izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
In terms of cultural and political geography, the Middle éast sometimes includes North African and western South Asian countries, particularly Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Egypt
The United Nations includes marcus and the South Caucasus States (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) in its Western Asian subregion, as they are almost entirely located there
However, these countries also lie in regions that straddle both Asia and Europe, and have sociopolitical ties to the latter
Turkey is located in Europe and in Asia
The Asian part of the Arab world (including Arabia proper) is called the "Mashreq" in Arabic
Find out more at "See continent and transcontinental country for further definitions" Teritori
Southwest Asia is in most contexts méant to encompass: Anatolia, Arabia, Transcaucasia, Levant, Iran, and Mesopotamia are subregions of Southwest Asia
Dipake dina statistik seke seler
The Canadian government uses "West Asian" in its statistics; however péople from the Arab countries are counted in a separate "Arab" category
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), nyaéta standar atawa téknologi nu mangrupa paningkatan tina standar Circuit Switched Data, mékanisme pangiriman data dina sistem telepon mobil nu leuwih tiheula
Laju pangiriman datana opat kali leuwih gancang batan GSM, kalayan laju data nepi ka 38.4 Kbps
Saru jeung CSD, alokasi kanal dina HSCSD digawekeun dina jero modeu circuit switched
Bédana jeung CSD ngan dina kamampuh pikeun ngagunakeun padika-padika pangkodeuan (coding) nu béda-béda sarta / atawa multi time slot pikeun ngaronjatkeun throughput data
Inovasi séjenna dina HSCSD nyaéta padika koréksi kasalahan nu béda-béda bisa dipaké pikeun pangiriman data
Koréksi kasalahan orisinil nu digunakeun dina GSM mah dirarancang dina kaayaan kawatesna wengkuan GSM
Hal ieu boga harti yén sabagian gedé kapasitas pangiriman GSM dieusian ku kodeu koréksi kasalahan
Sedengkeun HSCSD nyadiakeun tingkat koréksi kasalahan nu béda-béda nu bisa digunakeun gumantung kana kualitas tumbu radiona
Hartina, dina kaayaan nu pangalusna, laju 14.4 kbit/s bisa dihontal ku HSCSD ngaliwatan sahiji time slot nu mana dina CSD mah ngan mampuh mawa 9.6 kbit/s, pikeun ngaronjatkeun troughput saloba 50%
Inovasi lianna dina HSCSD nyaéta kamampuh pikeun ngagunakeun multi time slot dina waktu nu bareng
Ku cara ngagunakeun salobana opat (4) time slot, HSCSD bisa ngaronjatkeun laju pangiriman maksimum nepi ka 57.6 kbit/s (4 kali 14.4 kbit/s), sarta, sanajan dina kaayaan radio nu goréng nu merlukeun koréksi kasalahan undakan nu leuwih luhur, masih bisa nawarkeun paningkatan laju opat kali dibandingkeun CSD (38.4 kbit/s vs 9.6 kbit/s)
Ku cara ngagabungkeun nepi ka 8 time slot GSM, kapasitas bisa dironjatkeun nepi ka 115 kbit/s
HSCSD requires the time slots being used to be fully reserved to a single user
It is possible that either at the beginning of the call, or at some point during a call, it will not be possible for the user's full request to be satisfied since the network is often configured so that normal voice calls take precedence over additional time slots for HSCSD users
The user is typically charged for HSCSD at a rate higher than a normal phone call ("e.g.," by the number of time slots allocated) for the total period of time that the user has a connection active
This makes HSCSD relatively expensive in many GSM networks and is one of the réasons that packet-switched GPRS, which typically has lower pricing (based on amount of data transferred rather than the duration of the connection), has become more common than HSCSD
Apart from the fact that the full allocated bandwidth of the connection is available to the HSCSD user, HSCSD also has an advantage in GSM systems in terms of lower average radio interface latency than GPRS
This is because the user of a HSCSD connection does not have to wait for permission from the network to send a packet
HSCSD is also an option in EDGE and UMTS systems where packet data transmission rates are much higher
In the UMTS system the advantages of HSCSD over packet data are even lower since the UMTS radio interface has been specifically designed to support high bandwidth, low latency packet connections
This méans that the primary réason to use HSCSD in this environment would be access to legacy dial up systems
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
Morihiro Hosokawa (細川 護煕 "Hosokawa Morihiro", babar 14 Januari 1938) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang nu jadi Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-79 ti 9 Agustus 1993 nepi ka 28 April 1994
Koalisina ngarupakan pamaréntahan non-Partey Demokrasi Liberal (LDP) munggaran saprak taun 1955
nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang nu jadi Perdana Mentri ka-78 ti 5 Nopémber 1991 dugi ka 9 Agustus 1993
Sōsuke Uno (宇野 宗佑 "Uno Sōsuke" 27 Agustus 1922–19 Méi 1998) nyaéta salah saurang mantan pulitikus Jepang jeung Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-75 ti 3 Juni 1989 nepi ka 10 Agustus 1989
Noboru Takeshita (竹下 登 "Takeshita Noboru", 26 Pébruari 1924–19 Juni 2000) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-74 ti 6 Nopémber 1987 dugi ka 3 Juni 1989
(26 Nopémber 1852–8 Désémber 1933), disebut ogé Gonnohyōe, nyaéta salah saurang laksamana di Angkatan Laut Jepang tur jadi Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-16 (20 Pébruari 1913–16 April 1914) jeung ka-22 (2 Séptémber 1923–7 Januari 1924)
nyaéta jendral di Tentara Kaisar Jepang, Gubernur Jendral Korea, tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-36 from 30 Agustus 1939 dugi ka 16 Januari 1940
(2 Maret 1880 - 20 April 1948) nyaéta salah saurang laksamana di Angkatan Laut Jepang, jeung pulitikus
Jadi Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-37 ti 16 Januari 1940 dugi ka 22 Juli 1940
