jablonkagroup/rise_ai_scientists huggingface dataset:
Authors: Qifeng Jiang | Ping Chen | Gao Bin
Source: Health (article, 2020-01-01)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

An Antibacterial Wound Dressing Based on GS-SF Composite Scaffold Although the treatment of burn wounds has made great progress, the incidence of wound infection is still the main cause of high mortality. In this study, a silk fibroin (SF) scaffold wound dressing incorporated with Gentamicin Sulfate (GS) was developed for the treatment of burn infected wounds, in which GS was used as anti-bacterial agent. GS was mixed with silk fibroin solution and then processed into GS-SF composite scaffold via electro-spinning. The results showed the scaffold exhibited uniform polyporous morphology with 80% porosity. Induced by methanol, the scaffold presented much improved mechanical properties and stability to protease XIV. More important, the scaffold presented significant growth inhibition on both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria. Fibroin ; Scaffold ; Gentamicin Sulfate ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Gentamicin ; Antibacterial activity ; Chemistry ; Microbiology ; Composite number ; Bacteria ; SILK ; Materials science ; Biomedical engineering ; Medicine ; Composite material ; Antibiotics ; Biology Silk-based biomaterials and applications ; Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications ; Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
Authors: Kevin G. Field | Mingren Shen | Caleb Massey | Kenneth C. Littrell | Dane Morgan
Source: Microscopy and Microanalysis (article, 2020-07-30)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Rapid Characterization Methods for Accelerated Innovation for Nuclear Fuel Cladding Cladding (metalworking) ; Characterization (materials science) ; Nuclear engineering ; Materials science ; Nuclear fuel ; Nanotechnology ; Metallurgy ; Engineering Nuclear Materials and Properties ; Nuclear reactor physics and engineering ; Nuclear and radioactivity studies
Authors: Mian Adnan Kakakhel | Fasi Wu | Wasim Sajjad | Qi Zhang | Ikram Khan | Kalim Ullah | Wanfu Wang
Source: Research Square (preprint, 2020-12-02)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Long-term Exposure of High Concentration Silver Nanoparticles Induced Toxicity, Fatality, Bioaccumulation, and Histological Alteration in Common Carp Fish (Cyprinus carpio) Cyprinus ; Bioaccumulation ; Common carp ; Fish <Actinopterygii> ; Carp ; Toxicity ; Toxicology ; Biology ; Fishery ; Zoology ; Environmental chemistry ; Chemistry Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications ; Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology ; Mercury impact and mitigation studies
Authors: Runyu Wang | Daming Dong | Zengtao Ji | Leizi Jiao
Source: E3S Web of Conferences (article, 2020-01-01)
Field: Chemistry — Spectroscopy

Research on method for high sensitive detection of harmful gases in livestock houses based on laser absorption spectrum Harmful gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in livestock and poultry houses can seriously damage the health of livestock and poultry as well as animal keepers, so it is great significant to detect these harmful gases rapidly and accurately for the improvement of the welfare of animals and the health of animal keepers. Laser absorption spectroscopy is a gas detection method with the advantages of high sensitivity and selectivity, and is widely used in industrial gas detection. However, it needs further exploring to verify whether laser absorption spectroscopy is useful in detecting low concentration harmful gases in livestock and poultry houses. This paper researches on the method for high-sensitivity detection of harmful gases in livestock and poultry houses based on laser absorption spectroscopy by detecting the absorption signals of ammonia with a self-designed system including a tunable laser wavelength scanning system, a photoelectric detecting system and a long light path gas absorption well, and verifies that laser absorption spectroscopy can be used for detecting harmful gases in livestock and poultry houses. Livestock ; Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy ; Absorption (acoustics) ; Hydrogen sulfide ; Laser ; Spectroscopy ; Environmental science ; Absorption spectroscopy ; Materials science ; Hydrogen sulphide ; Optoelectronics ; Tunable laser ; Wavelength ; Optics ; Geography ; Physics Spectroscopy and Laser Applications ; Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies ; Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting
Authors: Jesse Ross-Jones | Tobias Teumer | Susann Wunsch | Lukas Petri | Hermann Nirschl | Mathias J. Krause | Frank‐Jürgen Methner | Matthias Rädle
Source: Micromachines (article, 2020-09-30)
Field: Chemistry — Spectroscopy

Feasibility Study for a Chemical Process Particle Size Characterization System for Explosive Environments Using Low Laser Power The industrial particle sensor market lacks simple, easy to use, low cost yet robust, safe and fast response solutions. Towards development of such a sensor, for in-line use in micro channels under continuous flow conditions, this work introduces static light scattering (SLS) determination of particle diameter using a laser with an emission power of less than 5 µW together with sensitive detectors with detection times of 1 ms. The measurements for the feasibility studies are made in an angular range between 20° and 160° in 2° increments. We focus on the range between 300 and 1000 nm, for applications in the production of paints, colors, pigments and crystallites. Due to the fast response time, reaction characteristics in microchannel designs for precipitation and crystallization processes can be studied. A novel method for particle diameter characterization is developed using the positions of maxima and minima and slope distribution. The novel algorithm to classify particle diameter is especially developed to be independent of dispersed phase concentration or concentration fluctuations like product flares or signal instability. Measurement signals are post processed and particle diameters are validated against Mie light scattering simulations. The design of a low cost instrument for industrial use is proposed. Materials science ; Particle (ecology) ; Optics ; Particle size ; Detector ; Particle-size distribution ; Light scattering ; Explosive material ; Laser ; Range (aeronautics) ; Characterization (materials science) ; Scattering ; Nanotechnology ; Physics ; Engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemical engineering ; Composite material Spectroscopy and Laser Applications ; Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies ; Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
Authors: Federico Stilo | Chiara Cordero | Carlo Bicchi | Daniela Peroni | Qingping Tao | Stephen E. Reichenbach
Source: Journal of Visualized Experiments (article, 2020-09-02)
Field: Chemistry — Spectroscopy

Chromatographic Fingerprinting by Template Matching for Data Collected by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Data processing and evaluation are critical steps of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC), particularly when coupled to mass spectrometry. The rich information encrypted in the data may be highly valuable but difficult to access efficiently. Data density and complexity can lead to long elaboration times and require laborious, analyst-dependent procedures. Effective yet accessible data processing tools, therefore, are key to enabling the spread and acceptance of this advanced multidimensional technique in laboratories for daily use. The data analysis protocol presented in this work uses chromatographic fingerprinting and template matching to achieve the goal of highly automated deconstruction of complex two-dimensional chromatograms into individual chemical features for advanced recognition of informative patterns within individual chromatograms and across sets of chromatograms. The protocol delivers high consistency and reliability with little intervention. At the same time, analyst supervision is possible in a variety of settings and constraint functions that can be customized to provide flexibility and capacity to adapt to different needs and goals. Template matching is shown here to be a powerful approach to explore extra-virgin olive oil volatilome. Cross-alignment of peaks is performed not only for known targets, but also for untargeted compounds, which significantly increases the characterization power for a wide range of applications. Examples are presented to evidence the performance for the classification and comparison of chromatographic patterns from sample sets analyzed under similar conditions. Computer science ; Protocol (science) ; Data mining ; Consistency (knowledge bases) ; Flexibility (engineering) ; Matching (statistics) ; Reliability (semiconductor) ; Pattern recognition (psychology) ; Artificial intelligence ; Power (physics) ; Mathematics ; Statistics Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography ; Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies ; Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
Authors: V. R. Viljakainen | L. A. Hug
Source: bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (preprint, 2020-05-09)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

