jablonkagroup/rise_ai_scientists huggingface dataset:
Authors: Yanying Wu | Yi‐Lin Wu | Cheng‐Lan Lin | Hung-Cheng Chen | Yao‐Yuan Chuang | Chih‐Hsien Chen | Chih‐Ming Chou
Source: Organic Letters (article, 2023-08-25)
Field: Chemistry — Organic Chemistry

Butterfly-Shaped Dibenz[<i>a</i>,<i>j</i>]anthracenes: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties A strategy for the synthesis of dibenz[<i>a</i>,<i>j</i>]anthracenes (DBAs) from cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1-carboxylic acids is presented. Our approach involves sequential C-H olefination, cycloaddition, and decarboxylative aromatization. In the key step for DBA skeleton construction, the bis-C-H olefination products, 1,3-dienes, are utilized as substrates for [4 + 2] cycloaddition with benzyne. This concise synthetic route allows for regioselective ring formation and functional group introduction. The structural features and photophysical properties of the resulting DBA molecules are discussed. Cycloaddition ; Aryne ; Chemistry ; Regioselectivity ; Aromatization ; Ring (chemistry) ; Diene ; Molecule ; Stereochemistry ; Combinatorial chemistry ; Organic chemistry ; Catalysis Cyclization and Aryne Chemistry ; Synthesis and Properties of Aromatic Compounds ; Photochromic and Fluorescence Chemistry
Authors: Haiwei He | Huang Nian | Zhiwen Qiu | Lei He | Jiahao Guo | Mingjuan Xu | Wěi Li
Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology (article, 2023-08-01)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

Effects of polymer terminal group inside micelle core on paclitaxel loading promoting and burst release suppressing The results indicated that the hydrophobic end group Phen on the core-forming blocks can promote hydrophobic drug loading and suppress burst release. Medicine ; Paclitaxel ; Core (optical fiber) ; Micelle ; Polymer ; Pharmacology ; Surgery ; Organic chemistry ; Composite material ; Chemotherapy Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery ; Advanced Polymer Synthesis and Characterization ; Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Li Zhou | Yuanyuan An | Jialong Ma | Guoxiu Hao | Zhehui Li | Junchen Chen | Lien‐Yang Chou
Source: Chemical Science (article, 2023-01-01)
Field: Chemistry — Inorganic Chemistry

A highly efficient synthetic strategy for <i>de novo</i> NP encapsulation into metal–organic frameworks: enabling further modulated control of catalytic properties <i>De novo</i> encapsulation is a prevalent method to prepare composite materials where the structure-tunable metal nanoparticles (NPs) are holistically coated with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). This method has been demonstrated to have promise in various fields but the extensive application of this approach is still challenging. This study proposed, for the first time, leveraging a specific surface-energy-dominated (SED) mechanism to achieve a highly efficient synthetic strategy for <i>de novo</i> NP encapsulation. The generality of this strategy is proved in applying to various MOFs, reaction conditions and the use of capping agents. By applying the strategy, Pd NPs with different morphologies are encapsulated in UiO-67, which is prone to self-assembly without coating, and an interesting enhancement is investigated in the selective semihydrogenation of alkynes on different Pd surfaces. These results demonstrate that the control of surface energy is a feasible method for efficient NP encapsulation which sheds light on the rational design of MOF-based composites for future applications. Encapsulation (networking) ; Metal-organic framework ; Catalysis ; Nanotechnology ; Chemistry ; Combinatorial chemistry ; Materials science ; Computer science ; Organic chemistry ; Adsorption Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications ; Machine Learning in Materials Science ; MXene and MAX Phase Materials
Authors: Elmira Ghanbari | Zi-An Chen | Pooja Padmanabhan | Stephen J. Picken | Jan H. van Esch
Source: Langmuir (article, 2023-07-26)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

Supramolecular Arrangement and Rheological Properties of Bisamide Gels We report a systematic study of the gelation behavior of <i>n</i>BA gelators in xylene, with odd and even <i>n</i>-methylene spacers between the amide groups (<i>n</i> = 5-10) and 17 carbons at each end. The melting temperatures (<i>T</i><sub>m</sub><sup>0</sup>) of <i>n</i>BA gels are obtained from fitting our DSC<sub>N</sub>(T) model to the experimental DSC data. The found <i>T</i><sub>m</sub><sup>0</sup> of <i>n</i>BA gels is about 35 °C lower than <i>T</i><sub>m</sub><sup>0</sup> of the pure <i>n</i>BA gelators. This is reasonably well explained by a simple model combining theories of Flory-Huggins and Gibbs free energy of melting (FHM model). We attribute this depression to an increase in entropy upon melting of the gel due to mixing with the solvent. The odd-even alternation in <i>T</i><sub>m</sub><sup>0</sup> of <i>n</i>BA gels, which was also found for the <i>n</i>BA gelators, indicates that the solid structures inside the gels are somewhat similar. This was studied using XRD: similar 00<i>l</i> reflections were found in the XRD patterns of all <i>n</i>BA gels and their <i>n</i>BA gelators. For even <i>n</i>BA gels, the same reflections in the 19-25° (2θ) region confirm that the sheetlike supramolecular structure of the gels is analogous to the lamellar structure of the solid gelators. For odd <i>n</i>BA gels, a slight difference in the reflections around 20-25° (2θ) implies a somewhat different side-by-side packing of odd <i>n</i>BA gels compared to the solid state. This variation is found for all the odd gels, and indeed, they show distinctly different morphologies compared to the even <i>n</i>BA gels. The possible effect of this on the rheological properties is discussed using some inspiration from the Halpin-Tsai model for composites where <i>n</i>BA gels are considered to be analogous to composite materials. The change of the storage modulus (<i>G</i>') with the shape factor of woven fibers and sheets in <i>n</i>BA gels (20 wt %) indicates that a rheological odd-even effect might indeed be present. Lamellar structure ; Crystallography ; Rheology ; Solvent ; Chemistry ; Supramolecular chemistry ; Thermodynamics ; Materials science ; Chemical engineering ; Polymer chemistry ; Crystal structure ; Organic chemistry ; Physics Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials ; Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior ; Polydiacetylene-based materials and applications
Authors: Inna O. Lebedeva | Ekaterina B. Zhulina | Oleg V. Borisov
Source: Colloid & Polymer Science (article, 2023-03-18)
Field: Chemistry — Organic Chemistry

Polymorphism of self-assembled colloidal nanostructures of comblike and bottlebrush block copolymers Copolymer ; Self-assembly ; Polymersome ; Micelle ; Side chain ; Nanostructure ; Materials science ; Monomer ; Polymerization ; Polymer ; Template ; Polymer chemistry ; Morphology (biology) ; Polymer science ; Nanotechnology ; Chemical engineering ; Chemistry ; Amphiphile ; Organic chemistry ; Composite material ; Aqueous solution Advanced Polymer Synthesis and Characterization ; Polymer Surface Interaction Studies ; Block Copolymer Self-Assembly
Authors: Clement Owusu Prempeh | Ingo Hartmann | Steffi Formann | Manfred Eiden | Katja Neubauer | Hanan Atia | Alexander Wotzka | Sebastian Wohlrab | Michael Nelles
Source: Nanomaterials (article, 2023-04-24)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Comparative Study of Commercial Silica and Sol-Gel-Derived Porous Silica from Cornhusk for Low-Temperature Catalytic Methane Combustion The synthesis and characterization of sol-gel-derived cornhusk support for low-temperature catalytic methane combustion (LTCMC) were investigated in this study. The prepared cornhusk support was impregnated with palladium and cerium oxide (Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>) via the classical incipient wetness method. The resulting catalyst was characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), N<sub>2</sub> physisorption (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H<sub>2</sub>-TPR). The catalytic performance of the Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>/CHSiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst was evaluated for methane combustion in the temperature range of 150-600 °C using a temperature-controlled catalytic flow reactor, and its performance was compared with a commercial catalyst. The results showed that the Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub> dispersed on SiO<sub>2</sub> from the cornhusk ash support (Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>/CHSiO<sub>2</sub>) catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity for methane combustion, with a conversion of 50% at 394 °C compared with 593 °C for the commercial silica catalyst (Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>/commercial). Moreover, the Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>/CHSiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst displayed better catalytic stability after 10 h on stream, with a 7% marginal loss in catalytic activity compared with 11% recorded for the Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>/commercial catalyst. The N<sub>2</sub> physisorption and H<sub>2</sub>-TPR results indicated that the cornhusk SiO<sub>2</sub> support possessed a higher surface area and strong reducibility than the synthesized commercial catalyst, contributing to the enhanced catalytic activity of the Pd/CeO<sub>2</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst. Overall, the SiO<sub>2</sub> generated from cornhusk ash exhibited promising potential as a low-cost and environmentally friendly support for LTCMC catalysts. Methane ; Combustion ; Catalysis ; Porosity ; Silica gel ; Materials science ; Chemical engineering ; Porous medium ; Catalytic combustion ; Waste management ; Chemistry ; Composite material ; Organic chemistry ; Engineering Catalytic Processes in Materials Science ; Coal and Its By-products ; Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Authors: Chaoyi Yao | Hongyu Lin | Brian Daly | Ze-Qing Chen | Hannah S. N. Crory | H. Q. Nimal Gunaratne | Eric V. Anslyn | A. Prasanna de Silva
Source: Organic Chemistry Frontiers (article, 2023-01-01)
Field: Chemistry — Spectroscopy

Shape-shifting <i>p</i>-cyclophanes as portals to switching, sensing, delivery and logic operations in water Switchable cyclophanes allow capture/release of guests to control their properties. Chemistry Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection ; Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials ; Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
Authors: Dustin Britton | Jakub Legocki | Orlando Aristizábal | Orin Mishkit | Chengliang Liu | Sihan Jia | P. Douglas Renfrew | Richard Bonneau | Youssef Zaim Wadghiri | Jin Kim Montclare
Source: ACS Applied Nano Materials (article, 2023-11-06)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

Protein-Engineered Fibers For Drug Encapsulation Traceable via <sup>19</sup>F Magnetic Resonance Theranostic materials research is experiencing rapid growth driven by the interest in integrating both therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. These materials offer the unique capability to not only provide treatment but also track the progression of a disease. However, to create an ideal theranostic biomaterial without compromising drug encapsulation, diagnostic imaging must be optimized for improved sensitivity and spatial localization. Herein, we create a protein-engineered fluorinated coiled-coil fiber, Q2<sub>TFL</sub>, capable of improved sensitivity to <sup>19</sup>F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) detection. Leveraging residue-specific noncanonical amino acid incorporation of trifluoroleucine (TFL) into the coiled-coil, Q2, which self-assembles into nanofibers, we generate Q2<sub>TFL</sub>. We demonstrate that fluorination results in a greater increase in thermostability and <sup>19</sup>F magnetic resonance detection compared to the nonfluorinated parent, Q2. Q2<sub>TFL</sub> also exhibits linear ratiometric <sup>19</sup>F MRS thermoresponsiveness, allowing it to act as a temperature probe. Furthermore, we explore the ability of Q2<sub>TFL</sub> to encapsulate the anti-inflammatory small molecule, curcumin (CCM), and its impact on the coiled-coil structure. Q2<sub>TFL</sub> also provides hyposignal contrast in <sup>1</sup>H MRI, echogenic signal with high-frequency ultrasound and sensitive detection by <sup>19</sup>F MRS <i>in vivo</i> illustrating fluorination of coiled-coils for supramolecular assembly and their use with <sup>1</sup>H MRI, <sup>19</sup>F MRS and high frequency ultrasound as multimodal theranostic agents. Materials science ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Biomedical engineering ; Nuclear magnetic resonance ; Nanotechnology ; Ultrasound ; Coiled coil ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry ; Radiology ; Engineering Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials ; Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications ; Connective tissue disorders research
Authors: Siyu Li | Joeri Opdam | Leendert G.J. van der Ven | Remco Tuinier | A. Catarina C. Esteves
Source: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (article, 2023-05-10)
Field: Materials Science — Surfaces, Coatings and Films

What is the role of PEO chains in the assembly of core-corona supraparticles in aqueous dispersions? Hypothesis The assembly of core-corona supraparticles in aqueous dispersions has been regularly assisted by auxiliary monomers/oligomers which modify the individual particles with, e.g., surface grafting of polyethylene oxide (PEO) chains or other hydrophilic monomers. However, this modification complicates the preparation and purification procedures and increases potential upscaling efforts. Hybrid polymer-silica core-corona supracolloids could be more simply assembled if the PEO chains from surfactants, typically used by default as polymer stabilizers, concomitantly act as assembly promotors. The supracolloids assembly could therefore be more easily achieved without requiring particles functionalization or post-purification steps. Methods The self-assembly of supracolloidal particles prepared with PEO-surfactant stabilized (Triton X-405) and/or PEO-grafted polymer particles is compared to differentiate the roles of the PEO chains in the assembly of core-corona supraparticles. Using time-resolved dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy(cryo-TEM), the effect of concentration of PEO chains (from surfactant) on the kinetics and dynamics of supracolloids assembly is investigated. Self-consistent field (SCF) lattice theory was used to numerically study the distribution of PEO chains at the interfaces present in the supracolloidal dispersions. Findings The PEO based surfactant can be used as assembly promoter of core-corona hybrid supracolloids due to its amphiphilic nature and via establishing hydrophobic interactions. The concentration of the PEO surfactant, and especially the PEO chains distribution over the different interfaces, crucially affect the supracolloids assembly. A simplified pathway for preparing hybrid supracolloidal particles with a well-controlled corona coverage over polymer cores is presented. Polymer ; Pulmonary surfactant ; Chemical engineering ; Dynamic light scattering ; Materials science ; Amphiphile ; Monomer ; Aqueous solution ; Surface modification ; Self-assembly ; Corona (planetary geology) ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Nanoparticle ; Copolymer ; Polymer chemistry ; Nanotechnology ; Chemistry ; Organic chemistry ; Composite material Polymer Surface Interaction Studies ; Pickering emulsions and particle stabilization ; Surfactants and Colloidal Systems
Authors: Vadim Sedov | Artem Martyanov | Ivan Tiazhelov | Alexey M. Romshin | Dmitrii G. Pasternak | К. Н. Болдырев | V. S. Krivobok | Sergey Savin | P. A. Pivovarov | Miloš Nesládek | Victor Ralchenko
Source: Diamond and Related Materials (article, 2023-07-14)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Formation of Ge-V color centers in poly- and monocrystalline CVD diamond: A comparative study Diamond ; Chemical vapor deposition ; Germanium ; Materials science ; Photoluminescence ; Optoelectronics ; Luminescence ; Germane ; Material properties of diamond ; Raman spectroscopy ; Monocrystalline silicon ; Silicon ; Optics ; Metallurgy Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research ; Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies ; Nonlinear Optical Materials Studies
Authors: Jaewook An | Jihye Oh | Uma Kurakula | Dong Hee Lee | Aditya Choudhury | Eunji Lee | Raghavender Medishetty | In‐Hyeok Park
Source: Nanomaterials (article, 2023-08-12)
Field: Chemistry — Inorganic Chemistry

Solid-State Structural Transformation in Zn(II) Metal–Organic Frameworks in a Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Fashion Solid-state structural transformation is an interesting methodology used to prepare various metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that are challenging to prepare in direct synthetic procedures. On the other hand, solid-state [2 + 2] photoreactions are distinctive methodologies used for light-driven solid-state transformations. Meanwhile, most of these photoreactions explored are quantitative in nature, in addition to them being <i>stereo</i>-selective and <i>regio</i>-specific in manner. In this work, we successfully synthesized two photoreactive novel binuclear Zn(II) MOFs, [Zn<sub>2</sub>(spy)<sub>2</sub>(tdc)<sub>2</sub>] (<b>1</b>) and [Zn<sub>2</sub>(spy)<sub>4</sub>(tdc)<sub>2</sub>] (<b>2</b>) (where spy = 4-styrylpyridine and tdc = 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate) with different secondary building units. Both MOFs are interdigitated in nature and are 2D and 1D frameworks, respectively. Both the compounds showed 100% and 50% photoreaction upon UV irradiation, as estimated from the structural analysis for <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, respectively. This light-driven transformation resulted in the formation of 3D, [Zn<sub>2</sub>(<i>rctt</i>-ppcb)(tdc)<sub>2</sub>] (<b>3</b>), and 2D, [Zn<sub>2</sub>(spy)<sub>2</sub>(<i>rctt</i>-ppcb)(tdc)<sub>2</sub>] (<b>4</b>) (where <i>rctt</i> = <i>regio, cis, trans, trans</i>; ppcb = 1,3-bis(4'-pyridyl)-2,4-bis(phenyl)cyclobutane), respectively. These solid-state structural transformations were observed as an interesting post-synthetic modification. Overall, we successfully transformed novel lower-dimensional frameworks into higher-dimensional materials using a solid-state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction. Solid-state ; Metal-organic framework ; Single crystal ; Cyclobutane ; Metal ; Chemistry ; Crystallography ; Transformation (genetics) ; Materials science ; Nanotechnology ; Ring (chemistry) ; Physical chemistry ; Organic chemistry Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications ; Magnetism in coordination complexes ; Polyoxometalates: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Juan Carlos Pérez‐Sánchez | Raquel P. Herrera | M. Concepción Gimeno
Source: Chemistry - A European Journal (article, 2023-12-05)
Field: Chemistry — Organic Chemistry

Ferrocenyl Dinuclear Gold(I) Complexes. Study of their Structural Features and the Influence of Bridging and Phosphane Ligands in a Catalytic Cyclization Reaction The combination of the ferrocene moiety with gold(I) catalysis remains a relatively unexplored field. In this article, we delve into the synthesis, characterization, and potential catalytic activity of four complexes utilizing both monodentate and bidentate ferrocenyl diphenylphosphane ligands (ppf and dppf), coordinated with two gold(I) metal centers, linked by either chloride or pentafluorophenylthiolate bridging ligands. This leads to the formation of cationic "self-activated" precatalysts capable of initiating the catalytic cycle without the need for external additives. The catalytic activity of these complexes was assessed through a model reaction in gold(I) catalysis, specifically the cyclization of a N-propargylbenzamide to produce an oxazole. In addition, we studied and compared the influence exerted by both the phosphane and the bridging ligand on the performance of these catalysts. Moiety ; Chemistry ; Catalysis ; Cationic polymerization ; Ferrocene ; Oxazole ; Denticity ; Bridging ligand ; Combinatorial chemistry ; Catalytic cycle ; Ligand (biochemistry) ; Metal ; Stereochemistry ; Polymer chemistry ; Organic chemistry ; Receptor Catalytic Alkyne Reactions ; Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies ; Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Catalysis
Authors: Sara Cerra | Laura Carlini | Tommaso A. Salamone | Farid Hajareh Haghighi | Martina Mercurio | Beatrice Pennacchi | Carla Sappino | Chiara Battocchio | Stefania Annarita Nottola | Roberto Matassa | Ilaria Fratoddi
Source: ChemistrySelect (article, 2023-04-03)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Noble Metal Nanoparticles Networks Stabilized by Rod‐Like Organometallic Bifunctional Thiols Abstract Rod‐like organometallic dithiol containing square‐planar Pt(II) centers, i. e ., trans,trans ‐[(H 3 COCS)Pt(PBu 3 ) 2 (C≡C−C 6 H 4 −C 6 H 4 −C≡C)(PBu 3 ) 2 Pt(SCOCH 3 )] was used as bifunctional stabilizing agent for the synthesis of Pd‐, Au‐, and AgNPs (MNPs). All the MNPs showed diameters of about 4 nm, which can be controlled by carefully modulating the synthesis parameters. Covalent MNPs stabilization occurred through a single S bridge between Pt(II) and the noble metal nanocluster surfaces, leading to a network of regularly spaced NPs with the formation of dyads, as supported by SR‐XPS data and by TEM imaging analysis. The chemical nature of NPs systems was also confirmed by EDS and NMR. Comparison between SR‐XPS data of MNPs and self‐assembled monolayers and multilayers of pristine rod‐like dithiols deposited onto polycrystalline gold surfaces revealed an electronic interaction between Pt(II) centers and biphenyl moieties of adjacent ligands, stabilizing the organic structure of the network. The possibility to obtain networks of regularly spaced MNPs opens outstanding perspectives in optoelectronics. Bifunctional ; Noble metal ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ; Dithiol ; Monolayer ; Nanoparticle ; Metal ; Covalent bond ; Chemistry ; Nanotechnology ; Biphenyl ; Materials science ; Crystallite ; Chemical engineering ; Crystallography ; Polymer chemistry ; Organic chemistry ; Catalysis Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications ; Molecular Junctions and Nanostructures ; Advanced Memory and Neural Computing
Authors: Marco Paolino | Modesto de Candia | Rosa Purgatorio | Marco Catto | M. Saletti | Anna Rita Tondo | Orazio Nicolotti | Andrea Cappelli | Antonella Brizzi | Claudia Mugnaini | Federico Corelli | Cosimo Altomare
Source: Preprints.org (preprint, 2023-06-29)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Investigation on Novel E/Z 2-Benzylideneindan-1-one-based Photoswitches with AChE and MAO-B Dual Inhibitory Activity The multitarget therapeutic strategy, as opposed to the more traditional ‘one disease-one tar-get-one drug’, may hold promise in treating multifactorial neurodegenerative syndromes, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias. Recently, combining a photopharmacology approach with the multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) design strategy, we disclosed a novel donepezil-like compound, namely 2-(4-((diethylamino)methyl)benzylidene)-5-methoxy- 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (1a), which in the E diastereomeric form (and about tenfold less in the UV-B photo-induced isomer Z) showed the best activity as dual inhibitor of the AD-related targets acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Herein, we investigated further photoisomerizable 2-benzylideneindan-1-one analogs 1b-h with the unconjugated tertiary amino moiety bearing alkyls of different bulkiness and lipophilicity. For each compound the thermal stable E diastereoisomer, along with the E/Z mixture as produced by UV-B light irradia-tion in the photostationary state (PSS, 75% Z), was investigated for the inhibition of human ChEs and MAOs. The pure E-diastereoisomer of the N-benzyl(ethyl)amino analog 1h achieved low nanomolar AChE and high nanomolar MAO-B inhibition potencies (IC50s 39 and 355 nM, re-spectively), whereas photoisomerization to the Z isomer (75% Z in the PSS mixture) resulted in a decrease (about 30%) of AChE inhibitory potency, and not in the MAO-B one. Molecular docking studies were performed to rationalize the different E/Z diastereoselectivity of 1h toward the two target enzymes. Chemistry ; Stereochemistry ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Diastereomer ; Monoamine oxidase B ; Moiety ; Inhibitory postsynaptic potential ; Monoamine oxidase ; Enzyme ; Biochemistry Photochromic and Fluorescence Chemistry ; Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Photoreceptor and optogenetics research