jablonkagroup/rise_ai_scientists huggingface dataset:
Authors: Arthur R. C. McCray | Yue Li | Rabindra Basnet | K. C. Pandey | Jin Hu | Daniel Phelan | Xuedan Ma | A. K. Petford‐Long | Charudatta Phatak
Source: Nano Letters (article, 2022-09-21)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Thermal Hysteresis and Ordering Behavior of Magnetic Skyrmion Lattices The physics of phase transitions in two-dimensional (2D) systems underpins research in diverse fields including statistical mechanics, nanomagnetism, and soft condensed matter. However, many aspects of 2D phase transitions are still not well understood, including the effects of interparticle potential, polydispersity, and particle shape. Magnetic skyrmions are chiral spin-structure quasi-particles that form two-dimensional lattices. Here, we show, by real-space imaging using <i>in situ</i> cryo-Lorentz transmission electron microscopy coupled with machine learning image analysis, the ordering behavior of Néel skyrmion lattices in van der Waals Fe<sub>3</sub>GeTe<sub>2</sub>. We demonstrate a distinct change in the skyrmion size distribution during field-cooling, which leads to a loss of lattice order and an evolution of the skyrmion liquid phase. Remarkably, the lattice order is restored during field heating and demonstrates a thermal hysteresis. This behavior is explained by the skyrmion energy landscape and demonstrates the potential to control the lattice order in 2D phase transitions. Skyrmion ; Condensed matter physics ; Phase transition ; Physics ; van der Waals force ; Lattice (music) ; Energy landscape ; Thermal fluctuations ; Quantum mechanics 2D Materials and Applications ; Magnetic properties of thin films ; Topological Materials and Phenomena
Authors: Mohammad Miftakhus Sholikin | Sadarman Sadarman | Agung Irawan | Ahmad Sofyan | Anuraga Jayanegara | Barlah Rumhayati | Cecep Hidayat | Danung Nur Adli | Hardi Julendra | Hendra Herdian | Ifa Manzila | Mohammad Firdaus Hudaya | Muhammad Ainsyar Harahap | Novia Qomariyah | Rahmat Budiarto | Rantan Krisnan | Santiananda Arta Asmarasari | Sari Yanti Hayanti | Teguh Wahyono | Tri Puji Priyatno | Tri Ujilestari | Windu Negara | Wulandari Wulandari | Nahrowi Nahrowi
Source: Poultry Science (review, 2022-12-29)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

A meta-analysis of the effects of clay mineral supplementation on alkaline phosphatase, broiler health, and performance The crucial constraint in the broiler production sector is feed efficiency; many feed additives have been widely employed to increase broiler growth. Nonetheless, some of these substances exacerbate health and animal-based food product safety concerns. This meta-analysis examines the effect of clay minerals on alkaline phosphatase (ALP), broiler health, and performance. Metadata was constructed from 369 data items that were harvested from 86 studies. The addition of clay minerals was set as a fixed effect and the difference between experiments was established as a random effect. The metadata were fitted using a linear mixed model. Due to the presence of clay minerals, growth performance as assessed by body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and performance efficiency index (PEI) increased significantly (P < 0.01). In the total period, the increases of BW, ADG, and PEI were 4.12 g, 0.0714 g/d, and 0.648, respectively, per unit of clay minerals added. Clay minerals did not affect blood serum parameters (e.g., ALP and calcium). The IgA and IgM concentrations in the jejunum and ileum were significantly greater (P < 0.01) in the starter phase. Among clay minerals, broilers fed diets with aluminosilicate, halloysite, kaolin, and zeolite consistently exhibited higher (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, PEI, and lower feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) in the finisher phase. Aluminosilicate was the only clay that increased (P < 0.05) secretory IgA concentration in both jejunum and ileum. In conclusion, clay minerals could be used as a growth promoter, especially during the finisher phase, without adversely affecting feed intake, liver function, and mineral metabolism in broiler chickens. Aluminosilicate was superior in improving the mucosal immunity status of broiler chickens. Broiler ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Aluminosilicate ; Feed conversion ratio ; Chemistry ; Ileum ; Animal science ; Starter ; Jejunum ; Clay minerals ; Food science ; Mineralogy ; Biochemistry ; Body weight ; Internal medicine ; Biology ; Medicine Clay minerals and soil interactions ; Animal Nutrition and Physiology ; Therapeutic Uses of Natural Elements
Authors: Adán Medina | Juana Isabel Méndez | Pedro Ponce | Therese Peffer | Alan Meier | Arturo Molina
Source: Energies (article, 2022-03-01)
Field: Materials Science — Polymers and Plastics