Prince Fumimaro Konoe (Kyūjitai: 近衞 文麿, Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿, "Konoe Fumimaro") ("sometimes Konoye", 12 Oktober 1891–16 Désémber 1945) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-34 (4 Juni 1937–5 Januari 1939), ka-38 (22 Juli 1940–18 Juli 1941) jeung ka-39 (18 Juli 1941–18 Oktober 1941)
nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-27 ti 2 Juli 1929 dugi ka 14 April 1931
Anjeunna disebut "Perdana Mentri Singa"(ライオン宰相) nujul kana penampilanna
Tanzan Ishibashi (石橋 湛山 "Ishibashi Tanzan", 25 Séptémber 1884–25 April1973) nyaéta salah saurang jurnalis jeung pulitikus Jepang
Anjeuna Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-55 ti 23 Désémber1956 dugi ka 28 Pébruari 1957
Salila éta ogé dua kali jadi présidén Partey Demokrasi Liberal, partey utama di Parlemen
, 22 Séptémber 1878–20 Oktober 1967, nyaéta saurang diplomat jeung pulitikus Jepang tur jadi Perdana Mentri Jepang ti taun 1946 nepi ka 1947 jeung ti taun 1948 nepi ka 1954
Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access
FOMA, anu mangrupa singketan tina kecap-kecap basa Inggris Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access, mangrupa ngaran merek pikeun layanan 3G anu ditawarkeun ku operator telepon mobil Jepang NTT DoCoMo
FOMA mangrupa layanan 3G W-CDMA munggaran di dunya mangsa disadiakeun dina taun 2001
FOMA bisa nyambung jeung UMTS, boh ngaliwatan tumbu radio boh ngaliwatan séntral kartu USIM, antukna méré sababaraha pilihan pikeun roaming global: boh "handset"na ganti atawa henteu
Lantaran layanan mobil di Jepang umumna leuwih maju manan lolobana nagara lianna, contona "FeliCa-i-mode Wallet Phones", layanan data mobil i-mode jeung sajabana, mangka pikeun narima layanan FOMA sagemblengna pamaké layanan téh kudu ngagunakeun "handset" Jepang
Awalna mah "handset" FOMA sifatna keur coba-coba sarta diajengkeun keur para pamaké awal antukna terminalna geredé jeung waktu hirup bateréna singkat sarta jaringan anu kawengku ngan kota-kota gedé hungkul
Hal ieu lumangsung salila 1-2 taun sarta para pamaké awal lolobana para "profesional" industri komunikasi
Kira-kira bulan Maret 2004, kalayan wewengkon layanan anu ampir sanagara, kaasup setasiun karéta jero taneuh (subway) katut jero wangunan-wangunan gedé, sarta ku ditawarkeunana seri "handset" DoCoMo 900i, FOMA nyieun torobosan ngalakukeun panjualan massal
Mimiti tanggal 29 September 2007, langganan FOMA geus leuwih ti 40 juta
Alokasi frékuénsi pikeun FOMA "Plus Area"
FOMA "Plus Area" ngagunakeun pita frékuénsi 800 MHz
Hal ieu ngahasilkeun jarak pancaran sinyal anu leuwih jauh di daérah pasisian di mana jarak antara langganan jeung "base station" leuwih pajauh
Tapi, layanan FOMA 800 MHz kawates ngan di jero daérah pasisian lantaran di jero kota mah spéktrum frékuénsi 800 MHz téh digunakeun ogé keur layanan PDC anu kaasup 2G
Sanajan kitu, alatan layanan 2G beuki jarang ngagunakeun pita 800 MHz, NTT DoCoMo geus ngarancanakeun pikeun ngagunakeun pita frékuénsi ieu pikeun masang FOMA di daérah pasisian
Mas Acé Salmun Raksadikaria atawa nu kawentar M. A. Salmun (23 April 1903 - 10 Pébruari 1972) téh bujangga, ahli basa jeung sastra Sunda jeung Indonésia
Kaweruhna dina widang sastra sarua jerona jeung katiginanana dina nyiptakeun karya-karya sastra (utamana dina basa Sunda)
Lian ti karya sastra tradisional modél wawacan, gending karesmén, Salmun ogé getol ngarang novél, roman, jeung carpon
Salmun dibabarkeun di Rangkasbitung ti kulawarga asistén wadana Mas Abusa'id Raksadikaria anu keur ngorana kungsi jadi 'kamidi' (pangarang gending karesmén jeung pinter nari)
Indungna, Nyi Mas Samayi, turunan ménak Lebak, najan teu kungsi sakola, cenah parigel maca Latén, Jawa, Sunda, jeung Arab, sarta pinter basa Sunda, Jawa, Kawi, Malayu, sarta saeutik Walanda jeung basa Cina
Ku kapinteranana, dina hal basa, indung Salmun loba kanyahona dina widang pustaka bihari, antukna sok jadi pananyaan sarjana Walanda
Saréngsé sakola di HIS, MA Salmun ngamimitian gawé di Kantor Pos dan Telepon-Telegrap (PTT) Rangkasbitung, laju dipindahkeun ka Tangjung Karang
Di dinya pisan anjeunna mimiti ngarang daria, sarta ngirimkeun tulisan-tulisanana ka Balé Pustaka
Ti Tanjung Karang, anjeunna dialihkeun deui ka Cianjur
Taun 1938, Salmun diasupkeun ka Sidang Pangarang Sunda Balé Pustaka anu harita loba medalkeun wawacan, di antarana "Ciung Wanara" (1939), "Mundinglaya" (1940), "Ekalaya Palastra" (1940), "Asmarandhana" (1942), jeung "Goda Rancana" (1942)
Taun 1943 Salmun kaluar ti Balé Pustaka, terus pindah jadi pagawé luhur pamong praja di Banten, tapi balik deui ka Balé Pustaka (1948-1951)
Karya-karya munggaran anjeunna nu medal ti Balé Pustaka, di antarana ngarang "Padalangan Pasundan" (1949), ngédit "Mahabharata" (1950), ngaropéa "Wawangsalan Jeung Sisindiran" karya Mas Adiwinata jeung Radén Bratakusumah jadi "Sisindiran" (1950), jeung ngarang "Gogoda ka nu Ngarora" (1951)
Nalika Fakultas Sastra UI muka mata kuliah basa Sunda, Salmun jadi dosén luar biasa taun 1951
Anjeunna getol pisan nalika Konperensi Basa Sunda di Bandung (1952) anu ngahasilkeun ngadegna Lembaga Basa jeung Sastra Sunda (LBSS)
Ampir dina kongrés-kongrés basa Sunda salajengna, Salmun salawasna ngadeudeul ku pamendak-pamendakna ngeunaan kamekaran basa Sunda
Di Bogor, Salmun ngilu marajian sarta ngabantu medalna majalah "Tjandra" (1954), Manglé (1957), jeung "Sari" (1963)
Dina majalah-majalah éta, anjeunna getol midangkeun karya-karyana anu mangrupa carita nyambung atawa bahasan ngeunaan sastra
Carita-carita nyambungna salajengna loba nu dibukukeun, di antarana baé "Budah Cikapundung" (1965), "Angeun Haseum" (1965), "Villa Bati Nyeri" (1966), jeung "Néangan Bapa" (1966)
Sakaluarna ti Balé Pustaka, Salmun jadi pagawé di Departemén Sosial nepi ka pangsiun
Karya-karya sastra munggaran MA Salmun mimiti mucunghul dina wanda dangding jeung carpon anu dimuat dina "Volksalmanak Soenda" jeung kalawarta "Parahiangan" wedalan Balé Pustaka
Sanggeus éta, anjeunna ogé ngarang wawacan, gending karesmén, bahasan/éséy, roman, sajak, jsb
Bukuna anu munggaran medal nyaéta "Moro Julang Ngaleupaskeun Peusing" (1923) jeung "Sungkeman Gelung" (1928)
