Betrayal of Clannabuidhe

The Betrayal of Clannabuidhe in 1574 was a massacre of the O'Neills of Clannaboy (Clann Aodha Buidhe) by the English forces of The 1st Earl of Essex.  It took place during an attempted English colonisation of Ulster as part of the Tudor conquest of Ireland.  The lord of Clannaboy, Sir Brian McPhelim O'Neill, had invited Lord Essex to parley at his castle in Belfast.  At the end of the feast, the English forces turned on the O'Neills and killed up to 200 of them.  Essex ordered Sir Brian O'Neill, his wife and brother to be seized and executed for treason.  Note they also killed the women and children. 

Background
Sir Brian McPhelim O'Neill was the sovereign Lord of Clannaboy, a Gaelic territory in the province of Ulster in northeastern Ireland.  He was acknowledged as ruler of Clannaboy by the English Crown and had been knighted in 1568 for service to the Crown. 

In 1571, however, Queen Elizabeth I authorised a privately-funded plantation (colonisation) of eastern Ulster, and privately granted large portions of Clannaboy to Englishmen Thomas Smith and Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex.  Smith and a band of colonists (or "adventurers") landed on the Ards Peninsula in 1572 and attempted to build a colony, but were thwarted by O'Neill, who set about razing buildings in the area to deny them shelter. 

In 1573, Lord Essex landed in Carrickfergus with another band of colonists and 1,200 soldiers.  They too met opposition from O'Neill and made little headway.  Essex seized some of O'Neill's cattle and there were small skirmishes.  O'Neill and other Irish lords "shrewdly asserted" that Essex was acting of his own will and that his actions were not backed by the Queen.  In October 1574, Essex wrote to the Queen that "since this people have refused your mercy, and taken upon them wilful war and rebellion, I trust to be the instrument, under you, to punish their breach of faith". 

Massacre
In November 1574, O'Neill invited Lord Essex to parley and feast at Belfast Castle, which at that time was a small town or village.  This castle stood in what is now the centre of Belfast.  The gathering was said to have lasted for three days.  Then, without warning, the English attacked the O'Neills.  English soldiers killed up to 200 of the O'Neills and Essex ordered his men to seize Sir Brian O'Neill, his wife and his brother Rory Óg.  They were sent to Dublin and executed for treason. 

According to Essex, he had been told by "persons of credit" that O'Neill planned to betray him, and so "with the advice and consents of all the captains in the camp", he gave the order to arrest O'Neill.  Lord Essex wrote that "resistance was offered by his men lodged in the town and 125 of them were slain".  In another letter he wrote that he arrested O'Neill and "certain of the principal persons, and put others to the sword, to the number of 200 in all places, whereof forty were his best horsemen".  According to the Annals of the Four Masters, women and youths were also killed by the English soldiers.   Audrey Horning writes that "In violating the rules of hospitality, Essex not only inflicted maximum humiliation on O'Neill through his disdain of Irish custom; he also sent an aggressive message to the Gaelic leadership". 

Aftermath
The Irish annals state that this "wicked and treacherous" massacre "was a sufficient cause of hatred and disgust of the English to the Irish".  English officials were also troubled by the massacre.  Shortly after, Lord Essex issued a proclamation justifying his actions.  He countered charges that O'Neill had been under protection at the time of his arrest.  He listed O'Neill's past breaches of trust in dealing with Crown officers, although he admitted that O'Neill had been pardoned of these offences.  Essex's justification for O'Neill's execution were allegations that he, in collusion with the MacDonnells of Antrim, had been plotting to cut the throats of English soldiers in his territory. 

The following summer, Lord Essex ordered an attack on the MacDonnells of Antrim, in which his forces massacred 600 men, women and children on Rathlin Island. 

After Sir Brian O'Neill's death, Lord Essex promoted Brian McPhelim's son-in-law, Neill McBrian Fertagh O'Neill, to the lordship of Clannaboy regardless of the other claimants.  The inter-familial disputes that arose from this led the Lord Deputy, Sir John Perrot, to divide Clannaboy between the competing members of the Clannaboy O'Neills in 1584. 

In popular culture
The massacre was the subject of the poem "The Betrayal of Clannabuidhe" by Irish poet Ethna Carbery (1864–1902). 

See also
Glencoe Massacre, a similar incident in Scotland
Rathlin Island Massacre
Massacre of Mullaghmast
Treachery of the Long Knives

References

Attribution

Category:1574 in Ireland
Category:History of Belfast
Category:Massacres in Ireland
Category:Massacres committed by England
Category:O'Neill dynasty