                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA                      FILED
                                                                                 APR, ') n 2~ ,)' \'
                                                                                      &.  t!        ..1
                                                                                               ,"1. • 

                                                                        Clerk, U,S, District & Bankruptcy
                                                     )                  Courts for the District of Columbl,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                             )
                                                     )
        v.                                           )       Criminal No.  01-425-1 (PLF)
                                                     )
TYRONE WEAKS,                                        )
                                                     )
               Defendant.                             )
----------------------------------~)


                            MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

               This matter is before the Court on defendant Tyrone Weaks' motion to reduce his

sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).  The government opposes Mr. Weaks' motion.!  For

the reasons stated below, the Court will deny the motion. 

               On April 11, 2002, Mr. Weaks pleaded guilty to (1) possession with intent to

distribute five grams or more of cocaine base ("crack cocaine"), in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(l) and (b)(l)(B); and (2) possession ofa firearm during a drug trafficking offense, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(l).  Mr. Weaks acknowledged in his plea agreement that because

he was pleading guilty to possession with intent to distribute five grams or more of crack

cocaine, Count One carried a statutory mandatory minimum penalty of five years imprisonment. 

See Plea Agreement ,-r l(a).  The precise amount of drugs involved, as agreed to by the defendant

and his counsel at the time of the original sentencing, was 56.9 grams of cocaine base or crack. 




              The papers submitted in connection with this matter include: Defendant's pro se
Motion to Reduce Sentence ("Mot.");  Supplemental Motion to Reduce Sentence ("Supp.") ( filed
on behalf of Mr. Weaks by the Office of the Federal Public Defender); and Government's
Response to Defendant's Motion to Reduce Sentence ("Opp."). 
See Sentencing Transcript ("March 13,2003 Tr.")  at 10-13,15-18.  In his plea agreement, Mr.

Weaks also acknowledged that Count Two carried a statutory mandatory minimum penalty of

five years' imprisonment that was required by law to run consecutively to any other term of

imprisonment.  See Plea Agreement ~ 1(b).  As a part of the plea agreement, the government

agreed to dismiss Count Three of the indictment against Mr. Weaks' girlfriend and co-defendant

Stephanie Conyers.  Id. at   ~   10. 

               At the sentencing hearing on March 13,2003, the Court found that under the then-

applicable Sentencing Guidelines, 56.9 grams of crack cocaine resulted in a Base Offense Level

of 32.  The Court adjusted downward by two levels for acceptance of responsibility, see U.S.S.G.

§ 3El. L to reach an Adjusted Offense Level of30.  See March 13,2003 Tr.  at 17,32.  The Court

then determined that Mr. Weaks was in Criminal History Category III, yielding a Guidelines

sentencing range of 121 to 151 months.  Id. at 18-19.  The Court sentenced Mr. Weaks to 121

months' imprisonment, the minimum that the then-mandatory Sentencing Guidelines would

allow.  His conviction was affirmed on appeal.  See United States v. Weaks, 388 F.3d 913 (D.C.

Cir.  2004). 

               In light of the Supreme Court's decision in Booker v. United States, 543 U.S. 220

(2005), and the D.C. Circuit's decision in United States v. Coles, 403 F.3d 764 (2005), the case

was remanded to this Court for the limited purpose of determining whether it would have

imposed "a different sentence, materially more favorable to the defendant, had lthe Court] been

aware of the post-Booker sentencing regime."  United States v. Coles, 403 F.3d at 771.  At the

time of Mr. Weaks' original sentencing, the Guidelines (reflecting a 100-to-l disparity between




                                               -2-
crack cocaine and powder cocaine offenses) were mandatory and required the Court to sentence

Mr. Weaks to a minimum of 121 months' imprisonment.  On remand, this Court stated:

                [T]his Court has on numerous occasions concluded that a 20 to 1
               ratio is available to the Court post-Booker and is appropriate in
               many cases under the factors set out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). 
               Accordingly, this Court would have imposed "a different sentence,
               materially more favorable to the defendant had it been aware of the
               post-Booker sentencing regime."  United States v. Coles, 403 F.3d
               at 771. 

Memorandum Opinion and Order at 2 (July 6, 2006) (internal citations omitted). 

               While there was initially some question on remand as to whether Mr. Weaks at

the time of his plea or at sentencing in fact acknowledged responsibility for 56.9 grams of crack

cocaine or only "more than five grams," see Hearing Transcript ("Aug. 29, 2006 Tr.")  at 7-8,

12-13, by the time of the resentencing on September 8, 2006, Mr. Weaks acknowledged that he

was responsible for all of the drugs at issue, 56.9 grams of crack cocaine.  See Resentencing

Transcript ("Sept. 8, 2006 Tr. ")  at 5-8.  The Court therefore began with that quantity of crack

cocaine in fashioning its sentence. 