Naskah gending anu dijieun dina mangsa awalna jadi pangarang, di antarana "Mundinglaya", "Kelenting Kuning", jeung "Lénggang Kancana" (sadayana taun 1933)
Naskah gending Lénggang Kancana salajengna di-Indonésiakeun ku Armijn Pane (1934)
Dina jaman sanggeus perang, Salmun nulis gending "Arya Jalak Harupat" anu nyaritakeun Oto Iskandar di Nata (1954)
Karya Salmun anu kacatet jeung kakumpulkeun aya 480 judul (1929-1967), kaasup anu ditulis dina basa Indonésia
Mun ditilik jenisna, nu 480 téh ngawengku 122 judul guguritan, 6 judul wawacan, sanjak 25 judul, carita pondok 103 judul, roman 7 judul, anékdot 26 judul, drama dangding jeung gending karesmén 5 judul, bahasan 172 judul, pangaweruh umum 6 judul, jeung buku pangajaran 8 judul
Lian ti giat dina widang sastra, taun 1965 Salmun ngadegkeun Sakola Dalang di Bandung
Pikeun pangéling-éling kana jasana, ngaran M. A. Salmun dijadikeun ngaran jalan di Bogor anu ngaran asalna Jalan Pabrik Gas
Banjar, nyaéta pangbagian wewengkon administratif di Propinsi Bali, Indonésia di handapeun kalurahan atawa désa
Banjar mangrupa kasatuan masarakat hukum anu mibanda wates-wates wewengkon anu wenang pikeun ngatur sarta ngurus kapentingan balaréa satempat, dumasar asal-usul sarta adat istiadat satempat anu diaku sarta dipihormat dina sistem Pamaréntahan Nagara Kasatuan Républik Indonésia
Nobusuke Kishi (岸 信介 "Kishi Nobusuke", 13 Nopémber 1896–7 Agustus 1987) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-56 jeung 57 ti 25 Pébruari 1957 nepi ka 12 Juni, 1958 sarta nepi ka 19 July 1960
Yasuhiro Nakasone (中曽根 康弘 "Nakasone Yasuhiro", babar 27 Méi 1918 - 29 Nopémber 2019) nyaéta pulitikeus Jepang nu jadi Perdana Mentri Jepang ti 27 Nopémber 1982 dugi ka 6 Nopémber 1987
Zenko Suzuki (鈴木 善幸 "Suzuki Zenkō"; 11 Januari 1911–19 Juli 2004) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-70 ti 17 Juli 1980 dugi ka 21 Nopémber 1982
nyaéta saurang prajurit karir di Angkatan Laut Kaisar Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-21 ti 12 Juni 1922 dugi ka 24 Agustus 1923
Baron , (3 Januari 1860 - 28 Januari 1926) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-24 ti 11 Juni 1924 nepi ka 28 Januari 1926
Anjeunna disebut ogé Katō Kōmei
Baron (11 Agustus 1872 - 10 Maret 1951) nyaéta salah saurang diplomat Jepang nu kasohor saméméh Perang Dunya II tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-44 ti 9 Oktober 1945 dugi ka 22 Méi 1946
Tetsu Katayama (片山 哲 "Katayama Tetsu", 28 Juli 1887 - 30 Méi 1978) nyaéta saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-46 ka 24 Méi 1947 dugi ka 10 Maret 1948
Field Marshal (5 Pébruari 1852 –3 Nopémber 1919) salah saurang "Field Marshal" di Tentara Kakaisaran Jepang sarta Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-18 ti 9 Oktober 1916 dugi ka 29 Séptémber 1918
(9 Pébruari 1856–4 Nopémber 1921) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-19 ti 29 Séptémber 1918 dugi ka 4 Nopémber 1921
Viscount , (27 Juli 1854 – 26 Pébruari 1936) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang jeung Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-20 ti 13 Nopémber 1921 dugi ka 12 Juni 1922
Anjeunna kawentar salaku ahli keuangan salila karir pulitikna
Count , (14 Pébruari 1850 - 5 Nopémber 1942) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ti 7 Januari 1924 dugi ka 11 Juni 1924
Baron , (21 Maret 1866–20 Nopémber 1949) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang jeung Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-25 jeung 28
Baron , (22 Juni 1864–29 Séptémber 1929) nyaéta salah saurang jendral dina Tentara Kakaisaran Jepang, pulitikus, sarta Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-26 ti 20 April 1927 dugi ka 2 Juli 1929
nyaéta Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-30 ti 17 Agustus 1945 dugi ka 9 Oktober 1945 salila 54 poé
, (20 April 1855–15 Méi 1932) nyaéta saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-29 ti 13 Désémber 1931 dugi ka 15 Méi 1932
nyaéta saurang laksamana di Angkatan Laut Jepang, Governor-General of Korea ti 1919 dugi ka 1927 tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-30 ti 26 Méi 1932 nepi ka 8 Juli 1934
nyaéta saurang laksamana Angkatan Laut Jepang, pulitikus tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-31 ti 8 Juli 1934 dugi ka 9 Maret 1936
nyaéta saurang diplomat, politikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-32 ti 9 Maret 1936 dugi ka 2 Pébruari 1937
nyaéta saurang komandan Tantara Kakaisaran Jepang di Angkatan Joseon Korea salila Mukden Incident jeung invasion of Manchuria, tur pulitikus Jepang jeung Perdana Mantri Jepang ka-33 ti 2 Pébruari 1937 dugi ka 4 Juni 1937
Baron (28 Séptémber 1867 - 22 Agustus 1952) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang aliran-katuhu saméméh Perang Dunya-II sarta Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-35 ti 5 Januari 1939 nepi ka 30 Agustus 1939
Pulitikus Jepang modérn, Takeo Hiranuma, nyaéta putrana
Hideki Tojo (Kyūjitai: 東條 英機; Shinjitai: 東条 英機; "") (30 Désémber 1884 – 23 Désémber 1948) nyaéta saurang Jendral di Tentara Kakaisaran Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-40 salila Perang Dunya II, ti 18 Oktober 1941 nepi ka 22 Juli 1944
Sanggeus tamat perang, Tojo was dihukum mati keur kajahatan perang ku International Military Tribunal of the Far East
nyaéta salah saurang jendral di Tantara Kakaisaran Jepang, Governor-General of Korea jeung Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-41 ti 22 Juli 1944 dugi ka 7 April 1945
Baron nyaéta saurang laksamana Angkatan Laut Kakaisaran Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-42 ti 7 April 1945 dugi ka 17 Agustus 1945
Suzuki nyaéta nu nyoarakeun narimana Jepang kana Potsdam Declaration jeung nyerahkeun kakawasaan ka Sekutu, mangsa Perang Dunya II réngsé
Hitoshi Ashida (芦田均 "Ashida Hitoshi", 15 Nopémber 1887 – 20 Juni 1959) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-47 ti Maret dugi ka 15 Oktober 1948
