Association between oxidative stress and contextual fear conditioning in Carioca high- and low-conditioned freezing rats. 
We recently reported two novel breeding lines of rats known as Carioca high-and low-conditioned freezing (CHF and CLF), based on defensive freezing responses to contextual cues previously associated with electric footshock.  The anxiety-like profile of these animals from the 7th generation was tested in the elevated plus maze.  The results indicated that CHF animals presented a significantly more "anxious" phenotype compared with CLF animals.  Animals from the 12th generation were used to evaluate the oxidative stress status of the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum.  Reactive oxidative species (ROS) were evaluated using 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA; a sensor of reactive oxygen species [ROS]), and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), an early marker of lipid peroxidation, were assessed.  The results indicated that free radical concentrations and MDA levels were significantly higher in all three brain structures in CHF rats compared with CLF rats.  Our data also showed that the hippocampus had the highest reactive species and MDA concentrations compared with the cortex and cerebellum in CHF rats.  Animals from the 16th generation were used to evaluate the antioxidant enzyme activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) within these three brain structures.  The results indicated that CAT activity was lower in the cortex and hippocampus in CHF rats compared with CLF rats.  No significant difference was observed in the cerebellum.  The enzymatic activity of GPx was significantly decreased in all three structures in CHF rats compared with CLF rats.  The hippocampus exhibited the highest GPx activity compared with the other two brain structures.  These findings suggest the involvement of a redox system in these two bidirectional lines, and the hippocampus might be one of the prime brain structures involved in this state of oxidative stress imbalance.