                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 14a0068p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                   _________________


 BERNIECE J. DELONG,                                     ┐
                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,    │
                                                         │
                                                         │      No.  13-1990
        v.                                               │
                                                          >
                                                         │
 COMMISSIONER        OF      SOCIAL        SECURITY      │
 ADMINISTRATION,                                         │
                                Defendant-Appellee.       │
                                                         ┘
                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids
                            No.  1:10-cv-01056—No.  1:10-cv-01056. 
                              Decided and Filed: April 9, 2014

              Before: DAUGHTREY, SUTTON, and DONALD, Circuit Judges. 

                                     _________________

                                          COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Benjamin J. Symko, Paul E. Jensen, Nicholas C. Romer, JENSEN, DE HAAN &
SYMKO, PC, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellant.  Niranjan S. Emani, SOCIAL SECURITY
ADMINISTRATION, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellee. 

                                     _________________

                                           OPINION
                                     _________________


       BERNICE B. DONALD, Circuit Judge.  Berniece J. DeLong appeals the District Court’s
judgment denying her motion for attorney fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA),
28 U.S.C. § 2412.  The District Court vacated a decision of the Commissioner of Social Security
(Commissioner), who denied DeLong Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) and Supplemental




                                                1
No.  13-1990              DeLong v. Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.                                       Page 2

Security Income Benefits (SSI), and remanded DeLong’s case for further administrative
proceedings on one of three grounds for relief that DeLong had raised.  The District Court
concluded, however, that DeLong was not entitled to attorney fees because the Commissioner’s
position “was substantially justified.”  28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A).  For the reasons that follow,
we hold that this conclusion does not reflect an abuse of discretion, and we AFFIRM the
judgment of the District Court. 

                                                        I.

        DeLong applied for DIB and SSI in 2003, both of which the Social Security
Administration (Agency) denied on initial review.  Although she subsequently obtained three
hearings before an administrative law judge (ALJ), the ALJ concluded after each hearing that
DeLong was not disabled.  The Agency’s Appeals Council twice intervened, vacating the ALJ’s
decision and remanding DeLong’s case for further administrative proceedings after the first and
second hearings.  After the ALJ’s third determination that DeLong was not disabled, however,
the Appeals Council declined further review.  Consequently, the ALJ’s determination became the
Commissioner’s final decision. 

        On October 27, 2010, DeLong filed a complaint in the United States District Court for
the Western District of Michigan to challenge the denial of benefits.1 Relying on 42 U.S.C.
§§ 405(g) and 1383(c)(3),2 she asserted three grounds for relief: (1) that the Commissioner erred
in relying on a consulting medical source rather than the opinions of DeLong’s treating
physicians; (2) that the Commissioner improperly assessed other medical source opinions and lay
testimony; and (3) that the Commissioner erred in assessing DeLong’s credibility and
mischaracterized the evidence in the record.  The District Court rejected the second and third
claims out of hand, noting that “[c]redibility determinations . . .  are peculiarly within the
province of the ALJ,” explaining that the ALJ had not mischaracterized any of the underlying
medical evidence, and finding no error in the ALJ’s consideration of lay opinion evidence.  But,
        1
          DeLong and the Commissioner voluntarily consented to having all aspects of the case conducted by a
United States Magistrate Judge, including the entry of final judgment. 
        2
          Section 1383(c)(3) provides that final determinations by the Commissioner after a hearing “shall be
subject to judicial review as provided in [§ 405(g)] to the same extent as the Commissioner’s final determinations
under [§ 405(g)].”  See infra note 3 and accompanying text regarding the relevant provisions of § 405(g). 
No.  13-1990                DeLong v. Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.                                        Page 3

concluding that the ALJ had “failed to provide ‘good reasons’ for the weight he gave to the
opinions of [DeLong’s] treating physicians,” the District Court vacated the denial of benefits and
remanded DeLong’s case for further administrative proceedings under sentence four of
§ 405(g).3

        DeLong subsequently filed a motion for attorney fees under the EAJA, contending that
the denial of benefits and the Commissioner’s defense of the denial had lacked substantial
justification.  The District Court denied the motion, noting that merely obtaining a reversal did
not entitle DeLong to EAJA fees.  Instead, the District Court concluded, the Commissioner’s
position was substantially justified despite the reversal for several reasons: (1) the court had
rejected all but one of DeLong’s arguments; (2) DeLong improperly had attempted to present
evidence to the court that she had not presented to the ALJ;4 (3) the record did not “strongly
establish” DeLong’s entitlement to benefits; and (4) the court had reversed the ALJ’s decision on
procedural rather than substantive grounds.  This appeal followed.5

                                                        II. 

        We review the District Court’s denial of attorney fees under the EAJA for an abuse of
discretion.  Damron v. Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.,  104 F.3d 853, 855 (6th Cir.  1997) (citing Pierce v.
Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 559 (1988)). “ To find that the [D]istrict [C]ourt abused its discretion,
this court must be firmly convinced that a mistake has been made.”  Id. Here, despite having
invoked the proper standard of review, DeLong has established no mistake on the part of the
District Court.  Accordingly, her claim for attorney fees must fail. 