Ichirō Hatoyama (鳩山 一郎 "Hatoyama Ichirō", babar 1 Januari 1883 di Tokyo, pupus 7 Maret 1959) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-52, 53 jeung 54, périodeuna ti 10 Désémber 1954 dugi ka 19 Maret 1955, saterusna ti 22 Nopémber 1955 jeung nepi ka 23 Désémber 1956
Hayato Ikeda (池田 勇人 "Ikeda Hayato"; 3 Désémber 1899–13 Agustus 1965) babar di Préféktur Hiroshima, nyaéta asal saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-58, 59 jeung 60 ti 19 Juli 1960 nepi ka 8 Désémber 1960, nepi ka 9 Désémber 1963, tur nepi ka 9 Nopémber 1964
nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-61, 62 jeung 63, dipilih dina 9 Nopémber 1964, tur dipilih deui dina 17 Pébruari 1967 jeung 14 Januari 1970, nyekel kalungguhan dugi ka 7 Juli 1972. anjeunna perdana mentri panglamina di sajarah Jepang
Nikah jeung Hiroko dina taun 1926 sarta gaduh dua putra, Ryutaro and Shinji
Kakuei Tanaka (田中 角栄 "Tanaka Kakuei" 4 Méi 1918–16 Désémber 1993) nyaéta pulitikus Jepang jeung Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-64 jeung 65 ti 7 Juli 1972 dugi ka 22 Désémber 1972 tur ti 22 Désémber 1972 dygi ka 9 Désémber 1974
Anjeunna anggota nu panggedéna pangaruh di Partai Demokrasi Liberal nepi ka pertengahan taun 1980-an, basa ragrag ti kakawasaan sanggeus sababaraha skandal
Takéo Miki (三木 武夫 "Miki Takeo" 17 Maret 1907–4 Nopémber 1988) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-66
salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur Perdana Mentri Jepang ka-67 ti 24 Désémber 1976 dugi ka 7 Désémber 1978
Masayoshi Ohira (大平 正芳 "Ōhira Masayoshi" 12 Maret 1910–12 Juni 1980) nyaéta salah saurang pulitikus Jepang tur jadi Perdana Mentri Jepang ka- 68 jeung 69 ti 7 Désémber 1978 dugi ka 12 Juni,1980
Jepang nyaéta anggota Kabinet nu ngurus kawijakan luar negeri Jepang jeung kapala Departemen Luar Negri
The current foreign minister (2024) is Takeshi Iwaya
UMTS-TDD mangrupa hiji standar jaringan data mobil anu diwangun dumasar kana standar telepon mobil sélulér 3G UMTS, anu ngagunakeun antar muka udara (air interface) TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, atawa nu lainna nu disatujuan ku 3GPP, nu ngagunakeun Time Division Duplexing pikeun ngalakukeun duplex spéktrum antara sinyal up-link jeung sinyal down-link
UMTS-TDD digunakeun utamana pikeun nyadiakeun aksés Internét dina lingkungan anu sarupa jeung lingkungan anu aya WiMAX
UMTS-TDD henteu bisa langsung digunakeun dina UMTS lantaran aya béda dina téknologi air interface jeung frékuénsi anu digunakeun antara hiji standar jeung standar lianna
TD-CDMA is the primary air interface used by UMTS-TDD
It uses increments of 5 MHz of spectrum, with éach slice divided into 10ms frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second)
The time slots are allocated in fixed percentage for downlink and uplink
Code Division Multiple Access is used within éach time slot to multiplex stréams from or to multiple transceivers
TD-CDMA is an IMT-2000 3G air interface, classified as IMT-TD Time-Division, and is standardized in UMTS by the 3GPP as UTRA TDD-HCR
TD-CDMA is closely related to W-CDMA, and provides the same types of channels where possible
W-CDMA's HSDPA/HSUPA enhancements are also implemented under TD-CDMA
An alternative air interface for UMTS-TDD is TD-SCDMA, which uses 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, and is standardized in UMTS by the 3GPP as UTRA TDD-LCR
In Europe, CEPT allocated the 2010-2020 MHz range for a variant of UMTS-TDD designed for unlicensed, self-provided use
Some telecom groups and jurisdictions have proposed withdrawing this service in favour of licensed UMTS-TDD, due to lack of demand, and lack of development of a UMTS TDD air interface technology suitable for deployment in this band
Comparison with UMTS
Ordinary UMTS uses a W-CDMA air interface technology and Frequency Division Duplexing, méaning that the up-link and down-link transmit on different frequencies
UMTS is usually transmitted on frequencies assigned for 1G, 2G, or 3G mobile telephone service in the countries of operation
UMTS-TDD uses time division duplexing, allowing the up-link and down-link to share the same spectrum
This allows the operator to more flexibly divide the usage of available spectrum according to traffic patterns
For ordinary phone service, you would expect the up-link and down-link to carry approximately equal amounts of data (because every phone call needs a voice transmission in either direction), but Internet-oriented traffic is more frequently one-way
For example, when browsing a website, the user will send commands, which are short, to the server, but the server will send whole files, that are generally larger than those commands, in response
UMTS-TDD tends to be allocated frequency intended for mobile/wireless Internet services rather than used on existing cellular frequencies
This is, in part, because TDD duplexing is not normally allowed on cellular, PCS/PCN, and 3G frequencies
TDD technologies open up the usage of left-over unpaired spectrum
Europe-wide, several bands are provided either specifically for UMTS-TDD or for similar technologies
These are 1900 MHz and 1920 MHz and between 2010 MHz and 2025 MHz
In several countries the 2500-2690 MHz band (also known as MMDS in the USA) have been used for UMTS-TDD deployments
Additionally, spectrum around the 3.5 GHz range has been allocated in some countries, notably Britain, in a technology-neutral environment
UMTS-TDD has been deployed for public and/or private networks in at léast nineteen countries around the world, with live systems in, amongst other countries, Australia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Japan, New Zéaland, South Africa, the UK, and the USA
Deployments in the US thus far have been limited
It has been selected for a public safety support network used by emergency responders in New York, but outside of some experimental systems, notably one from Nextel, thus far the WiMAX standard appéars to have gained gréater traction as a general mobile Internet access system
A variety of wireless, mobile Internet-access systems exist which provide broadband speed access to the Internet