The phylogenetic and global distribution of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate bioplastic degrading genes Summary Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a family of microbially-made polyesters commercialized as biodegradable plastics. PHA production rates are predicted to increase as concerns around environmental plastic contamination and limited fossil fuel resources have increased the importance of biodegradable and bio-based plastic alternatives. Microbially-produced PHA depolymerases are the key enzymes mediating PHA biodegradation, but only a few PHA depolymerases have been well-characterized and screens employing metagenomic sequence data are lacking. Here, we used 3,078 metagenomes to analyze the distribution of PHA depolymerases in microbial communities from diverse aquatic, terrestrial and waste management systems. We significantly expand the recognized diversity of this protein family by screening 1,914 Gb of sequence data and identifying 13,869 putative PHA depolymerases in 1,295 metagenomes. Our results indicate that PHA depolymerases are unevenly distributed across environments. We predicted the highest frequency of PHA depolymerases in wastewater systems and the lowest in marine and thermal springs. In tandem, we screened 5,290 metagenome-assembled genomes to describe the phylogenetic distribution of PHA depolymerases, which is substantially broader compared to current cultured representatives. The Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota are key lineages encoding PHA depolymerases, but PHA depolymerases were predicted from members of the Bdellovibrionota, Methylomirabilota, Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes, Spirochaetota, Desulfobacterota, Myxococcota and Planctomycetota. Originality/Significance Statement Biodegradable plastics like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a hot topic, following ubiquitous environmental plastic contamination, government bans on single-use plastics, and a growing need for sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. Understanding the microbial conversion of PHAs in the environment and finding biomolecular tools that can act on PHAs is increasingly important as PHAs grow in popularity. In this study, we screened thousands of metagenomes and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) to substantially increase the recognized diversity of PHA depolymerases, the key enzymes mediating PHA biodegradation. We use datasets from seven continents to provide a global summary of the distribution of PHA depolymerase genes in natural environments and waste-management systems. In tandem, we increase the number of described phylum-level lineages with PHA biodegradation potential. This work contributes a new understanding of the phylogenetic and environmental distribution of PHA depolymerases. Polyhydroxyalkanoates ; Bioplastic ; Metagenomics ; Phylogenetic tree ; Phylogenetic diversity ; Genome ; Phylogenetics ; Strain (injury) ; Organism biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties ; Microplastics and Plastic Pollution ; Polymer crystallization and properties
Authors: Zhi-Yuan Si | Xian–Xu Bai | Li-Jun Qian
Source: Materials (article, 2020-06-05)
Field: Materials Science — Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials

Asymmetric Hysteresis Modeling Approach Featuring “Inertial System + Shape Function” for Magnetostrictive Actuators Hysteresis of the actuators based on magnetostrictive materials influences the control performance of the application systems. It is of importance and significance to establish an effective hysteresis model for the magnetostrictive actuators for precision engineering. In this paper, based on the analysis of the Duhem model, a first-order inertial system with hysteresis characteristic under harmonic input is used to describe the hysteresis caused by the inertia of the magnetic domains of magnetostrictive materials. Shape function is employed to describe the pinning of domain walls, the interactions of different magnetic domains of magnetostrictive materials, and the saturation properties of the hysteresis. Specifically, under an architecture of "inertial system + shape function" (ISSF-Duhem model), firstly a new hysteresis model is proposed for magnetostrictive actuators. The formulation of the inertial system is constructed based on its general expression, which is capable of describing the hysteresis characteristics of magnetostrictive actuators. Then, the developed models with a Grompertz function-based shape function, a modified hyperbolic tangent function-based shape function employing an exponential function as an offset function, a one-sided dead-zone operator-based shape function are compared with each other, and further compared with the classic modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii model with a one-sided dead-zone operator. Sequentially, feasibility and capability of the proposed hysteresis model are verified and evaluated by describing and predicting the hysteresis characteristics of a commercial magnetostrictive actuator. Magnetostriction ; Hysteresis ; Actuator ; Control theory (sociology) ; Describing function ; Saturation (graph theory) ; Materials science ; Physics ; Computer science ; Nonlinear system ; Magnetic field ; Mathematics ; Condensed matter physics Magnetic Properties and Applications ; Piezoelectric Actuators and Control ; Electric Motor Design and Analysis
Authors: Melisa Lázaro | Roberto Melero | Charlotte Huet | Jorge P. López‐Alonso | Sandra Delgado | Alexandra Dodu | Eduardo M. Bruch | Luciano A. Abriata | Pedro M. Alzari | Mikel Valle | María‐Natalia Lisa
Source: bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (preprint, 2020-11-15)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