        3
          Section 405(g) permits two types of remand: (1) pre-judgment, under sentence six; and (2) post-judgment,
under sentence four.  42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see Hollon v. Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.,  447 F.3d 477, 482-83 (6th Cir.  2006). 
A court remands a case under sentence six without having made any substantive ruling regarding the correctness of
the Commissioner’s decision.  Hollon, 447 F.3d at 486 (citation omitted).  Additionally, in remanding a case under
sentence six, a district court may consider evidence that was not presented to the ALJ, Bass v. McMahon, 499 F.3d
506, 512-13 (6th Cir.  2007); under sentence four it may not consider such evidence, see id. Here, DeLong attempted
to present evidence to the District Court that she did not present to the ALJ, but the District Court determined that
DeLong had failed to demonstrate that a sentence six remand was warranted.  Accordingly, in remanding DeLong’s
case to the Agency under sentence four, the District Court considered only the evidence that had been presented to
the ALJ. 
        4
            See supra note 3 and accompanying text. 
        5
          Because much of the factual and medical history of this case is irrelevant to DeLong’s appeal, we address
additional facts only as necessary to dispose of the appeal. 
No.  13-1990           DeLong v. Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.                              Page 4

        To recover attorney fees under the EAJA, a plaintiff must satisfy three conditions: (1) she
must be a “prevailing party”; (2) the Government’s opposing position must have been without
substantial justification; and (3) there must be no special circumstances that warrant denying
relief.  Marshall v. Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.,  444 F.3d 837, 840 (6th Cir.  2006); see 28 U.S.C.
§ 2412(d)(1)(A).  DeLong is a prevailing party, see Shalala v. Schaefer, 509 U.S. 292, 301-02
(1993), and the Commissioner does not contend that any special circumstances support denying
EAJA relief.     Accordingly, resolution of this appeal turns on whether the Commissioner’s
decision to deny benefits to DeLong, and subsequently to defend the denial, was substantially
justified. 

        The Commissioner’s position may be substantially justified even if a district court rejects
it.  Couch v. Sec.  of Health & Human Servs.,  749 F.2d 359, 360 (6th Cir.  1984) (per curiam). 
The Government bears the burden of proving that a given position was substantially justified,
Scarborough v. Principi, 541 U.S. 401, 414-15 (2004), and it discharges that burden by
demonstrating that the position had a “reasonable basis both in law and fact,” Pierce, 487 U.S. at
565 (citations omitted). 

                                               III. 

        DeLong begins by asserting that the District Court gave too much weight to the
arguments that she raised unsuccessfully, and she contends that the District Court’s rejection of
those arguments “does not dilute the fatal flaws within the ALJ’s decision—or justify defending
it.”  Both claims are reducible to an allegation that DeLong levied against the ALJ below—
“cherry picking” the record.  The District Court observed that this allegation is seldom successful
because crediting it would require a court to re-weigh record evidence.  It is no more availing on
appeal.  Cf.  White v. Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.,  572 F.3d 272, 284 (6th Cir.  2009) (“[W]e see little
indication that the ALJ improperly cherry picked evidence; the same process can be described
more neutrally as weighing the evidence.”). 

        The “substantial evidence” standard, according to which a district court reviews decisions
by the Commissioner, does not permit the court to resolve conflicts in evidence.  Ulman v.
Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.,  693 F.3d 709, 713 (6th Cir.  2012).  Instead, a district court must affirm a
decision by the Commissioner as long as “it is supported by substantial evidence and was made
No.  13-1990           DeLong v. Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.                              Page 5

pursuant to proper legal standards.”       Id.   Here, although the District Court vacated the
Commissioner’s decision and remanded DeLong’s case for further administrative proceedings, it
did so narrowly, expressly observing that “[t]he record did not strongly establish [DeLong’s]
entitlement to benefits.” ( Emphasis added.)  This finding is critical to our determination that the
District Court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the Commissioner’s decision to
deny benefits to DeLong, and to defend the denial, had a reasonable basis in law and fact.  See
Pierce, 487 U.S. at 565. 

       As we have explained before, “[remand] alone is not a proper basis for the allowance of
fees and expenses under the [EAJA].”  Couch, 749 F.2d at 360.  This is so because the finding
that a denial of benefits was not supported by substantial evidence is not tantamount to a
determination that the Commissioner’s position lacked substantial justification.                 Id.
Accordingly, when the same judge who found remand appropriate also concludes that the
Commissioner’s position was substantially justified, that conclusion carries considerable weight
on appeal.  See, e.g., United States v. Thouvenot, Wade & Moerschen, Inc., 596 F.3d 378, 387
(7th Cir.  2010).  We find it dispositive here. 