Using Deep Learning in Real-Time for Clothing Classification with Connected Thermostats Thermal comfort is associated with clothing insulation, conveying a level of satisfaction with the thermal surroundings. Besides, clothing insulation is commonly associated with indoor thermal comfort. However, clothing classification in smart homes might save energy when the end-user wears appropriate clothes to save energy and obtain thermal comfort. Furthermore, object detection and classification through Convolutional Neural Networks has increased over the last decade. There are real-time clothing garment classifiers, but these are oriented towards single garment recognition for texture, fabric, shape, or style. Consequently, this paper proposes a CNN model classification for the implementation of these classifiers on cameras. First, the Fashion MNIST was analyzed and compared with the VGG16, Inceptionvv4, TinyYOLOv3, and ResNet18 classification algorithms to determine the best clo classifier. Then, for real-time analysis, a new dataset with 12,000 images was created and analyzed with the YOLOv3 and TinyYOLO. Finally, an Azure Kinect DT was employed to analyze the clo value in real-time. Moreover, real-time analysis can be employed with any other webcam. The model recognizes at least three garments of a clothing ensemble, proving that it identifies more than a single clothing garment. Besides, the model has at least 90% accuracy in the test dataset, ensuring that it can be generalized and is not overfitting. Clothing ; Overfitting ; MNIST database ; Artificial intelligence ; Computer science ; Convolutional neural network ; Classifier (UML) ; Thermostat ; Pattern recognition (psychology) ; Engineering ; Machine learning ; Computer vision ; Deep learning ; Artificial neural network ; Geography Textile materials and evaluations ; Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection ; Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Authors: V. Bhuvaneswari | D. Balaji | B. Arulmurugan | R. Mahendran | S. Rajkumar | Shubham Sharma | Kuwar Mausam | Changhe Li | Sayed M. Eldin
Source: Polymers (review, 2022-11-04)
Field: Materials Science — Polymers and Plastics

A Critical Review on Hygrothermal and Sound Absorption Behavior of Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites Increasing global environmental problems and awareness towards the utilization of eco-friendly resources enhanced the progress of research towards the development of next-generation biodegradable and environmentally friendly material. The development of natural-based composite material has led to various advantages such as a reduction in greenhouse gases and carbon footprints. In spite of the various advantages obtained from green materials, there are also a few disadvantages, such as poor interfacial compatibility between the polymer matrix and natural reinforcements and the high hydrophilicity of composites due to the reinforcement of hydrophilic natural fibers. This review focuses on various moisture-absorbing and sound-absorbing natural fiber polymer composites along with the synopsis of preparation methods of natural fiber polymer composites. It was stated in various studies that natural fibers are durable with a long life but their moisture absorption behavior depends on various factors. Such natural fibers possess different moisture absorption behavior rates and different moisture absorption behavior. The conversion of hydrophilic fibers into hydrophobic is deemed very important in improving the mechanical, thermal, and physical properties of the natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites. One more physical property that requires the involvement of natural fibers in place of synthetic fibers is the sound absorption behavior. Various researchers have made experiments using natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites as sound-absorbing materials. It was found from various studies that composites with higher thickness, porosity, and density behaved as better sound-absorbing materials. Materials science ; Composite material ; Natural fiber ; Environmentally friendly ; Polymer ; Synthetic fiber ; Porosity ; Moisture ; Absorption of water ; Composite number ; Fiber ; Absorption (acoustics) Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites ; Acoustic Wave Phenomena Research ; Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials
Authors: R. Ganesh | P. Anand | Wubishet Degife Mammo
Source: Journal of Nanomaterials (article, 2022-01-01)
Field: Materials Science — Polymers and Plastics

