jablonkagroup/rise_ai_scientists huggingface dataset:
Authors: Zhihao Liu | Chenhui Hu
Source: arXiv (Cornell University) (preprint, 2024-10-29)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

CFSafety: Comprehensive Fine-grained Safety Assessment for LLMs As large language models (LLMs) rapidly evolve, they bring significant conveniences to our work and daily lives, but also introduce considerable safety risks. These models can generate texts with social biases or unethical content, and under specific adversarial instructions, may even incite illegal activities. Therefore, rigorous safety assessments of LLMs are crucial. In this work, we introduce a safety assessment benchmark, CFSafety, which integrates 5 classic safety scenarios and 5 types of instruction attacks, totaling 10 categories of safety questions, to form a test set with 25k prompts. This test set was used to evaluate the natural language generation (NLG) capabilities of LLMs, employing a combination of simple moral judgment and a 1-5 safety rating scale for scoring. Using this benchmark, we tested eight popular LLMs, including the GPT series. The results indicate that while GPT-4 demonstrated superior safety performance, the safety effectiveness of LLMs, including this model, still requires improvement. The data and code associated with this study are available on GitHub. Business Fusion materials and technologies ; Nuclear Materials and Properties
Authors: Yuxuan Zhang | Alice Bastos da Silva Fanta | Jakob Schiøtz
Source: BIO Web of Conferences (article, 2024-01-01)
Field: Materials Science — Surfaces, Coatings and Films

Simultaneous Indexing of Spot and Kikuchi Patterns in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Scanning electron microscope ; Scanning confocal electron microscopy ; Materials science ; Optics ; Physics Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques ; Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis ; Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications
Authors: Wenzhe Zang | Xiaheng Huang | Ruchi Sharma | Xudong Fan
Source: Analytical Chemistry (article, 2024-02-22)
Field: Chemistry — Spectroscopy

<sup>1</sup>D-Guided Differential Rescaling of a Contour Plot in Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography A <sup>1</sup>D-guided differential rescaling algorithm for a contour plot is developed based on our recently proposed comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) system with a first-dimensional (<sup>1</sup>D) detector added. Chromatograms obtained from <sup>1</sup>D and second-dimensional (<sup>2</sup>D) detectors are both incorporated during the data processing. As compared to the conventional contour plot methods using only <sup>2</sup>D data, our algorithm can significantly improve precision and consistency of GC × GC results in terms of retention times, peak widths, and peak areas or volumes, regardless of modulation time selection, modulation phase shift fluctuations, and modulation duty cycle. The peak identification, quantification, and capacity can therefore be enhanced. Furthermore, the <sup>1</sup>D-guided differential rescaling method is shown to better handle the coelution and missing peak issues often encountered in the conventional methods. Finally, the new method exhibits high versatility in <sup>1</sup>D and <sup>2</sup>D detector selection, which greatly broadens GC × GC utility. Our method can easily be adapted to other two-dimensional chromatography systems that have direct access to <sup>1</sup>D chromatograms. Chemistry ; Detector ; Duty cycle ; Two-dimensional gas ; Gas chromatography ; Modulation (music) ; Plot (graphics) ; Differential (mechanical device) ; Consistency (knowledge bases) ; Chromatography ; Analytical Chemistry (journal) ; Contour line ; Biological system ; Pattern recognition (psychology) ; Artificial intelligence ; Optics ; Statistics ; Physics ; Mathematics ; Computer science Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography ; Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies ; Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses
Authors: David Melching | Eric Breitbarth | Eric Dietrich | Ferdinand Dömling | Florian Paysan | Guillermo Requena | Vanessa Schöne | Erik Schultheis | Tobias Strohmann
Source: elib (German Aerospace Center) (article, 2024-02-07)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Accelerating Materials Development using Robotics & AI Robotics ; Robot ; Development (topology) ; Automation ; Field (mathematics) Machine Learning in Materials Science ; Material Selection and Properties ; Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes
Authors: Chun‐Wan Yen | Yuchen Fan
Source: Nucleic Acid Insights (article, 2024-06-03)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