       DeLong also contends that the District Court mischaracterized the merits of the case and
the state of the law.  Regarding the former, she urges that “[i]t is pellucid from the facts of this
case and the District Court’s own opinion that the Commissioner had no reasonable argument
that the ALJ’s decision met the good reasons requirement—treating source opinions were
ignored in their entirety.”  But this argument misses the point.  It is undisputed that the ALJ
failed to provide “good reasons” for the weight that he gave the opinions of DeLong’s treating
physicians; that is the (sole) reason that the District Court vacated the Commissioner’s decision
and remanded DeLong’s case for further proceedings in the first place.  See Smith v. Comm’r of
Soc.  Sec.,  482 F.3d 873, 875-76 (6th Cir.  2007) (“Claimants are entitled to receive good reasons
for the weight accorded their treating sources[.]”).  At issue is whether, despite this failure, the
Commissioner’s decision to deny benefits to DeLong and to defend that denial before the District
Court had a reasonable basis in law and fact.  We conclude that it did. 

       As the District Court recounted, “[T]he fatal flaw in the ALJ’s opinion [wa]s not in the
weight he found was appropriate for the various medical opinions,” but rather in his failure to
No.  13-1990           DeLong v. Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.                               Page 6

explain his findings adequately. ( Emphasis added.)  The District Court thus vacated the ALJ’s
decision and remanded DeLong’s case based on this procedural error rather than on substantive
grounds.  Relying on this court’s opinion in Howard v. Barnhart, 376 F.3d 551 (6th Cir.  2004),
and that of the Ninth Circuit in Flores v. Shalala, 49 F.3d 562 (9th Cir.  1995), DeLong asserts
that this distinction is a red herring.  She claims that reversal on a procedural issue can entitle a
plaintiff to recover attorney fees under the EAJA and that the Commissioner’s position was
without substantial justification because the ALJ ignored treating source opinions “in their
entirety.”  But two significant weaknesses undercut these claims. 

       First, Howard and Flores are readily distinguishable, Howard having concerned an ALJ
who selectively considered evidence in denying benefits, 376 F.3d at 554, and Flores having
addressed a post-remand administrative hearing, 49 F.3d at 566.  Here, contrary to DeLong’s
assertions, the ALJ did not ignore the opinions of DeLong’s treating physicians.  As the record
reflects, even where the ALJ did not reference certain treating physicians by name, he included
in his analysis operations that they had performed and records that they had produced. 
Accordingly, Howard is unavailing. 

       Unlike in Flores, no post-remand administrative hearing is at issue here.  Additionally,
the district court in Flores wholly failed to consider whether the Government’s position was
substantially justified “on the procedural issue that caused it to remand.”  49 F.3d at 566.  Here,
by contrast, the District Court expressly considered the ALJ’s failure to provide good reasons for
its assessment of the opinions of DeLong’s treating physicians and concluded that the ALJ’s
opinion “lack[ed] the type of focused analysis of the treating physicians’ opinions” that this
court’s precedent requires. 

       Second, and more importantly, remand on procedural grounds may result in yet another
denial of benefits, and we might well sustain such a denial on appeal.  Accordingly, we hold that
an ALJ’s failure to provide an adequate explanation for his findings does not establish that a
denial of benefits lacked substantial justification.  A fully justified position may be poorly
explained, and remand may be the most appropriate vehicle for elucidating that position.  Thus,
although remand on any ground theoretically may support an award of fees under the EAJA,
No.  13-1990           DeLong v. Comm’r of Soc.  Sec.                               Page 7

such an award is not appropriate when nothing about the specific remand at issue implies a lack
of substantial justification.  Cf.  Thouvenot, 596 F.3d at 387.  So it is here. 

       Finally, in alleging that the District Court mischaracterized the state of the law, DeLong,
again, misses the point.  DeLong takes issue with the District Court’s conclusion that Gayheart v.
Commissioner of Social Security, 710 F.3d 365 (6th Cir.  2013), “tipped the scales in [DeLong’s]
favor.”  She devotes several pages of her brief to the proposition that “Gayheart did not create a
new standard that affected the outcome of this case.”       But the District Court never said that it
did.  In fact, because Gayheart concerned neither the EAJA nor the award of attorney fees more
generally, the District Court could not have concluded that it governed this case. 

       What Gayheart did—and this is the context in which the District Court found it
instructive—was reaffirm that “[t]he Commissioner is required to provide ‘good reasons’ for
discounting the weight given to a treating-source opinion.”  710 F.3d at 376.  Gayheart also
helped identify “which reasons will later be found to be sufficiently ‘good reasons’” on appellate
review.  As the District Court observed, “[t]he lines of demarcation are not clear, and in the vast
majority of cases, a position defending a final administrative decision despite its imperfections
will be justified.”  This is such a case. 

                                                IV. 

       No mistake mars the District Court’s determination that the Commissioner’s position in
this case was substantially justified.  Accordingly, the District Court did not abuse its direction,
and we AFFIRM the denial of attorney fees under the EAJA to DeLong.