Experimental Investigation on Thermal Behaviors of Nanosilicon Carbide/Kenaf/Polymer Composite Over the last few years, natural fiber‐based hybrid polymers have been widely used to increase the biodegradability and cost‐effectiveness of the products in many industrial applications, such as automobile construction industries. Adding filler materials provides enhanced wear properties and thermal behaviors of composites. Kenaf fiber has better strength and stiffness, and it has been used as reinforcement in polymer composites. Silicon carbide as filler material in composites modifies the mechanical properties and thermal behaviors. The present research analyzes the thermal characteristics of silicon carbide/kenaf fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites with various weight percentages. Six different composite specimens were fabricated at varying weight percentages of silicon carbide. The specimens were subjected to various thermal tests, such as heat deflection temperature (HDT), coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), thermal conductivity (TC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The findings could serve to expand the range of application for SiC/kenaf fiber‐reinforced composite, which may have better thermal stability, better performance, and lower thermal expansion than the other regularly used natural fiber‐reinforced composites. Materials science ; Kenaf ; Composite material ; Silicon carbide ; Composite number ; Thermogravimetric analysis ; Differential scanning calorimetry ; Thermal stability ; Epoxy ; SISAL ; Fiber ; Natural fiber Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites ; Tribology and Wear Analysis ; Mechanical Engineering and Vibrations Research
Authors: Emil Vogt | Henrik G. Kjaergaard
Source: Annual Review of Physical Chemistry (review, 2022-01-19)
Field: Chemistry — Spectroscopy

Vibrational Spectroscopy of the Water Dimer at Jet-Cooled and Atmospheric Temperatures The vibrational spectroscopy of the water dimer provides an understanding of basic hydrogen bonding in water clusters, and with about one water dimer for every 1,000 water molecules, it plays a critical role in atmospheric science. Here, we review how the experimental and theoretical progress of the past decades has improved our understanding of water dimer vibrational spectroscopy under both cold and warm conditions. We focus on the intramolecular OH-stretching transitions of the donor unit, because these are the ones mostly affected by dimer formation and because their assignment has proven a challenge. We review cold experimental results from early matrix isolation to recent mass-selected jet expansion techniques and, in parallel, the improvements in the theoretical anharmonic models. We discuss and illustrate changes in the vibrational spectra of complexes upon increasing temperature, and the difficulties in recording and calculating these spectra. In the atmosphere, water dimer spectra at ambient temperature are crucial. Water dimer ; Dimer ; Spectroscopy ; Intramolecular force ; Anharmonicity ; Hydrogen bond ; Spectral line ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Molecule ; Jet (fluid) ; Matrix isolation ; Chemistry ; Chemical physics ; Materials science ; Physics ; Thermodynamics ; Organic chemistry Spectroscopy and Laser Applications ; Atmospheric Ozone and Climate ; Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Authors: Mihály Váradi | Stephen Anyango | Sri Devan Appasamy | David Armstrong | Marcus Bage | John M. Berrisford | Preeti Choudhary | Damian Bertoni | Mandar Deshpande | Grisell Díaz Leines | Joseph I. J. Ellaway | Genevieve L. Evans | Romana Gáborová | Deepti Gupta | Aleksandras Gutmanas | Déborah Harrus | Gerard J. Kleywegt | Weslley Morellato Bueno | Nurul Nadzirin | Sreenath Nair | Lukáš Pravda | Marcelo Querino Lima Afonso | David Sehnal | Ahsan Tanweer | James Tolchard | C.S. Abrams | Roisin Dunlop | Sameer Velankar
Source: Protein Science (article, 2022-09-28)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

<scp>PDBe</scp> and <scp>PDBe‐KB</scp>: Providing high‐quality, up‐to‐date and integrated resources of macromolecular structures to support basic and applied research and education The archiving and dissemination of protein and nucleic acid structures as well as their structural, functional and biophysical annotations is an essential task that enables the broader scientific community to conduct impactful research in multiple fields of the life sciences. The Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe; pdbe.org) team develops and maintains several databases and web services to address this fundamental need. From data archiving as a member of the Worldwide PDB consortium (wwPDB; wwpdb.org), to the PDBe Knowledge Base (PDBe-KB; pdbekb.org), we provide data, data-access mechanisms, and visualizations that facilitate basic and applied research and education across the life sciences. Here, we provide an overview of the structural data and annotations that we integrate and make freely available. We describe the web services and data visualization tools we offer, and provide information on how to effectively use or even further develop them. Finally, we discuss the direction of our data services, and how we aim to tackle new challenges that arise from the recent, unprecedented advances in the field of structure determination and protein structure modeling. Computer science ; Data science ; Task (project management) ; Field (mathematics) ; World Wide Web ; Quality (philosophy) ; Visualization ; Data curation ; Protein Data Bank ; Data mining ; Protein structure ; Engineering ; Chemistry Enzyme Structure and Function ; Protein Structure and Dynamics ; Advanced Proteomics Techniques and Applications
Authors: Suruchi Aggarwal | Anurag Raj | Dhirendra Kumar | Debasis Dash | Amit Kumar Yadav
Source: Briefings in Bioinformatics (review, 2022-04-15)
Field: Chemistry — Spectroscopy

False discovery rate: the Achilles’ heel of proteogenomics Proteogenomics refers to the integrated analysis of the genome and proteome that leverages mass-spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics data to improve genome annotations, understand gene expression control through proteoforms and find sequence variants to develop novel insights for disease classification and therapeutic strategies. However, proteogenomic studies often suffer from reduced sensitivity and specificity due to inflated database size. To control the error rates, proteogenomics depends on the target-decoy search strategy, the de-facto method for false discovery rate (FDR) estimation in proteomics. The proteogenomic databases constructed from three- or six-frame nucleotide database translation not only increase the search space and compute-time but also violate the equivalence of target and decoy databases. These searches result in poorer separation between target and decoy scores, leading to stringent FDR thresholds. Understanding these factors and applying modified strategies such as two-pass database search or peptide-class-specific FDR can result in a better interpretation of MS data without introducing additional statistical biases. Based on these considerations, a user can interpret the proteogenomics results appropriately and control false positives and negatives in a more informed manner. In this review, first, we briefly discuss the proteogenomic workflows and limitations in database construction, followed by various considerations that can influence potential novel discoveries in a proteogenomic study. We conclude with suggestions to counter these challenges for better proteogenomic data interpretation. Heel ; Proteogenomics ; Computer science ; Medicine ; Biology ; Anatomy ; Genomics Advanced Proteomics Techniques and Applications ; Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Research ; Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
Authors: David Jones | David C. Stenning | Eric B. Ford | Robert L. Wolpert | Thomas J. Loredo | Christian Gilbertson | X. Dumusque
Source: The Annals of Applied Statistics (article, 2022-06-01)
Field: Chemistry — Analytical Chemistry

