jablonkagroup/rise_ai_scientists huggingface dataset:
Authors: Wei Wei | Rujia Qiao | Yan Song Jiang | Zhushan Shao
Source: Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources (article, 2024-04-13)
Field: Chemistry — Organic Chemistry

Theoretical investigation of electromagnetic-thermal coupling of double-layer cylindrical concrete under microwave irradiation Abstract Many experiments have been performed to study the heating properties of concrete under microwave irradiation. Microwave provides the non-uniform heating process, which cannot be reflected clearly through the experimental investigations. In this paper, a theoretical method is presented to investigate the electromagnetic-thermal coupling process of double-layer cylindrical concrete under microwave heating. The wave transmission and reflection were considered. An analytic solution is presented to predict transient heating process within a 3-dimensional double-layer concrete model induced by microwave heating. The inner aggregate is a microwave high loss material and the outer mortar was microwave low loss medium. Poynting theorem was employed to calculate the electric field distribution and microwave energy loss within concrete. Transient heat transfer process with an internal microwave heat source was investigated based on the classical heat transfer theory by employing integral transform technique. The results indicate that microwave heating effect depend on the concrete size, dielectric properties as well as microwave energy input. The temperature gradient was formed at the mortar-aggregate interface, which varied with the microwave heating parameters inputs. The analytical study will provide significant insight to promote the understanding of electric and temperature field in the two-layer composite concrete materials under microwave heating. Microwave ; Materials science ; Dielectric heating ; Mortar ; Poynting vector ; Dielectric ; Thermal ; Electric field ; Heat transfer ; Coupling (piping) ; Composite material ; Mechanics ; Optoelectronics ; Thermodynamics ; Magnetic field ; Physics Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Applications ; Advanced ceramic materials synthesis ; Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties
Authors: S. M. Kayser Azam | Jun Qiang Chan | Mohamadariff Othman | Wong Jee Keen Raymond | Hazlee Azil Illias | Tarik Abdul Latef | A. K. M. Zakir Hossain | Hamaskutty Vettikalladi | Ali M. Almuhlafi | Mohamed Himdi | Abd Karim Abd Rahman
Source: IEEE Access (article, 2024-01-01)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Electromagnetic Characteristics Interpretation of Partial Discharge Phenomena at Variable Distance in High-Voltage Systems Insulations at high voltage (HV), whether in HVAC or HVDC systems, often encounter an unwanted partial discharge (PD) phenomenon. PD poses a potential danger to HV insulation and can eventually lead to equipment failures. Out of all electromagnetic (EM) sensing techniques for PD diagnosis, the ultra-high frequency (UHF) method has gained popularity as it allows non-invasive detection at varying distances from PD defects. The EM behavior of PD is significantly affected by the distance between a PD defect and a UHF sensor. This effect varies for different PD defects under different HV conditions. So, considering variable distances, there is a need to analyze EM characteristics of different PD phenomena at different HV conditions. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, electromagnetic characteristics of different PD defects are experimentally investigated in this work by capturing PD signals from variable distances in both HVAC and HVDC conditions and individually validating their characteristics with EM radiation theories. For wirelessly capturing PD signals, a new UHF sensor is designed with a modified elliptical-shaped antenna on an FR-4 material. The fabricated sensor provides an average realized gain of about 3.66 dBi while covering more than 97% of the total UHF range for PD detection. Applying HVAC, HVDC+, and HVDC–, PDs from three defects (surface, void, free wire) are captured from 1–4 m distances. Interpreted results show that EM radiation in the UHF range from a PD defect is heavily impacted by its detection distance and defect formation despite applied voltage and other conditions being unchanged for the defect. This investigation is particularly beneficial to the variable distance-based PD diagnosis, such as PD localization and handheld PD detection at HVAC/HVDC open substations. Partial discharge ; Interpretation (philosophy) ; Variable (mathematics) ; Voltage ; Computer science ; Electrical engineering ; Mathematics ; Engineering ; Mathematical analysis High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena ; Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation ; Thermal Analysis in Power Transmission
Authors: Liang Zhong | Shengjie Yang | Yicheng Rong | Jiawei Qian | Lei Zhou | Jianlong Li | Zhengguo Sun
Source: Plants (article, 2024-03-14)
Field: Chemistry — Analytical Chemistry

Indirect Estimation of Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice Soil Using Spectral Techniques The rapid growth of industrialization and urbanization in China has led to an increase in soil heavy metal pollution, which poses a serious threat to ecosystem safety and human health. The advancement of spectral technology offers a way to rapidly and non-destructively monitor soil heavy metal content. In order to explore the potential of rice leaf spectra to indirectly estimate soil heavy metal content. We collected farmland soil samples and measured rice leaf spectra in Xushe Town, Yixing City, Jiangsu Province, China. In the laboratory, the heavy metals Cd and As were determined. In order to establish an estimation model between the pre-processed spectra and the soil heavy metals Cd and As content, a genetic algorithm (GA) was used to optimise the partial least squares regression (PLSR). The model's accuracy was evaluated and the best estimation model was obtained. The results showed that spectral pre-processing techniques can extract hidden information from the spectra. The first-order derivative of absorbance was more effective in extracting spectral sensitive information from rice leaf spectra. The GA-PLSR model selects only about 10% of the bands and has better accuracy in spectral modeling than the PLSR model. The spectral reflectance of rice leaves has the capacity to estimate Cd content in the soil (relative percent difference [RPD] = 2.09) and a good capacity to estimate As content in the soil (RPD = 2.97). Therefore, the content of the heavy metals Cd and As in the soil can be estimated indirectly from the spectral data of rice leaves. This study provides a reference for future remote sensing monitoring of soil heavy metal pollution in farmland that is quantitative, dynamic, and non-destructive over a large area. Partial least squares regression ; Environmental science ; Soil contamination ; Contamination ; Soil science ; Soil test ; Metal ; Soil water ; Mathematics ; Chemistry ; Statistics ; Ecology ; Biology Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses ; Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping ; Remote-Sensing Image Classification
Authors: Feng Yu | Ke Liu | Huan Zhou | Minjun Li | Huating Kong | Kunhao Zhang | Xing-Ya Wang | Weiwei Wang | Xu Qin | Pan Qiangyan | Zhijun Wang | Qisheng Wang
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation (article, 2024-01-19)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

<i>Finback</i>: a web-based data collection system at SSRF biological macromolecular crystallography beamlines An integrated computer software system for macromolecular crystallography (MX) data collection at the BL02U1 and BL10U2 beamlines of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility is described. The system, Finback, implements a set of features designed for the automated MX beamlines, and is marked with a user-friendly web-based graphical user interface (GUI) for interactive data collection. The Finback client GUI can run on modern browsers and has been developed using several modern web technologies including WebSocket, WebGL, WebWorker and WebAssembly. Finback supports multiple concurrent sessions, so on-site and remote users can access the beamline simultaneously. Finback also cooperates with the deployed experimental data and information management system, the relevant experimental parameters and results are automatically deposited to a database. Graphical user interface ; Computer science ; Beamline ; Software ; Interface (matter) ; User interface ; Data management ; Synchrotron radiation ; Web browser ; Data collection ; Set (abstract data type) ; Web application ; Database ; World Wide Web ; Operating system ; The Internet ; Programming language ; Physics ; Optics Enzyme Structure and Function ; Biochemical and Molecular Research ; Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Authors: Hao Lu | He Wang | Xiqiang Chang | Erbiao Zhou
Source: Physics of Fluids (article, 2024-02-01)
Field: Materials Science — Surfaces, Coatings and Films

Characteristics and mechanism of droplet bouncing on cross-ridge superhydrophobic surfaces: Simulations and theory The behaviors of droplets impinging on superhydrophobic surfaces have received much attention from industry and academia due to potential applications such as anti-icing, spray cooling, and self-cleaning. Previous studies have shown that the superhydrophobic surfaces can significantly reduce contact time and thus effectively suppress surface icing and condensation phenomena. In this paper, the bouncing behaviors of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces decorated with cross ridges were investigated using numerical simulations and theoretical analysis. The effect of cross-ridge structures with different pinch angles and droplets with different Weber numbers on droplet bouncing behaviors was investigated using the volume-of-fluid method. The results showed that the solid–liquid contact time was shortest when the angle between the two ridges was 75°. Compared to droplet bouncing on a smooth surface, the contact time was reduced by up to 30% for complete bouncing behaviors and up to 68% for broken bouncing behaviors. As the angle decreased, the ratio of spreading areas between child droplet sizes increased exponentially. The momentum of the smaller child droplet decreased until it was no longer generated. A theoretical analysis based on energy conservation was also performed. A theoretical equation was proposed to predict the maximum spreading coefficient. The maximum error was less than 10% for the experimental and numerical results compared to the predicted results. Ridge ; Contact angle ; Physics ; Mechanics ; Icing ; Condensation ; Momentum (technical analysis) ; Solid surface ; Surface (topology) ; Geometry ; Thermodynamics ; Chemical physics ; Meteorology ; Geology Surface Modification and Superhydrophobicity ; Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer ; Icing and De-icing Technologies
Authors: Khan Wali | Haris Ahmad Khan | Pietro Sica | E.J. van Henten | Erik Meers | Sander Brunn
Source: Heliyon (article, 2024-03-31)
Field: Chemistry — Analytical Chemistry