               Rather than impose a sentence consistent with the advisory Guidelines sentencing

range on resentencing, the Court, exercising its discretion under Booker, varied from the

Guidelines and imposed a sentence that reflected a 20-to-l ratio between crack and powder

cocaine offenses.  The Court multiplied the amount of crack (56.9 grams) by 20.  yielding L 138

grams of powder cocaine.  Then, as now, possession with intent to distribute 1,138 grams of

powder cocaine yielded an offense level of26.  See U.S.S.G. § 2Dl.l(c).  After applying the

same two level downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility under Section 3E 1.1 of the

Guidelines as it had originally, the Court determined that Mr. Weaks' Offense Level was 24. 


                                                -3-
With a criminal history category of III, his Guidelines sentencing range on Count One was 63 to

78 months.  The Court found that a sentence in the middle of that range (66 months) was

appropriate, considering the limited mitigating factors and the substantial quantity of drugs

involved.  As required by law, the Court reimposed a consecutive 60-month sentence for the

weapons offense (Count Two) under 18 U.S.c. §  924(c). 

                Mr. Weaks now asks the Court to reduce his sentence on Count One to the

mandatory minimum sentence of 60 months, see Mot.  at 2; Supp.  at 7, because (1) the United

States Sentencing Commission recently amended and lowered the base offense level for crack

cocaine offenses by two levels and made the amendment retroactive, see U.S.S.G., Supp.  to App. 

C, Amend.  706, 711; (2) the Court is authorized to reduce the term of imprisonment imposed "in

the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing

range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission," 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(2); (3) the relevant amendment reduced Mr. Weaks' Guidelines sentencing range for

the amount of crack cocaine for which Mr. Weaks was held responsible (after the downward

adjustment for acceptance of responsibility) from 121 to 151 months to 97 to 121 months; and

(4) "[w]here, as here, the Court imposed a sentence below the original guideline range, the

guidelines provide that 'a reduction comparably less than the amended guideline range ... may

be appropriate [under Section 3582(c)(2)].'  U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B)."  Supp.  at 3-4. 

               Mr. Weaks attempts to distinguish this case from the Court's prior decisions in

United States v. Burnette, 587 F. Supp.  2d 163 (O.O.C. 2008), and United States v. Garris, 591

F. Supp.  2d 54 (2008) (holding that defendants re-sentenced post-Booker consistent with a 20-to-

1 ratio, rather than with the applicable crack cocaine guidelines, are ineligible for further


                                                 -4-
reduction under Section 3582(c)(2».  He argues that beginning in 2009, it has been the policy of

this Court to apply a I-to-l ratio, rather than a 20-to-l ratio, for all crack cocaine offenses, and

that he should have the benefit of that change in policy.  See Supp.  at 5-6, citing United States v.

Lewis, 623 F. Supp.  2d 42,45 (D.D.C. 2009).  While this Court in Lewis did adopt, as a matter

of policy, a new approach of applying a I-to-l ratio to sentencing in allfitture crack cocaine

cases, see id. at 43, 45, 47, as explained below, Mr. Weaks' is ineligible for a sentence

modification under Section 3582(c)(2), and the Court therefore is without authority to modify his

term of imprisonment to reflect this new policy. 

               Congress has authorized district courts to modify a defendant's term of

imprisonment in three limited situations, as set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c).  The subsection

relevant to this motion provides:

               [I]n the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment
               based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing
               Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(0), ... the court may reduce the term of
               imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the
               extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent with applicable
               policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission. 

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).  Eligibility for modification, therefore, turns on whether the defendant's

term of imprisonment was "based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by

the Sentencing Commission."  Id. The D.C. Circuit has interpreted the phrase "based on" to refer

to the "guideline range that determined the defendant's sentence."  United States v. Cook, 594

F.3d 883.888 (D.C. Cir.  2010). 

               Mr. Weaks is not eligible for a sentence reduction under Section 3582(c)(2)

because the sentence the Court imposed post-Booker on September 8, 2006, unlike his original



                                                 -5-
sentence, was not "based on" (or determined by) the then-applicable crack cocaine Guideline

sentencing range (121 to 151 months), subsequently lowered by amendment 706 (to 97 to 121

months).  Rather, after determining that a 20-to-l crack-to-powder ratio was a more appropriate

basis for determining defendant's sentence, the Court multiplied the amount of crack cocaine by

20, and applied the sentencing range applicable to that amount of powder cocaine (63 to 78

months).  See Opp.  at 3.  In other words, defendant's sentence was effectively "based on" the

powder cocaine sentencing range, which has not been lowered by the Sentencing Commission,

and thus is unaffected by 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).  See United States v. Burnette, 587 F. Supp 2d

at 164-65. 

               For the reasons stated above, it is hereby

               ORDERED that Defendant's Motions to Reduce Sentence [122, 128] are

DENIED. 

               SO ORDERED. 


                                                      C2~ ~d::__
                                                      PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
                                                                                             tf.    -


                                                      United States District Judge
DATE:   '1   1).0 \ ,~




                                                -6-
