jablonkagroup/rise_ai_scientists huggingface dataset:
Authors: Mahender Singh | Chullikkattil P. Pradeep
Source: Dalton Transactions (article, 2022-01-01)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Modulation of photocatalytic properties through counter-ion substitution: tuning the bandgaps of aromatic sulfonium octamolybdates for efficient photo-degradation of rhodamine B Modulating the photocatalytic properties of polyoxometalate-organic hybrids through counterion substitution is a less explored concept. In this study, a new series of aromatic sulfonium counterions (ASCs) having the general formula X-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>-S(Me<sub>2</sub>)<sup>+</sup>, where X represents different functional substituents such as -H, -Cl, -Me, and -CHO at the <i>para</i>-position of the sulfonium moiety on a benzene ring, have been used for fine-tuning the optical bandgaps and adsorption properties of octamolybdate [Mo<sub>8</sub>O<sub>26</sub>]<sup>4-</sup> hybrids for photocatalytic dye degradation applications. The photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB) is used as a model reaction, which follows pseudo-first-order kinetics exhibiting counterion-dependent degradation rate constants. The hybrid catalyst bearing a -CHO substituent on the ASC showed the lowest bandgap (2.91 eV) and the highest degradation rate constant (0.0141 min<sup>-1</sup>) of the series. A possible mechanism of photocatalytic dye degradation by hybrids involving the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been proposed, supported by radical scavenging studies. The intermediates formed during the photodegradation of RhB were analyzed and identified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The present study reveals a new strategy for tuning the photocatalytic properties of hybrids using differently functionalized ASCs and opens up new avenues for novel POM-hybrids as potential photocatalysts for environmental remediation applications. Photodegradation ; Photochemistry ; Rhodamine B ; Photocatalysis ; Counterion ; Sulfonium ; Chemistry ; Reaction rate constant ; Moiety ; Polyoxometalate ; Catalysis ; Kinetics ; Materials science ; Ion ; Organic chemistry Polyoxometalates: Synthesis and Applications ; Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications ; Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
Authors: Johannes Richter | Vadim Ohanyan | Jörg Schulenburg | Jürgen Schnack
Source: Physical review. B./Physical review. B (article, 2022-02-18)
Field: Materials Science — Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials

Electric field driven flat bands: Enhanced magnetoelectric and electrocaloric effects in frustrated quantum magnets The ${J}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{J}_{2}$ quantum spin sawtooth chain is a paradigmatic one-dimensional frustrated quantum spin system exhibiting unconventional ground-state and finite-temperature properties. In particular, it exhibits a flat energy band of one-magnon excitations accompanied by an enhanced magnetocaloric effect for two singular ratios of the basal interactions ${J}_{1}$ and the zigzag interactions ${J}_{2}$. In our paper, we demonstrate that one can drive the spin system into a flat-band scenario by applying an appropriate electric field, thus overcoming the restriction of fine-tuned exchange couplings ${J}_{1}$ and ${J}_{2}$ and allowing one to tune more materials towards flat-band physics, that is, to show a macroscopic magnetization jump when crossing the magnetic saturation field, a residual entropy at zero temperature, as well as an enhanced magnetocaloric effect. While the magnetic field acts on the spin system via the ordinary Zeeman term, the coupling of an applied electric field with the spins is given by the sophisticated Katsura-Nagaosa-Balatsky (KNB) mechanism, where the electric field effectively acts as a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya spin-spin interaction. The resulting features are corresponding reciprocal effects: We find a magnetization jump driven by the electric field as well as a jump of the electric polarization driven by the magnetic field; i.e., the system exhibits an extraordinarily strong magnetoelectric effect. Moreover, in analogy to the enhanced magnetocaloric effect, the system shows an enhanced electrocaloric effect. Condensed matter physics ; Magnetoelectric effect ; Electrocaloric effect ; Electric field ; Magnet ; Materials science ; Multiferroics ; Quantum ; Physics ; Ferroelectricity ; Optoelectronics ; Quantum mechanics Multiferroics and related materials ; Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials ; Magnetic and transport properties of perovskites and related materials
