Radiation injury in the human kidney: a prospective analysis using specific scintigraphic and biochemical endpoints. 
Renal function was prospectively analyzed in 26 evaluable patients, irradiated to various doses on their kidneys for neoplastic disease.  Glomerular function was assessed by 99mTc-DTPA renography, creatinine clearance, and serum beta 2-microglobulin, whereas tubular function was monitored by 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy, urine beta 2-microglobulin, urine N-acetyl glucosaminidase, and alanine aminopeptidase and a urine concentration test.  In the patients given the highest irradiation dose to the entire left kidney, that is, 40 Gy in 5 1/2 weeks, glomerular and tubular functional impairment, as assessed scintigraphically, progressed at a rate of 2.0 +/- 1.0% (+/- 1 SD) and 2.0 +/- 0.5% per month, respectively, down to 30-40% after 3 to 5 years.  The overall glomerular function, as assessed by creatinine clearance, decreased by only 20%.  In the patients irradiated unilaterally on the upper pole to 40 Gy in 4 weeks, glomerular and tubular function in the left kidney deteriorated at 0.75 +/- 0.33% and 0.75 +/- 0.20% per month in the first 2 years, down to 75-80% at 5 years.  This smaller reduction was due to shielding of a part of the left kidney.  No changes were observed, thus far, after bilateral whole kidney irradiation to 17-18 Gy in 3 1/2 weeks.  The concentration capacity of the kidney after total volume irradiation was not impaired.  There was a trend for an increase in diastolic blood pressure in 3 out of 5 patients given the high dose irradiation to the entire left kidney and in 2 out of 7 patients irradiated on the upper pole of the left kidney.  The progressive nature of the radiation nephropathy stresses the need for long term follow-up to determine more accurately the "tolerance dose" of the human kidney for irradiation.