jablonkagroup/rise_ai_scientists huggingface dataset:
Authors: Sydney Mason | Maryna L. Meretska | Christina Spägele | Marcus Ossiander | Federico Capasso
Source: ACS Photonics (article, 2024-02-15)
Field: Materials Science — Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials

Metasurface-Controlled Holographic Microcavities Optical microcavities confine light to wavelength-scale volumes and are a key component for manipulating and enhancing the interaction of light, vacuum states, and matter. Current microcavities are constrained to a small number of spatial mode profiles. Imaging cavities can accommodate complicated modes but require an externally preshaped input. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a visible-wavelength, metasurface-based holographic microcavity that overcomes these limitations. The micrometer-scale metasurface cavity fulfills the round-trip condition for a designed mode with a complex-shaped intensity profile and thus selectively enhances light that couples to this mode, achieving a spectral bandwidth of 0.8 nm. By imaging the intracavity mode, we show that the holographic mode changes quickly with the cavity length and that the cavity displays the desired spatial mode profile only close to the design cavity length. When a metasurface is placed on a distributed Bragg reflector and steep phase gradients are realized, the correct choice of the reflector's top layer material can boost metasurface performance considerably. The applied forward-design method can be readily transferred to other spectral regimes and mode profiles. Optics ; Holography ; Distributed Bragg reflector ; Optoelectronics ; Wavelength ; Reflector (photography) ; Bandwidth (computing) ; Mode (computer interface) ; Physics ; Materials science ; Light source ; Computer science ; Telecommunications Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications ; Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies ; Photonic Crystals and Applications
Authors: Leonardo Chiappisi
Source: Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science (article, 2024-06-20)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Liquid foams: New insights and perspectives from neutron and synchrotron scattering experiments Soft, light, and aesthetically captivating, yet often enigmatic, liquid foams represent highly complex and intriguing systems. Their intrinsic multi-scale structure requires the integration of multiple techniques to fully unveil their properties. This review provides a concise introduction to neutron and x-ray scattering experiments on liquid foams, focusing on their structural characterization at the sub-micrometer scale. In particular, small-angle scattering experiments for foam characterization are experiencing a renaissance in recent years, with emphasis placed on the breadth of information attainable through these methods. Additionally, it highlights recent advancements in the field and identifies several open challenges that could be addressed using neutron and synchrotron radiation. Synchrotron ; Neutron scattering ; Synchrotron radiation ; Small-angle neutron scattering ; Materials science ; Neutron ; Optics ; Nuclear physics ; Physics Pickering emulsions and particle stabilization ; Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques ; Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
Authors: Chenkai Gao | Shuimiao Liu | Pengnian Wu | Yanli Wang | Ke Wu | Lingyun Li | Jinghui Wang | Shilong Liu | Peimeng Gao | Zhiheng Zhao | Jing Shao | Haolin Yu | Xiaokang Guan | Tongchao Wang | Pengfei Wen
Source: Agronomy (article, 2024-11-01)
Field: Chemistry — Analytical Chemistry

Estimation of Canopy Water Content by Integrating Hyperspectral and Thermal Imagery in Winter Wheat Fields Rapid and accurate estimation of canopy water content (CWC) is important for agricultural water management and food security. Due to the complexity of dynamic changes in water transport during plant growth, estimation of CWC using a single sensor often leads to high uncertainty in the results. Multi-sensor data fusion is one of the solutions to this problem, but suitable spectral preprocessing methods and data fusion methods still need further research. The objectives of this study were to characterize the performance of two varieties at different growth stages under five water stress conditions and screen hyperspectral sensitive spectral bands by using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and a successive projection algorithm (SPA). Ultimately, the CWC prediction model of winter wheat hyperspectral characteristic bands and thermal imaging information fusion was created using the GRA algorithm. The results showed that canopy temperature parameters and spectral parameters responded significantly to water deficits in winter wheat. Using the CWT-SPA method, a total of 285 hyperspectral feature bands with wavelet decomposition scales ranging from one to eight were selected. The sensitive bands were mainly distributed in the following ranges: 545–561, 746–1348, 1561–1810, and 2122–2430 nm. The GRA algorithm has good multi-source data model fusion capability, and its constructed prediction model based on hyperspectral and thermal image fusion has high accuracy on the canopy water content in winter wheat (R2 = 0.930, RMSE = 5.44%, nRMSE = 7.94%). Compared to the single-feature spectral model (R2 = 0.864, RMSE = 5.92%, nRMSE = 8.63%) and thermal image CWC prediction model (R2 = 0.813, RMSE = 7.22%, nRMSE = 10.49%), the model prediction accuracy based on the GRA algorithm is increased by 7.64% and 13.69%, respectively. Hyperspectral imaging ; Canopy ; Environmental science ; Remote sensing ; Estimation ; Winter wheat ; Content (measure theory) ; Soil science ; Geography ; Agronomy ; Mathematics ; Biology ; Engineering Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses ; Remote Sensing in Agriculture ; Remote-Sensing Image Classification
Authors: Mao‐Hua Zhang | Hao‐Cheng Thong | Bo Jiang | Nan Zhang | Changhao Zhao | Zhenghao Wu | Tianhang Zhou | Chaofeng Wu | Fang‐Zhou Yao | Ke Bi | Gong Wen | Ben Xu | Ke Wang
Source: Advanced Materials (article, 2024-12-20)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Field‐Induced Polarization Rotation in Order–Disorder (K,Na)NbO<sub>3</sub>‐Based Ferroelectrics Phase boundary is highly recognized for its capability in engineering various physical properties of ferroelectrics. Here, field-induced polarization rotation is reported in a high-performance (K, Na)NbO<sub>3</sub>-based ferroelectric system at the rhombohedral-tetragonal phase boundary. First, the lattice structure is examined from both macroscopic and local scales, implementing Rietveld refinement and pair distribution function analysis, respectively. The macroscopic phase coexistence at the phase boundary can be interchangeably rationalized with an average projection of collective local disordered units, exhibiting the order-disorder nature. The structural evidence of field-induced polarization rotation is provided by the in situ synchrotron study. Theoretical studies including density functional theory calculation and molecular dynamics simulation also predict the polarization rotation mechanism. The simulation result reveals the variation of the degree of ordering during the polarization rotation as a key feature of the boosted electrical properties in the order-disorder ferroelectric system. The discovery provides meaningful insight into the design of ferroelectrics with enhanced physical properties. Materials science ; Natural bond orbital ; Condensed matter physics ; Polarization (electrochemistry) ; Ferroelectricity ; Field (mathematics) ; Multiferroics ; Dielectric ; Physical chemistry ; Density functional theory ; Optoelectronics ; Physics ; Quantum mechanics Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials ; Multiferroics and related materials ; Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Synthesis
Authors: Joachim Dahl Thomsen | Yaxian Wang | Henrik Flyvbjerg | Eugene Park | Kenji Watanabe | Takashi Taniguchi | Prineha Narang | Frances Mitchell Ross
Source: Advanced Materials (article, 2024-08-04)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Direct Visualization of Defect‐Controlled Diffusion in van der Waals Gaps Diffusion processes govern fundamental phenomena such as phase transformations, doping, and intercalation in van der Waals (vdW) bonded materials. Here, the diffusion dynamics of W atoms by visualizing the motion of individual atoms at three different vdW interfaces: hexagonal boron nitride (BN)/vacuum, BN/BN, and BN/WSe<sub>2</sub>, by recording scanning transmission electron microscopy movies is quantified. Supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it is inferred that in all cases diffusion is governed by intermittent trapping at electron beam-generated defect sites. This leads to diffusion properties that depend strongly on the number of defects. These results suggest that diffusion and intercalation processes in vdW materials are highly tunable and sensitive to crystal quality. The demonstration of imaging, with high spatial and temporal resolution, of layers and individual atoms inside vdW heterostructures offers possibilities for direct visualization of diffusion and atomic interactions, as well as for experiments exploring atomic structures, their in situ modification, and electrical property measurements of active devices combined with atomic resolution imaging. van der Waals force ; Materials science ; Diffusion ; Chemical physics ; Hexagonal boron nitride ; Intercalation (chemistry) ; Crystal (programming language) ; Doping ; Density functional theory ; Nanotechnology ; Molecular physics ; Condensed matter physics ; Graphene ; Optoelectronics ; Computational chemistry ; Thermodynamics ; Physics ; Molecule ; Chemistry Graphene research and applications ; 2D Materials and Applications ; Thermal properties of materials
Authors: Min Hao | Mengyu Zhang | Haiqing Tian | Jianying Sun
Source: Agriculture (article, 2024-09-01)
Field: Chemistry — Analytical Chemistry

Research on Silage Corn Forage Quality Grading Based on Hyperspectroscopy Corn silage is the main feed in the diet of dairy cows and other ruminant livestock. Silage corn feed is very susceptible to spoilage and corruption due to the influence of aerobic secondary fermentation during the silage process. At present, silage quality testing of corn feed mainly relies on the combination of sensory evaluation and laboratory measurement. The sensory review method is difficult to achieve precision and objectivity, while the laboratory determination method has problems such as cumbersome testing procedures, time-consuming, high cost, and damage to samples. In this study, the external sensory quality grading model for different qualities of silage corn feed was established using hyperspectral data. To explore the feasibility of using hyperspectral data for external sensory quality grading of corn silage, a hyperspectral system was used to collect spectral data of 200 corn silage samples in the 380–1004 nm band, and the samples were classified into four grades: excellent, fair, medium, and spoiled according to the German Agricultural Association (DLG) standard for sensory evaluation of silage samples. Three algorithms were used to preprocess the fodder hyperspectral data, including multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), and S–G convolutional smoothing. To reduce the redundancy of the spectral data, variable combination population analysis (VCPA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) were used for feature wavelength selection, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithm was used for data dimensionality reduction, constructing random forest classification (RFC), convolutional neural networks (CNN) and support vector machines (SVM) models. The best classification model was derived based on the comparison of the model results. The results show that SNV-LDA-SVM is the optimal algorithm combination, where the accuracy of the calibration set is 99.375% and the accuracy of the prediction set is 100%. In summary, combined with hyperspectral technology, the constructed model can realize the accurate discrimination of the external sensory quality of silage corn feed, which provides a reliable and effective new non-destructive testing method for silage corn feed quality detection. Silage ; Forage ; Grading (engineering) ; Agronomy ; Biology ; Animal science ; Ecology Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses ; Soil Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics ; Remote Sensing and Land Use
Authors: Lu Li | Wenhao Jiang | Wenjun Wei | Gnana P. Krishnamoorthy | Pingping Hu | Mengni Chen | Vera Tiedje | Adrián Acuña-Ruíz | He Wang | Zhihong Wang | Jianbiao Wang | Hanqing Liu | Wanyuan Chen | Haixia Guan | Chuang Chen | Hao Zhang | Yu Wang | James A. Fagin | Tiannan Guo | Yi Zhu | Yingrui Wang | Jianqing Gao | Yaoting Sun
Source: Scientific Data (article, 2024-12-28)
Field: Chemistry — Spectroscopy

Comprehensive Mass Spectral Libraries of Human Thyroid Tissues and Cells Thyroid nodules are a common endocrine condition with an increasing incidence over the decades. Data-independent acquisition has been widely utilized in discovery proteomics to identify disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. To analyze the thyroid disease-related proteome in a high-throughput, reproducible and reliable manner, we introduce thyroid-specific peptide spectral libraries. Here, we generated four deep-coverage libraries through four mass spectrometers comprising Q Exactive HF, Orbitrap Exploris 480, ZenoTOF 7600, and timsTOF Pro. These libraries encompass over 215,000 precursors, 172,000 peptides, and 12,000 proteins, derived from 245 tissue samples across nine histological types and 50 cell lines across six histological types. Moreover, the spectral libraries are applied to nine types of thyroid samples to facilitate the exploration of disease-specific proteins. Our spectral libraries serve as a valuable resource for analyzing thyroid protein content, facilitating deeper insights into thyroid disorders. Thyroid ; Orbitrap ; Proteome ; Computational biology ; Proteomics ; Thyroid disease ; Thyroid nodules ; Mass spectrometry ; Transcriptome ; Biology ; Computer science ; Chemistry ; Bioinformatics ; Biochemistry ; Endocrinology ; Gene expression ; Gene ; Chromatography Advanced Proteomics Techniques and Applications ; Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications ; Machine Learning in Bioinformatics
Authors: Minghui Wang | Zhenfu Chen | Qiuwang Tao | Yan’e Yang | Liping Xie | Dan Wu | Dan Jin | Lincheng Luo
Source: Buildings (article, 2024-04-15)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Effect of High Temperatures on Mechanical and Shielding Properties of Lead–Zinc Tailings Concrete for Radiation Protection Due to the high prices, the popularity of radiation shielding concrete (RSC) has been greatly limited. To solve this, this research reused the lead–zinc tailings (LZT) as a fine aggregate replacement ranging from 0% to 60% for the RSC. The results revealed that the RSC containing 30% LZT presented better workability and achieved 95.84% of the compressive strength and 98.49% of the linear attenuation coefficient of the RSC, and reached the highest splitting tensile strength values, which increased by 4.43%. Meanwhile, after the heat treatments, there were favorable correlations between the relative velocity and relative strength, as well as between the damage index and the relative linear attenuation coefficient, which could accurately reflect the degradation of not only the mechanical but also the shielding properties. Considering the temperature and shielding thickness, the reuse of LZT can bring considerable economic and environmental benefits. Radiation shielding ; Tailings ; Electromagnetic shielding ; Materials science ; Attenuation ; Ultimate tensile strength ; Chromatin structure remodeling (RSC) complex ; Attenuation coefficient ; Zinc ; Reuse ; Composite material ; Metallurgy ; Waste management ; Engineering ; Optics Radiation Shielding Materials Analysis ; Nuclear materials and radiation effects ; Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
Authors: Raimi Clark | Michael Mounho | William Brooks | Matthew Hopkins | J. Stephens | A. Neuber
Source: Physics of Plasmas (article, 2024-03-01)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Spectroscopic investigation of early light emission from anode-initiated surface flashover in vacuum Time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy is used to explore the early development of anode-initiated flashover in vacuum. An experimental apparatus for collecting flashover self-luminosity is introduced, which enables spatially resolved light collection from regions adjacent to the anode and cathode triple junctions. The emitted light is spectrally and temporally resolved utilizing an imaging spectrograph and a fast electronic shutter camera. The first light detectable from flashovers across both Rexolite and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) insulators begins less than 10 ns prior to the flashover gap's impedance collapse and consists of faint broadband feature in primarily visible wavelengths. This suggests luminosity due to excitation in the solid, possibly occurring as a result of field emitted electrons. In the few nanoseconds leading up to and including the impedance collapse, the broadband spectrum grows in intensity and extends into the UV, eventually accompanied by a few emission lines of the insulator material. This is strong evidence that the early stages of anode-initiated flashover include surface layer breakdown of the insulator, as a contrast from cathode-initiated flashover, which is predominately an above-surface process. Spectra accumulated over longer exposures of PTFE flashovers indicate that, in the first few hundred nanoseconds after the impedance collapse, ions from the insulator material constitute the majority of the emission lines. Later, neutral and ionic metal species from the electrode contribute with similar prominence as well as molecular bands from diatomic carbon. Finally, a comparison is provided of the results of these studies to other spectroscopic investigations of vacuum flashover from the literature. Anode ; Cathode ; Light emission ; Emission spectrum ; Arc flash ; Insulator (electricity) ; Physics ; Materials science ; Optics ; Electrode ; Atomic physics ; Optoelectronics ; Spectral line ; Chemistry High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena ; Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena ; Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics
Authors: Brian Sun | Tianben Ding | Weiyan Zhou | Tara S. Porter | Matthew D. Lew
Source: Nano Letters (article, 2024-06-03)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

Single-Molecule Orientation Imaging Reveals the Nano-Architecture of Amyloid Fibrils Undergoing Growth and Decay Amyloid-beta (Aβ42) aggregates are characteristic Alzheimer's disease signatures, but probing how their nanoscale architectures influence their growth and decay remains challenging using current technologies. Here, we apply time-lapse single-molecule orientation-localization microscopy (SMOLM) to measure the orientations and rotational "wobble" of Nile blue (NB) molecules transiently binding to Aβ42 fibrils. We correlate fibril architectures measured by SMOLM with their growth and decay over the course of 5 to 20 min visualized by single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). We discover that stable Aβ42 fibrils tend to be well-ordered and signified by well-aligned NB orientations and small wobble. SMOLM also shows that increasing order and disorder are signatures of growing and decaying fibrils, respectively. We also observe SMLM-invisible fibril remodeling, including steady growth and decay patterns that conserve β-sheet organization. SMOLM reveals that increased fibril architectural heterogeneity is correlated with dynamic remodeling and that large-scale fibril remodeling tends to originate from strongly heterogeneous local regions. Nano- ; Amyloid fibril ; Materials science ; Nanotechnology ; Orientation (vector space) ; Fibril ; Molecule ; Amyloid (mycology) ; Crystallography ; Chemistry ; Amyloid β ; Composite material ; Medicine ; Geometry ; Organic chemistry Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials ; Alzheimer's disease research and treatments ; Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
Authors: Defa Li | Feng Huang | Binzhi Ren | Wei Zhang | Junjie Xiong | Binjun Zhou | Xun Guo
Source: Scientific Reports (article, 2024-05-20)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Ballistic analysis of high-performance armor steel by numerical simulation In order to establish a connection between the ballistic performance and mechanical properties of armor steel, a ballistic simulation model was developed and subsequently validated for accuracy and reliability. The mechanical properties of the target plate were described using the Johnson-Cook constitutive relation. An analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of the J-C parameters of the target plate on its ballistic performance, revealing a strong linear relationship between them. Subsequently, a mathematical model represented as H = 14.82 - 0.0048A - 0.0023B + 5.95n - 81.3C was derived, and its accuracy was demonstrated to exceed 90%. This mathematical model can effectively predict the ballistic performance of the armor steel, even when its mechanical properties undergo variations during the production process. This prediction capability significantly contributes to reducing research costs and time. Armour ; Computer science ; Aeronautics ; Forensic engineering ; Marine engineering ; Engineering ; Materials science ; Composite material High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior ; Energetic Materials and Combustion ; Electromagnetic Launch and Propulsion Technology
Authors: Sergey Girel | Isabel Meister | Gaétan Glauser | Serge Rudaz
Source: Mass Spectrometry Reviews (review, 2024-07-01)
Field: Chemistry — Spectroscopy

Hyphenation of microflow chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for bioanalytical applications focusing on low molecular weight compounds: A tutorial review Benefits of miniaturized chromatography with various detection modes, such as increased sensitivity, chromatographic efficiency, and speed, were recognized nearly 50 years ago. Over the past two decades, this approach has experienced rapid growth, driven by the emergence of mass spectrometry applications serving -omics sciences and the need for analyzing minute volumes of precious samples with ever higher sensitivity. While nanoscale liquid chromatography (flow rates <1 μL/min) has gained widespread recognition in proteomics, the adoption of microscale setups (flow rates ranging from 1 to 100 μL/min) for low molecular weight compound applications, including metabolomics, has been surprisingly slow, despite the inherent advantages of the approach. Highly heterogeneous matrices and chemical structures accompanied by a relative lack of options for both selective sample preparation and user-friendly equipment are usually reported as major hindrances. To facilitate the wider implementation of microscale analyses, we present here a comprehensive tutorial encompassing important theoretical and practical considerations. We provide fundamental principles in micro-chromatography and guide the reader through the main elements of a microflow workflow, from LC pumps to ionization devices. Finally, based on both our literature overview and experience, illustrated by some in-house data, we highlight the critical importance of the ionization source design and its careful optimization to achieve significant sensitivity improvement. Chemistry ; Microscale chemistry ; Bioanalysis ; Mass spectrometry ; Chromatography ; Workflow ; Electrospray ionization ; Electrospray ; Nanotechnology ; Process engineering ; Analytical Chemistry (journal) ; Biochemical engineering ; Computer science Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications ; Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography ; Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications