izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
Sinus anu ditambahkeun frékuénsina tilu kali frekeunsi suku sinusoida kahiji sarta gedéna ngan sapertilu éta sinyal
antukna sinyalna bisa dinyatakeun dina formula_2 Wangun sinyal anu dihasilkeun kaciri masih béda jeung gelombang kotak
Ku cara neruskeun nambahkeun sinyal suku sinusoida katilu, anu frékuénsina lima kali sarta ukuranna saperlima kali suku kahiji, mangka dihasilkeun gelombang anu dinyatakeun ku rumus formula_3 Hasil pajumlahan suku-suku sinusoida ieu buki narik ati
Urang ngan nambahkeun suku-suku anu frékuénsina kalipetan ganjil tina frékeuénsi suku sinusoida kahiji
Lamun pajumlahan diteruskeun tepi ka suku kagenep anu frékuénsina sabelas kali suku kahiji, hasilna saperti kieu: Hasil pajumlahan suku-suku sinusoida ieu katémbong geus ngahasilkeun sinyal anu ngaharib kana gelombang kotak ngan wangunanna rada goréng
Lamun pajumlahan sinyal dilakukeun ti suku kahiji tepi ka suku ka-25 anu frékuénsina kalipetan 49, mangka sinyal anu dihasilkeun geus ngaharib kana gelombang kotak tapi masih kurang nyeplés
Di dieu katingali yén prosés ieu ngahasilkeun sinyal anu beuki deukeut kana sinyal gelombang kotak
Sanajan kitu, ieu katingalina saperti gelombang kotak anu kurang alus
Hayu urang tambahan deui suku-suku anu leuwih loba sarta tingali naon anu baris kajadian
Ieu sinyal anu dihasilkeun tina pajumlahan suku-suku tepi ka suku anu boga kalipetan 79
Ayeuna urang beuki meunang indikasi anu jelas ngeunaan gelombang kotak kalawan amplitude sauetik di handap 0,8
Tina prosés ieu, kanyahoan yén gelombang kotak boga rumus anu mangrupa pajumlahan dérét suku-suku sinusoida saperti kieu: formula_4 di mana, pikeun satiap bilangan ganjil non-negatif, "n": *formula_5 Pikeun ngabeunangkeun hasil panyajian anu akurat pisan, anggap n tanpa hingga atawa tanpa kawates
Pajumlahan suku-suku sinusoida saperti di luhur disebut Dérét Fourier Trigonométrik
Frékuénsi unggal sinusoida dina ieu dérét mangrupa bilangan buleud kalipetan tina frékuénsi sinyal anu keur diaproksimasi
Frékuénsi-frékuénsi éta disebut harmonik tina gelombang kotak
Dina conto di luhur, frekeunsi dasarna nyaéta 1 Hz (frékuénsi gelombang kotak), sedengkeun harmonikna nyaéta 3 Hz, 5 Hz, 7 Hz, 9 Hz, 11 Hz, jst
Katiténan yén dina gelombang kotak ieu kabéh harmonik genep mibanda amplitudo enol; hal ieu henteu lumaku umum, aya gelombang anu mibanda harmoni dina bilangan buleud, aya ogé anu ngan mibanda harmonik dina bilangan ganjil hungkul
Spektrum frékuénsi Masing-masing frékuénsi harmonik didefinisikeun ku ukuran (amplitudo) sarta fasena
Ngagambar amplitudo-amplitudo harmonik dina sumbu y sarta frékuénsi dina sumbu x ngahasilkeun hiji Spéktrum Frékuénsi
Spéktrumna mangrupa sakumpulan garis atawa balok vertikal lantaran ngan boga frékuénsi dina kalipetan frékuénsi sinyal asal
Dina téori, spéktrum ngawengku frékuénsi-frékuénsi anu tanpa wates, tapi dina praktékna mplitudo harmonik-harmonik anu frékuénsina luhur pisan biasana euweuh hartina
Tempo Dérét Fourier pikeun neuleuman leuwih jero, kaasup: (Continuous) Fourier transform
Most often, the unqualified term Fourier transform refers to the transform of functions of a continuous real argument, such as time (formula_6)
The amplitude and phase of a sinusoidal component of function s(t) depends on the component's frequency
In terms of ordinary frequency (formula_7), it is the complex number: formula_8 Evaluating this quantity for all values of formula_7 produces the frequency-domain function
