jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Warming from increased would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the "water vapour feedback".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.
Claim: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions (IMF, 2008, p. 6).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A carbon price — the method widely agreed to be the most efficient way for nations to reduce global warming emissions — is a cost applied to carbon pollution to encourage polluters to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit into the atmosphere: it usually takes the form either of a carbon tax or a requirement to purchase permits to emit, generally known as carbon emissions trading, but also called "allowances".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Real Global Warming Disaster ("Is the Obsession with 'Climate Change' Turning Out to Be the Most Costly Scientific Blunder in History?")

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The world is in the grip of an idea: that burning fossil fuels to provide affordable, abundant energy is causing global warming that will be so dangerous that we must stop it by reducing our use of fossil fuels, no matter the cost.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.
Claim: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Long-term effects of global warming: On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the magnitude of global warming will be determined primarily by anthropogenic CO emissions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change can have an effect on the [[carbon cycle]] in an interactive "feedback" process .

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that increased quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide within the atmosphere will "very likely" lead to higher average temperatures on a global scale (global warming).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.
Claim: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Bears is a 2014 nature documentary film about a family of brown bears living in the coastal mountain ranges of Alaska.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Polar bears are turning to alternative food sources because Arctic sea ice melts earlier and freezes later each year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Vaccinium ovalifolium (commonly known as Alaska blueberry, early blueberry, oval-leaf bilberry, oval-leaf blueberry, and oval-leaf huckleberry) is a plant in the heath family having three varieties, all of which grow in northerly regions, including the subarctic.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sambucus, botanical genus containing the elder and elderberry.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is found in Russia and Alaska in the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Ursus (genus), a genus of bears

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food.
Claim: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report estimates that the upper ocean (surface to 750 m deep) has warmed by 0.09 to 0.13 degrees C per decade over the past 40 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Claim: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: After water vapour (concentrations of which humans have limited capacity to influence) carbon dioxide is the most abundant and stable greenhouse gas in the atmosphere (methane rapidly reacts to form water vapour and carbon dioxide).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: One of the products of burning hydrocarbons with oxygen is water vapour, a greenhouse gas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).
Claim: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: “The notion that global warming is a fact and will be catastrophic is drilled into people to the point where it seems surprising that anyone would question it, and yet, underlying it is very little evidence at all.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Around the world only a few have truly faced up to the facts about global warming...

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A simplified definition of what global warming means for the planet is that colder regions would get warmer and warmer regions would get much warmer.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.
Claim: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols – from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants – reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Atmospheric aerosols affect the climate of the earth by changing the amount of incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial longwave radiation retained in the earth's system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These changes can influence the planetary climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 "Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In geology, continental drift, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the Earth's interior, while meteorological phenomena like wind, rain, hail, snow, lightning, tornadoes and hurricanes are all a result of energy transformations brought about by solar energy on the atmosphere of the planet Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: On Earth, our climate is heavily influenced by interactions with solar radiation and feedback processes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A number of inputs can give rise to radiative forcing; the extra downwelling radiation due to the greenhouse effect, solar radiation variability due to orbital changes, changes in solar irradiance, direct aerosol effects – for example changes in albedo due to cloud cover – indirect aerosol effects, and changes in land use.
Claim: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is projected to affect water availability.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Coastal regions would be most affected by rising sea levels.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Sea-level rise may also consequently be caused by a depletion of groundwater, as climate change can affect the hydrologic cycle in a number of ways.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change also influences the average sea level.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate changes affected the locations of the settlements.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: “Sea level rise will cause a change of state from freshwater to marine or estuarine ecosystems, radically altering the composition of biotic communities".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: This article is about climate change scenarios.