Authors: Fangfang Yang | Yameng Song | Aiping Hui | Bin Mu | Aiqin Wang
Source: ACS Applied Bio Materials (article, 2022-12-28)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Phyto-Mediated Controllable Synthesis of ZnO Clusters with Bactericidal Activity The rapid development of antibiotic resistance has been considered a major threat to public health. Nanomaterials have risen to be an effective weapon to tackle this problem through multiple antibacterial mechanisms. The improved and tailored physiochemical properties of fine-tuned secondary nanoarchitectures contribute to the superior bactericidal actions of metal oxide structures. However, it is still challenging to construct secondary structures through mild green manufacturing methods. Here, we report the preferred antibacterial ZnO nanocrystal clusters formed by a green structure-tuning synthesis process, in which the primary ZnO nanoparticles with sizes <10 nm were assembled into different forms of clusters depending on the zinc salt concentration and temperature. ZnO clusters with a stable loose-assembly structure and a rougher surface exhibited better bactericidal ability with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1 mg/mL against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, respectively. The underlying mechanism is related to enhancing contact with bacteria, releasing small ZnO nanoparticles, and generating additional reactive oxygen species, which could aggravate the damage to bacterial cell membrane and eventually lead to bacterial death. Furthermore, attachment of phenolic compounds from olive leaf extract would promote membrane penetration by ZnO nanoparticles, resulting in the improvement of antibacterial activities, which profit from the green route mediated by <i>Olea europaea</i> leaf extract that could structure-tune ZnO nanocrystal clusters in one simple step that retains the active ingredients on the nanoparticles. This work proposes a feasible and clean strategy to improve the structure-bioactivity relationship of ZnO by controlling its growth into a preferable structure, and the developed ZnO clusters have a good prospect in antibacterial applications because of their excellent performance and green fabrication method. Antibacterial activity ; Nanocrystal ; Nanoparticle ; Nanomaterials ; Zinc ; Nanotechnology ; Chemistry ; Escherichia coli ; Materials science ; Chemical engineering ; Bacteria ; Biochemistry ; Organic chemistry ; Biology Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications ; Advanced Nanomaterials in Catalysis ; Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
Authors: Antonio Valverde‐González | M. Carmen Borrallo-Aniceto | Mercedes Pintado‐Sierra | Félix Sánchez | Avelina Arnanz | Mercedes Boronat | Marta Iglesias
Source: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (article, 2022-11-23)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

BINOL-Containing Chiral Porous Polymers as Platforms for Enantiorecognition The enantioselective discrimination of racemic compounds can be achieved through the design and preparation of a new family of chiral conjugated BINOL-porous polymers (CBPPs) from enantiopure (<i>R</i>)- or (<i>S</i>)-BINOL derivatives and 1,3,5-<i>tris</i>(4-phenylboronic acid)benzene or 1,3,5-<i>tris</i>(4-ethynylphenyl)benzene, 1,3,5-triethynyl-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene, and <i>tetra</i>(4-ethynylphenyl)methane as comonomers following Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira-Hagihara carbon-carbon coupling approaches. The obtained CBPPs show high thermal stability, a good specific surface area, and a robust framework and can be applied successfully in