izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
Also, the sample must be at room temperature to prevent natural convection from forming air currents inside the enclosure, affecting the weighing
Analytical precision is achieved by maintaining a constant load on the balance béam, by subtracting mass on the same side of the béam that the sample is added
The final balance is achieved by using a small spring force rather than subtracting fixed weights
Supermarket / Retail scale
A supermarket / retail scale is used in bakery, deli, seafood, meat, produce and other perishable departaments
Supermarket scales can print labels and receipts (in bakery specially), marks Weight/Count, Unit Price, Total Price and in some cases Tare, a supermarket label prints weight/count, unit price and total price
Some manufacturers are Adam Equipment, AEW Delford, Hobart Corporation, Bizerba, DIGI/Teraoka, Mettler Toledo, Cas, Avery Berkel,Ishidaand ATP-Instrumentation
Some of the more modérn Supermarket scales will print a RFD tag which can be used to track the item for tampering or returns
In most cases these type of scales have a séaled calibration so that the réading on the display is correct and cannot be tampered with - in the USA the approval is NTEP, for South Africa it is SABS, the UK it is OIML
Sources of error
Some of the sources of potential error in a high-precision balance include the following: Symbolism
The weighing scales (specifically, a béam balance) are one of the traditional symbols of justice, as wielded by statues of Lady Justice
This corresponds to the use in metaphor of matters being "weighed up" or "held in the balance"
Sosi atawa konci nyaéta pakakas pikeun mukakeun naon waé nu nutup
Sosi minangka hiji hal anu poko dina kahirupan moderen jeung bisa dipanggihan di sakuliah dunya sarta mangrupa cara anu murah tur gampang pikeun ngamankeun rupa-rupa barang, wangunan, atawa tutumpakan
Manusa geus biasa mamawa sasetél sosi nu dipaké sapopoéna, nu biasa dihijikeun ku gantungan konci
Special types of keys
A house key is the most common kind of key
When held upright as if to open a door, a series of grooves on either side of the key limits the type of lock cylinder the key can slide into
As the key slides into the lock, a series of notches allow the pins to move up and down until those pins are in line with the shéar line of the cylinder, allowing that cylinder to rotate freely inside the lock and the lock to open
A car key or an automobile key is a key used to open or start an automobile, often identified with the logo of the car company at the héad
modérn key designs are usually symmetrical, and some use grooves on both sides, rather than a cut edge, to actuate the lock
It has multiple uses for the automobile with which it was sold
A car key can open the doors, as well as start the ignition, open the glove compartment and also open the trunk (boot) of the car
Some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the drivers side door but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables that are located in the trunk or the glove box
Recently, féatures such as coded immobilizers have been implemented in newer vehicles
More sophisticated systems maké ignition dependent on electronic devices, rather than the mechanical keyswitch
Ignition switches/locks are combined with security locking of the steering column (in many modérn vehicles) or the gear lever (Saab Automobile)
In the latter, the switch is between the séats, preventing damage to the driver's knee in the event of a collision
Keyless entry systems, which utilize a remote control in place of a car key, are becoming a standard féature on many new cars
Some of them are handsfree
Some keys are high-tech in order to prevent the theft of a car
Mercedes-Benz uses a key that, rather than have a cut metal piece to start the car, uses an encoded infrared béam that communicates with the car's computer
If the codes match, the car can be started
These keys can be expensive to replace, if lost and can cost up to US$400
Some car manufacturers like Land Rover and Volkswagen use a 'switchblade' key where the key is spring-loaded out of the fob when a button is pressed
This eliminates the need for a separate key fob but can often maké the key large and uncomfortable to keep in pockets for extended periods of time
This type of key has also been known to be confiscated by airport security officials
A master key is designed to open a set of several locks
These locks also have keys which are specific to éach one (the change key) and cannot open any of the others in the set
Locks which have master keys have a second set of the mechanism used to open them which is identical to all of the others in the set of locks
For example, master keyed pin tumbler locks will have two shéar points at éach pin position, one for the change key and one for the master key
A far more secure (and more expensive) system has two cylinders in éach lock, one for the change key and one for the master key
Larger organizations, with more complex "grandmaster key" systems, may have several masterkey systems where the top level grandmaster key works in all of the locks in the system
A practical attack exists to créate a working master key for an entire system given only access to a single master-keyed lock and its associated key
This is described in Cryptology and Physical Security: Rights Amplification in Master-Keyed Mechanical Locks Control key
A control key is a key used in interchangéable core locking systems
The control key enables the user to remove a core in the cylinder, with a specific combination and replace it with a core with a different combination
In small format interchangéable cores, similar to those developed by Frank Best of the Best Lock Corporation, the key operates a separate shéar line, located above the operating key shéar line
In other format interchangéable cores, the key may work like a master key along the operating shéar line and also contact a separate locking pin that holds the core in the cylinder
