Authors: Maximilian Pache | Michaela D. Detsi | Ioannis D. Mandilaras | Dimos A. Kontogeorgos | Maria A. Founti
Source: Fire (article, 2026-04-09)
Field: Materials Science — Polymers and Plastics

Thermal Dehydration of Hydrated Salts Under Vapor-Restricted Conditions and Its Role in Modeling Gypsum-Based Systems During Fire Exposure Gypsum-based fire protection relies on thermally activated dehydration, where chemically bound water is released and evaporated, thereby providing an endothermic heat sink that delays heat penetration through assemblies. In parallel, inorganic hydrated salts are increasingly used as flame-retardant additives in gypsum-based systems to enhance heat absorption over specific temperature ranges. Fire simulation tools and performance-based fire engineering approaches require reliable kinetic data and reaction enthalpies that can be implemented as coupled thermal–chemical source terms. However, additive-specific kinetic datasets remain limited, particularly under restricted vapor exchange conditions representative of porous construction materials. This work investigates the thermal decomposition behavior and dehydration kinetics of Aluminum Trihydrate (Al(OH)3, ATH), Magnesium Hydroxide (Mg(OH)2, MDH), Calcium Aluminate Sulfate (3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32H2O, CAS), and Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate (MgSO4·7H2O, ESM) with emphasis on vapor-restricted conditions representative of confined porous systems. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were conducted at three heating rates (2, 10, and 20 K/min for MDH, CAS and ESM and 20, 40 and 60 K/min for GB-ATH) up to 600 °C using pinhole crucibles to simulate autogenous vapor pressure. The thermal analysis indicates that ATH and MDH exhibit predominantly single-step dehydration behavior, while ESM shows a complex multi-step mechanism. Although CAS presents a single dominant thermal peak in the DSC signal, the isoconversional analysis reveals a multi-stage reaction behavior, demonstrating that peak-based interpretation alone may be insufficient for such systems. Kinetic parameters were determined using both model-free (Starink) and model-fitting approaches in accordance with the recommendations of the Kinetics Committee of the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC). All reactions were consistently described using the Avrami–Erofeev model as an effective phenomenological representation of the conversion behavior. The extracted kinetic triplets were validated through numerical simulations, showing good agreement with experimental conversion and reaction rate data. The resulting kinetic parameters and dehydration enthalpies provide a physically consistent dataset for the description of dehydration processes under restricted vapor exchange. These results support the development of thermochemical models for gypsum-based systems; however, their transferability to full-scale assemblies remains subject to validation under coupled heat- and mass-transfer conditions. Endothermic process ; Differential scanning calorimetry ; Thermal analysis ; Thermal decomposition ; Kinetics ; Calorimetry ; Magnesium ; Dehydration ; Hydroxide Flame retardant materials and properties ; Fire effects on concrete materials ; Fire dynamics and safety research