Application of fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy for quantification of nutrient contents and their plant availability in manure and digestate In this study, we assess the feasibility of using Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) to predict macro- and micro-nutrients in a diverse set of manures and digestates. Furthermore, the prediction capabilities of FTIR-PAS were assessed using a novel error tolerance-based interval method in view of the accuracy required for application in agricultural practices. Partial Least-Squares Regression (PLSR) was used to correlate the FTIR-PAS spectra with nutrient contents. The prediction results were then assessed with conventional assessment methods (root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup>, and the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD)). The results show the potential of FTIR-PAS to be used as a rapid analysis technique, with promising prediction results (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.91 and RPD >2.5) for all elements except for bicarbonate-extractable P, K, and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N (0.8 < R<sup>2</sup> < 0.9 and 2 < RPD <2.5). The results for nitrogen and phosphorus were further evaluated using the proposed error tolerance-based interval method. The probability of prediction for nitrogen within the allowed limit is calculated to be 94.6 % and for phosphorus 83.8 %. The proposed error tolerance-based interval method provides a better measure to decide if the FTIR-PAS in its current state could be used to meet the required accuracy in agriculture for the quantification of nutrient content in manure and digestate. Digestate ; Photoacoustic spectroscopy ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine ; Nutrient ; Environmental science ; Manure ; Analytical Chemistry (journal) ; Fourier transform spectroscopy ; Environmental chemistry ; Chemistry ; Agronomy ; Chemical engineering ; Engineering ; Optics ; Biology Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses ; Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research ; Soil Geostatistics and Mapping
Authors: Summer A J McLaughlin | James Mullaney | S. P. Littlefair
Source: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (article, 2024-03-12)
Field: Chemistry — Analytical Chemistry

Using Gaussian Processes to detect AGN flares ABSTRACT A key feature of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is their variability across all wavelengths. Typically, AGN vary by a few tenths of a magnitude or more over periods lasting from hours to years. By contrast, extreme variability of AGN – large luminosity changes that are a significant departure from the baseline variability – are known as AGN flares. These events are rare and their time-scales poorly constrained, with most of the literature focusing on individual events. It has been suggested that extreme AGN variability including flares can provide insights into the accretion processes in the disc. With surveys such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time promising millions of transient detections per night in the coming decade, there is a need for fast and efficient classification of AGN flares. The problem with the systematic detection of AGN flares is the requirement to detect them against a stochastically variable baseline; the ability to define a signal as a significant departure from the ever-present variability is a statistical challenge. Recently, Gaussian Processes have revolutionized the analysis of time-series data in many areas of astronomical research. They have, however, seen limited uptake within the field of transient detection and classification. Here, we investigate the efficacy of Gaussian Processes to detect AGN flares in both simulated and real optical light curves. We show that GP analysis can successfully detect AGN flares with a false-positive rate of less than seven per cent, and we present examples of AGN light curves that show extreme variability. Light curve ; Astrophysics ; Physics ; Active galactic nucleus ; Astronomy ; Galaxy Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses ; Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation ; Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
Authors: Przemyslaw Falak | Justin Ho-Tin Chan | James Williamson | Andrew Henning | Timothy Lee | Shahrzad Zahertar | Christopher Holmes | Martynas Beresna | Haydn Martin | Gilberto Brambilla | Xiangqian Jiang
Source: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement (article, 2024-01-01)
Field: Materials Science — Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials

An Ultracompact Metasurface and Specklemeter-Based Chromatic Confocal Sensor The development of ultra-compact lightweight optical instrumentation that can be used on-machine and to carry out in-process measurements is vital in realizing improved manufacturing processes, increasing the quality of parts being made while saving time and energy by reducing scrappage rates. Only incremental progress is being made in developing suitable instrumentation based on conventional components such as traditional refractive elements as fundamental limits in terms of size and weight are already reached. Here we demonstrate a chromatic confocal sensor that utilizes the natural chromatic aberration found with a basic hyperbolic metalens to realize an ultra-compact and simple probe. Further, we demonstrate how this can be combined with a compact specklemeter as the detection element, thus realizing the whole sensing system in a compact manner. Even with the proof-of-principle instrument in its preliminary and unoptimised state we achieve the successful recovery of the location of a scatterer as it is scanned over a 227 μm range, with a standard deviation of error in the position of 1.37 μm. Sensors of this form can be deployed in areas where traditional instrumentation would typically impede the manufacturing processes, increasing the number of processes that can have metrology applied directly and providing real-time feedback to improve manufacturing outcomes. Chromatic scale ; Optics ; Confocal ; Computer science ; Physics ; Optoelectronics ; Materials science Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications ; Optical and Acousto-Optic Technologies ; Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research
Authors: Kristine A. Tsantilas | Gennifer E. Merrihew | Julia Robbins | Richard S. Johnson | Jea Park | Deanna L. Plubell | Jesse D. Canterbury | Eric Huang | Michael Riffle | Vagisha Sharma | Brendan MacLean | Josh Eckels | Christine Wu | Michael S. Bereman | Sandra E. Spencer Miko | Andrew N. Hoofnagle | Michael J. MacCoss
Source: bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (preprint, 2024-04-13)
Field: Chemistry — Spectroscopy

A framework for quality control in quantitative proteomics A thorough evaluation of the quality, reproducibility, and variability of bottom-up proteomics data is necessary at every stage of a workflow from planning to analysis. We share vignettes applying adaptable quality control (QC) measures to assess sample preparation, system function, and quantitative analysis. System suitability samples are repeatedly measured longitudinally with targeted methods, and we share examples where they are used on three instrument platforms to identify severe system failures and track function over months to years. Internal QCs incorporated at protein and peptide-level allow our team to assess sample preparation issues and to differentiate system failures from sample-specific issues. External QC samples prepared alongside our experimental samples are used to verify the consistency and quantitative potential of our results during batch correction and normalization before assessing biological phenotypes. We combine these controls with rapid analysis (Skyline), longitudinal QC metrics (AutoQC), and server-based data deposition (PanoramaWeb). We propose that this integrated approach to QC is a useful starting point for groups to facilitate rapid quality control assessment to ensure that valuable instrument time is used to collect the best quality data possible. Data are available on Panorama Public and on ProteomeXchange under the identifier PXD051318. Quality (philosophy) ; Control (management) ; Computer science ; Quantitative proteomics ; Proteomics ; Chemistry ; Artificial intelligence ; Philosophy ; Epistemology Advanced Proteomics Techniques and Applications ; Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks ; Gene expression and cancer classification
Authors: Binbin Lu | Xiaofei Zang | Teng Zhang | Yiwen Zhou | Yefei Fu | Yiming Zhu | Songlin Zhuang
Source: Applied Physics Letters (article, 2024-03-18)
Field: Materials Science — Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials

Terahertz multi-foci metalens enabling high-accuracy intensity distributions and polarization-dependent images based on inverse design A multi-foci metalens can realize unprecedented functions (i.e., the large field of view and fully reconfigurable imaging) that are extremely challenging to achieve by conventional lenses. However, a traditional multi-foci metalens shows inhomogeneous/chaotical intensity distributions between multiple focal spots, which is a key challenge in metasurface design and limited for further applications. Herein, an inverse design method is proposed to automatically optimize the in-plane orientation (rather than the shape) of each meta-atom in terahertz multi-foci metalenses that can generate a plethora of focal spots with high-accuracy intensity distributions. The inverse design of multi-foci metalenses for generating circularly polarized and linearly polarized images (rather than holograms) with nearly homogeneous intensity distributions is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The robust approach for simultaneously and accurately modulating the amplitude, phase, polarization, and intensity distributions of terahertz waves to generate polarization-dependent images with high-accuracy intensity of each focal spot will open an avenue in developing compact imaging, face unlock, and motion sensing. Terahertz radiation ; Inverse ; Polarization (electrochemistry) ; Intensity (physics) ; Inverse problem ; Optics ; Materials science ; Optoelectronics ; Physics ; Chemistry ; Mathematics Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications ; Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies ; Terahertz technology and applications
Authors: Jin Zhang | Yu Zhang | Yong Chen | Xiaobo Rui | Yu Yao | Yu Wu | Jie Yang | Lei Qi
Source: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry (article, 2024-06-22)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Bubble thermodynamics in cryogenic fluids under ultrasonic field excitation: Theoretical analysis and numerical calculation In the study of cavitation in room-temperature fluids, the heat transfer between gas and liquid in bubble oscillation is usually assumed to be an adiabatic process for simplification. However, this heat transfer and thermodynamic mechanism is not yet understood in cryogenic fluids, especially under small amplitude oscillation conditions excited by ultrasonic field. This article studies bubble thermodynamic model under an external ultrasonic field based on the heat transfer equation for cryogenic fluids. The temperature changes inside bubbles are calculated, and the heat transfer mechanism is briefly analyzed. The results indicate that the heat transfer mechanism of bubbles depends on the relationship between ultrasonic frequency and bubble resonance frequency. By analyzing two special cases of dual-bubble and high-pressure environment, it is believed that heat transfer can be approximated as an adiabatic process under high-pressure conditions with ultrasonic frequency far from the resonance frequency. This conclusion can provide a theoretical basis for subsequent accurate calculation of heat-transfer polytropic coefficient, or void faction measurement in cryogenic two-phase flow. Bubble ; Adiabatic process ; Thermodynamics ; Heat transfer ; Cavitation ; Mechanics ; Ultrasonic sensor ; Sonochemistry ; Chemistry ; Materials science ; Physics ; Acoustics Ultrasound and Cavitation Phenomena ; Nuclear Physics and Applications ; Fluid Dynamics and Mixing