Novel multifunctional hybrids of single-walled carbon nanotubes with nucleic acids: synthesis and interactions with living cells. 
Novel hybrids of fluorescein-labeled poly(ethylene glycol)-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with nucleic acids were prepared.  5'-Pyrene conjugates of oligodeoxyribonucleotides were used to construct the noncovalent hybrids, with the pyrene residues acting as anchor groups, immobilizing an oligonucleotide on the SWCNT surface.  The hybrid formation characteristics were studied using ζ-potential measurements and adsorption isotherm plots.  Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples stained with contrast agents proved that the pyrene conjugates of oligonucleotides were adsorbed onto the surfaces of the functionalized SWCNTs.  On the basis of the MTT assay, the functionalized SWCNTs and their hybrids with oligonucleotides exhibited low toxicity toward HeLa, KB-3-1, and KB-8-5 cells.  A TEM study of ultrathin sections of cells treated with SWCNTs revealed that the nanotubes directly interacted with the cellular surface.