A double-sided key is very similar to a house or car key with the exception that it has two sets of teeth, an upper level standard set of teeth and a lower, less defined set of teeth beside it
This makes the double-sided key's profile and its corresponding lock look very similar to a standard key while making the attempt to pick the lock more difficult
A paracentric key is designed to open a paracentric lock
It is distinguishable by the contorted shape of its blade, which protrudes past the centre vertical line of the key barrel
Instéad of the wards on the outer face of the lock simply protruding into the shape of the key along the spine, the wards protrude into the shape of the key along the entire width of the key, including along the length of the teeth
Patented by the Yale lock company in 1898, paracentric cylinders are not exceptionally difficult to pick, but require some skill and know-how on the part of the person attempting to pick the lock
A skeleton key (or passkey) is a very simple design of key which usually has a cylindrical shaft (sometimes called a "shank") and a single, minimal flat, rectangular tooth or "bit"
Skeleton keys are also usually distinguished by their "bow", or the part one would grasp when inserting the key, which can be either very plain or extremely ornate
A skeleton key is designed to circumvent the wards in warded locks
Warded locks and their keys provide minimal security and only a slight deterrent as any key with a shaft and tooth that has the same or smaller dimensions will open the lock
However, warded keys were designed to only fit a matching lock and the skeleton key would often fit many
Many other objects which can fit into the lock may also be able to open it
Due to its limited usefulness, this type of lock fell out of use after more complicated types became éasier to manufacture
In modérn usage, it has come to describe a key, usually with minimal féatures, which can open all or most of a type of badly designed lock
Skeleton keys can be newly-minted (and sold by restoration hardware companies) or antiques
True skeleton keys were most popular in the late 1800s, although they continued to be used well into the 20th century and can still be found today in use, albeit in vintage homes and antique furniture
A skeleton key is distinguished from a barrel key in that a skeleton key usually has a solid shank, wheréas a barrel shafted key can be made either by drilling out the shank from the bit end or by folding metal into a barrel shape when forging the key
A tubular key (sometimes referred to as a "barrel key" when describing a vintage or antique modél) is one that is designed to open a tubular pin tumbler lock
It has a hollow, cylindrical shaft which is usually much shorter and has a larger diameter than most conventional keys
Antique or vintage-style barrel keys often closely resemble the more traditional "skeleton key" but are a more recent innovation in keymaking
In modérn keys of this type, a number of grooves of varying length are built into the outer surface at the end of the shaft
These grooves are parallel to the shaft and allow the pins in the lock to slide to the end of the groove
A small tab on the outer surface of the shaft prevents the pins in the lock from pushing the key out and works with the hollow center to guide the key as it is turned
The modérn version of this type of key is harder to duplicate as it is less common and requires a different machine from regular keys
These keys are most often seen in home alarm systems, in the United States
Security on these types of locks are problem, as rediscovered recently
It's known as the "Bic Pen Trick."
A Zeiss key is a cross between a house key and a tubular key
It has three sets of teeth at 90 degrees to éach other with a flattened fourth side
Though this type of key is éasy to duplicate, the extra sets of teeth deter lockpicking attempts
Do Not Duplicate Key
A Do Not Duplicate key is one which has been stamped "do not duplicate" by a locksmith or manufacturer as a passive deterrent to prevent a retail key cutting service from duplicating a key without authorization or without contacting the locksmith or manufacturer who originally cut the key
More importantly, this is a control system for whoever is the owner of the key, such as a maintenance person or security guard, to identify keys that should not be freely distributed or used without authorization
Though it is intended to prevent unauthorized key duplication, copying restricted keys remains a common security problem
There is no direct legal implication in the US for soméone that copies a key that is stamped "do not duplicate" (unless it is a government owned key), but there are patent restrictions on some key designs (see "restricted keys")
United States Code 18 USC Sec
1704 déals with United States Post Office keys, and 18 USC Sec
1386 déals with United States Department of Defense keys
A restricted keyblank is a keyway and blank for which a manufacturer has set up a restricted level of sales and distribution
Restricted keys are often protected by patent, which prohibits other manufacturers from making unauthorized productions of the key blank
In many jurisdictions, customers must provide proof of ID before a locksmith will duplicate a key using a restricted blank
These days, many restricted keys have special in-laid féatures, such as magnets, different types of metal, or even small computer chips to prevent duplication
A keycard, while not actually considered a key, is a plastic card which stores a digital signature that is used with electronic access control locks
It is normally a flat, rectangular piece of plastic and may also serve as an ID card
There are several popular type of keycards in use and include the mechanical holecard, bar code, magnetic stripe, smart card (embedded with a réad/write electronic microchip), and RFID proximity cards
The keycard is used by presenting it to a card réader; swiping or inserting of mag stripe cards, or in the case of RFID cards, merely being brought into close proximity to a sensor
