Development of a competitive indirect ELISA for the determination of lincomycin in milk, eggs, and honey. 
Polyclonal antibodies to lincomycin (LIN) were developed in rabbit as a result of immunization with BSA-LIN conjugate.  Periodate oxidizing of hapten was the common step of both immunogen synthesis and preparation of conjugated antigens for coating plates (homologous and heterologous).  Several ELISA variants on a base of the different antigens immobilized on polystyrene were compared.  Heterology of solid-phase antigens was provided with relative hapten clindamycin (CLIN) and ethylene- or hexanediamine as spacer arm between hapten and carrier.  The spacer insertion yielded no desirable effect, whereas gelatin-CLIN assay variant showed better test characteristics in comparison with the homologous one, although insignificant (IC(50) was 9.15 vs 18.3 ng mL(-1)).  The detection limits of the developed test, being estimated as 0.43 ng mL(-1) (milk) and 0.65 ng mL(-1) (eggs), were sufficient to measure maximum residue levels for LIN in examined matrices.  This value for honey was 1.9 ng mL(-1) (1.3 μg kg(-1)).  The assay sensitivity was enough to dilute milk, egg, and honey samples by 10-100 times to minimize matrix effect.  The examination of matrix effect and simple ways of its overcoming are detailed in the paper.  The developed assay showed 111% cross-reactivity with CLIN; therefore, it is suitable for the determination of both lincosamides.