Tokugawa Ietsugu

Tokugawa Ietsugu; 徳川 家継 (August 8, 1709 – June 19, 1716) was the seventh shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1713 until his death in 1716.  He was the son of Tokugawa Ienobu, thus making him the grandson of Tokugawa Tsunashige, daimyō of Kofu, great-grandson of Tokugawa Iemitsu, great-great grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and finally the great-great-great grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. 

Early life (1709–1713)
Tokugawa Ietsugu was born in 1709 in Edo, being the eldest son of shōgun Tokugawa Ienobu and concubine, Gekkōin.  At that time, his father was shōgun, and was being advised by his long-time Confucian advisor, Arai Hakuseki, who held considerable influence in the shōguns court at Edo.  At the time Ietsugu was born, his father, Ienobu, was 48.  His childhood name was Nabematsu (鍋松).  Arai had traced the Tokugawa family's bloodline back to the Minamoto family, the founders of the first shogunate.  Thus, Ietsuga also was called Minamoto no Ietsugu.  He was only three years old when his father died, upon which he became shōgun Ietsugu.  He married Yoshiko no Miya (1714–1758) in 1715, daughter of Emperor Reigen at that time he was only 4 years and Yoshiko no Miya was only one year old. 

Family
 Father: Tokugawa Ienobu
 Mother: Gekkōin (1685–1752)
 Wife: Yasonomiya Yoshiko (1714–1758)

Shōgun (1713–1716)
Although shōgun Ietsugu assumed the role as formal head of the bakufu, he was still a toddler.  As he was not old or able enough to rule, he was put under the protection and advice of Confucian scholar Arai Hakuseki.  Two problems were addressed during Ietsugu's reign: currency reform and foreign trade in Kyūshū.  Ietsugu did not take much care of the country's matters; and his advisors, namely Arai Hakuseki, addressed them. 

In 1715, he married Yoshiko-no-miya, daughter of Emperor Reigen

In 1713, prices were rising.  Thus, after various proposals (most after the death of Ienobu) submitted to Shogun Ietsugu and Arai, it was decided to create a new currency.  In 1714, the new metallic currency was introduced.  While rice had increased during the rule of Ienobu, after the currency was introduced during the rule of Ietsugu, it fell to a lower level. 

The currency reform was closely linked to foreign trade.  In 1716, only Dutch and Chinese merchant ships could trade from Dejima in Nagasaki.  Reform of the currency system also led to reform of trade rules as well.  In 1716, a document was addressed saying that the bakufu would appoint two commissioners of Foreign Trade in Edo and Nagasaki, and that 30 Chinese ships and 2 Dutch ships be allowed to enter the country each year.  Nonetheless, Japan still remained very isolated. 

Death

In Shōtoku 6, on the 30th day of the 4th month (1716), Shogun Ietsugu died of complications of a cold, at the age of six.  He had not done much to rule—but was thought of as a playful and mischievous character.  Since he had no children the direct descendant of Tokugawa Iemitsu came to an end.  Nonetheless, there were still collateral lineal branches descended from Ieyasu through one of his many children, and the new shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, was chosen from one of these lineal Tokugawa branches.  His Buddhist name was Yushoin and buried in Zōjō-ji. 

Eras of Ietsugu's bakufu
The years in which Ietsugu was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. 
 Shōtoku  (1711–1716)
 Kyōhō            (1716–1736)

Ancestry

Notes

References
 Screech, Timon. ( 2006).  Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns:  Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822.  London: RoutledgeCurzon.   
 Titsingh, Isaac. ( 1822).  Illustrations of Japan.   London: Ackerman. 
 Titsingh, Isaac. ( 1834). [ Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon.   Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)
 Totman, Conrad. ( 1967).  Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600–1843.  Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 

Category:1709 births
Category:1716 deaths
Category:18th-century shōguns
Category:Tokugawa shōguns
Category:Tokugawa clan
Category:Rulers who died as children
Category:Child rulers from Asia