the fluorescence recognition of enantiomers of terpenes (limonene and α-pinene) and 1-phenylethylamine. Fluorescence titration of CBPPs-OH in acetonitrile shows that all Sonogashira hosts exhibit a preference for the (<i>R</i>)-enantiomer over the (<i>S</i>)-enantiomer of 1-phenylethylamine, the selectivity being much higher than that of the corresponding BINOL-based soluble system used as a reference. However, the Suzuki host reveals a preference toward (<i>S</i>)-phenylethylamine. Regarding the sensing of terpenes, only Sonogashira hosts show enantiodifferentiation with an almost total preference for the (<i>S</i>)-enantiomer of limonene and α-pinene. Based on the computational simulations and the experimental data, with 1-phenylethylamine as the analyte, chiral recognition is due to the distinctive binding affinities resulting from N···H-O hydrogen bonds and the π-π interaction between the host and the guest. However, for limonene, the geometry of the adsorption complex is mostly governed by the interaction between the hydroxyl group of the BINOL unit and the C═C bond of the iso-propenyl fragment. The synthetic strategy used to prepare CBPPs opens many possibilities to place chiral centers such as BINOL in porous polymers for different chiral applications such as enantiomer recognition. Enantiomer ; Enantiopure drug ; Sonogashira coupling ; Molecularly imprinted polymer ; Organic chemistry ; Chirality (physics) ; Enantioselective synthesis ; Combinatorial chemistry ; Materials science ; Selectivity ; Chemistry ; Palladium Covalent Organic Framework Applications ; Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection ; Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Yujin Kim | YoungEun Choe | Seong‐Jin Shin | Jeong-Hui Park | Khandmaa Dashnyam | Hye Sung Kim | Soo-Kyung Jun | Jonathan C. Knowles | Hae‐Won Kim | Jung‐Hwan Lee | Hae‐Hyoung Lee
Source: Biomaterials Advances (article, 2022-07-09)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Photocatalytic effect-assisted antimicrobial activities of acrylic resin incorporating zinc oxide nanoflakes Zinc ; Antimicrobial ; Photocatalysis ; Candida albicans ; Nanoparticle ; Materials science ; Reactive oxygen species ; Chemistry ; Oxide ; Nuclear chemistry ; Microbiology ; Nanotechnology ; Organic chemistry ; Biochemistry ; Biology ; Catalysis Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications ; Antimicrobial agents and applications ; Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
Authors: Domenico Loreto | Anna Esposito | Nicola Demitri | Annalisa Guaragna | Antonello Merlino
Source: Dalton Transactions (article, 2022-01-01)
Field: Chemistry — Organic Chemistry

Reactivity of a fluorine-containing dirhodium tetracarboxylate compound with proteins Dirhodium complexes of general formula [Rh<sub>2</sub>(O<sub>2</sub>CR)<sub>4</sub>]L<sub>2</sub> are a well-known class of bimetallic compounds that are used as efficient catalysts for a variety of reactions and have been shown to be potent antibacterial and anticancer agents. The catalytic and biological properties of these complexes largely depend on the nature of the bridging carboxylate ligands. Trifluoroacetate (tfa)-containing dirhodium compounds have been used to build artificial metalloenzymes upon reaction with peptides and have been shown to be more cytotoxic than dirhodium tetraacetate. However, there is no structural information on the interaction between these compounds and proteins. Here, <i>cis</i>-Rh<sub>2</sub>(μ-O<sub>2</sub>CCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-O<sub>2</sub>CCF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> ([<i>cis</i>-Rh<sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>2</sub>(tfa)<sub>2</sub>]) has been synthesized and its reaction with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) and hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) was analyzed using a combination of different techniques, including Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and macromolecular X-ray crystallography, with the aim to unveil the differences in the reactivity of tfa-containing dihrodium complexes with proteins when compared to [Rh<sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>]. [<i>cis</i>-Rh<sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>2</sub>(tfa)<sub>2</sub>] and [Rh<sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>] bind the N atoms of His side chains of RNase A at the axial position; however the fluorine-containing compound rapidly loses its tfa ligands, while [Rh<sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>] can retain the acetate ligands upon protein binding. The reactivity of [<i>cis</i>-Rh<sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>2</sub>(tfa)<sub>2</sub>] with HEWL is slightly distinct when compared to that of [Rh<sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>] under the same experimental conditions; however, both [<i>cis</i>-Rh<sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>2</sub>(tfa)<sub>2</sub>] and [Rh<sub>2</sub>(OAc)<sub>4</sub>] degrade when soaked within HEWL crystals. These results provide a structural-based guide for the design of new heterogenous chiral dirhodium/peptide and dirhodium/protein adducts with application in the fields of organic synthesis and asymmetric catalysis. Chemistry ; Reactivity (psychology) ; Lysozyme ; Carboxylate ; Active site ; Stereochemistry ; Catalysis ; Bimetallic strip ; RNase P ; Medicinal chemistry ; Organic chemistry ; Biochemistry Cyclopropane Reaction Mechanisms ; Metal-Catalyzed Oxygenation Mechanisms ; Metal complexes synthesis and properties
Authors: Antonio Aires | Yilian Fernández‐Afonso | Gabriela Guedes | Eduardo Guisasola | Lucía Gutiérrez | Aitziber L. Cortajarena
Source: Chemistry of Materials (article, 2022-12-02)
Field: Materials Science — Biomaterials

Engineered Protein-Driven Synthesis of Tunable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as T1 and T2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have become one of the most promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications because of their biocompatibility and physicochemical properties. This study demonstrates the use of protein engineering as a novel approach to design scaffolds for the tunable synthesis of ultrasmall IONPs. Rationally designed proteins, containing different number of metal-coordination sites, were evaluated to control the size and the physicochemical and magnetic properties of a set of protein-stabilized IONPs (Prot-IONPs). Prot-IONPs, synthesized through an optimized coprecipitation approach, presented good T1 and T2 relaxivity values, stability, and biocompatibility, showing potential for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. Biocompatibility ; Coprecipitation ; Nanoparticle ; Nanomaterials ; Iron oxide nanoparticles ; Nanotechnology ; Materials science ; Iron oxide ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic nanoparticles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic chemistry Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery ; Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles ; Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Authors: Matteo Calosi | Elisa Guazzelli | Simona Braccini | Marco Lessi | Fabio Bellina | Giancarlo Galli | Elisa Martinelli
Source: Polymers (article, 2022-02-16)
Field: Chemistry — Organic Chemistry

Self-Assembled Amphiphilic Fluorinated Random Copolymers for the Encapsulation and Release of the Hydrophobic Combretastatin A-4 Drug Water-soluble amphiphilic random copolymers composed of tri(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (TEGMA) or poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) and perfluorohexylethyl acrylate (FA) were synthesized by ARGET-ATRP, and their self-assembling and thermoresponsive behavior in water was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV-vis spectroscopy. The copolymer ability to self-fold in single-chain nano-sized structures (unimer micelles) in aqueous solutions was exploited to encapsulate Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4), which is a very hydrophobic anticancer drug. The cloud point temperature (<i>T</i><sub>cp</sub>) was found to linearly decrease with increasing drug concentration in the drug/copolymer system. Moreover, while CA-4 was preferentially incorporated into the unimer micelles of TEGMA-<i>ran</i>-FA, the drug was found to induce multi-chain, submicro-sized aggregation of PEGMA-<i>ran</i>-FA. Anyway, the encapsulation efficiency was very high (≥81%) for both copolymers. The drug release was evaluated in PBS aqueous solutions both below and above <i>T</i><sub>cp</sub> for TEGMA-<i>ran</i>-FA copolymer and below <i>T</i><sub>cp</sub>, but at two different drug loadings, for PEGMA-<i>ran</i>-FA copolymer. In any case, the release kinetics presented similar profiles, characterized by linear trends up to ≈10-13 h and ≈7 h for TEGMA-<i>ran</i>-FA and PEGMA-<i>ran</i>-FA, respectively. Then, the release rate decreased, reaching a plateau. The release from TEGMA-<i>ran</i>-FA was moderately faster above <i>T</i><sub>cp</sub> than below <i>T</i><sub>cp</sub>, suggesting that copolymer thermoresponsiveness increased the release rate, which occurred anyway by diffusion below <i>T</i><sub>cp</sub>. Cytotoxicity tests were carried out on copolymer solutions in a wide concentration range (5-60 mg/mL) at 37 °C by using Balb/3T3 clone A31 cells. Interestingly, it was found that the concentration-dependent micro-sized aggregation of the amphiphilic random copolymers above <i>T</i><sub>cp</sub> caused a sort of "cellular asphyxiation" with a loss of cell viability clearly visible for TEGMA-<i>ran</i>-FA solutions (<i>T</i><sub>cp</sub> below 37 °C) with higher copolymer concentrations. On the other hand, cells in contact with the analogous PEGMA-<i>ran</i>-FA (<i>T</i><sub>cp</sub> above 37 °C) presented a very good viability (≥75%) with respect to the control at any given concentration. Amphiphile ; Copolymer ; Materials science ; Encapsulation (networking) ; Polymer chemistry ; Chemical engineering ; Polymer ; Computer science ; Composite material ; Engineering Advanced Polymer Synthesis and Characterization ; Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers ; Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
Authors: Jianqiang Huang | Meng Yu | Xuefeng Yong | Chun‐Yu Ho
Source: Nature Communications (article, 2022-07-16)
Field: Chemistry — Organic Chemistry

NHC-Ni(II)-catalyzed cyclopropene-isocyanide [5 + 1] benzannulation Isocyanides are common compounds in fine and bulk chemical syntheses. However, the direct addition of isocyanide to simple unactivated cyclopropene via transition metal catalysis is challenging. Most of the current approaches focus on 1,1-insertion of isocyanide to M-R or nucleophilc insertion. That is often complicated by the competitive homo-oligomerization reactivity occurring at room temperature, such as isocyanide 1,1-insertion by Ni(II). Here we show a (N-heterocyclic carbene)Ni(II) catalyst that enables cyclopropene-isocyanide [5 + 1] benzannulation. As shown in the broad substrate scope and a [trans-(N-heterocyclic carbene)Ni(isocyanide)Br<sub>2</sub>] crystal structure, the desired cross-reactivity is cooperatively controlled by the high reactivity of the cyclopropene, the sterically bulky N-heterocyclic carbene, and the strong coordination ability of the isocyanide. This direct addition strategy offers aromatic amine derivatives and complements the Dötz benzannulation and Semmelhack/Wulff 1,4-hydroquinone synthesis. Several sterically bulky, fused, and multi-substituted anilines and unsymmetric functionalized spiro-ring structures are prepared from those easily accessible starting materials expediently. Isocyanide ; Cyclopropene ; Carbene ; Reactivity (psychology) ; Steric effects ; Chemistry ; Catalysis ; Combinatorial chemistry ; Stereochemistry ; Medicinal chemistry ; Organic chemistry Cyclopropane Reaction Mechanisms ; N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry ; Catalytic C–H Functionalization Methods
Authors: Jichao Chen | Rui Hu | Qing Bao | Dandan Shang | Lei Yu | Philip Wai Hong Chan | Weidong Rao
Source: Organic Chemistry Frontiers (article, 2022-01-01)
Field: Chemistry — Organic Chemistry

Ligand-controlled chemoselectivity in gold-catalyzed cascade cyclization of 1,4-diene-tethered 2-alkynylbenzaldehydes A synthetic method that relies on the gold( i )-catalyzed cascade annulation of skipped 1,4-diene-tethered 2-alkynylbenzaldehydes for the chemo- and stereoselective assembly polycyclic bridged-pyrrolidines and -azepines is described. Chemoselectivity ; Chemistry ; Diene ; Ligand (biochemistry) ; Cascade ; Catalysis ; Combinatorial chemistry ; Stereochemistry ; Medicinal chemistry ; Organic chemistry ; Receptor ; Biochemistry Catalytic Alkyne Reactions ; Chemical synthesis and alkaloids ; Cyclopropane Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Tugba Celiker | Faezeh Ghorbanizamani | Hichem Moulahoum | Emine Guler | Kerem Tok | Figen Zihnioğlu | Candan Çiçek | Rüçhan Sertöz | Bilgin Arda | Tuncay Göksel | Kutsal Turhan | Suna Tımur | Yusuf Yağcı
Source: Microchimica Acta (article, 2022-04-26)
Field: Materials Science — Materials Chemistry

Fluorescent bioassay for SARS-CoV-2 detection using polypyrene-g-poly(ε-caprolactone) prepared by simultaneous photoinduced step-growth and ring-opening polymerizations Detection limit ; Fluorescence ; Repeatability ; Nanochemistry ; Polymerization ; Chemistry ; Reproducibility ; Bioassay ; Conjugated system ; Chromatography ; Polymer ; Biology ; Organic chemistry Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials ; Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques ; Biosensors and Analytical Detection
Authors: Mario Martos | Isidro M. Pastor
Source: European Journal of Organic Chemistry (article, 2022-08-02)
Field: Chemistry — Organic Chemistry

Iron‐Based Imidazolium Salt as Dual Lewis Acid and Redox Catalyst for the Aerobic Synthesis of Quinazolines Abstract A low transition temperature mixture formed with 1‐butyl‐3‐(methoxycarbonylmethyl)imidazolium chloride and iron(III) chloride has proven to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of quinazolines following a sequence of condensation‐cyclization‐oxidation reactions. The protocol is simple and effective for coupling 2‐acylanilines and benzylamines to form nitrogen containing heterocycles with moderate to excellent yields (up to 93 %), being possible to perform the reaction in preparative scale. The functionalized imidazolium salt is crucial for the activation of the reagents under solvent‐free conditions, and the presence of iron in the catalyst mediates the oxidation step with atmospheric oxygen. These features make the presented procedure better, from an environmental point of view, than other processes previously described. For this comparison, different “green” metrics have been used, such as atom economy, stoichiometric factor, reaction mass efficiency, E‐factor, and EcoScale. Chemistry ; Catalysis ; Salt (chemistry) ; Reagent ; Redox ; Stoichiometry ; Solvent ; Atom economy ; Iron(III) chloride ; Lewis acid catalysis ; Lewis acids and bases ; Reducing agent ; Inorganic chemistry ; Chloride ; Combinatorial chemistry ; Organic chemistry Quinazolinone synthesis and applications ; Multicomponent Synthesis of Heterocycles ; Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines Synthesis and Activities
Authors: Jiawen Lee | Jun Fan | An‐Ping Koh | Wan‐Jun Joslyn Cheang | Ming‐Chung Yang | Ming‐Der Su | Cheuk‐Wai So
Source: European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (article, 2022-05-23)
Field: Chemistry — Organic Chemistry

Amidinato Isopropylmethylamidosilylene‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Carbonyl Compounds Abstract This study describes the use of an amidinato isopropylmethylamidosilylene [LSiN(Me) i Pr] ( 1 , L=PhC(N t Bu) 2 ) to catalyze hydroboration of carbonyl compounds. Compound 1 (loading: 5–10 mol%) was shown to be an efficient catalyst for the chemoselective hydroboration of aldehydes (average yield=97 %, average TOF=8.8 h −1 ) and ketones (average yield=97 %, average TOF=1.7 h −1 ) with pinacolborane (HBpin) in C 6 D 6 at 90 °C to form borate esters. Mechanistic studies show that the Si lone pair electrons on 1 and the B vacant p orbital of HBpin activates the C=O double bond of aldehydes and ketones, the intermediates of which undergoes hydroboration to yield borate esters and regenerate compound 1 . Hydroboration ; Chemistry ; Yield (engineering) ; Catalysis ; Boron ; Medicinal chemistry ; Lone pair ; Double bond ; Organic chemistry ; Molecule Organoboron and organosilicon chemistry ; Synthesis and characterization of novel inorganic/organometallic compounds ; Catalytic Cross-Coupling Reactions