jasperyeoh2/new-methodology-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Claim: The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: "Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The warming has not been globally uniform.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are many facts that point to the existence of climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: He is quoted as being skeptical of global warming, and is described by Michael E. Mann as a "prominent climate change contrarian.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).
Claim: […] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: These extreme weather patterns are creating extended rainy seasons in some areas, and extended periods of drought in others, as well as introducing new climates to different regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Extremely wet or dry events within the monsoon period have increased in India and East Asia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which can lead to more precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the
Claim: The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Regime shifts in polar regions include the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the possible collapse of the thermohaline circulation system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Carbon cycle feedbacks, the demise of coral, the destruction of the Amazon rainforest, and extreme desertification are also described, with five or six degrees of warming potentially leading to the complete uninhabitability of the tropics and subtropics, as well as extreme water and food shortages, possibly leading to mass migration of billions of people.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: SEARCH focuses on how shrinking land ice, diminishing sea ice, and degrading permafrost impact Arctic and global systems.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Scientists can predict tipping points for ecological collapse.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Researchers that studied effects of close by supernovae on earth and uncovered suggestive correlating evidence during the Younger Dryas, including depletion of the ozone layer, increased UV exposure, nitrogen changes on the Earth's surface and troposphere, evidence of global cooling, changes in C and Be in ice cores, a thin layer (about 30 cm) of “black mats”, and many extinctions that may have been caused by the explosion of the Vela supernova.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Deforestation disrupts normal weather patterns creating hotter and drier weather thus increasing drought, desertification, crop failures, melting of the polar ice caps, coastal flooding and displacement of major vegetation regimes.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: "Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: High-latitude tundra and boreal forests are particularly at risk of climate change-induced
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Though water is responsible for most (about 36-70%) of the total greenhouse effect, the role of water vapor as a greenhouse gas depends on temperature.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Current studies indicate that the increase in greenhouse gases, most notably , is mostly responsible for the observed warming.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: If it's greenhouse gas causing the warming the rate of warming should be higher in the troposphere than on the surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: More specifically, emissions from farms, such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide, are the main culprits, and can be held accountable for up to half of the greenhouse-gases produced by the overall food industry, or 80% of all emissions just within agriculture.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.
Claim: for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Major impact events have significantly shaped Earth's history, have been implicated in the formation of the Earth–Moon system, the evolutionary history of life, the origin of water on Earth and several mass extinctions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Major impact events have significantly shaped Earth's history, having been implicated in the formation of the Earth–Moon system, the evolutionary history of life, the origin of water on Earth, and several mass extinctions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Impacts have had, during the history of the Earth, a significant geological and climatic influence.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Over thousands of years, changes in Earth 's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.
Claim: “During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In the history of the Earth, many ice ages are known to have occurred.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Because most of the planet's snow and ice lies at high latitude, decreasing tilt may encourage the onset of an ice age for two reasons: There is less overall summer insolation, and also less insolation at higher latitudes, which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice.
Claim: Global warming is causing snow to disappear.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Permafrost is common in the national park, though permafrost at lower elevations is disappearing because of global warming and increased snowfall.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Today this is clearly not the case as global warming is causing mountain snow lines to rapidly retreat.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: As the climate warms, snow cover and sea ice extent decrease.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Global climate change and fluctuation is causing an increasingly exponential melting of Earth's glaciers.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The substantial amount of snow that remains atop mountains year around is also disappearing.
Claim: “Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but it is expanding into other areas.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Species distribution models of recent years indicate that the deer tick, known as "I. scapularis," is pushing its distribution to higher latitudes of the Northeastern United States and Canada, as well as pushing and maintaining populations in the South Central and Northern Midwest regions of the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is endemic to certain regions in the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The natural environmental controls that used to keep the tick populations in check are disappearing, and warmer and wetter climates are allowing the ticks to breed and grow at an alarming rate, resulting in an increase in Lyme disease, both in existing areas and in areas where it has not been seen before.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: It is found in the northern United States and southern Canada.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Human monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by E. chaffeensis is known to spread through tick infection primarily in the southern, southcentral and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The World Health Organization (WHO) says global warming could lead to a major increase in insect-borne diseases in Britain and Europe, as northern Europe becomes warmer, ticks—which carry encephalitis and lyme disease—and sandflies—which carry visceral leishmaniasis—are likely to move in.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Neuroborreliosis, also known as Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), is a disorder of the central nervous system.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There is some evidence of climate-change-related shifts in the distribution of tick vectors of disease, of some (non-malarial) mosquito vectors in Europe and North America.
Claim: At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 1
Passage: ...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors, and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled "The Science of Climate Change", Senator James Inhofe (Republican, for Oklahoma) concluded by asking the following question: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: The first climate prediction computed from a general circulation model that was published by Hansen was in 1988, the same year as his well-known Senate testimony.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: Clark is among the scientists who reject the mainstream scientific opinion on climate change; in the 2007 UK television documentary "The Great Global Warming Swindle", he states that changes in global temperature correlate with solar activity, saying "Solar activity of the last hundred years, over the last several hundred years correlates very nicely on a decadal basis, with sea ice and Arctic temperatures.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: James E. Hansen (1941 --), American climatologist

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.

Relevance (1 = gold evidence, 0 = mined hard negative): 0
Passage: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.