Authors: Karren Mehrotra
Source: International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (article, 2025-01-13)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Nanoparticles in Renal Hypertension Therapy: Advances, Mechanisms, and Future Perspectives Renal hypertension, a secondary form of hypertension stemming from kidney dysfunction, poses significant health burdens due to its association with cardiovascular complications and end-stage renal disease (Goldblatt, 1934; Bakris, 2021). Current therapeutic strategies often rely on antihypertensive drugs, but these are limited by suboptimal bioavailability, systemic side effects, and lack of targeted action (Go et al., 2013). These limitations underscore the need for innovative treatment modalities. Nanotechnology, particularly nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have surfaced as an innovative approach revolutionary approach to address these challenges by enabling precise, targeted therapy with improved efficacy and reduced adverse effects (Langer &amp; Peppas, 2021). Nanoparticles exhibit unique properties such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, customizable surface modifications, and the capacity to deliver therapeutic agents directly to renal tissues have made nanoparticles a promising approach (Maeda, 2015). Significant progress in this domain includes the creation of lipid-based carriers, polymeric systems, metallic nanostructures, and inorganic nanoplatforms. Among these, lipid-based systems, including liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, stand out for their versatility and efficiency, facilitating effective drug encapsulation and sustained release, while polymeric carriers like PLGA nanoparticles enhance drug stability and control release profiles (Wang et al., 2018; Patel et al., 2020). Metallic nanoparticles, including gold and silver systems, offer the advantage of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, while mesoporous silica nanoparticles enable high drug loading capacity and renal-targeted delivery (Zhang et al., 2021; Xiao et al., 2022). Clinical translation of these technologies remains a work in progress, yet preclinical studies reveal their promise in hypertension management. Functionalized nanoparticles delivering ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and nitric oxide donors have demonstrated superior outcomes in animal models by improving renal perfusion and endothelial function while reducing systemic toxicity (Singh et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2020). Further integration of artificial intelligence and computational modeling is paving the way for optimized nanoparticle design, enhancing their therapeutic precision and scalability (Farokhzad et al., 2017). Despite promising advancements, significant challenges persist. These include concerns regarding biocompatibility, toxicity, large-scale manufacturability, and compliance with regulatory requirements (Kinnear et al., 2021). Bridging these gaps through interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative research is imperative for successful clinical translation. Nanoparticle systems hold immense potential for transforming renal hypertension treatment, providing safer and more effective therapeutic options while minimizing healthcare burdens associated with chronic disease management. Medicine ; Intensive care medicine Advanced Nanomaterials in Catalysis