jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 23 March 2015.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 22 January 2008.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 13 August 2010.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 26 April 2008.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Peak bloom time at Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Flowering in Britain is in June to July, but earlier in the south of Europe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It flowers from late April to June in the British Isles, and as early as February in other countries, such as France.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Flowering occurs in summer and early fall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They note that FFD is sensitive to temperature, as is generally agreed, that "150 to 200 species may be flowering on average 15 days earlier in Britain now than in the very recent past" and that these earlier FFDs will have "profound ecosystem and evolutionary consequences".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is one of the earliest buttercups to flower.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are flowers such as fen bedstraw and early marsh orchid.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Flowering may occur at any time of the year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Flowers in cultivation last a month or more.
Claim: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: [citation needed] The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the 'Ice Age', spanned 125,000 to 14,500 years ago and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene epoch.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There has been a cycle of ice ages for the past 2.2–2.1 million years (starting before the Quaternary in the late Neogene Period).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the "Ice Age", spanned 125,000–14,500 YBP and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In climatology, the 8.2-kiloyear event was a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6,200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries.
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: How many really "reject or doubt" the scientific consensus for man-made global warming?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In Norway, a 2013 poll conducted by TNS Gallup found that 92% of those who vote for the Socialist Left Party and 89% of those who vote for the Liberal Party believe that global warming is caused by humans, while the percentage who held this belief is 60% among voters for the Conservative Party and 41% among voters for the Progress Party.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A 2016 paper (which was co-authored by Naomi Oreskes, Peter Doran, William Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton and John Cook, and which was based on a half a dozen independent studies by the authors) concluded that ``the finding of 97 % consensus [that humans are causing recent global warming] in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.''

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".
Claim: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.
Claim: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The CVF Declaration committed to achieve a concentration of no more than 350 ppm (parts per million) of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere and limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (or less) above preindustrial levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Exposure at 100 ppm or greater can be dangerous to human health.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute or greater

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The CFC partial pressure is expressed in units of 10–12 atmospheres or parts-per-trillion (ppt).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Dry air in the atmosphere of Earth contains roughly (by volume) 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases including methane.
Claim: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not attain the surface but cools and solidifies at depth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Recent global warming is one of many natural cycles of warming and cooling in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Volcanoes are also part of the extended carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A volcano is a geological landform usually generated by the eruption through a vent in a planet 's surface of magma.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although a comparatively unusual type of volcano, they are widespread in the world and in geologic history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Geophysical global cooling, a conjecture about the formation of natural features that was made obsolete by the theory of plate tectonics

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.
Claim: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human contribution to greenhouse gases is causing dangerous global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities (anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions) have already contributed of warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: And whatever the regional effects, few imagined that humans could affect the climate of the planet as a whole.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".
Claim: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still a significant difference between what Climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere with the climate models predicting significantly more warming than what the satellites measure.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the opposite behavior.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: However, the warming was probably not uniform across the world.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It shows a general warming in global temperatures.
Claim: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A higher amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to higher global temperatures, which then results in thermal expansion of seawater and melting of glaciers and ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.