Taking a high-throughput approach to enhancing the target specificity and stability of nanoparticles David McCall, Senior Editor, BioInsights, speaks to Genentech’s Chun-Wan Yen, Senior Principal Scientist, and Yuchen Fan, Principal Scientist, about current and future innovations in nucleic acid formulation and delivery utilizing nanoparticles. They explore challenges and advances in achieving targeted extrahepatic delivery of nucleic acids in vivo, and discuss the application of high-throughput screening and AI/ML tools to extend the capabilities and reach of LNP-based drug delivery. Throughput ; Nanoparticle ; Stability (learning theory) ; Nanotechnology ; Computer science ; Computational biology ; Chemistry ; Materials science ; Biology ; Machine learning ; Telecommunications Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery ; Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
Authors: Zorana Stoisavljević | Slobodanka Galović | Katarina Đorđević
Source: Tehnika (article, 2024-01-01)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

Medical application of polylactide (PLA) In this paper, the possibilities of using polylactide (PLA) in various fields of medicine are briefly mentioned. Also, the most important characteristics of this biomaterial are described and examples of the two most common polymers that have significant medical applications are given. Biomaterial ; Polymer science ; Polymer ; Materials science ; Nanotechnology ; Composite material Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications ; Bone Tissue Engineering Materials ; biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
Authors: E.A. Khanmamadova | R.G. Abaszade
Source: Èkoènergetika. (article, 2024-01-01)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

Graphene-Enhanced Poly(Ester Amide)s for Sustainable Applications This work reports the synthesis of poly(ester amide)s from renewable resources, focusing on their thermal, mechanical, and environmental properties, besides some potential applications in sustainable polymer development and renewable fuel innovations.Synthesis was done by regioselective polymerization with diol-diamide monomers and the diacid diacyl chloride (Z)-octadec-9-enedioyl dichloride (D18:1).The resulting materials have superior thermal stability, improved crystallinity, and controlled dispersity, which enables their use in advanced engineering applications.Besides, propanol, n-butanol, and 1-pentanol are higherorder alcohol additives, and their effects on fuel properties, engine performance, and emission parameters were studied when blended with diesel-biodiesel.These blends have the potential for cold flow improvement and NOx emission reduction.It also introduces graphene-based nanomaterials into the polymer matrix, hence enhancing its mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties for advanced engineering and energy applications. Graphene ; Amide ; Materials science ; Polymer chemistry ; Polymer science ; Nanotechnology ; Chemistry ; Organic chemistry biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
Authors: Mohammad Reza Hormozi Jangi | Ali Reza Hormozi Jangi
Source:  (preprint, 2024-09-19)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Thermal and pH stability of peroxidase-like graphene oxide/gold nanoparticles Herein, peroxidase-like graphene oxide/gold nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for their peroxidase-like activity. Considering the significant effect of pH and temperature on the activity of enzyme/nanozymes, the pH and thermal stability of the peroxidase-like graphene oxide/gold nanoparticles were evaluated by determining their relative activity as an index for their stability monitoring. The results of thermal stability studies revealed a maximal activity over a wide temperature range of 20-40 ℃, revealing high thermal stability of the as-synthesized peroxidase-like graphene oxide/gold nanoparticles. Besides, the pH stability measurements revealed a maximal activity over pH= 4.5-5.5 for the as-synthesized peroxidase-like graphene oxide-supported gold nanoparticles. Graphene ; Oxide ; Peroxidase ; Colloidal gold ; Nanoparticle ; Thermal stability ; Nanotechnology ; Chemical engineering ; Materials science ; Chemistry ; Metallurgy ; Enzyme ; Organic chemistry ; Engineering Advanced Nanomaterials in Catalysis ; Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications ; Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Mohammad Reza Hormozi Jangi | Ali Reza Hormozi Jangi