These include WiMAX and HIPERMAN
UMTS-TDD has the advantages of being able to use an operator's existing UMTS/GSM infrastructure, should it have one, and that it includes UMTS modes optimized for circuit switching should, for example, the operator want to offer telephone service
UMTS-TDD's performance is also more consistent
However, UMTS-TDD deployers often have regulatory problems with taking advantage of some of the services UMTS compatibility provides
For example, UMTS-TDD spectrum in the UK cannot be used to provide telephone service, though the regulator OFCOM is discussing the possibility of allowing it at some point in the future
Few operators considering UMTS-TDD have existing UMTS/GSM infrastructure
Additionally, the WiMAX and HIPERMAN systems provide significantly larger bandwidths when the mobile station is in close proximity to the tower
Like most mobile Internet access systems, many users who might otherwise choose UMTS-TDD will find their needs covered by the ad hoc collection of unconnected Wifi access points at many restaurants and transportation hubs, and/or by Internet access alréady provided by their mobile phone operator
By comparison, UMTS-TDD (and systems like WiMAX) offers mobile, and more consistent, access than the former, and generally faster access than the latter
TD-SCDMA (singketan tina kecap-kecap basa Inggris "Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access") nyaéta salah sahiji standar télékomunikasi mobil 3G, anu keur digawékeun di Republik Rakyat Cina ku Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT), Datang sarta Siemens AG, dina raraga supaya henteu gumantung kana téknologi urang Barat
Alesan utama dijieunna ieu standar cenah format 3G lianna nyaratkeun bayaran béa patén ka sajumlah urang Barat anu mibanda hak patén
TD-SCDMA didasarkeun kana téknologi spéktrum sebar sarta kamunginan bakal bébas tina kawajiban mayar patén ka urang Barat
Pamasangan jeung pamakéan jaringan
Dina tanggal 20 Januari 2006, Mantri Industri Informasi Républik Rakyat Cina sacara resmi ngumumkeun yén TD-SCDMA mangrupa standar boga nagara kasebut pikeun télékomunikasi mobil 3G
Dina tanggal 15 Pébruari 2006, pamaréntah Cina ngumumkeun jadwal waktu pikeun pamasangan jaringan TD-SCDMA di Cina, sarta ngémbarkeun uji coba pra komérsial dimimitian saenggeus réngséna sajumlah uji jaringan di sababaraha kota anu dipilih
Uji coba ieu dilaksanakeun ti bulan Maret nepi ka bulan Oktober 2006, tapi hasilna teu nyugemakeun
Pangwangunan jaringan-jaringan nu ngagunakeun standar 3G lianna (WCDMA katut CDMA2000 EV/DO) ditunda nepi ka siapna TD-SCDMA
Standar kasebut geus diadopsi ku 3GPP
TD-CDMA (nu leuwih deukeut kana W-CDMA), ditawarkeun salaku air interfaces pikeun sistem UMTS-TDD, kaol UMTS anu lolobana digunakeun pikeun nyadiakeun aksés Internét
Pamakéan TDD leuwih éfisién batan FDD pikeun laju data asimétrik, anu ilahar dina pamakéan Internét
TD-SCDMA uses TDD, in contrast to the FDD scheme used by W-CDMA
By dynamically adjusting the number of timeslots used for downlink and uplink, the system can more éasily accommodate asymmetric traffic with different data rate requirements on downlink and uplink than FDD schemes
Since it does not require paired spectrum for downlink and uplink, spectrum allocation flexibility is also incréased
Also, using the same carrier frequency for uplink and downlink méans that the channel condition is the same on both directions, and the base station can deduce the downlink channel information from uplink channel estimates, which is helpful to the application of beamforming techniques
TD-SCDMA also uses TDMA in addition to the CDMA used in WCDMA
This reduces the number of users in éach timeslot, which reduces the implementation complexity of multiuser detection and beamforming schemes, but the non-continuous transmission also reduces coverage (because of the higher péak power needed), mobility (because of lower power control frequency) and complicates radio resource management algorithms
The "S" in TD-SCDMA stands for "synchronous", which méans that uplink signals are synchronized at the base station receiver, achieved by continuous timing adjustments
This reduces the interference between users of the same timeslot using different codes by improving the orthogonality between the codes, therefore incréasing system capacity, at the cost of some hardware complexity in achieving uplink synchronization
atawa Jepang aya di wewengkon Tengah-Kaler pulo utama Jepang, Honshū
Wewengkon ieu ngawengku préféktur Nara, Wakayama, Mie, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo, jeung Shiga
Kadangkala Fukui jeung Tokushima kaasup ogé
Sedengkeun watesan "Kansai" jeung "Kinki" geus robah dumasar kana sajarah, nu remen dipaké dina konteks modérn, duanana dianggap sarua
atawa nyaéta wewengkon pangkulonna di Honshū, pulo Jepang panggedéna
Wewengkon ieu ngawengku Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Shimane, Tottori, jeung Okayama
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSDPA (singketan tina kecap-kecap basa Inggris High-Speed Downlink Packet Access mangrupa salah sahiji protokol telepon mobil anu tempo-tempo disebut teknologi 3,5G
Teknologi ieu dimekarkeun tina WCDMA
HSDPA nawarkeun data tampung (kapasitas) data anu leuwih gedé (nepi ka 14,4 Mbit/detik pikeun "down link")
HSUPA (singketan tina kecap-kecap bahasa Inggris High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) mangrupa salah sahiji protokol telepon mobil 3G anu kawengku ku kulawarga standar HSPA kalayan laju data up-link bisa nepi ka 5.76 Mbit/s
Ngaran HSUPA dijieun ku Nokia
3GPP sorangan henteu ngagunakeun ngaran 'HSUPA', tapi maké ngaran "Enhanced Uplink" (EUL)
Spésifikasi pikeun HSUPA aya dina jero standar UMTS "Release" 6 anu dikaluarkeun ku 3GPP
– "Tujuan tina dijieunna pasaratan "Enhanced Uplink" nyaéta pikeun ngahadéan unjuk gawé kanal transpor pikeun uplink, nyaéta pikeun ningkatkeun daya muat (kapasitas) jeung "throughput" sarta ngurangan waktu tunda (delay)."