Bar code technology is not a secure form of a key, as the bar code can be copied in a photocopier and often réad by the optical réader
Magnetic stripe keycards are becoming incréasingly éasy to copy, but have the security advantage that one may change the stored key in a magnetic swipe card in case the current key may be compromised
This immediate change of the "key" information can be applied to other media, but this media probably offers the léast expensive option, and the most convenient to users and managers of systems that use this media
Example: If you own a car with this system, you can change your keys anytime you want
You can buy new media anywhere a gift card is sold
At léast at this point in time, you could buy a gift card for a penny, then use that as the media for the keys to your car
If the system uses digital environmental data samples to créate the "key" string, every car can have a set of keys that no one else has
If a card is stolen, or copied without authorization, the card can be remade, and the car security system can be synchronized with the new card, and no longer activationally responsive to the copy of the old card
This approach can empower the system controller (owner/individual or centralized administration of a business)
Computerized authentication systems, such as key cards, raise privacy concerns, since they enable computer surveillance of éach entry
Currently RFID cards and key fobs are becoming more and more popular due to its éase of use
Many modérn households have installed digital locks that maké use of key cards, in combination with biometric fingerprint and keypad PIN options
The first keycard was the mechanical holecard type patented by Tor Sørnes, a concept he later developed into the magnetic stripe card key
History of locks and keys
Wooden locks and keys were in use as éarly as 4,000 yéars ago in Egypt
Klausa téh nyaéta wangun gramatik (katatabasaan) anu jadi inti (galeuh) kalimah, sifatna prédikatif atawa diwangun ku hiji jejer (subyék) jeung hiji caritaan prédikatif), boh dibarengan ku unsur-unsur kalimah séjénna (obyék, panglengkep, katerangan) boh henteu
Unsur inti klausa téh nyaéta jejer jeung caritaan
Sanajan kitu, unsur jejer sok dileungitkeun, upamana baé dina kalimah ngantét, kalimah jawaban, jeung kalimah paréntah
Nilik kana wangunan, aya: (1) klausa lengkep; jeung (2) klausa teu lengkep
Nilik kana kalungguhannanadina kalimah aya (1) kalusa bébas; jeung (2) klausa kauger
Upama nilik kana warnana, aya:
Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Abu al-Raihan al-Biruni
Lawon nyaéta bahan ("matérial") anu dijieun tina anyaman kantéh/benang, boh benang alam atawa benang Sintétik/ "buatan"
Benang sorangan dijieunna ku cara muntirkeun jeung ngarara atawa "mintal" (id: "memintal", en:"spinning") serat, nyaéta sarupaning serat wol, sutra, katun, atawa serat séjénna dina hiji pakakas pintal benang
'Lawon' ilahar disebut ogé 'kaén' minangka kapangaruhan ku basa Indonésia
The words "fabric" and "cloth" are commonly used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for "textile"
However, there are subtle differences in these terms
"Textile" refers to any material made of interlacing fibres
"Fabric" refers to any material made through wéaving, knitting, crocheting, or bonding
"Cloth" refers to a finished piece of fabric that can be used for a purpose such as covering a bed
The production of textiles is an important craft, whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modérn manufacturing techniques
However, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill or satin weave there is little difference between the ancient and modérn methods
Incan Indians have been crafting quipus (or "khipus") made of fibers either from a protein, such as spun and plied thréad like wool or hair from camelids such as alpacas, llamas and camels or from a cellulose like cotton for thousands of yéars
Khipus are a series of knots along pieces of string
They have been believed to only have acted as a form of accounting, although new evidence conducted by Harvard professor, Gary Urton, indicates there may be more to the khipu than just numbers
Preservation of khipus found in muséum and archive collections follow general textile preservation principles and practice
Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and containers such as bags and baskets
In the household, they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, covering for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in art
In the workplace, they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering
Miscellanéous uses include flags,backpack, tents, nets, cleaning devices, such as handkerchiefs; transportation devices such as balloons, kites, sails, and parachutes; strengthening in composite materials such as fibre glass and industrial geotextiles, and smaller cloths are used in washing by "soaping up" the cloth and washing with it rather than using just soap
Textiles used for industrial purposes, and chosen for characteristics other than their appéarance, are commonly referred to as "technical textiles."
Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g
implants), géotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), protective clothing (e.g
against héat and radiation for fire fighter clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection, and bullet proof vests
In all these applications stringent performance requirements must be met
Fashion and textile designs
Fashion designers commonly rely on textile designs to set their fashion collections apart from others
Marisol Deluna, Nicole Miller, Lilly Pulitzer, the late Gianni Versace and Emilio Pucci can be éasily recognized by their signature print driven designs
Sources and types
Textiles can be made from many materials
These materials come from four main sources: animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic
In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, and mineral sources
In the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum
Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas
The relative thickness of fibres in cloth is méasured in deniers
Microfiber refers to fibers made of strands thinner than one denier
Animal textiles are commonly made from hair or fur
Wool refers to the hair of the domestic goat or sheep, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with an oil known as lanolin, which is waterproof and dirtproof
Woollen refers to a bulkier yarn produced from carded, non-parallel fibre, while worsted refers to a finer yarn which is spun from longer fibres which have been combed to be parallel
Wool is commonly used for warm clothing
Cashmere, the hair of the Indian cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African angora goat, are types of wool known for their softness
Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are alpaca wool, vicuña wool, llama wool, and camel hair, generally used in the production of coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets, and other warm coverings
Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit
Wadmal is a coarse cloth made of wool, produced in Scandinavia, mostly 1000~1500CE
Silk is an animal textile made from the fibers of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm
This is spun into a smooth, shiny fabric prized for its sleek texture
Grass, rush, hemp, and sisal are all used in making rope
In the first two, the entire plant is used for this purpose, while in the last two, only fibres from the plant are utilized
Coir (coconut fiber) is used in making twine, and also in floormats, doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles, and sacking
Straw and bamboo are both used to maké hats
Straw, a dried form of grass, is also used for stuffing, as is kapok
Fibres from pulpwood trees, cotton, rice, hemp, and nettle are used in making paper
Cotton, flax, jute, hemp and modal are all used in clothing
Piña (pineapple fiber) and ramie are also fibres used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fabrics such as cotton
Acetate is used to incréase the shininess of certain fabrics such as silks, velvets, and taffetas
Seaweed is used in the production of textiles
A water-soluble fiber known as alginate is produced and is used as a holding fiber; when the cloth is finished, the alginate is dissolved, léaving an open aréa Mineral textiles
Asbestos and basalt fiber are used for vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives, "transite" panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets
Glass Fiber is used in the production of spacesuits, ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fiber for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibers
Metal fiber, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of cloth-of-gold and jewelry
Hardware cloth is a coarse wéave of steel wire, used in construction
All synthetic textiles are used primarily in the production of clothing
Polyester fiber is used in all types of clothing, either alone or blended with fibres such as cotton
Aramid fiber (e.g
Twaron) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection, and armor
Acrylic is a fibre used to imitate wools, including cashmere, and is often used in replacement of them
Nylon is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the production of pantyhose
Thicker nylon fibers are used in rope and outdoor clothing
Spandex (trade name "Lycra") is a polyurethane fibre that stretches éasily and can be made tight-fitting without impeding movement
It is used to maké activewéar, bras, and swimsuits
Olefin fiber is a fiber used in activewéar, linings, and warm clothing
Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly
A sintered felt of olefin fibers is sold under the trade name Tyvek
Ingeo is a polylactide fiber blended with other fibres such as cotton and used in clothing
It is more hydrophilic than most other synthetics, allowing it to wick away perspiration
Lurex is a metallic fiber used in clothing embellishment
Weaving is a textile production method which involves interlacing a set of longer threads (called the warp) with a set of crossing thréads (called the weft)
This is done on a frame or machine known as a loom, of which there are a number of types
Some wéaving is still done by hand, but the vast majority is mechanised
Knitting and crocheting involve interlacing loops of yarn, which are formed either on a knitting needle or on a crochet hook, together in a line
The two processes are different in that knitting has several active loops at one time, on the knitting needle waiting to interlock with another loop, while crocheting never has more than one active loop on the needle
Braiding or plaiting involves twisting thréads together into cloth
Knotting involves tying thréads together and is used in making macrame
Lace is made by interlocking thréads together independently, using a backing and any of the methods described above, to créate a fine fabric with open holes in the work
Lace can be made by either hand or machine
Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by interlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth, créating a tufted layer known as a nap or pile
Felting involves pressing a mat of fibers together, and working them together until they become tangled
A liquid, such as soapy water, is usually added to lubricate the fibers, and to open up the microscopic scales on strands of wool
Textiles are often dyed, with fabrics available in almost every colour
Coloured designs in textiles can be créated by wéaving together fibres of different colours (tartan or Uzbek Ikat), adding coloured stitches to finished fabric (embroidery), créating patterns by resist dyeing methods, tying off aréas of cloth and dyeing the rest (tie-dye), or drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them (batik), or using various printing processes on finished fabric
Woodblock printing, still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of these dating back to at léast 220CE in China
Textiles are also sometimes bleached
In this process, the original colour of the textile is removed by chemicals or exposure to sunlight, turning the textile pale or white
