Catalysis in fumarate reductase. 
In the absence of oxygen many bacteria are able to utilise fumarate as a terminal oxidant for respiration.  In most known organisms the fumarate reductases are membrane-bound iron-sulfur flavoproteins but Shewanella species produce a soluble, periplasmic flavocytochrome c(3) that catalyses this reaction.  The active sites of all fumarate reductases are clearly conserved at the structural level, indicating a common mechanism.  The structures of fumarate reductases from two Shewanella species have been determined.  Fumarate, succinate and a partially hydrated fumarate ligand are found in equivalent locations in different crystals, tightly bound in the active site and close to N5 of the FAD cofactor, allowing identification of amino acid residues that are involved in substrate binding and catalysis.  Conversion of fumarate to succinate requires hydride transfer from FAD and protonation by an active site acid.  The identity of the proton donor has been open to question but we have used structural considerations to suggest that this function is provided by an arginine side chain.  We have confirmed this experimentally by analysing the effects of site-directed mutations on enzyme activity.  Substitutions of Arg402 lead to a dramatic loss of activity whereas neither of the two active site histidine residues is required for catalysis.