3D architecture and structural flexibility revealed in the subfamily of large glutamate dehydrogenases by a mycobacterial enzyme Summary Glutamate dehydrogenases (GDHs) are widespread metabolic enzymes that play key roles in nitrogen homeostasis. Large glutamate dehydrogenases composed of 180 kDa subunits (L-GDHs 180 ) contain long N- and C-terminal segments flanking the catalytic core. Despite the relevance of L-GDHs 180 in bacterial physiology, the lack of structural data for these enzymes has limited the progress of functional studies. Here we show that the mycobacterial L-GDH 180 (mL-GDH 180 ) adopts a quaternary structure that is radically different from that of related low molecular weight enzymes. Intersubunit contacts in mL-GDH 180 involve a C-terminal domain that we propose as a new fold and a flexible N-terminal segment comprising ACT-like and PAS-type domains that could act as metabolic sensors for allosteric regulation. These findings uncover unique aspects of the structure-function relationship in the subfamily of L-GDHs. Enzyme ; Allosteric regulation ; Biochemistry ; Subfamily ; Biology ; Glutamate dehydrogenase ; Protein subunit ; Glutamate receptor ; Receptor ; Gene Enzyme Structure and Function ; Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism ; Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Authors: A. Colleen Crouch | Emily A. Thompson | Mark D. Pagel | Erik N. K. Cressman
Source: Journal of Clinical and Translational Science (article, 2020-06-01)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

4081 Quantifying pH buffering capacity and kinetics of tumor and healthy tissue to understand and exploit differences in biology OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The purpose of this work is to investigate natural buffering capacity of liver tissue and tumors, to understand and exploit differences for therapy. Using this work, we will determine the concentrations of reagents (acids or bases) used in ablation treatment to optimize treatment by increasing tumor toxicity and minimizing healthy tissue toxicity. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: For this preliminary study, two methods will be used: benchtop pH experiments ex vivo and non-invasive imaging using acidoCEST MRI in vivo . For ex vivo , two types of tissues will be tested: non-cancerous liver and tumor tissue from HepG2 inoculated mice (n = 10). After mice are euthanized, pH will be measured in tissue homogenates at baseline and then the homogenates will be placed in either acidic (acetic acid) or basic (sodium hydroxide) solutions with varied concentrations (0.5–10M) and time recorded until pH returns to baseline. For in vivo imaging, Mia PaCA-2 flank model mice (n = 10) will be imaged with acidoCEST MRI to quantify pH at baseline. Mice will then be injected intratumorally with (up to 100 μL of) acid or base at increasing concentrations and imaged to quantify pH changes in the tumor. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: For this study, buffering capacity is defined as the concentration threshold for which tissue can buffer pH back to within normal range. Non-cancerous tissue is likely to buffer a wider range of concentrations compared to tumor tissue. From the benchtop experiment, comparison of time-to-buffer will be made for each concentration of acid/base for the two tissue types. AcidoCEST MRI will provide in vivo buffering capacity and potentially demonstrate tumor heterogeneity of buffering capacity. For both experiments, a pH vs. concentration curve for the two tissue types will allow for comparison of ex vivo to in vivo experiments, which will differentiate contributions of local tissue buffering capacity from the full body’s natural bicarbonate buffer system that depends on respiration and blood flow. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The pH of the body must be maintained within a narrow range. With cancer, impairment in regulation of tumor metabolism causes acidosis, lowering extracellular pH in tumors. It remains unclear if pH plays a role in local recurrence or tumor toxicity. This work will determine if acidoCEST MRI can measure deliberate alteration of pH and how this change affects biology. In vivo ; Ex vivo ; Population ; Reagent ; Liver tissue ; Toxicity ; Chemistry ; Biomedical engineering ; Biology ; Medicine ; Internal medicine Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes ; Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism ; Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Authors: Sandhya Susarla | Sujit Das | Weichuan Huang | Colin Ophus | Peter Ercius | R. Ramesh
Source: Microscopy and Microanalysis (article, 2020-07-30)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Atomic Resolution Crystal Field Splitting Mapping in Polar Vortices Oxide Superlattices 2] To some extent, the chiral nature of the polar vortices has been probed using X-Ray circular dichroism (XCD) but the lack of spatial resolution still limits the measurement to a certain extent. lectron energy near edge spectroscopy (ELNES) allows us to probe the K, L and M edges of transition metals; giving information about the spin-orbit coupling and crystal field splitting. With the continuously changing polarization in vortices, ELNES provides an ideal platform to study local electronic structure changes. Measuring spin-orbit coupling and crystal field splitting requires STEM-EELS mapping at atomic resolution with extremely high signal to noise. Polar ; Superlattice ; Vortex ; Oxide ; Materials science ; Crystal (programming language) ; Field (mathematics) ; Resolution (logic) ; Action (physics) ; Physics ; Optoelectronics ; Meteorology ; Computer science ; Metallurgy ; Quantum mechanics Electronic and Structural Properties of Oxides ; Magnetic and transport properties of perovskites and related materials ; Advanced Condensed Matter Physics
Authors: N. Gokarneshan
Source: Journal of Textile Science & Fashion Technology (article, 2020-06-17)
Field: Materials Science — Polymers and Plastics

Acoustic Behaviour of Nonwovens The article reviews the acoustic properties of nonwoven fabrics. sound absorption coefficients (SACs) of needle-punched and thermal-bonded nonwovens produced from polyester (PET) fibers with various cross sections, i.e., hollow, round and hexaflower, blended with a low melt PET, was reported. Efforts have been taken to develop relatively lightweight and fibrous acoustic webs. Nonwoven webs that contain bicomponent filaments with islands-in-the-sea cross sections were produced by spun bonding, which involves the extrusion of sea and island polymer melts through dies, cooling and attenuating the bicomponent filaments by high-velocity air streams. Nylon 6 and polyethylene were used as the island and sea polymers, respectively. Materials science ; Polyester ; Composite material ; Polyethylene terephthalate ; Extrusion ; Polymer ; Polyethylene Textile materials and evaluations ; Material Properties and Processing ; Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research
Authors: Eleonora Iaccheri | Annachiara Berardinelli | Claudio Ciavatta | Luigi Ragni
Source: Journal of Agricultural Engineering (article, 2020-10-13)
Field: Chemistry — Analytical Chemistry

Rapid assessment of fertilizers manufacturing methods by means of a novel waveguide vector spectrometer This study aims to test the suitability of a waveguide spectrometer, as a rapid and cheap tool to discriminate between different fertilizers according to two different manufacturing methods, such as granulation and blending. The tested instrument is a waveguide vector spectrometer, patented in 2016, that operates in the range 1.6-2.7 GHz, giving both spectral phase and gain measurements. Granulated and blended fertilizers were dehydrated and pulverized to avoid possible interferences due to the water content and the geometry of the sample. The spectral data were analysed by multivariate statistical analysis [principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)] in order to obtain a discrimination tool considering the whole hidden spectral information. PC1 (95% of the explained variance) and PC2 (4% of the explained variance) are shown to explain most of the spectral variability. A tendency to group samples according to the different production methods can be seen, even if the discrimination is influenced by the different chemical compositions of fertilizers. However, PLS-DA models correctly classified 100% of the samples into granulated and blended classes using spectra obtained by waveguide spectroscopy. Despite being preliminary, the tests carried out on a small number of samples show how the technique coupled with PLS-DA models could be able to discriminate between the analysed fertilizers by means of their spectral signature and according to the manufacturing method, if the chemical composition is kept constant. Further tests are necessary to validate the model, also considering the possibility of grouping fertilizers on the basis of their similar composition. Principal component analysis ; Spectrometer ; Partial least squares regression ; Linear discriminant analysis ; Mathematics ; Chemometrics ; Multivariate statistics ; Near-infrared spectroscopy ; Biological system ; Statistics ; Multivariate analysis of variance ; Analytical Chemistry (journal) ; Computer science ; Pattern recognition (psychology) ; Process engineering ; Chemistry ; Artificial intelligence ; Engineering ; Optics ; Physics ; Chromatography ; Machine learning Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses ; Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies ; Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research