Textiles are sometimes finished by starching, which makes the fabric stiff and less prone to wrinkles, or by waterproofing, which makes the fabric slick and impervious to water or other liquids
Since the 1990s, finishing agents have been used to strengthen fabrics and maké them wrinkle free
Tasma, (basa hormat: Kacasoca) ogé disebut kacamata atawa kacapanon nyaéta rarangka nu nyekelan lénsa nu dipakéna di hareupeun salah sahiji atawa dua panon pikeun menerkeun tetempoan atawa protéksi tina cahya nu ngabahayakeun panon (conto: cahya ultrabungur
Kiwari tasma ilahar mibanda ogé hiji jambatan antara lénsa kénca jeung katuhu, sapasang kuda-kudana nu némpél kana irung, sarta kakait kana dua ceuli
Salian ti éta, kiwari loba tasma geus jadi alat pikeun ngagaya jeung alat bantu lamun keur lalajo pilem 3 diménsi
Sajarah tasma dimimitian ti Nero, saurang kaisar Roma, anu ngawasa ti taun 54 nepi ka 68 Maséhi
Nero mindeng maké batu permata cekung pikeun maca jeung lalajo "pertunjukan", sanajan kitu, euweuh nu apal yén manéhna boga masalah dina panempoannana atawa henteu
Bangsa Cina sigana anu pangkahijina maké tasma siga tasma anu loba dipaké di jaman kiwari
Ilaharna tasmana téh dijieunna tina lénsa anu bentukna oval nu badag pisan jeung kajieun tina kristal batu jeung bingkaina tina batok kuya
Sangkan kacana bisa kacekel, bangsa Cina maké dua kawat nu dibéré beungbeurat sarta dikaitkeun kana ceuli maranéhna atawa lénsana dikaitkeun kana dudukuy atawa maké kait anu dicantolkeun kana pelipis maranéhna
Pikeun bangsa Cina, tasma ngan saukur dipaké salaku jimat kabogauntungan atawa alat pikeun maranéhna katempo leuwih hadé jeung miboga wibawa nu matak kadang maranéhna ngan maké bingkai tasmana hungkul henteu jeung lénsana
Tasma geus mulai dipikawanoh di Éropa nalika abad ka-13
Namung, ari bangsa Éropa mah maké tasma téh émang pikeun nyékasan panempoan maranéhna
Tasma anu diparaké ku maranéhna masih kénéh sarua siga tasmana bangsa Cina anu dijieunna tina batu kristal atawa batu transaparan
Tasma anu pangmimitina dipaké ku urang Éropa ngan saukur kaca panggedé anu dicekelan maké hiji leungeun
Tuluy saenggeus éta karék wé muncul lénsa kaca ganda anu dibéré gagang sangkan bisa dikaitkeun kana ceuli
Tuluy gagangna dileungitkeun jeung digantikeun maké pita atawa tambang sangkan bisa dikaitkeun kana sirah
Pikeun sababaraha lila, jelema maké tasma pér, nyaéta tasma anu dijepit maké alat siga paniti ka luhur irung
Ahirna beuki lila, muncul idé pikeun maké kawat béngkok nu diheuraskeun sangkan bisa jadi gagang dina ceuli
Lénsa anu dipaké pikeun nyékasan panempoan cenah mah dipaké ku Abbas Ibn Firnas nalika abad ka-9
Abbas Ibn Firnas manggih cara pikeun ngaproduksi lénsa anu hérang pisan
Lénsa ieu dibentuk jeung diasah jadi batu buleud anu bisa dipaké pikeun maca nepi ka dipikawanoh salaku "batu maca"
Nalika tungtung abad ka-13, ahirna kakara kapanggih yén kaca salaku lénsa leuwih alus tibatan maké batu transparan
Hal ieu numutkeun kana panalungtikanna Sir Joseph Needham, salah saurang panalungtik ti Inggris
Panalungtikanna nunjukkeun yén tasma dipanggih 1000 taun ka tukang di Cina nu ahirna sumebar ka saniskara dunya nalika jaman datangna Marco Polo taun 1270
Hal ieu ogé disebutkeun ku Marco Polo na sorangan dina buku éta
Sanajan can tangtu bener, loba jelema nu percaya yén tukang kaca anu jadi inisiator hal ieu
Nalika taun 1784, , saurang élmuwan Amérika, nyiptakeun Tasma nyaéta tasma anu kanyat dipaké pikeun nempo jarak deukeut jeung jarak jauh
Hanaang atawa halabhab (id: "haus"), nyaéta insting manusa atawa sato pikeun nginum
Rarasaan ieu mecenghul alatan kakurangan cai atawa ngaronjatna konséntrasi osmolit, contona uyah dina jero awak
Lamun cai dina jero awak turun ngahandapan hiji watesan, atawa osmolitna loba teuing, uteuk bakal ngaluarkeun sinyal pikeun rasa hanaang ieu
Konséntrasi osmolit dina getih diukur ku hiji sénsor husus dina bagian hipotalamus uteuk, utamana dina dua organ sirkumventrikular nu kakurangan hahalang getih-uteuk, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis sarta organ subfornikal
Wewengkon organ ieu nyambung kana supraoptic nucleus tur paraventricular nucleus, nu mibanda neuron nu ngaluarkeun hormon antidiurétik, vasopressin, tina tungtung sarapna di jero posterior pituitary, sarta nyambung ogé kana wewengkon hipotalamus séjénna, hususna median preoptic nucleus nu nyirikeun hanaang
Déhidrasi atawa kakurangan cai nu kateterusan bisa ngabalukarkeun loba masalah, tapi nu mindengna nyaéta masalah sarap sarupaning "seizures" jeung masalah-masalah rénal
Hanaang nu kacida, atawa polidipsia, anu dibarengan ku mindeng kiih, atawa poliuria, bisa jadi cicirén panyakit diabétés
Angiotensin II nyaéta hormon nu kaasup dipsogén kuat (nu nyababkeun hanaang) nu aksi ngaliwatan organ subfornikal
Mumuluk atawa sasarap (id: "sarapan") nyaéta kagiatan dahar nu pangheulana dina sapoé, nu ilahar dipigawé isuk-isuk
Dina kimia fisik tur rékayasa, uap nujul kana cai nu nguap
Uap minangka fase gas anu murni tina cai sarta teu bisa kaciri
Dina tekanan atmosfir normal, uap murni (nu teu kacampuran ku hawa, tapi dina kasaaimbangan jeung cai nu cair) ngawengku kira-kira 1.600 kali volum cai nu cair
Di atmosfir, tekanan parsial cai leuwih handap batan 1 atm, ku kituna uap bisa jeneng (en:"exist") dina suhu anu kurang ti 100 C (tingali ogé water vapor jeung humidity)
Dina basa sapopoé, 'uap' nujul kana saab, nyaéta gas rada bodas nu kaluar saluhureun cai nu ditaheur, pacampur jeung hawa nu leuwih tiis
Saab ieu mangrupa cai dina ukuran laleutik, lain cai nu mangrupa gas, ku kituna sacara téknis lain mangrupa uap deui
Kaluar tina téko nu keur ngagolak, aya bagian hawa anu teu kaciri aya saab, tapi sabenerna aya uap
Halimun nyaéta saab anu loba di udara lantaran aktivitas cuaca atawa vulkanis
Bédana antara halimun jeung pepedut (id: kabut) nyaéta dina hal téténjoan
Disebut pepedut lamun téténjoan kurang ti sakilometér
Panceran cahya bisa katénjo ti gigir lantaran prosés réfraksi jeung pantulan cahya ku cai nu laleutik téa
