jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record" (Press release).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: New sea ice formation takes place throughout the winter in the Arctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.
Claim: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 2016 was the warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Based on the NOAA dataset (note that other datasets produce different rankings), the following table lists the global combined land and ocean annually averaged temperature rank and anomaly for each of the 10 warmest years on record.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.
Claim: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a consequence, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly Data from NASA's Grace satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower) have been losing mass since 2002.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the Greenland ice sheet loses mass from calving of icebergs as well as by melting of ice, any such processes tend to accelerate the loss of the ice sheet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.
Claim: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Existing scientific narratives suggest that Tuvalu may become uninhabitable as a consequence of rising sea levels, however results of research from the University of Auckland challenge the existing narratives by showing that island expansion has been the most common physical alteration throughout Tuvalu over the past four decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tuvaluan [tuːvəˈluːən], often called Tuvalu, is a Polynesian language of or closely related to the Ellicean group spoken in Tuvalu.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is threatening the livelihood, security and wellbeing of all Tuvaluans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Save Tuvalu in order to save yourself, the world".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Tuvalu faces challenges which will be exacerbated by climate change, those challenges are:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cockburn Island (Polynesia), the former name of Fangataufa in French Polynesia

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Wallis and Futuna Islands are a Polynesian French island territory in the South Pacific between Tuvalu to the northwest, Rotuma of Fiji to the west and the main part of Fiji to the southwest.
Claim: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency) to replace petrol (lower heating value 7693 kcal/litre at 33% fuel energy to crank shaft efficiency) is 19.06 Rs/kWh.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The kilowatt-hour (kWh, also kW⋅h or kW h) is a unit of energy equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 megajoules).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The maximum price was $14,000/MWh in 2016-2017, $13,800/MWh in 2015-2016, $13,500/MWh in 2014-2015, and $13,100/MWh in 2013-2014.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As of 2018, the unsubsidised levelised cost of electricity for utility scale solar power is around $43/MWh.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Typically, for a gas-fired plant the fully installed cost per kW electrical is around £400/kW ($577 USD), which is comparable with large central power stations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "South Australia has the highest power prices in the world".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In total, electrical station construction and well drilling costs about 2–5 million € per MW of electrical capacity, while the levelised energy cost is 0.04–0.10 € per kW·h.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The cost of electricity production is estimated at /kWh.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.
Claim: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This compares to an average rate of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm per year for the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The consensus of many studies of coastal tide gauge records is that during the past century sea level has risen worldwide at an average rate of 1–2 mm/yr reflecting a net flux of heat into the surface of the land and oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The fact that the IPCC estimates did not include rapid ice sheet decay into their sea level predictions makes it difficult to ascertain a plausible estimate for sea level rise but a 2008 study found that the minimum sea level rise will be around by 2100.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC (2007a:5) reported that since 1961, global average sea level had risen at an average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm/yr.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~ 3 mm/yr ; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~ 2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.
Claim: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied between 180–210 ppm during ice ages, increasing to 280–300 ppm during warmer interglacials.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Ice Age reached its peak during the last glacial maximum, when ice sheets commenced advancing from 33,000 years BP and reached their maximum positions 26,500 years BP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the early Phanerozoic, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been linked to driving or amplifying increased global temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.
Claim: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate data: Air temperature, Soil temperature
Claim: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some aerosols like carbon black have warming effects.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The presence of aerosols in the earth's atmosphere can influence its climate, as well as human health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive "feedback" process .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In general, aerosol particles can affect the radiation balance leading to a cooling or heating effect with the magnitude and sign of the temperature change largely dependent on aerosol optical properties, aerosol concentrations, and the albedo of the underlying surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The latter effect is currently causing global warming, and "climate change" is often used to describe human-specific impacts.