Effect of Interparticle Electrostatic Double Layer Interactions on Permeate Flux Decline in Crossflow Membrane Filtration of Colloidal Suspensions: An Experimental Investigation. 
A systematic study on the effect of electrostatic double layer interaction on permeate flux decline and deposit cake formation in crossflow membrane filtration of colloidal suspensions is reported.  Three monodisperse silica suspensions with diameters of 47, 110, and 310 nm were used as model colloids, and a tubular zirconia membrane with an average pore diameter of 20 nm was used as a model membrane.  The magnitude and range of the electrostatic double layer interactions were controlled via changes in solution ionic strength and pH. The coupling between colloidal interactions and hydrodynamic forces was investigated by changing the transmembrane pressure and particle size.  The results indicate that the rate of flux decline is strongly dependent on solution ionic strength and, to a much lesser degree, on solution pH (for the investigated pH range 6.1-10.0).  Variations in flux decline rate with solution ionic strength are especially significant as the particle size decreases.  Particle cake thickness, permeability, and porosity generally increased with a decrease in solution ionic strength for a given particle size.  For given physical and chemical conditions, the cake layer porosity increased with decreasing particle size, while cake permeability decreased with decreasing particle size.  These trends are consistent with the increased importance of double layer repulsive forces in controlling the cake layer structure as the solution ionic strength and particle size decrease.  Pressure relaxation experiments indicated that the particle cake layer is reversible, implying no irreversible deposition (attachment) of silica colloids onto the zirconia membrane surface.  Copyright 1998 Academic Press.