jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This enables the entire craft to contribute to lift generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The airline industry is responsible for about 11% of greenhouse gases emitted by the U.S. transportation sector.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Aviation's share of the greenhouse gas emissions is poised to grow, as air travel increases and ground vehicles use more alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Boeing estimates that biofuels could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Aviation affects the environment due to aircraft engines emitting noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Aviation affects the environment due to aircraft engines emitting noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Subsonic aircraft-in-flight contribute to climate change in four ways:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Aircraft flying polar routes near the geomagnetic poles are at particular risk.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The environmental impact of aviation occurs because aircraft engines emit noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Like the majority of human activities involving combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO) ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The environmental impact of aviation occurs because aircraft engines emit heat, noise, particulates and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.
Claim: The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC explains this as follows:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article refers to reports produced by the IPCC.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Much of what remains of the world's rainforests is in the Amazon basin, where the Amazon Rainforest covers approximately 4 million square kilometres.
Claim: When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It shows a general warming in global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Warming 'very likely' human-made".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He continued stating, the climate is warming and "humans are now in the driver's seat".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.
Claim: They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Looking at the lack of certainty as to the causes of the 1995 to present increase in Atlantic extreme storm activity, a 2007 article in Nature used proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature to create a long-term model.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Compared to climate change for the past millennium, even the smallest exchange modeled would plunge the planet into temperatures colder than the Little Ice Age (the period of history between approximately 1600 and 1850 AD).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In both cases, new climate model simulations show that the effects would last for more than a decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 "small" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Modeling is used for understanding past, present and potential future climates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In preparation for the 2021 6th IPCC report, a new generation of climate models are being developed: some show climate sensitivity around , meaning temperature can rise by 6.5 - 7 degree by 2100 in the worst socio-economic scenario ("SSP5 8.5 – rapid economic growth driven by fossil fuels without mitigation").

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Knowledge of precise climatic events decreases as the record goes back in time, but some notable climate events are known:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This allows a temperature record to be constructed.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientist seek periods that are in some sense analogous or informative to current climate change.
Claim: A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming also has an enormous impact with respect to melting glaciers and ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming can affect sea levels, coastlines, ocean acidification, ocean currents, seawater, sea surface temperatures, tides, the sea floor, weather, and trigger several changes in ocean bio-geochemistry; all of these affect the functioning of a society.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Relationships between global climate and changes in ice extent are complex.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is projected to have a number of effects on the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.
Claim: Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The biggest wellspring of greenhouse gas emissions are from human activities.
Claim: I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~ 2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable.
Claim: Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: When the analysis was updated in 1988, the four warmest years on record were all in the 1980s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway) is a 5.42-mile-long (8.72 km) mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Construction began in early 1996 on the West Side Highway project.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: James E. Hansen (1941 --), American climatologist

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ``highway'' was built in the early 1980s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 1933 Long Beach earthquake (Los Angeles, California, USA) (small tsunami)

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Charles D. Hansen, American computer scientist

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2016, a team of 19 researchers led by Hansen published a paper "Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous" describing the effect of meltwater from ice sheets on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (slowing it or even stopping) and Antarctic bottom water formation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Close to of land have been submerged.
Claim: The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to provide understanding and improve stewardship of the environment.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2013, NOAA closed 600 weather stations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: NOAA data is also relevant to the issues of global warming and ozone depletion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: AOML's research spans hurricanes, coastal ecosystems, oceans and human health, climate studies, global carbon systems, and ocean observations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming results in redistributions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The NASA Office of Inspector General (NASA OIG or OIG) is the inspector general office in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the space agency of the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The politics of global warming and climate change have polarized certain political parties and other organizations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Environmental Integrity Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the Environmental Protection Agency, “Companies like ExxonMobil and Sunoco keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries.” The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence try and to block or dilute legislation regarding global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Several lawsuits have been filed over global warming.