some of the countries with significant populations (numerical population of affected population listed) whose only consumption is of contaminated water:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In regard to the United States of America, The Government and the Economy has had a long lasting impact on the environment, but in a problematic way.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: EPA commonly refers to the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The World Health Organization defines the term "sanitation" as follows:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."
Claim: Greenland ice sheet won't collapse

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Despite the possibility that global warming could result in losses to the Greenland ice sheet being offset by gains to the Antarctic ice sheet, there is major concern about the possibility of a West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is difficult to predict time of collapse in such a nonlinear problem … An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recently, fears have grown that continued climate change will make the Greenland Ice Sheet cross a threshold where long-term melting of the ice sheet is inevitable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Positioned in the Arctic, the Greenland ice sheet is especially vulnerable to climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists acknowledge that "abrupt climate change initiated by Greenland ice sheet melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The [[Greenland ice sheet|Greenland]] and the [[Antarctic ice sheet]]s are major ice masses, and at least the former of which may suffer irreversible decline.
Claim: They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: We’ve got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Lennon said, "It's a company we're setting up, involving records, films, and electronics, and – as a sideline – manufacturing or whatever.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969) Close to You (1970) Carpenters (1971) A Song for You (1972) Now & Then (1973) Horizon (1975) A Kind of Hush (1976) Passage (1977) Christmas Portrait (1978) Made in America (1981) Posthumous releases Voice of the Heart (1983) An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984) Lovelines (1989) As Time Goes By (2004) Carpenters With The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2018) Notes Even though they are referred to as "The Carpenters", their official name for authorized recordings and press material is simply "Carpenters".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: I'm planning the next set of tours, so the answer is really, 'No, not really.'"

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Simpson's sets a record by staying relevant".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Records at the time of the event were:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: holders of past and current world records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The title refers to the band having passed the million mile mark in its touring.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After the work was finished, these people were supposed to disappear.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: No team has come within a second and a half of the world record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the season the team set numerous national and conference records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Breaking global temperature records after Mt.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The record has not been matched since 1934.
Claim: Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The average annual temperature in South Dakota has increased by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the beginning of the 20th century, and most of that warming has occurred in winter and spring.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average surface temperature could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (approximately 1.67 to 5.56 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't reduced.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global surface temperatures have increased about 0.74 °C (plus or minus 0.18 °C) since the late-19th century, and the linear trend for the past 50 years of 0.13 °C (plus or minus 0.03 °C) per decade is nearly twice that for the past 100 years.
Claim: Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This low temperature was maintained by the high albedo of the ice sheets, which reflected most incoming solar energy into space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Australia currently claims the largest area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Solar power is in use in Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Portugal, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Australia has one of the fastest deployment rates of renewable energy worldwide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Australia is a continent situated on the Indo-Australian Plate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For several years, worldwide growth of solar PV was driven by European deployment, but has since shifted to Asia, especially China and Japan, and to a growing number of countries and regions all over the world, including, but not limited to, Australia, Canada, Chile, India, Israel, Mexico, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, and the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The United States is one of the world's largest producers of solar power.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export.
Claim: This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Siberia is typically classified as a polar region, owing to the dryness of the winter climate and has glaciers only in the high Altai Mountains, Verkhoyansk Range, Cherskiy Range and Suntar-Khayata Range, plus possibly a few very small glaciers in the ranges near Lake Baikal, which have never been monitored and may have completely disappeared since 1989.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The conclusion for 2010 is that a return to previous Arctic conditions is unlikely.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Every winter month (December, January, February) had a CET above 5 °C (41 °F), only the second time this has happened since 1900 (after 1988/89, although November 1988 was colder than any month of 2006/07) and only the sixth since 1659 (1685–86, 1833–34, 1833–34, and 1868/69 also).
Claim: Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As warming and evaporation above the Pacific Ocean, temperatures in the lower stratosphere near the [[tropopause]] declined due to both greenhouse gases and [[ozone-depleting substance]]s, reducing [[water vapor]] levels and removing its warming effect, with vapor concentrations below 2.2 [[ppmv]] as measured by the HALOE instrument on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]], in the lower stratosphere of the tropics between 5°N - 5°S first being observed since 2001, although a reversal in this pattern is also likely.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants stimulated a stratospheric cooling effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Standard global warming theory predicts that the stratosphere will cool.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The stratosphere () is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.
Claim: If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The book deals with climate modeling produced by scientific institutions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: When using ensemble climate models developed in different institutions, many of these constrained estimates of ECS are slightly higher than ; the models with ECS slightly above perform better in these metrics than models with a low climate sensitivity.
Claim: Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Air pollution is not bound to a nation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide () is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the atmosphere through biological, chemical or physical processes.