Authors: Lihong Zhang | Yuhua Liang | Yanrong Chen | Guangzu Li | Mengbei Zhang | Yingcheng Zhao | Xiaoli Wang | Xiaolei Song
Source: IEEE Access (article, 2020-01-01)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Enhanced CEST MRI Using the Residual of Inversed Z-Spectra for Ischemia Detection Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had shown potential in sensing pH changes that occurs early in ischemic stroke. However, detection of mild acidosis is still challenging. To enhance CEST detection for ischemia, we proposed a quantification approach using the residual of inversed Z-spectra, i.e. MTR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Rex</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VOPVP</sup> = 1/Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">exp</sub> -1/Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</sub> , where the reference Z-spectra Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</sub> was calculated using our previously developed Voxel-wise Optimization of Pseudo Voigt Profile (VOPVP). Simulations were performed at two different exchange rates of amide, representing different pH values. Among all tested quantification methods, including MTR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">asym</sub> , Lorentzian Difference (LD), VOPVP residual (ZVOPVP residual), the analytical solution and MTR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Rex</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OPVP</sup> , MTR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Rex</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VOPVP</sup> exhibited the largest difference between the two exchange rates. In vivo CEST-MRI was performed at 7 Tesla in rat brain, at 2 hours after transient ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Firstly, Z-spectra images were assessed at multiple offsets using histogram analysis, with 3.5 and -3.5 ppm exhibiting significant changes between normal rats and stroke rats (n = 5 each). For all stroke rats, MTR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Rex</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VOPVP</sup> images (3.5 ppm) exhibited a large area of hypointensity in the lesion hemisphere. In contrast, MTR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">asym</sub> and the three-offsets method failed in detecting such changes, particularly for rats with little changes on T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2w</sub> and DWI images. Among all tested methods, MTR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Rex</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VOPVP</sup> achieved the highest contrast-to-noise ratio between lesion striatum and the contralateral. For amide, amine and NOE, Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">residual</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VOPVP</sup> and MTR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Rex</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VOPVP</sup> showed significant reduced signals in lesions compared to the contralateral, indicating lower pH with slower exchange. But Z-spectra and MTRasym signal did not show such difference. At later time points (6 hrs and 24 hrs), all methods displayed contrast between two hemispheres and MTR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Rex</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VOPVP</sup> still show the largest contrast between the two hemisphere. Histology confirmed the edema and other damage in the ipsilateral hemisphere at 2 hours post transient ischemia. In summary, MTR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Rex</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VOPVP</sup> may enhance CEST detection for ischemia. Residual ; Artificial intelligence ; Nuclear magnetic resonance ; Computer science ; Algorithm ; Physics Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes ; Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications ; Electron Spin Resonance Studies