Development of a new risk-based framework to guide investment in water quality monitoring. 
An innovative framework for optimising investments in water quality monitoring has been developed for use by water and environmental agencies.  By utilising historical data, investigating the accuracy of monitoring methods and considering the risk tolerance of the management agency, this new methodology calculates optimum water quality monitoring frequencies for individual water bodies.  Such information can be applied to water quality constituents of concern in both engineered and natural water bodies and will guide the investment of monitoring resources.  Here we present both the development of the framework itself and a proof of concept by applying it to the occurrence of hazardous cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater lakes.  This application to existing data demonstrates the robustness of the approach and the capacity of the framework to optimise the allocation of both monitoring and mitigation resources.  When applied to cyanobacterial blooms in the Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia, we determined that optimising the monitoring regime at individual lakes could greatly alter the overall monitoring schedule for the region, rendering it more risk averse without increasing the amount of monitoring resources required.  For water resources with high-density temporal data related to constituents of concern, a similar reduction in risk may be observed by applying the framework.