Source: Archives of Case Reports Open Access (article, 2024-10-25)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Inhibitory and Stability Studies on Graphene Oxide Gold Nanozymes In this study, peroxidase-like graphene oxide/gold nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for their biochemical stability including pH and thermal stability by determining their relative activity as an index for their stability monitoring. Besides, the inhibitory effect of metal ions on their enzyme like activity was also studied. The results of thermal stability studies revealed a maximal activity over a wide temperature range of 20-40 ℃, revealing high thermal stability of the as-synthesized peroxidaselike graphene oxide/gold nanoparticles. The pH stability measurements revealed a maximal activity over pH= 4.5-5.5 for the as-synthesized peroxidase-like graphene oxide/gold nanoparticles, showing their wide pH range. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of silver ions (as a model metal ion) on their activity was checked at optimal pH and temperature, revealing that the activity of nanozymes was decreased by increasing the concentration of silver ions and reached about 63% upon the addition small portion of silver ions into the reaction media. Graphene ; Oxide ; Nanotechnology ; Chemistry ; Stability (learning theory) ; Materials science ; Computer science ; Metallurgy ; Machine learning Advanced Nanomaterials in Catalysis ; Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications ; Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
Authors: T. Malyadri | Kumar J. Suresh
Source: Material and Mechanical Engineering Technology (article, 2024-12-26)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Investigating the Influence of Carbon Nanotubes on Basalt Fiber Nano Hybrid Composite Properties: a Dynamic Mechanical Analysis This paper investigates the structure-property relationships in basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites doped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Basalt fabrics were reinforced with 0.2-0.8 wt% CNTs using hand layup and compression molding to fabricate laminated plates. The mechanical, morphological, and thermomechanical properties were characterized using tensile, flexural, impact, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DMA testing. Results showed that increasing CNT percentage led to progressive surface decoration and eventual obscuration of the underlying basalt fibers as observed by SEM. FTIR revealed a transition from basalt-dominated to CNT-dominated spectra with higher loadings. While tensile strength improved up to 0.4% CNTs before decreasing, flexural strength declined initially up to 0.4% before consistent enhancements. However, impact energy decreased gradually with more CNTs due to embrittlement effects. An optimal CNT loading of 0.4-0.6 wt% was found to maximize the mechanical performance through uniform dispersion and interfacial adhesion. DMA showed increased stiffness but reductions in damping and degradation resistance above 0.6 wt% CNTs. Overall, CNTs can substantially reinforce basalt fiber composites within an optimal composition range contingent on controlled aggregation and processing conditions Basalt fiber ; Carbon nanotube ; Ultimate tensile strength ; Flexural strength ; Composite number ; Izod impact strength test ; Fiber ; Compression molding ; Dispersion (optics) Carbon Nanotubes in Composites ; Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites ; Fiber-reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Akhmadjon Abduvokhidovich Jumaev | Khasan Islomovich Akhmedov | Okhunjon Sayfidinov | Nargiza Kamoljonovna Jumaeva
Source: Material and Mechanical Engineering Technology (article, 2024-12-26)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Analysis of The Influence of Alloying on the Performance Properties of Cast Iron Grades 280Cr29Ni and 330Cr17 with the Purpose of Increasing their Quality The hardness and microstructure of the High chromium cast irons (HCCIs) grades 280Cr29Ni and 330Cr17, which are predominantly utilized in the production of components for mining and metallurgical equipment subject to wear conditions, have been thoroughly investigated. A thermodynamic analysis of multicomponent Fe-2.6C-Cr-alloying elements (a.e.), was conducted to investigate the crystallization processes of alloys, the development of their metallic matrix structure, and the formation and transformation of carbide phases. Based on the analysis, the optimal quantity and ratio of alloying elements (Cr, Mn, Si, and Ti) in the Fe-2.6C-Cr-a.e., system required for the formation of a metallic matrix and carbide phases that maximize the hardness of the alloy were determined. State diagrams were constructed for ternary, quaternary, and multicomponent systems, including Fe-CCr, Fe-C-Ni, Fe-C-Mn, Fe-C-V, Fe-C-Mo, Fe-C-Co, Fe-C-Cr-Ni, Fe-C-Cr-Mn, and Fe-C-Cr-Mn. These diagrams, along with their isothermal (at 200 °C) and polythermal sections, enriched the theory of phase diagrams, which form the foundation of HCCIs. The analysis covered a range of chromium concentrations (16-34%), nickel (0.4-3%), manganese (0.4-2%), carbon (2.4-4%), silicon (0.3-2%), titanium (0.4-5%), molybdenum (0.2-3%), and vanadium (0.01-2%). Phase equilibrium points were determined, encompassing an alloyed solid solution based on iron, multicomponent carbides, and a mixture of phases consisting of a solid solution of iron and carbides. An economical grade of HCCIs has been developed with the following composition: carbon 3.2-3.4%, manganese 0.4-0.6%, chromium 16-18%, silicon 0.4-0.6%, nickel 0.4-0.6%, molybdenum up to 0.4-0.5%, with the balance being iron Manganese ; Chromium ; Alloy ; Vanadium ; Ferroalloy ; Cast iron ; Molybdenum ; Microstructure ; Carbide ; Nickel Metal Alloys Wear and Properties ; Stonefly species taxonomy and ecology ; Polymer Science and Applications
