jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These data have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The target is to show the extent of danger to humanity, create awareness in public that will lead to solutions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate data: No

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate data: No

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A common argument used to dismiss the significance of human-caused climate change is to allege that scientists showed concerns about global cooling which did not materialise, and there is therefore no need to heed current scientific concerns about global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Media coverage of global warming has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it mediates the scientific opinion on climate change that the global instrumental temperature record shows increase in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Producer Avi Arad said, "The biggest opportunity with Captain America is as a man 'out of time', coming back today, looking at our world through the eyes of someone who thought the perfect world was small-town United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Sixty years go by, and who are we today?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Summit Series, or Super Series (in Russian Суперсерия СССР — Канада; Superseriya SSSR — Canada), known at the time simply as the Canada–USSR Series, was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The glacier has retreated since the end of the Little Ice Age.
Claim: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ice cover decreased to 297 km2 (115 sq mi) by 1987–1988 and to 245 km2 (95 sq mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding 30 m (98 ft) per year during the period between 1999–2005.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On average over a year, the ice floe has diminished by 4.3% every ten years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Estimates of how long the Arctic Ocean has had perennial ice cover vary.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.
Claim: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon is a constituent (about 12% by mass) of the very large masses of carbonate rock (limestone, dolomite, marble and so on).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The shells of sea creatures are calcium carbonate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon precipitation, solution and fixation are influenced by the bacteria and plant roots in soils, where they improve gaseous circulation, or in coral reefs, where calcium carbonate is deposited as a solid on the sea floor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Calcium carbonate is used by living organisms to manufacture carbonaceous tests and shells.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are concerns that increasing acidification could have a particularly detrimental effect on [[coral]]s (16% of the world's coral reefs have died from bleaching caused by warm water in 1998, which coincidentally was, at the time, the warmest year ever recorded) and other marine organisms with [[calcium carbonate]] shells.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Cloud, P. E. -- Environment of Calcium Carbonate Deposition West of Andros Island, Bahamas.
Claim: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The area's warm and humid climate is caused primarily by its low elevation, its position relatively close to the Tropic of Cancer, and its location in the center of a peninsula.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The area's humidity acts as a buffer, usually preventing actual temperatures from exceeding 100 °F (38 °C), but also pushing the heat index to over 110 °F (43 °C).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The city experiences hot, humid summers, and chilly to cold winters.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered, citing ``conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List.''

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered, citing ``conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List.''

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is a very hot place, as temperature reaches up to 40 degrees Celsius.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is an important natural heritage site containing exposed marine and coastal fauna.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is one of the wettest places in the world.
Claim: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate has been fairly stable over the Holocene.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: World population has gone through a number of periods of growth since the dawn of civilization in the Holocene period, around 10,000 BCE.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth was formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Quaternary Period is divided into two epochs : the Pleistocene (2.588 million years ago to 11.7 thousand years ago) and the Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago to today).
Claim: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result, the UV radiation is more intense on Earth and there is a worsening of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: an increase in planetary albedo.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming tends to decrease ice cover and hence decrease the albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed and leading to more warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
Claim: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Action is necessary now, before climate change moves beyond man’s control.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".
Claim: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In Europe, the winters of early 1947, February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010 were abnormally cold.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The winter of 2009–10 in the United Kingdom (also called The Big Freeze of 2010 by British media) was a meteorological event that started on 16 December 2009, as part of the severe winter weather in Europe.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Record temperatures were felt in:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates, between autumn and spring.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The winters could be very cold with snowfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: West and Central Europe were extremely cold during this period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US".
Claim: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is subsistence farming (48% of deforestation) and commercial agriculture (32%), which is linked to food, not paper production.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the last two decades, various studies estimate that land use change, including deforestation and forest degradation, accounts for 12-29 % of global greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deforestation is a contributor to global warming, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2014, deforestation in Indonesia, which accounts for .1% of the world's surface, caused 4% of global warming pollution.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.