Halimun ilahar aya di pasisiran atawa pagunungan, utamana lamun suhu handap pisan
Ibun nyaéta cai nu laleutik baruleud nu némpél dina barang-barang nu ipis sarta ilahar mecenghulna dina wanci isuk-isuk atawa peuting
Whether or not water vapor will condense into droplets depends on the temperature
The temperature at which droplets can form is called the Dew Point
When surface temperature drops, eventually réaching the dew point, atmospheric water vapor condenses to form small droplets on the surface
This process distinguishes dew from those hydrometeors (metéorological occurrences of water) which are formed directly in air cooling to its dew point (typically around condensation nuclei) such as fog or clouds
The thermodynamic principles of formation, however, are virtually the same
Lamun suhu handap pisan, cai henteu kungsi jadi ibun, tapi langsung jadi és
Sufficient cooling of the surface typically takes place when it loses more energy by infrared radiation than it receives as solar radiation from the sun, which is especially the case on cléar nights
As another important point, poor thermal conductivity restricts the replacement of such losses from deeper ground layers which are typically warmer at night
Preferred objects of dew formation are thus poor conducting or well isolated from the ground, and non-metallic or coated as shiny metal surfaces are poor infrared radiators
Preferred wéather conditions include the absence of clouds and little water vapor in the higher atmosphere to minimize greenhouse effects and sufficient humidity of the air néar the ground
Typical dew nights are classically considered to be calm because the wind transports (nocturnally) warmer air from higher levels to the cold surface
But, if the atmosphere is the major source of moisture (this part of dew is called dewfall), a certain amount of ventilation is needed to replace the vapor that is alréady condensed
The highest optimum wind speeds could be found on arid islands
If the wet soil benéath is the major source of vapor, however (this part of dew is called distillation), wind always seems to be adverse
The principles of dew formation do not strictly constrict its occurrence to the night and the outdoors
They are also working when eyeglasses get stéamy in a warm, wet room or in industrial processes
However, the term condensation is preferred in these cases
A classical device for dew méasurement is the drosometer
A small, artificial condenser surface is suspended from an arm attached to a pointer or a pen that records the weight changes of the condenser on a drum
Besides being very wind sensitive, however, this, like all artificial surface devices, only provides a méasure of the metéorological potential for dew formation
The actual amount of dew in a specific place is strongly dependent on surface properties
For its méasurement, plants, léaves, or whole soil columns are placed on a balance with their surface at the same height and in the same surroundings as would occur naturally, thus providing a small lysimeter
Further methods include estimation by méans of comparing the droplets to standardized photographs, or volumetric méasurement of the amount of water wiped from the surface
It has to be kept in mind that some of these methods include guttation, while others only méasure dewfall and/or distillation
Due to its dependence on radiation balance, dew amounts can réach a théoretical maximum of about 0.8 mm per night, méasured values, however, rarely exceeding 0.5 mm
In most climates of the world, the annual average is too small to compete with rain
In regions with considerable dry séasons, adapted plants like lichen or pine seedlings, benefit from dew
Large-scale, natural irrigation without rainfall, such as in the Atacama Desert and Namib desert, however, is mostly attributed to fog water
Another effect of dew on plants is its role as a habitat for pathogens such as the fungus Phytophthora infestans which infects potato plants
In Greek mythology, Ersa is the goddess of dew
==Panén jieunan= Several man-made devices such as antique, big stone piles in the Ukraine, medieval "dew ponds" in southern England, or volcanic stone covers on the fields of Lanzarote have been thought to be dew-catching devices, but could be shown to work on other principles
At present, the International Organization for Dew Utilization is working on effective, foil-based condensers for regions where rain or fog cannot cover water needs throughout the yéar
An interesting strategy for harvesting dew on large scale for drinking water was proposed in 1980
Anduk (nl:Handdoek) nyaéta saheulay lamak atawa kertas nu dipaké pikeun ngagaringkeun atawa ngusap
Anduk bisa nyerep cairan nalika duanana paantel
Carécét (id: "saputangan") nyaéta lawon nu bentukna kotak nu sarua sisina, ilahar dibabawa dina saku, dipaké pikeun kaberesihan diri, saperti ngusap leungeun atawa nyingsring tina irung, atawa pikeun kaperluan éstétika saperti hiasan dina saku
Carécét bodas kungsi dipaké ogé dina perang salaku simbol atawa tanda sumerah éléh
Pancakaki nyaéta hiji sistem nu ngagambarkeun hubungan kulawarga
Bangsa-bangsa di dunya atawa nu basana béda bisa waé mibanda pola-pola nu ampir sarua
Upami kitu, narjamahkeun hiji istilah ka basa séjén minangka pagawéan nu teu susah
Ngan sakapeung, panarjamah héséeun narjamahkeun istilah-istilah pancakaki ti bangsa nu sistemna béda
Pancakaki urang Sunda
Urang Sunda boga kabiasaan pikeun néangan hubungan kakulawargaan jeung jalma nu kakara dipikawanoh ngaliwatan pancakaki
Lamun euweuh hubungan kulawarga, masih ditéangan kénéh hubungan nu séjén, misalna lantaran aya kenalan anu kungsi babarengan di sakola atawa di tempat gawé
Dina adat istiadat urang Sunda, pancakaki téh mibanda dua harti
Kahiji, pancakaki téh hartina pernahna jelema ka jelema deui anu sakulawarga atawa anu kaasup baraya kénéh
Upamana baé, kumaha pancakakina si Dadap ka si Waru, naha kaasup indung, bapa, nini, aki, paman, bibi, anak, incu, buyut
alo, suan, jsté
Kadua, pancakaki téh hartina mapay perenahna kabarayaan
#Anak: turunan ka hiji #Incu: turunan ka dua, anak ti Anak #Umpi: turunan ka tilu, anak ti Incu #Cicip: turunan ka opat, anak ti Umpi #Muning : turunan ka lima,anak ti Cicip #Angga Santana : turunan ka genep, anak ti Muning #Kula Santana : turunan ka tujuh, ti anak ti Angga Santana #Preti Santana : turunan ka dalapan, anak ti Kula Santana #Wit Wekas
anak ti Kula Santana #Wit Wekas : turunan ka salapan, anak Preti Santana #Bapa: kolot lalaki #Indung: kolot awéwé #Aki: kolot lalaki ti Bapa atawa Indung #Nini: kolot awéwé ti Bapa atawa Indung #Uyut/Buyut : Bapa atawa Indung ti Aki atawa Nini #Bao: Bapa atawa Indung ti Uyut/ Buyut #Canggah : Bapa atawa Indung ti Bao #Janggawaréng: Bapa atawa Indung ti Canggah #Udeg-udeg: Bapa
atawa Indung ti Canggah #Udeg-udeg: Bapa atawa Indung ti Janggawaréng #Kakait Siwur: Bapa atawa Indung ti Udeg-udeg #Gerpak : Bapa atawa Indung ti Kakait Siwur #Tambak Galeng : Bapa atawa Indung ti Gerpak #Karuhun: jujutan kanu leuwih luhur anu geus tilar dunya #Sesepuh: jujutan kanu leuwih luhur nu masih hirup kénéh #lanceuk: dulur sadarah lalaki atawa awéwé anu leuwih kolot, sok disebut "aceuk"
#adi: dulur sadarah lalaki atawa awéwé anu leuwih ngora &lt;ref name=“Jonathan Rigg”&gt; #uwa: lanceukna bapa atawa indung #paman/emang: adi lalaki ti bapa atawa indung #bibi: adi awéwé ti bapa atawa indung #alo: anakna lanceuk #suan: anakna adi #aki ti gigir: lanceuk lalaki ti aki atawa nini #nini ti gigir: lanceuk awéwé ti aki atawa nini #misan:kapilanceuk atawa kapiadi, anak sanini saaki atawa anak uwa
anak sanini saaki atawa anak uwa atawa bibi #kapilanceuk: dulur misan, anak uwa #kapiadi: dulur misan anak paman/bibi #incu ti gigir: incuna adi #emang ti gigir: anakna adi aki/nini (lalaki) #bibi ti gigir: anakna adi aki/nini (awéwé) #salaki: carogé, lalaki anu ngawin pamajikan #pamajikan: istri, awéwé anu dikawin ku salaki #mitoha: indung atawa bapa ti pamajikan atawa salaki #minantu: lalaki atawa awéwé anu dikawin
#minantu: lalaki atawa awéwé anu dikawin ku anak #besan: indung atawa bapana minantu atawa mitoha anak urang #dahuan: lanceuk ti salaki atawa pamajikan &lt;ref name=“Jonathan Rigg”&gt; #adi beuteung: adi ti salaki atawa pamajikan &lt;ref name=“Jonathan Rigg”&gt; #tunggal: anak hiji-hijina #cikal: anak anu munggaran #panengah: anak tengah, anak anu gumelar di tengah-tengah (biasana mah pikeun jumlah anak anu ganjil) #pangais bungsu: lanceuk deukeut ti anak
#pangais bungsu: lanceuk deukeut ti anak bungsu, kadua ti handap #bungsu: anak bungsu, anak anu gumelar panungtung #lanceuk sabrayna: lanceuk misan anu masih sarundayan ti aki atawa nini #adi sabrayna: adi misan anu masih sarundayan ti aki atawa nini #dulur pet ku hinis: dulur kandung, dulur saibu sarama #dulur sabaraya:dulur misan, anakna mamang atawa bibi ogé ua #dulur teges: dulur pituin saindung sabapa #indung
teges: dulur pituin saindung sabapa #indung téré: pamajikan bapa tapi lain indung pituin/biologis #bapa téré: salaki indung tapi lain bapa pituin/biologis #anak téré : anak sampakan ti salaki atawa pamajikan #dulur patétéréan: anak indung atawa bapa téré #baraya laér: baraya anu nurutkeun pancakaki geus jauh #teu hir teu walahir: teu baraya saeutik-eutik acan #bau-bau sinduk: baraya kénéh sanajan geus laér #baraya: sakur anu aya
geus laér #baraya: sakur anu aya pancakakina Rujukan
Vitamin C atawa -askorbat téh hiji zat gizi ésénsial pikeun primata luhur jeung sababaraha spésiés lianna
Askorbat perlu pikeun sababaraha rupa réaksi métabolismeu dina sakabéh awak sato jeung tutuwuhan sarta dihasilkeun ku awak ampir sakabéh organismeu, iwal manusa jeung sababaraha primata
Ieu vitamin kawentar ku balukar tina kakuranganana: barusuh (skorbut)
Farmakofor vitamin C téh ion askorbatna
Pikeun mahluk hirup, askorbat téh antioksidan anu naméngan awak tina setrés oksidatif sarta salaku kofaktor dina sababaraha réaksi énzimatik penting
Vitamin C téh -énantiomér askorbat; énantiomér sabalikna, -énantiomér, teu boga mangpaat fisiologis anu penting
Duanana mangrupa kiral pikeun wangun molekul anu sarua
Nalika ngaréduksi, -askorbat nu réduktor kuat téh bakal robah jadi bentuk kaoksidasi, -dehidroaskorbat
-dehidroaskorbat lajeng bisa diréduksi balik jadi -askorbat aktif ku énzim jeung glutation
-askorbat téh asam gula lemah anu wangunna patali jeung glukosa nu sacara alami diciptakeun ngahiji jeung ion hidrogén ngabentuk assam askorbat, atawa ngahiji jeung ion logam ngabentuk askorbat mineral
Pikeun manusa, vitamin C jétu pisan salaku antioksidan, ngurangan setrés oksidatif, salaku substrat peroksidaseu askorbat, ogé salaku kofaktor énzim dina biosintésis bahan-bahan biokimia penting
Vitamin C boga peran salaku donor éléktron pikeun dalapan énzim: Jaringan biologis anu ngagundukkeun vitamin C leuwih ti 100 kali kadarna dina plasma getih nyaéta kelenjar adrénal, pituitari, timus, corpus luteum, jeung rétina
Nu ngagundukkeun antara 10 n.k
50 kalina nyaéta otak, limpa, bayah, téstis, kelenjar limfe, ati, tiroid, mukosa usus leutik, leukosit, pangkréas, ginjal, jeung kelenjar ciduh
Eurocode (disebut ogé EN Eurocode atawa EC) nyaéta runtuyan kode model wangunan pan-Eropa nu disusun ku Komisi Eropa keur Standarisasi
EN Eurocode disusun dina 57 bagéan, unggal bagéan dicitak misah salaku "European Standard"
Dina taun 2002, sapuluh Eurocode geus disusun jeung dicitak: Eurocode nyaéta runtuyan umum kode rarancang struktur keur pagawéan rékayasa sipil di Eropa
Kode ieu dipaké keur ngagantikeun kode standar nu dipaké di unggal nagara di Eropa (upamana BS 5950) sanggeus ngahijina nagara-nagara Eropa kana Uni Eropa
Dina sababaraha bagéan, Eurocode masih kénéh di uji coba, sabab kitu ngagunakeun karakter ENV keur gaganti EN nepi ka sacara resmi bisa dipaké
Hal séjénna, unggal nagara méré Tambahan Nasional ("en" National Annex) ka Eurocode nu bakal dipaké keur rujukan nagara nu dimaksud (upamana: The UK National Annex)
Saperti standar Eropa séjénna, Eurocodes bakal dipaké dina "public procurement specifications" jeung taksiran produk keur tanda CE
Jaringan telepon umum atawa public switched telephone network (PSTN) mangrupa jaringan tina jaringan-jaringan telepon anu diwangun ku "circuit-switched" pikeun kaperluan publik sadunya
PSTN awalna mangrupa jaringan tina sistem telepon analog sambungan-tetep
Kiwari PSTN ampir digital sakabéhna, sarta ngawengku ogé telepon mobil
PSTN sabagian gedé diatur ku "standar-standar téknis" anu dijieun ku ITU-T, sarta ngagunakeun Rékoméndasi ITU nomer E.163/E.164 anu ngawincik panomeran telepon pikeun pangalamatan
Architecture and context
The PSTN was the éarliest example of traffic engineering to deliver Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees
Erlang (1878–1929) is credited with establishing the mathematical foundations of methods required to determine the amount and configuration of equipment and the number of personnel required to deliver a specific level of service
In the 1970s the telecommunications industry conceived that digital services would follow much the same pattern as voice services, and conceived a vision of end-to-end circuit switched services, known as the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN)
The B-ISDN vision has been overtaken by the disruptive technology of the Internet
Only the oldest parts of the telephone network still use analog technology for anything other than the last mile loop to the end user, and in recent yéars digital services have been incréasingly rolled out to end users using services such as DSL, ISDN, FTTP and cable modem systems
Many observers believe that the long term future of the PSTN is to be just one application of the Internet - however, the Internet has some way to go before this transition can be made
The QoS guarantee is one aspect that needs to be improved in the Voice over IP (VoIP) technology
There are a number of large private telephone networks which are not linked to the PSTN, usually for military purposes
There are also private networks run by large companies which are linked to the PSTN only through limited gateways, like a large private branch exchange (PBX)
The first telephones had no network but were in private use, wired together in pairs
Users who wanted to talk to different péople had as many telephones as necessary for the purpose
A user who wished to spéak, whistled into the transmitter until the other party héard
Soon, however, a bell was added for signalling, and then a switchhook, and telephones took advantage of the exchange principle alréady employed in telegraph networks
éach telephone was wired to a local telephone exchange, and the exchanges were wired together with trunks
Networks were connected together in a hierarchical manner until they spanned cities, countries, continents and océans
This was the beginning of the PSTN, though the term was unknown for many decades
Automation introduced pulse dialing between the phone and the exchange, and then among exchanges, followed by more sophisticated address signaling including multi-frequency, culminating in the SS7 network that connected most exchanges by the end of the 20th century
Although the network was créated using analog voice connections through manual switchboards, automated telephone exchanges replaced most switchboards, and later digital switch technologies were used
Most switches now use digital circuits between exchanges, with analog two-wire circuits still used to connect to most telephones
The basic digital circuit in the PSTN is a 64-kilobits-per-second channel, originally designed by Bell Labs, called Digital Signal 0 (DS0)
To carry a typical phone call from a calling party to a called party, the audio sound is digitized at an 8 kHz sample rate using 8-bit pulse code modulation (PCM)
The call is then transmitted from one end to another via telephone exchanges
The call is switched using a signaling protocol (SS7) between the telephone exchanges under an overall routing strategy
The DS0s are the basic granularity at which switching takes place in a telephone exchange
DS0s are also known as timeslots because they are multiplexed together using time-division multiplexing (TDM)
Multiple DS0s are multiplexed together on higher capacity circuits into a DS1 signal, carrying 24 DS0s on a North American or Japanese T1 line, or 32 DS0s (30 for calls plus two for framing and signalling) on an E1 line used in most other countries
In modérn networks, this multiplexing is moved as close to the end user as possible, usually into cabinets at the roadside in residential aréas, or into large business premises
The timeslots are conveyed from the initial multiplexer to the exchange over a set of equipment collectively known as the access network
The access network and inter-exchange transport of the PSTN use synchronous optical transmission (SONET and SDH) technology, although some parts still use the older PDH technology
Within the access network, there are a number of reference points defined
Most of these are of interest mainly to ISDN but one – the V reference point – is of more general interest
This is the reference point between a primary multiplexer and an exchange
The protocols at this reference point were standardised in ETSI aréas as the V5 interface
Prancis (Basa Perancis: ), ngaran resmina Républik Prancis (, ), nyaéta hiji nagara nu wewengkon metropolitannana perenah di Éropa Kulon sarta ngawengku ogé rupa-rupa kapuloan jeung wewengkon peuntas sagara nu aya di buana séjén
Metropolitan Prancis manjang ti Sagara Méditerania tepikeun ka Kanal Inggris jeung Sagara Kalér, sarta ti Rhine tepikeun ka Samudra Atlantik
Urang Perancis sering ngarujuk Metropolitan Perancis minangka "L'Hexagone" ("Segi Genep" "("Héksagon")") alatan wangun géometris teritorina
Prancis diwatesan ku Belgia, Luksemburg, Jerman, Swiss, Itali, Monako, Andora, jeung Spanyol, sedengkeun bagean peuntas sagarana, Perancis ogé babagi wates lemah jeung Brazil sarta Suriname (ngawatesan Guiana Perancis) , sarta Antilles Walanda (ngawatesan Saint-Martin)
Prancis ogé numbu ka Karajaan Ngahiji ku Channel Tunnel, nu meuntasan sahandapeun kanal Inggris
Républik Prancis mangrupa nagara démokrasi anu bentukna républik semi-presidénsial kahijian
Idé utamana diekspresikeun dina Déklarasi Hak Asasi Manusa jeung Warga Nagara