jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over 1979 to 2012 the trend for land was about 0.254 ± 0.050 °C per decade per CruTemp4 or 0.273 ± 0.047 per GHCN while the trend for sea surface temperatures is about 0.072 ± 0.024 °C per decade per HadISST to 0.124 ± 0.030 °C per decade per HadSST3.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, speaking more properly, "global warming" denotes the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, but "climate change" includes both "global warming" and its effects, such as changes in precipitation and impacts that differ by region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to global averages, with the amount of warming varying by region.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming in the past century was found to be , with warming similar in both hemispheres.
Claim: 94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: greenhouse gases, 78% of total EU emissions in 2015.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A large portion of carbon emissions created by the United States is from personal use.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The degradation of the Amazon accounts for 15 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than half of which is caused by clearing forests for cattle ranching.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the United States, electric power plants emit about 2.4 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) each year, or roughly 40 percent of the nation's total emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Within the food supply chain, animal products (including fish farms) account for 56-58% of GHGs, implying that animal products account for roughly 15% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Japan needs to reduce 26% of green house gas emission from 2013 by 2030 to accomplish Paris Agreement and is trying to reduce 2% of them by forestry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: More specifically, emissions from farms, such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, are the main culprits, and can be held accountable for up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of all emissions just within agriculture.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most sources of emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural sinks.
Claim: Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scientists with Swansea University in the UK say the crack lengthened 18 km (11 mi) from 25 May to 31 May, and that less than 13 km (8 mi) of ice is all that prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The primary mechanism of mass loss from ice shelves was thought to have been iceberg calving, in which a chunk of ice breaks off from the seaward front of the shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice shelf is a thick suspended platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Ross Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf of Antarctica (an area of roughly and about across: about the size of France).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, the largest remaining section of thick (>10 m) landfast sea ice along the northern coastline of Ellesmere Island, lost 600 square km of ice in a massive calving in 1961–1962.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A large portion of the Antarctic coastline has ice shelves attached.
Claim: “The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The risk of death is less than 5% in those with exercise-induced heat stroke and as high as 65% in those with non-exercise induced cases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The associated mortality rates of heatstroke is between 40-64%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower-income countries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heatwaves are associated with marked short-term increases in mortality.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deaths do not just occur from drowning, deaths are connected with dehydration, heat stroke, heart attack and any other illness that needs medical supplies that cannot be delivered.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extreme high temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day for many reasons: people with heart problems are vulnerable because one's cardiovascular system must work harder to keep the body cool during hot weather, heat exhaustion, and some respiratory problems increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Heat-related morbidity and mortality is projected to increase.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It also impacts human population, for example, increase heat mortality

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions, while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.
Claim: However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: less than 14% of the observed global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate models suggest that lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of future global warming, while higher stabilization levels are associated with higher magnitudes of future global warming (see figure opposite).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The probability of abrupt change for some climate related feedbacks may be low.
Claim: The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Numerous historical examples of pandemics had a devastating effect on a large number of people.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Millions can be impacted.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are several classes of argument about the likelihood of pandemics.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A serious outbreak in a country as large as China could significantly affect the economies of both China and the world as a whole.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global spread of (highly pathogenic) H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Insufficient or malign global governance creates risks in the social and political domain, such as a global war, including nuclear holocaust, bioterrorism using genetically modified organisms, cyberterrorism destroying critical infrastructure like the electrical grid; or the failure to manage a natural pandemic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The infestations and resulting diseases can indirectly, but seriously, effect human health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The present, unprecedented scale and speed of human movement make it more difficult than ever to contain an epidemic through local quarantines, and other sources of uncertainty and the evolving nature of the risk means natural pandemics may pose a realistic threat to human civilization.
Claim: It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: He wrote that this graph "asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today", and described climate changes as due to solar variation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It concluded ``with a high level of confidence that global mean surface temperature was higher during the last few decades of the 20th century than during any comparable period during the preceding four centuries'', justified by consistent evidence from a wide variety of geographically diverse proxies, but ``Less confidence can be placed in large-scale surface temperature reconstructions for the period from 900 to 1600''.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere and North Pole have warmed much faster than the South Pole and Southern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were "very likely" higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and "likely" the highest in at least the past 1,300 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".
Claim: "The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that "2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Other findings of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report include:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC published its First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990, a supplementary report in 1992, a Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995, a Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, a Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 and a Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.
Claim: It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Relationships contain feedback loops Both negative (damping) and positive (amplifying) feedback are always found in complex systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Each glacial period is subject to positive feedback which makes it more severe, and negative feedback which mitigates and (in all cases so far) eventually ends it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This provided immediate feedback and acted as positive reinforcement for a soldier's behavior.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: PCT demonstrates circular causation in a negative feedback loop closed through the environment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There are many positive and negative feedbacks to global temperatures and the carbon cycle that have been identified.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In contrast, a system in which the results of a change act to reduce or counteract it has negative feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The feedback mechanisms involved are often complex and incompletely understood.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Positive feedback reinforces and negative feedback moderates the original process.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Positive feedback tends to cause system instability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Positive feedback (or exacerbating feedback) is a process that occurs in a feedback loop which exacerbates the effects of a small disturbance.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [vague] Possible explanations for the Hawthorne effect include the impact of feedback and motivation towards the experimenter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Just as positive network externalities (network effects) cause positive feedback and exponential growth, negative network externalities create negative feedback and exponential decay.