Iron nanoparticle contrast enhanced microwave imaging for emergent stroke: A pilot study. 
Emergent stroke is mostly evaluated using hospital based imaging.  Quick imaging allows for rapid administration of IV thrombolysis and outcome improvement.  Microwave imaging (MI) is an emerging portable imaging modality.  Iron oxide nanoparticles are known to interact with microwave frequency electromagnetic radiation.  In this manuscript, we provide proof of concept for a novel iron oxide nanoparticle enhanced microwave imaging device for differentiating emergent ischemic stroke from hemorrhagic stroke.  A MI device was constructed.  Attenuation of the microwave signal transmitted with or without iron oxide nanoparticles was measured over a 1-2 GHz frequency range in a silicone brain phantom, in New Zealand white rabbits, and in a human.  Observed differences in signal attenuation were used to reconstruct an image following induction of a left sided anterior circulation stroke in a New Zealand white rabbit.  An increase in microwave signal attenuation exists across a frequency range of 1.3-2 GHz when iron oxide nanoparticles are introduced into a silicone phantom model, in New Zealand white rabbits, and in a human volunteer.  Using this increase in signal attenuation following nanoparticle administration, we localize induced ischemia in a New Zealand white rabbit.  To the best of out knowledge, we provide the first evidence that superparamagnetic Iron oxide nanoparticles may be used as contrast in the setting of MI.  Our data suggest infusion of intravenous iron oxide nanoparticles with follow on microwave imaging may ultimately allow for more timely administration of thrombolytic mediation in the setting of acute ischemic stroke.