HSUPA uses an uplink "enhanced dedicated channel" (E-DCH) on which it will employ link adaptation methods similar to those employed by HSDPA, namely: Similarly to HSDPA, HSUPA uses a "packet scheduler", but it operates on a "request-grant" principle where the UEs request a permission to send data and the scheduler decides when and how many UEs will be allowed to do so
A request for transmission contains data about the state of the transmission buffer and the queue at the UE and its available power margin
However, unlike HSDPA, uplink transmissions are not orthogonal to éach other
In addition to this "scheduled" mode of transmission the standards also allows a self-initiated transmission mode from the UEs, denoted "non-scheduled"
The "non-scheduled" mode can, for example, be used for VoIP services for which even the reduced TTI and the Node-B based scheduler will not be able to provide the very short delay time and constant bandwidth required
éach MAC-d flow (i.e
QoS flow) is configured to use either "scheduled" or "non-scheduled" modes; the UE adjusts the data rate for "scheduled" and "non-scheduled" flows independently
The maximum data rate of éach "non-scheduled" flow is configured at call setup, and typically not changed frequently
The power used by the "scheduled" flows is controlled dynamically by the Node-B through absolute grant (consisting of an actual value) and relative grant (consisting of a single up/down bit) messages
At Layer 1, HSUPA introduces new physical channels E-AGCH (Access Grant Channel), E-DCH Relative Grant Channel, F-DPCH (Fractional-DPCH), E-HICH (E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel), E-DPCCH (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel) and E-DPDCH (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel)
E-DPDCH is used to carry the E-DCH Transport Channel; and E-DPCCH is used to carry the control information associated with the E-DCH
Tabel di handap mangrupa tabel laju "uplink" keur kategori-kategori HSUPA nu béda
After HSUPA the 3GPP is working on further advancing transfer rates
The HSOPA will provide up to 100 Mbit/s for downlink and 50 Mbit/s for uplink
"(not updated)" Devices
Some triband (850/1900/2100 MHz) HSUPA devices are alréady available:
nyaéta pangleutikna (panjang 225 km jeung rubak antara 50 km and 150 km) tur pangsaeutikna populasi (4,141,955 as of 2005) di antara opat pulo utama Jepang, ayana di kiduleun Honshū jeung wetaneun pulo Kyūshū
Ngaran heubeulna nyaéta "Iyo-no-futana-shima" (), "Iyo-shima" (), jeung "Futana-shima" ()
Ngaran kiwari nujul akan opat propinsi heubeul nyaéta : Awa, Tosa, Sanuki, jeung Iyo
nyaéta pulo gedé nomer tilu di Jepang tur pangkidulna jeung pangkulonna tina opat pulo utama
Ngaran ieu keur ngagantikeun ngaran heubeulna nyaéta Kyūkoku (九国 "Salapan nagara bagean"), Chinzei (鎮西 "Wewengkon Pasifik Kulon"), jeung Tsukushi-no-shima (筑紫島 "Pulo Tsukushi")
Ngaran sajarah regionel nyaéta Saikaidō (西海道 "Sirkuit Laut Kulo") nujul kana Kyūshū jeung pulo-pulo sabudeureunna
Pupolasi Kyūshū nyaéta 14,779,000 (2003) jeung legana 35,640 km²
Magnetostatika nyaéta pangajaran ngeunaan medan magnet statik
Lamun dina elektrostatika mah muatan anu cicing henteu obah (stasioner) téh mangka dina magnetostatika mah arus listrik anu stasioner teh
Magnet statik ngarupakeun kasus husus tina rumus Maxwell
Dimimitian tina rumus Maxwell, bisa dilakukeun panyaderhanaan saperti kieu: The quality of this approximation may be guessed by comparing the above equations with the full version of Maxwell's equations and considering the importance of the terms that have been removed
Of particular significance is the comparison of the formula_1 term against the formula_2 term
If the formula_1 term is substantially larger, then the smaller term may be ignored without significant loss of accuracy
Re-introducing Faraday's law
A common technique is to solve a series of magnetostatic problems at incremental time steps and then use these solutions to approximate the term formula_4
Plugging this result into Faraday's Law finds a value for formula_5 (which had previously been ignored)
This method is not a true solution of Maxwell's equations but can provide a good approximation for slowly changing fields
Solving magnetostatic problems
If all currents in a system are known (i.e
if a complete description of formula_1 is available) then the magnetic field can be determined from the currents by the Biot-Savart equation: formula_7 This technique works well for problems where the medium is a vacuum or air or some similar material with a relative permeability of 1
This includes Air core inductors and Air core transformers
One advantage of this technique is that a complex coil géometry can be integrated in sections, or for a very difficult géometry numerical integration may be used
Since this equation is primarily used to solve linear problems, the complete answer will be a sum of the integral of éach component section
One pitfall in the use of the Biot-Savart equation is that it does not implicitly enforce Gauss's law for magnetism so it is possible to come up with an answer that includes magnetic monopoles
This will occur if some section of the current path has not been included in the integral (implying that electrons are being continuously créated in one place and destroyed in another)
Using Biot-Savart in the presence of Ferromagnetic, Ferrimagnetic or Paramagnetic materials is difficult because the external current induces a surface current in the magnetic material which in turn must be included in the integral
The value of the surface current depends on the magnetic field which was what you were trying to calculate in the first place
For these problems, using Ampére's law (usually in integral form) is a better choice
For problems where the dominant magnetic material is a highly perméable magnetic core with relatively small air gaps, a magnetic circuit approach is useful
When the air gaps are large in comparison to the magnetic circuit length, fringing becomes significant and usually requires a finite element calculation
The finite element calculation uses a modified form of the magnetostatic equations above in order to calculate magnetic potential
The value of formula_8 can be found from the magnetic potential
Magnét atawa beusi semprani nyaéta hiji materi anu boga medan magnet
Kecap magnét asalna tina basa Yunani "magnítis líthos" anu hartina batu Magnesian
Magnesia nyaéta ngaran hiji wewengkon di Yunani bihari anu kiwari ngaranna Manisa (ayeuna aya di wewengkon Turki) anu ngandung batu magnét
Kiwari, magnét nyaéta hiji materi anu miboga médan magnét
Wujud materi kasebut aya nu dina wangun magnét tetep jeung magnét henteu tetep
Magnet anu ayeuna ieu aya ampir kabéhanana mangrupa magnét jieunan
Magnét sok mibanda dua kutub nyaéta: kutub kalér (north/ N) sarta kutub kidul (south/ S)
Sanajan magnét éta dipotong-potong, potongan magnét leutik kasebut baris tetep mibanda dua kutub
Magnét bisa metot barang séjén
Aya sababaraha materi anu malah kabetot leuwih kuat batan batan materi séjénna, nyaéta bahan logam
Tapi henteu kabéh logam miboga daya betot anu sarua
Beusi sarta waja mangrupa dua conto materi anu miboga daya betot anu tarik
Sedengkeun oksigén éncér mangrupa conto materi anu miboga daya betot nu lemah
Hijian intensitas magnét nurutkeun sistem metrik dina International System of Units (SI) nyaéta Tesla sarta SI unit pikeun fluks magnétik total nyaéta weber
1 weber/m^2 = 1 tesla, anu mangaruhan hiji méter pasagi
Magnét tetep henteu merlukeun tanaga atawa bantuan ti luar pikeun ngahasilkeun daya magnét (berelektromagnetik)
Magnét tetep salila ieu dipikanyaho aya dina: Magnét henteu tetep ("remanen")
Magnét henteu tetep ("remanen") gumantung kana médan listrik pikeun ngahasilkeun médan magnét
Conto magnét henteu tetep nyaéta magnét listrik atawa éléktromagnét
Magnét jieunan ngawengku ampir sakumna magnét anu aya kiwari
Wangun magnét jieunan di antarana: Cara nyieun magnét
Cara nyieun magnét di antarana: Bahan anu ilahar dijadikeun magnét nyaéta: beusi jeung waja
Beusi leuwih gampang pikeun dijadikeun magnét batan waja
Tapi sipat kemagnétan beusi leuwih gampang leungit batan waja
Ku sabab éta, beusi leuwih mindeng dipaké pikeun nyieun éléktromagnét
Ngaleungitkeun sipat kamagnétan
Cara ngaleungitkeun sipat kamagnétan di antarana:
Dina fisika, médan magnétik nyaéta hiji médan anu nembus rohangan sarta ngeprakkeun "gaya magnétik" kana muatan listrik jeung batang magnétik dua kutub
Médan magnétik ngurilingan arus listrik, batang magnét dua kutub, sarta médan listrik anu barobah
Mangsa ditempatkeun dina hiji medan magnétik, batang magnétik ngalempengkeun sumbuna supaya sajajar jeung médan magnétik, saperti bisa kasaksén lamun bubuk beusi aya di sabudeureun hiji magnét (tempo gambar di beulah kénca)
Médan magnétik ogé boga énergi jeung moméntum sorangan, kalayan rapat énergina sabanding jeung kuadrat tina inténsitas médan
Médan magnétik diukur maké hijian teslas (hijian SI) atawa gauss (hijian cgs)
Aya sababaraha sifat médan magnétik anu katempo
Pikeun fisika nu ngabahas bahan magnétik, tempo magnétisme jeung magnét, sarta pikeun leuwih jero tempo ferromagnétisme, paramagnétisme, jeung diamagnétisme
Pikeun médan magnét nu tetep, saperti anu dihasilkeun ku batang magnétik dua kutub anu stasionér jeung arus anu tetep, tempo magnétostatika
Pikeun médan magnétik anu dihasilkeun ku médan listrik anu barobah, tempo éléktromagnétisme
Médan listrik jeung médan magnét mangrupa unsur-unsur anu ngawangun médan éléktromagnétik
In classical physics,the magnetic field formula_1 is a vector field (that is, some vector at every point of space and time), with SI units of teslas (one tesla is one newton-second per coulomb-metre) and cgs units of gauss
It has the property of being a solenoidal vector field
The field formula_1 can be both defined and méasured by méans of a small magnetic dipole (i.e., bar magnet)
The magnetic field exerts a torque on magnetic dipoles that tends to maké them point in the same direction as the magnetic field (as in a compass), and moréover the magnitude of that torque is proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field
Therefore, in order to méasure the magnetic field at a particular point in space, you can put a small freely-rotating bar magnet (such as a compass) there: the direction it winds up pointing is the direction of formula_1; and the ratio of the maximum magnitude of the torque to the dipole moment of the bar magnet is the magnitude formula_4
It follows from any of these definitions that the magnetic field vector (being a vector product) is a pseudovector (also called an axial vector)
B jeung H. There are two quantities that physicists may refer to as the magnetic field, notated formula_5 and formula_1
The vector field formula_5 is known among electrical engineers as the "magnetic field intensity" or "magnetic field strength" also known as "auxiliary magnetic field" or "magnetizing field"
The vector field formula_1 is known as "magnetic flux density" or "magnetic induction" or simply "magnetic field", as used by physicists, and has the SI units of teslas (T), equivalent to webers (Wb) per square metre or volt seconds per square metre
Magnetic flux has the SI units of webers so the formula_1 field is that of its aréal density
The vector field formula_5 has the SI units of amperes per metre and is something of the magnetic analog to the electric displacement field represented by formula_11, with the SI units of the latter being ampere-seconds per square metre
Although the term "magnetic field" was historically reserved for formula_5, with formula_1 being termed the "magnetic induction", formula_1 is now understood to be the more fundamental entity, and most modérn writers refer to formula_1 as the magnetic field, except when context fails to maké it cléar whether the quantity being discussed is formula_5 or formula_1
See: The difference between the formula_1 and the formula_5 vectors can be traced back to Maxwell's 1855 paper entitled "On Faraday's Lines of Force"
It is later clarified in his concept of a séa of molecular vortices that appéars in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force - 1861
Within that context, formula_5 represented pure vorticity (spin), wheréas formula_1 was a weighted vorticity that was weighted for the density of the vortex séa
Maxwell considered magnetic permeability µ to be a méasure of the density of the vortex séa
Hence the relationship, (1) Magnetic induction current causes a magnetic current density formula_22 was essentially a rotational analogy to the linéar electric current relationship, (2) Electric convection current formula_23 where formula_24 is electric charge density
formula_1 was seen as a kind of magnetic current of vortices aligned in their axial planes, with formula_5 being the circumferential velocity of the vortices
With µ representing vortex density, we can now see how the product of µ with vorticity formula_5 léads to the term magnetic flux density which we denote as formula_1
The electric current equation can be viewed as a convective current of electric charge that involves linéar motion
By analogy, the magnetic equation is an inductive current involving spin
There is no linéar motion in the inductive current along the direction of the formula_1 vector
The magnetic inductive current represents lines of force
In particular, it represents lines of inverse square law force
The extension of the above considerations confirms that where formula_1 is to formula_5, and where formula_32 is to ρ, then it necessarily follows from Gauss's law and from the equation of continuity of charge that formula_33 is to formula_11
formula_1 parallels with formula_33, wheréas formula_5 parallels with formula_11
In SI units, formula_39 and formula_40 are méasured in teslas (T) and amperes per metre (A/m), respectively; or, in cgs units, in gauss (G) and oersteds (Oe), respectively
Two parallel wires carrying an electric current in the same direction will generate a magnetic field that will cause a force of attraction between them
This fact is used to define the value of an ampere of electric current
The fields formula_1 and formula_5 are also related by the equation formula_43 (SI units) formula_44 (cgs units), where formula_45 is magnetization
formula_46 Gaya akibat médan magnétik
Gaya kana partikel anu dibere muatan
where F is the force (in newtons) "q" is the electric charge of the particle (in coulombs) v is the instantaneous velocity of the particle (in metres per second) B is the magnetic field (in teslas) and × is the cross product
Gaya kana kawat nu arusna barobah
A straight, stationary wire carrying an electric current, when placed in an external magnetic field, feels a force
This force is the result of the Lorentz force (see above) acting on éach electron (or any other charge carrier) moving in the wire
The formula for the total force is as follows: formula_47 where F = Force, measured in newtons "I" = current in wire, measured in amperes B = magnetic field vector, measured in teslas formula_48 = vector cross product L = a vector, whose magnitude is the length of wire (measured in metres), and whose direction is along the wire, aligned with the direction of
wire, aligned with the direction of conventional current flow
Alternatively, some authors write formula_49 where the vector direction is now associated with the current variable, instéad of the length variable
The two forms are equivalent
If the wire is not straight but curved, the force on it can be computed by applying this formula to éach infinitesimal segment of wire, then adding up all these forces via integration
The Lorentz force on a macroscopic current is often referred to as the "Laplace force"
The direction of force is determined by the above equations, in particular using the right-hand rule to evaluate the cross product
Equivalently, one can use Fleming's left hand rule for motion, current and polarity to determine the direction of any one of those from the other two, as seen in the example
It can also be remembéréd in the following way
The digits from the thumb to second finger indicate 'Force', 'B-field', and 'I(Current)' respectively, or F-B-I in short
Another similar trick is the right hand grip rule
Médan magnétik tina arus tetep
The magnetic field generated by a "steady current" (a continual flow of charges, for example through a wire, which is constant in time and in which charge is neither building up nor depleting at any point), is described by the Biot-Savart law: formula_50 (in SI units), where formula_51 is the current, formula_52 is a vector, whose magnitude is the length of the differential element
the length of the differential element of the wire, and whose direction is the direction of conventional current, formula_53 is the differential contribution to the magnetic field resulting from this differential element of wire, formula_54 is the magnetic constant, formula_55 is the unit displacement vector from the wire element to the point at which the field is being computed, and formula_56 is the distance
computed, and formula_56 is the distance from the wire element to the point at which the field is being computed
This is a consequence of Ampere's law, one of the four Maxwell's equations
Alternatively, it can be thought of as a true, empirical law in its own right, which contributes to the "derivation" of Maxwell's equations
From a practical point of view, though, the law is true and useful regardless of its philosophical origin
Garis médan magnétik
Like any vector field, the magnetic field can be depicted with field lines—a set of lines through space whose direction at any point is the direction of the local magnetic field vector, and whose density is proportional to the magnitude of the local magnetic field vector
Note that the choice of which field lines to draw in such a depiction is arbitrary, apart from the requirement that they be spaced out so that their density approximates the magnitude of the local field
The level of detail at which the magnetic field is depicted can be incréased by incréasing the number of lines
Although any vector field can be depicted with field lines, this visualization is particularly helpful for the magnetic field (in three-dimensional space), as it makes certain aspects of it more transparent
For example, "Gauss's law for magnetism" states that the magnetic field is solenoidal (has zero divergence)
This is equivalent to the simple statement that, in any field-line depiction of a magnetic field, the field lines cannot have starting or ending points; they must form a closed loop, or else extend to infinity on both ends
Various physical phenomena have the effect of displaying field lines
For example, iron filings placed in a magnetic field will line up in such a way as to visually show magnetic field lines (see figure at top); although a close inspection will revéal that the "lines" are not quite continuous
Another place where magnetic field lines are visually displayed is in the polar auroras, in which visible stréaks of light line up with the local direction of éarth's magnetic field (due to plasma particle dipole interactions)