jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: “Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: (2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a "potential abundant source of energy" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large quantities of methane are stored in the Arctic in natural gas deposits, permafrost, and as submarine clathrates.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Methane gas has been found under methane hydrate, frozen methane and water, beneath the ocean floor.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Permafrost, permanently frozen ground found in periglacial zones

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Permafrost is soil, rock or sediment that is frozen for more than two consecutive years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Subsea permafrost occurs beneath the seabed and exists in the continental shelves of the polar regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, with a temperature that remains at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Methane clathrate, also called methane hydrate, is a form of water ice that contains a large amount of methane within its crystal structure.
Claim: Underground temperatures control climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide may be stored deep underground.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In some places where groundwater temperatures are maintained by this effect at about 10 °C (50 °F), groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures at the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It traps heat in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Buildings are ventilated and their temperature regulated.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Temperature increases with increasing depth into the Earth's crust.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Borehole Thermal Energy System is located underground to store large quantities of heat collected in the summer to be used in the winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, with a temperature that remains at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.
Claim: CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the largest contributor to global warming is the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) since 1750, particularly from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Claim: Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Partly based on such litigation experience, Congress enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, better known as the Clean Water Act.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Maurice Riel, (April 3, 1922 -- July 20, 2007) was a lawyer and Canadian Senator.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Martin Brian Mulroney (born March 20, 1939) is a Canadian politician who served as the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Marjory LeBreton, PC (born July 4, 1940) is a former Leader of the Government in the Canadian Senate, a cabinet-rank position ; and past national chair of Mothers Against Drunk Driving in Canada.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Raymond Gravel, Canadian political figure

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: George S. Mickelson (1941 -- 1993), American politician

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The nuclear option is a parliamentary procedure that allows the United States Senate to override a rule or precedent by a simple majority of 51 votes, instead of by a supermajority of 60 votes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th vice president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Raymond Lavigne (born November 16, 1945) is a former Canadian senator and businessman, and a former Member of Parliament (MP).
Claim: There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "High Concentrations of Silica Indicate Considerable Water Activity on Mars – SpaceRef".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: On November 4, 2018, geologists presented evidence, based on studies in Gale by the Curiosity rover, that there was plenty of water on early Mars.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Eight times as much deuterium was inferred at the polar deposits of Mars than exists on Earth (VSMOW), suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It has been estimated that there are of water on Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: More broadly, links have been suggested between solar cycles, global climate and regional events such as El Niño.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The assessment of the solar activity/climate relationship involves multiple, independent lines of evidence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.
Claim: Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Massive peat burn is speeding climate change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Unanimous agreement was found among the models that future climate change will reduce the efficiency of the land and ocean carbon cycle to absorb human-induced CO. As a result, a larger fraction of human-induced CO will stay airborne if climate change controls the carbon cycle.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Modern climate change is driven by the human emissions of greenhouse gas from the burning of fossil fuel driving up global mean surface temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The two opposing pH levels correspond with climate change models that predict future atmospheric CO2 levels.
Claim: ‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century and beyond.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.
Claim: Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In recent decades, sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been melting faster than it re-freezes in winter.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Projection models of the evolution of the arctic ice floe are based on the last 30 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Claim: The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean water makes the oceans more acidic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising levels of carbon dioxide are resulting in influx of this gas into the ocean, increasing its acidity.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As more CO and heat are absorbed by the ocean, it is acidifying and ocean circulation can change, changing the rate at which the ocean can absorb atmospheric carbon.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ocean acidification is an effect of rising concentrations of [[Carbon dioxide|CO]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of global warming.