Authors: Amol M. Dalavi | Gaurab Sarma | Aaryaraj Modal | Luv Kukeriya | Pallavi Kamble
Source: Material and Mechanical Engineering Technology (article, 2024-12-26)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Comparison of Different Types of Engineering Alloys Suitable for Automotive Industry The automotive industry relies on a diverse array of engineering alloys to meet the rigorous demands of vehicle design and performance. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison of different types of engineering alloys suitable for the automotive industry. The alloys under consideration encompass a broad spectrum, including traditional materials such as steel and aluminum, as well as advanced options like titanium, magnesium, and composite materials. The comparison delves into key attributes such as strength, weight, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance, highlighting the advantages and applications of each alloy type. Additionally, the paper explores emerging trends and innovations in alloy development, emphasizing their implications for enhancing vehicle safety, fuel efficiency, and overall performance. By synthesizing information on the various engineering alloys, this study aims to offer valuable insights for engineers, researchers, and industry professionals involved in the design and manufacturing of automotive components Automotive industry ; Key (lock) ; Engineering design process ; Alloy ; Corrosion Material Selection and Properties ; Scientific and Engineering Research Topics ; Mechanical Engineering and Vibrations Research
Authors: Svetlana A. Titova | Maria Petrovna Kruglova | Victor Stupin | Н.Е. Мантурова | Raghu Ram Achar | Gouri Deshpande | В. А. Парфенов | Ekaterina Silina
Source: Preprints.org (preprint, 2024-11-19)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Effect of Excipients on the Efficiency of Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles Application in Biomedicine Due to the ever-increasing interest in the use of rare earth metals in medicine, in this review we considered the interaction of cerium dioxide nanoparticles with the main excipients used in the development of cerium-containing pharmaceutical compositions for biomedical applications. The review was conducted on the international databases PubMed and ScienceDirect, and included original research and literature reviews. Publications devoted to the use of cerium dioxide in disease diagnosis, analysis of other substances, and branches of scientific knowledge other than medicine were excluded. Following the selection process, 171 publications were analyzed. Based on the experimental results and the possibility to extrapolate them to humans, we compared polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, polycarboxylic acids, in particular citric acid and its salts, lecithin and phosphatidylcholine in the context of conservation of biological effects of cerium dioxide and its physicochemical properties, as well as the degree of study of these combinations. Polyvinylpyrrolidone ; Cerium ; Context (archaeology) ; Citric acid ; Biomedicine ; Chemistry ; Nanoparticle ; Zirconium dioxide ; Nanotechnology ; Organic chemistry ; Materials science ; Bioinformatics Advanced Nanomaterials in Catalysis
Authors: Song Jia | Xuefei Wang | Yishi Shi
Source: JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING STUDIES (article, 2024-03-19)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Research Progress of Rare Earth Doped Upconversion Luminescent Materials 上转换发光，一种呈现反斯托克斯位移特性的发光现象，主要通过稀土元素制备的材料来实现。本文深入探讨了稀土掺杂上转换材料的发光机理，概述了常用的制备技术，并全面评述了其在生物医学、防伪技术、信息存储等多个领域的现有应用，同时展望了其在工程领域的潜在应用前景。尽管上转换发光纳米材料在功能多样性方面表现出远超块状材料的显著优势，但其合成产率和发光效率仍存在挑战，处于相对较低水平。逐步攻克这些难题，将有助于进一步拓宽上转换发光材料的应用领域。 Rare earth ; Photon upconversion ; Doping ; Materials science ; Luminescence ; Nanotechnology ; Optoelectronics ; Astrobiology ; Physics ; Metallurgy Luminescence Properties of Advanced Materials ; Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies
Authors: Animek Shaurya