Improving exoplanet detection power: Multivariate Gaussian process models for stellar activity The radial velocity method is one of the most successful techniques for detecting exoplanets. It works by detecting the velocity of a host star, induced by the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet, specifically, the velocity along our line of sight which is called the radial velocity of the star. Low-mass planets typically cause their host star to move with radial velocities of 1 m/s or less. By analyzing a time series of stellar spectra from a host star, modern astronomical instruments can, in theory, detect such planets. However, in practice, intrinsic stellar variability (e.g., star spots, convective motion, pulsations) affects the spectra and often mimics a radial velocity signal. This signal contamination makes it difficult to reliably detect low-mass planets. A principled approach to recovering planet radial velocity signals in the presence of stellar activity was proposed by Rajpaul et al. (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 452 (2015) 2269–2291). It uses a multivariate Gaussian process model to jointly capture time series of the apparent radial velocity and multiple indicators of stellar activity. We build on this work in two ways: (i) we propose using dimension reduction techniques to construct new high-information stellar activity indicators; and (ii) we extend the Rajpaul et al. (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 452 (2015) 2269–2291) model to a larger class of models and use a power-based model comparison procedure to select the best model. Despite significant interest in exoplanets, previous efforts have not performed large-scale stellar activity model selection or attempted to evaluate models based on planet detection power. In the case of main sequence G2V stars, we find that our method substantially improves planet detection power, compared to previous state-of-the-art approaches. Exoplanet ; Radial velocity ; Physics ; Planet ; Astrophysics ; Astronomy ; Astron ; Gaussian process ; Gaussian ; Stars Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses ; Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks ; Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
Authors: Liam Collard | Filippo Pisano | Di Zheng | Antonio Balena | Muhammad Fayyaz Kashif | Marco Pisanello | Antonella D’Orazio | Liset Menéndez de la Prida | Cristian Ciracì | Marco Grande | Massimo De Vittorio | Ferruccio Pisanello
Source: Small (article, 2022-05-04)
Field: Materials Science — Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials

Holographic Manipulation of Nanostructured Fiber Optics Enables Spatially‐Resolved, Reconfigurable Optical Control of Plasmonic Local Field Enhancement and SERS Integration of plasmonic structures on step-index optical fibers is attracting interest for both applications and fundamental studies. However, the possibility to dynamically control the coupling between the guided light fields and the plasmonic resonances is hindered by the turbidity of light propagation in multimode fibers (MMFs). This pivotal point strongly limits the range of studies that can benefit from nanostructured fiber optics. Fortunately, harnessing the interaction between plasmonic modes on the fiber tip and the full set of guided modes can bring this technology to a next generation progress. Here, the intrinsic wealth of information of guided modes is exploited to spatiotemporally control the plasmonic resonances of the coupled system. This concept is shown by employing dynamic phase modulation to structure both the response of plasmonic MMFs on the plasmonic facet and their response in the corresponding Fourier plane, achieving spatial selective field enhancement and direct control of the probe's work point in the dispersion diagram. Such a conceptual leap would transform the biomedical applications of holographic endoscopic imaging by integrating new sensing and manipulation capabilities. Plasmon ; Materials science ; Holography ; Nanotechnology ; Optical fiber ; Optoelectronics ; Optics ; Field (mathematics) ; Physics Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications ; Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research ; Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
Authors: Akio Ikesue | Yan Lin Aung
Source: Journal of Advanced Ceramics (article, 2022-12-08)
Field: Materials Science — Ceramics and Composites

Anisotropic alumina ceramics with isotropic optical properties Excellent mechanical and isotropic optical properties are achieved simultaneously from fully dense polycrystalline advanced alumina ceramics with a hexagonal crystal structure, which are optically anisotropic. A small amount (240 ppm) of ZrO<sub>2</sub> additive is used to synthesize the transparent alumina ceramics with an average grain size of 0.7 µm, and locally detected optical distortion (birefringence) is extremely minimized, less than 20 nm/pass. Total transmittance (86%) of the alumina ceramics (thickness = 0.3 mm) in ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) regions is similar to that of commercial <i>c</i>-axis sapphire single crystals produced by Czochralski (CZ) method, while the extinction ratio in the visible wavelength area is over 25 dB. Like glass and the <i>c</i>-axis sapphire single crystals, the alumina ceramics can clearly display texts and images on liquid crystal display (LCD) screens. A grain boundary phase of nano-sized Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> composition (amorphous) is formed at the grain boundary of the advanced alumina ceramics, which enhances four-point bending strength and fracture toughness (<i>K</i><sub>IC</sub>) simultaneously to 921 MPa and 6.8 MPa·m<sup>0.5</sup>, respectively, and hence the mechanical properties are superior to those of the sapphire single crystals. Materials science ; Sapphire ; Ceramic ; Grain boundary ; Birefringence ; Crystallite ; Composite material ; Crystal (programming language) ; Anisotropy ; Optics ; Microstructure ; Laser ; Metallurgy Advanced ceramic materials synthesis ; Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Synthesis ; Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials