Block heater

A block heater is used in cold climates to warm an engine prior to starting.  They are mostly used for car engines, however they have also been used in aircraft engines. 

The most common design of block heater is an electrical heating element embedded in the engine block. 

Purpose 
Pre-heating of an engine is primarily used to make it easier to start.   Added benefits are:
The cabin heater produces heat sooner for comfort and to de-fog the windscreen. 
Reduction of condensation of fuel on cold cylinder walls during start thus
 saving fuel and reducing exhaust emissions and 
 reducing oil dilution by gasoline scraped into the oil pan by the piston rings. 
The engine reaches operating temperature sooner, so the engine does not run rich as long.   This further reduces fuel consumption and emissions. 
Less load on the starter and battery thereby prolonging their service lives. 
Less engine wear as oil circulation is improved. 
Reduces the need for a Remote starter, thereby further saving fuel and emissions. 

Block heaters or coolant heaters are also found on the diesel engines in standby generators, to reduce the time taken for the generator to reach full power output in an emergency. 

Considerations 
 The car operator must have access to electrical power.   While this easily done at home, it is likely not available while travelling or while at work.   Nonetheless, the greatest need for a pre-heat is after the automobile or truck has cold soaked overnight. 
 Connection.   The operator needs to connect the cable after driving and disconnect before driving.   Most connectors are not designed to self-disconnect, so forgetting to disconnect can result in damage to the cables or the points on the car where the cable is mounted.   After a snow storm the cable may not be visible under the snow. 
 Energy cost.   The power used to heat the engine adds a cost.   However the savings in fuel generally outweigh this cost, especially if a timer is used to limit the heating period to about 4 hours before the expected start time. 
 Example cost: If electricity costs $0.08 per kWh and a 700W heater is used for 4 hours, the electrical cost is about $0.22.   The savings in fuel and wear and tear on the engine are greater than this.   On smaller engines, the block heaters are about 300W.  During the night and up to about 07:00 in the morning, electricity costs are at off-peak rates in many places further reducing the cost. 

Designs 
Some cars are produced with block heaters from the factory, while others are fitted with block heaters as an aftermarket add-on.  The most common type of block heater is an electric heating element in the engine block, which is connected through a power cord often routed through the vehicle's grille.  Some block heaters are designed to replace one of the engine's core plugs and therefore heat the engine via the coolant. 

Alternative methods of warming an engine include:
 Engine oil heater attached to the engine's oil pan with magnets. 
 Engine oil heater inserted into the dipstick tube. 
 In-line coolant heaters, which are installed into a radiator hose to warm the coolant (sometimes with a circulation pump to increase its effectiveness). 
 Electric blankets that is laid over the top of the engine. 

Electric timers are often used with engine warmers, since it is only necessary to run the warmer for a few hours before starting the engine.  Some cars pump hot coolant from the cooling system into a 3-litre insulated thermos-style reservoir at shutdown, where it stays warm for several days. 

Usage

Block heaters are frequently used in regions with cold winters such as the northern United States, Canada, Russia and Scandinavia.  In some countries where block heaters are commonly used, carparks are sometimes fitted with electrical outlets for powering the block heaters. 

Testing in the 1970s of warm-up times for block heaters found little benefit in operating a block heater for more than four hours prior to starting a vehicle.  It was found that coolant temperature increased by almost  during the first four hours, regardless of the initial temperature.  Four tests were run at ambient temperatures ranging from ; continued use of the heater for up to two hours more only further increased the temperature by up to .  Engine oil temperature was found to increase over these periods by just . 

History
An early example of pre-heating piston engines prior to start-up was in the 1930s in Northern Canada, where aviators flew with flight engineers who were responsible for preparing the radial engines for shutdown and startup to reduce the effects of subzero temperatures.  The flight engineer was responsible for draining the oil into buckets at night, and preheating the engine and buckets of oil using a blanket wrapped around the engine and a device known as a blow pot – essentially a kerosene jet-heater used for several hours prior to flight. 

During World War II, German pilots could not stop the oil freezing in the engines of their Messerschmitt Bf 109 planes because of the extreme cold first experienced in the 1941 winter campaign in the Soviet Union.  A captured Soviet airman showed them how pouring aviation fuel into the aircraft's oil sump would thaw the oil.  Another solution, also learned from the Soviets, was to ignite fuel in the space around the engine. 

An early automotive use was the "head bolt heater", invented by Andrew Freeman in the United States and patented on 8 November 1949.  These early heaters replaced one of the engine's head bolts with a hollow, threaded shank containing a resistive heating element.  Before the block heater was introduced, people used a variety of methods to warm engines before starting them, such as pouring hot water on the engine block or draining the engine's oil for storage inside overnight.  Some even shoveled embers underneath their vehicle's engine to obtain the same effect. 

References 

Category:Automotive electrics
Category:Automotive engine technologies
Category:Auto parts