Source: International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) (article, 2024-05-05)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Optimizing Heat Exchanger Cleaning in the Confectionery Industry: A Comparative Analysis of Ultrasonic, Heat Treatment, and Chemical Methods Maintaining clean heat exchangers is essential for ensuring product quality and safety in the confectionery industry. This article compares three essential cleaning methods: ultrasonic cleaning, heat treatment, and chemical cleaning. Each technique offers unique advantages and limitations, ranging from ultrasonic cleaning's ability to reach intricate geometries to chemical cleaning's targeted removal of specific fouling. Considerations such as effectiveness, application, cost, complexity, and compatibility guide stakeholders in selecting the most suitable method for their needs. By understanding the distinct characteristics of each technique, confectionery manufacturers can make informed decisions to optimize production processes, reduce costs, and uphold hygiene standards. Heat exchanger ; Ultrasonic sensor ; Process engineering ; Materials science ; Chemistry ; Mechanical engineering ; Acoustics ; Engineering Ultrasound and Cavitation Phenomena ; Advanced oxidation water treatment
Authors: Yan Wang | Feng Zhang | Zaifa Du | Xinmin Fan | Xiaodong Huang | Lujun Zhang | Sensen Li | Zhaohong Liu | Chunyan Wang
Source: Nanomaterials (article, 2024-09-06)
Field: Materials Science — Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials

Insights into the Mechanisms of Single-Photon and Two-Photon Excited Surface Enhanced Fluorescence by Submicrometer Silver Particles Surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF) based on noble metal nanoparticles is an effective means to achieve high sensitivity in fluorescence detection. Currently, the physical mechanism behind enhanced fluorescence is not fully understood. This paper measures the fluorescence signals of Dihydroporphyrin f methyl ether (CPD4) under both single-photon and two-photon excitation based on submicrometer silver particles with rough morphologies, achieving enhancement factors of 34 and 45 times, respectively. On this basis, by combining the radiative field characteristics produced by the silver particles, a stimulated radiation model of molecules is established to elucidate the changes in the molecular photophysical process when influenced by silver particles. Moreover, the fluorescence lifetime of the molecules was measured, showing that the presence of silver particles induces an increase in the molecular radiative decay rate, causing the fluorescence lifetime to decay from 3.8 ns to 3 ns. The results indicate that the fluorescence enhancement primarily originates from the submicrometer silver particles' enhancement effect on the excitation light. Additionally, the fluorescence signal emitted by the molecules couples with the silver particles, causing the local surface plasmon resonances generated by the silver particles to also emit light signals of the same frequency. Under the combined effect, the fluorescence of the molecules is significantly enhanced. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the fluorescence enhancement mechanism of silver particles, adjusting the enhancement effect, and developing enhanced fluorescence detection devices based on submicrometer silver particles, holding significant practical importance. Fluorescence ; Silver nanoparticle ; Fluorescence in the life sciences ; Materials science ; Excited state ; Photochemistry ; Resonance fluorescence ; Molecule ; Nanoparticle ; Analytical Chemistry (journal) ; Nanotechnology ; Chemistry ; Optics ; Atomic physics ; Physics Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications ; Nonlinear Optical Materials Studies ; Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
Authors: Ping Zhang | Ying Han | Yue Xu | Liang Gao
Source: Biophysics Reports (article, 2024-10-31)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Application of metal stable isotopes labeling and elemental mass spectrometry for biomacromolecule profiling Biomacromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids are widely recognized for their pivotal and irreplaceable role in maintaining the normal functions of biological systems. By combining metal stable isotope labeling with elemental mass spectrometry, researchers can quantify the amount and track the spatial distribution of specific biomacromolecules in complex biological systems. In this review, the probes classification and metal stable isotope labeling strategies are initially summarized. Secondly, the technical characteristics and working principle of the elemental mass spectrometry techniques including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry are introduced to achieve highly sensitive detection of multiple biomacromolecules at molecular, cellular and tissue levels. Lastly, we underline the advantages and limitations of elemental mass spectrometry combined with metal stable isotope labeling strategies, and propose the perspectives for future developments. Mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Profiling (computer programming) ; Stable isotope ratio ; Isotope ; Environmental chemistry ; Computational chemistry ; Chromatography ; Computer science ; Nuclear physics ; Physics Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications ; Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism ; Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques