Structural dynamics of calmodulin and troponin C.
We present the results of computational simulation studies of the structures of calmodulin (CAM) and troponin C (TNC).  Possible differences between the structures of these molecules in the crystal and in solution were suggested by results from some recent experimental studies, which implied that their conformations in solution may be more compacted than the characteristic dumbbell shape observed in the crystal.  The molecular dynamics simulations were carried out with the CHARMM system of programs, and the environment was modeled with a distance-dependent dielectric permittivity and discrete water molecules surrounding the proteins at starting positions identified in the crystals of CAM and TNC.  Methods of macromolecular structure analysis, including linear distance plots, distance matrices and a matrix representation of hydrogen bonding, were used to analyze the nature, the extent and the source of structural differences between the computed structures of the molecules and their conformations in the crystal.  Following the longest simulation, in which intradomain structure was conserved, the crystallographically observed dumbbell structure of the molecule changed due to a kinking or bending in the region of the central tether helix connecting the two Ca(2+)-binding domains which moved into close proximity.  The resulting structure correlates with experimental observations of complexes between CAM and peptides such as melittin and mastoparan.  Analysis of the corresponding pair distance distribution functions in comparison to experimental results suggests the dynamic existence of a non-negligible fraction of the compacted structure in aqueous solutions of CAM.  In this more nearly globular shape, CAM reveals to the environment two interior pockets that contain a number of hydrophobic residues, in agreement with NMR data suggesting involvement of such residues in the binding of inhibitors and proteins to CAM.