Also see How it works, below
And see Continuous Fourier transform for even more information, including: Discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT)
For use on computers, a useful "discrete-time" function can be obtained by sampling a "continuous-time" function, s(t), which produces a sequence, s(nT), for integer values of n. The DTFT is equivalent to the Fourier transform of a "continuous" function that is constructed by using the sequence formula_10 to modulate a Dirac comb
In that case, the integral formula above simplifies to a summation: formula_11 which is a periodic function, with period formula_12 An alternative viewpoint is that the DTFT is a transform to a frequency domain that is bounded (or "finite"), with span formula_13 The DTFT can be applied to any discrete sequence
But in the particular case where s[n] are samples of s(t), formula_14 and formula_15 are closely related
See Discrete-time Fourier transform for more information on this and other topics, including: Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
Since the DTFT is also a continuous Fourier transform (of a comb function), the Fourier series also applies to it
Thus, when formula_16 is periodic, with period N, formula_14 is another Dirac comb function, modulated by a Fourier series
And the integral formula for the series simplifies to: formula_18 for all integer values of k. Since the DTFT is periodic, so is formula_19
And it has the same period (N) as the input function
This transform is also called DFT, particularly when only one period of the output sequence is computed from one period of the input sequence
When formula_16 is not periodic, but its non-zero portion has finite duration (N), formula_14 is continuous and finite-valued
But a discrete subset of its values is sufficient to reconstruct/represent the (finite) portion of formula_16 that was analyzed
The same discrete set is obtained by tréating N as if it is the period of a periodic function and computing the Fourier series / DFT
The DFT can be computed using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, which makes it a practical and important transformation on computers
See Discrete Fourier transform for much more information, including: The following table recaps the four basic forms discussed above, highlighting the duality of the properties of "discreteness" and "periodicity"
I.e., if the signal representation in one domain has either (or both) of those properties, then its transform representation to the other domain has the other property (or both)
Fourier transforms on arbitrary locally compact abelian topological groups
The Fourier variants can also be generalized to Fourier transforms on arbitrary locally compact abelian topological groups, which are studied in harmonic analysis; there, the Fourier transform takes functions on a group to functions on the dual group
This tréatment also allows a general formulation of the convolution theorem, which relates Fourier transforms and convolutions
See also the Pontryagin duality for the generalized underpinnings of the Fourier transform
Time-frequency transforms such as the short-time Fourier transform, wavelet transforms, chirplet transforms, and the fractional Fourier transform try to obtain frequency information from a signal as a function of time (or whatever the independent variable is), although the ability to simultanéously resolve frequency and time is limited by an (mathematical) uncertainty principle
Interpretation in terms of time and frequency
In terms of signal processing, the transform takes a time series representation of a signal function and maps it into a frequency spectrum, where ω is angular frequency
That is, it takes a function in the time domain into the frequency domain; it is a decomposition of a function into harmonics of different frequencies
When the function "f" is a function of time and represents a physical signal, the transform has a standard interpretation as the frequency spectrum of the signal
The magnitude of the resulting complex-valued function "F" at frequency ω represents the amplitude of a frequency component whose initial phase is given by: "arctan (imaginary part/real part)"
However, it is important to réalize that Fourier transforms are not limited to functions of time, and temporal frequencies
They can equally be applied to analyze "spatial" frequencies, and indeed for néarly any function domain
Applications in signal processing
When processing signals, such as audio, radio waves, light waves, seismic waves, and even images, Fourier analysis can isolate individual components of a compound waveform, concentrating them for éasier detection and/or removal
A large family of signal processing techniques consist of Fourier-transforming a signal, manipulating the Fourier-transformed data in a simple way, and reversing the transformation
Some examples include: Fourier transformation is also useful as a compact representation of a signal
For example, JPEG compression uses Fourier transformation of small square pieces of a digital image
The Fourier components of éach square are rounded to lower arithmetic precision, and wéak components are eliminated entirely, so that the remaining components can be stored very compactly
In image reconstruction, éach Fourier-transformed image square is réassembled from the preserved approximate components, and then inverse-transformed to produce an approximation of the original image
How it works (a basic explanation)
To méasure the amplitude and phase of a particular frequency component, the transform process multiplies the original function (the one being analyzed) by a sinusoid with the same frequency (called a "basis function")
If the original function contains a "component" with the same shape (i.e
same frequency), its shape (but not its amplitude) is effectively squared
The complex numbers produced by the product of the original function and the basis function are subsequently summed into a single result
The contributions from the component that matches the basis function all have the same sign (or vector direction)
The other components contribute values that alternate in sign (or vectors that rotate in direction) and tend to cancel out of the summation
The final value is therefore dominated by the component that matches the basis function
The stronger it is, the larger is the méasurement
Repéating this méasurement for all the basis functions produces the frequency-domain representation
Kuritiba (basa Portugis: "Curitiba") nyaéta ibu kota Nagara Bagian Paraná di Brasil bagian tenggara
Kota ieu legana 434,967 km² tur pangeusina kira-kira 1.788.559 juta jiwa (2007); Kuritiba ieu kota panggedéna di Wewengkon Kidul di Brasil
Républik Irak, biasana katelah Irak (Basa Arab: , IPA: ), nyaéta hiji nagara di Wétan Tengah nu ngampar lolobananana di tungtung kulon kaler Pagunungan Zagros-, bagéan wetan Gurun Siria sarta bagéan kaler Gurun Arabia
Irak diwatesan ku Kuwait jeung Saudi Arabia di béh kidul, Jordania di kulon, Suriah di kulon kaler, Turki di béh kaler sarta Iran di wetaneunnana
Irak boga bagéan basisir nu heureut di Umm Qasr di Teluk Pérsia
Aya dua walungan nu ngalir: Tigris jeung Éfrat
Dua walungan ieu nyababkeun lemah Irak bisa dipaké tatanen, patukang tonggong jeung lanskap gurun nu nutupan lolobana wewengkon di Wétan Tengah
Irak mangrupikeun démokrasi parleménter ngembang anu diwangun ku 18 kagubernuran (katelah "muhafadhat")
Ibu kotana, Baghdad, aya di tengah-wétan
Sajarah euyeub Irak balik deui ti jaman Mesopotamia kuno
Wewengkon antara walungan Tigris jeung Éfrat dikenal salaku Bulan Sabit Subur, tempat lahirna paradaban jeung tulisan
Dina sajarahna anu panjang, Irak parantos janten puseur kakaisaran Akkadia, Assyria, Babylonia sareng Abbasiyah, sarta bagian ti kawasaan kakaisaran Akhemenia, Makedonia, Parthia, Umayyah, Sassania, Utsmaniyah sareng Britania Raya
Since an invasion in 2003, a multinational coalition of forces, mainly American and British, has occupied Iraq
The invasion has had wide-réaching consequences: increased civil violence, political bréakdown, the removal and execution of former présidént Saddam Hussein, and national problems in the development of political balance, economy, infrastructure, and use of the country's huge reserves of oil
According to the 2007 Failed States Index, produced by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace's Foreign Policy magazine and the Fund for Peace, Iraq has recently emerged as the world's second most unstable country, after Sudan
Pamaréntah "Sawangan"' Warta Lianna
Nagara di dunya
Pandanus tectorius téh salah sahiji spésiés "Pandanus" anu hirup di kalér Queensland, Australia jeung Indonésia sarta pulo-pulo tropis di Sagara Pasifik nepi ka Hawai (di ditu katelahna tangkal hala)
Diurang mah ieu tangkal disebutna cangkuang
Tangkalna leutik, tumuwuh ukur nepi ka jangkungna 6 m, akarna serabut sahingga nanceb pageuh dina taneuh
Panjang daunna 90–150 cm, lébarna 5–7 cm, kalawan sisi nu rérégéan
Hirupna di wewengkon anu hawana haneut sarta taneuhna lembab
Buahna buleud, diaméter 20 cm, rada siga ganas, sarta bisa didahar langsung atawa diolah heula
Di Mikronésia mah buahna jadi katuangan utama, utamana di wewengkon atol
Serat buahna sok dipaké pikeun méré sihan huntu ("dental floss")
Daunna sok dipaké bungbu manisan, sarta cenah bisa dipaké natambaan kasakit
Bihari, daun cangkuang dipaké pikeun hateup imah, seratna sok dijieun tambang
Tangkal cangkuang hirup kalawan subur di daérah anu perenahna 300-1000 méter dina luhureun beungeut cai laut, bisa hirup dina tempat anu rumpil kayaning sisi susukan, gawir, jeung tegalan
Di India (daérah malabar)
Cangkuang dipelak pikeun ngajaga taneuh sangkan henteu urug, ogé paragi pangiuhan, jeung papaés di buruan
Dauna disasap dijieun samak , dudukuy, jeung rupa-rupa wawadahan, kitu deui buahna geus ilahar dikonsumsi, tur dimangpaatkeu pikeun ubar batuk, nyeri beuteung, jeung miceun waé
Daérah-daérah anu kanyahoan loba hirup tangkal cangkuang, saperti di wilayah Himalaya, spesies anu sarua ogé hirup liar di nagara China perenahna di daérah Guangxi, Xizang jeung Yunnan, cangkuang ogé kapanggih hiru di Nepal, Malaysia, jeung Afrika Kulon
Sababaraha spesies cangkuan, dauna ngaluarkeun seungit saperti " P. amaryllifolius ", " P. tectorius " jeung " P. odorifer "
Di Asia tenggara dimangpaatkeun pikeun panyeungit sangu, jeung rupa-rupa olahan kadaharan jeug inuman
Serangga watang "Megacrania batesii" hirup sarta dahar ukur dina ieu tangkal
Banténg ("Bos javanicus") téh sapi liar nu aya di Myanmar, Tailan, Kamboja, Laos, Viétnam, Kalimantan, Jawa, jeung Bali
Dina mangsa kolonisasi Inggris (1849), Banténg aya nu dibawa ka Australia Kalér 1849 pikeun kalangenan moro/paninggarn
Banténg jangkungna bisa nepi ka 1,6 m lebah pundukna, sedengkeun panjangna 2,3 m. Nu jalu beuratna bisa nepi ka 680 – 810 kg, sedengkeun nu bikangna mah leuwih leutik, tapi nu badag pisan mah beuratna bisa nepi ka saton
Pakulitan banténg bodas lebah suku handap jeung bujurna
Nu jalu kelirna semu wulung nepi ka hideung, tandukna ngadangkak ka luhur, sedengkeun nu bikang kelirna coklat semu beureum jeung tandukna leutik
Panalungtikan Pébruari 2005 nunjukkeun yén "populasi" banténg di Tanjung Cobourg aya 10.000 hulu, jadi gorombolan panglobana di sakuliah dunya, sabab di habitat aslina mah kurang ti 500 hulu
Banténg hirup di leuweung anu rada carang, kadaharanana jukut, awi, bungbuahan, dangdaunnan, jeung dahan ngora
Liarna beurang-peuting, tapi mun di wewengkon nu deukeut jeung manusa mah biasana sok liar peuting (nyingkahan tepung jeung manusa)
Gorombolan banténg biasana ukur ngawengku 20-30 hulu
Di sababaraha wilayah di Asia Tenggara, banténg dipiara; jumlahna nepi ka 1,5 juta hulu
Banténg liar jeung nu diingu bisa dikawinkeun, sarta turunanana lolobana bisa anakan
Banténg geus bisa diklon, malah kaasup spésiés kaancam punah kadua anu bisa diklon, sarta nu munggaran bisa hirup leuwih ti saminggu (nu kahijina Gaur nu paéh dina umur dua poé sanggeus borojol)
Paguyuban Pasundan Paguyuban Pasundan (éjahan aslina Pagoejoeban Pasoendan) ngadeg tanggal 20 Juli 1913, minangka organisasi kasundaan pangheubeulna
Sajero ngadegna, ieu organisasi téh loba bagerak dina widang atikan, sosial budaya, pulitik, ékonomi, kapamudaan, jeung kagiatan kawanojaan
Najan ngaranna Paguyuban Pasundan, tapi anggotana henteu wungkul sélér Sunda, ti sélér bangsa nu séjénna ogè bisa, asal sarua boga pakarepan miara, ngamumulè, jeung ngamulyakeun budaya Sunda jeung budaya Nusantara
Anu jadi kasang tukang diadegkeunana ieu organisasi, dikedalkeun ku Dayat Hidayat, siswa Sunda di STOVIA ("School Tot Opleiding voor Indlandsche Artsen") – sakola dokter jaman Walanda di Batavia (Jakarta), anu boga alpukah sarta mingpin rapat 20 Juli 1913: "Dupi nu jadi lulugu nyaéta wiréhing ngémutkeun bangsa Sunda kacida pisan katilarna tina bab kamajengan ku bangsa sanés, sumawonten ku bangsa Jawa mah, nu ti kapungkurna
bangsa Jawa mah, nu ti kapungkurna ogé parantos tebih pisan nilarna ka urang Sunda, dalah ku urang Malayu nu teu acan sakumaha lamina ngudagna kana kamajengan, ayeuna urang Sunda parantos kénging disebatkeun kaselek, tawisna murid di sakola Doktor danget ieu urang Sunda mung aya 10, dupi urang Malayu mah sumawonten urang Jawa mah parantos pirang-pirang
Nyakitu deui di sakola-sakola sanés urang Jawa sareng urang Malayu henteu kawon seueurna ku urang Sunda
Anu ka nagri Walanda mah urang Sunda kénging kénéh dibilang, dupi urang Malayu sok sumawonten nu kiat mayar ongkosna, dalah nu henteu ogé cék paripaos dibélaan kuli kuli, merlukeun ka nagri Walanda ku suhud nyiar kapinteran
Menggah ku émutan, upami urang Sunda cicingeun baé, daék-daék ka payuna hayang nyepeng padamelan ogé hésé, kakawonkeun ku bangsa sanés
Buktina ayeuna parantos sababaraha hiji urang Jawa sareng urang Malayu nu nyepeng damel di tanah Pasundan, dupi urang Sunda mah méh teu aya baé nu tiasa jeneng di nagara deungeun."
Nalika diadegkeun, kaputusan ngeunaan kapangurusan Paguyuban Pasundan téh nyaéta diwangun ku dalapan urang: D.K
Ardiwinata ("Adviseur", panaséhat), Mas Dayat Hidayat ("President", pupuhu), Radén Junjunan ("Secretaris", sekertaris), Radén Kusuma Sujana ("Penningmeester", bendahara), sarta Mas Iskandar, Karta di Wiria, Sastrahudaya, jeung Abubakar (anggota)
Ieu kapangurusan téh dipaké nepi ka 22 Pébruari 1914
Iwal ti Ardiwinata, sakabéh pangurus munggaran Paguyuban Pasundan téh siswa di STOVIA
Dina tanggal 22 Séptember 1914, pangurus paguyuban ménta idin ka pamaréntah pikeun bisa ngalakonan kagiatanana sacara sah
Dumasar surat kaputusan nomer 46 tanggal 9 Désémber 1914, idin kasebut dibikeun
Saterusna, nepi ka taun1918, organisasi ieu leuwih minangka perkumpulan sosial-budaya
Kiprah mangsa pra kamerdikaan
Sairing jeung kahayang pikeun ngayakeun perbaikan dina widang sosial sarta ékonomi, Paguyuban Pasundan ngarasa perlu milu ancrub dina widang pulitik pikeun ngahontal tujuan-tujuanna
Ku kituna, saprak taun1919, sairing kalawan diwangunna Volksraad, dipigawé usaha pikeun nempatkeun wawakilna di lembaga kasebut
Saterusna dumasar surat kaputusan nomer 72, tanggal 13 Juni 1919, pamaréntah ogé ngesahkeun Paguyuban Pasundan minangka perkumpulan pulitik
Saprak Désémber 1927, Paguyuban Pasundan asup jadi anggota PPPKI (Permoefakatan Perhimpoenan-perhimpoenan Politik Kebangsaan Indonésia)
Kalawan ngagabung dina federasi éta, paguyuban henteu deui jadi perkumpulan lokal kalawan merhatikeun ngan ukur Pasundan atawa Jawa Kulon waé, tapi jadi perkumpulan nasional nu boga tujuan babarengan nyaéta pikeun ngahontal kamerdikaan bangsa
Kagiatan dina widang pulitik beuki kuat waktu kapamingpinan Oto Iskandar di Nata, anu katelahna "Si Jalak Harupat", saurang kalahiran Bojongsoang, Bandung tanggal 31 Maret 1897
Sajaba jadi pupuhu Pangurus Pusat Paguyuban Pasundan, manéhna ogé jadi wawakil organisasi ieu di Volksraad mimiti taun1931 nepi ka 1942
Luyu jeung anu aya dina anggaran dasarna, salah sahiji jalan anu ditempuh Paguyuban Pasundan dina ngahontal cita-citana nyaéta ngaliwatan jalur atikan sarta pangajaran
Usaha ngawangun sakola dimimitian kalawan ngadegkeun "Hollandsch-Inlandsche School" (HIS) Pasoendan di Tasikmalaya dina taun1922, dituturkeun pendirian "Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs" (MULO) Pasoendan, ogé di Tasikmalaya, anu meunang bantuan ti pamaréntah
Sakola-sakola séjén terus diadegkeun, nepi ka taun1941 geus aya 51 sakola kalawan 296 urang guru
Lolobana aya di Bandung sarta Tasikmalaya, nyaéta séwang-séwangna tujuh sakola
Sésana sumebar di 34 tempat séjénna di sakuliah Jawa Kulon
Pikeun ngurus persekolahan kasebut, dina Kongrés Paguyuban Pasundan di Bogor taun1931, didirikan Bale Pamulangan Pasundan (BPP), jeung pamingpin kahijina nyaéta Ahmad Atmadja
Kalawan nanjeurna BPP, sakola-sakola Pasundan beuki marak
Kitu ogé guru sarta muridnya beuki réa
Atikan pikeun balaréa umum, diwujudkan kalawan dipedarna salapan média massa salila période 1914-1942
Salah sahijina anu pangbadagna nyaéta suratkabar Sipatahoenan anu jadi corong Paguyuban Pasundan
Mimitina suratkabar ieu dipedar Paguyuban Pasundan di Tasikmalaya mimiti taun1923
Pupuhu rédaksi kahijina nyaéta Soetisna Sendjaya
Mimitina suratkabar ieu medal saminggu sakali
Tapi sanggeus kepengurusannya diganti ku Pangurus Pusat Paguyuban Pasundan taun1931, Sipatahoenan bisa medal poéan
Kantorna dipindahkan ka Bandung, nyaéta di Kaca-kaca Wetan, saméméh saterusna pindah ka Banceuy, sarta ahirna di Dalem Kaum
Dina widang ékonomi, Paguyuban Pasundan dina kongrésna anu ka 19 di Tasikmalaya taun1934, ngadegkeun "Centrale Bank Pasundan", anu ngawangun N. V., jeung pupuhuna Iyos Wiriaatmadja
Puseurna aya di Jakarta, keur di wewengkon-wewengkon nanjeur cabang-cabangnya
Kahirupan perkoperasian di lingkungan Paguyuban Pasundan ogé cukup marak
Saban cabangna ngadegkeun koperasi anu lolobana disebut Koperasi Pasundan
Koperasi-koperasi kasebut usik dina widang kaduitan, perdagangan, aya ogé anu husus nyadiakeun parabotan pikeun para patani
Garapan widang ékonomi séjénna anu cukup nonjol nyaéta ngadegkeun Leuit Paré
Pangimeutanana dipigawé ku Puseur Lumbung Pasundan
Dina Kongrés Paguyuban Pasundan ka 23 di Sukabumi, diadegkeun badan anu ngokolakeun masalah ékonomi anu disebut Bale Ékonomi Pasundan
Pamingpin bale kasebut nyaéta Raden Soedarna Soeradiredja, anu ogé ngarangkep minangka Wawakil Pupuhu P. B. Paguyuban Pasundan sarta Diréktur Centrale Bank Pasundan
Kapamudaan sarta Urusan kaistrian
Pikeun ngurus masalah kaistrian, di Paguyuban Pasundan diadegkeun Pasundan Istri (PASI)
Sedengkeun dina kapamudaan, dina sasih Désémber 1934 diadegkeun JOP ("Jeugd Organisatie" Pasoendan) kalawan pupuhuna anu kahiji R. Adil Poeradiredja
Dina kongrésna anu kahiji taun1935 kepanjangan JOP digantian jadi “Jasana Obor Pasundan”
Basa suhu pulitik manasan nyanghareupan Perang Pasifik, diadegkeun “JOP Brigade” pikeun nangkal kajadian-kajadian anu henteu dipikahayang
Sawatara inohong, di antarana Jenderal A. H. Nasution milu ngadukung, kawas kalawan mantuan latihan babarisan pikeun JOP Brigade
Mangsa Pangjajahan Jepang
Ti taun1943 nepi ka kalawan 1945, kagiatan pulitik sagala rupa perkumpulan di Indonésia, kaasup Paguyuban Pasundan dibekukeun ku pangjajah ti Jepang
Sipatahoenan ogé milu dibrédel sarta minangka gantina dipedar suratkabar Tjahaya anu dikadalikeun Jepang
Tapi kagiatan paguyuban dina widang séjénna kawas atikan, kasenian, sarta sosial masih diidinan sarta bisa terus jalan
Kiprah di Mangsa Kamerdikaan
Mangsa Revolusi Kamerdikaan
Sanggeus pendudukan Jepang lekasan, Pamaréntah Républik Indonésia ngaluarkeun maklumat nomer X tanggal 3 Nopémber 1945 ngeunaan "pembentukan partai-partai politik"
Nanjeurna partéi-partéi pulitik ku Pamaréntah Républik Indonésia ditempo minangka partisipasi aktip ti kahirupan balaréa dina berbangsa sareng bernegara sarta bisa nguatkeun perjuangan bangsa ngabéla kamerdikaan
Kaluarna maklumat kasebut ngabalukarkeun partéi-partéi di Indonésia hirup deui kawas Partéi Nasional Indonésia (PNI), Partéi Islam Masyumi, Partéi Buruh Indonésia, Partéi Rakyat Sosialis, sarta sajabana
Paguyuban Pasundan waktu éta henteu langsung aktip deui
Ieu utamana disababkeun alatan R. Oto Iskandar di Nata, anu dianggap minangka figur anu bisa mingpin deui Paguyuban Pasundan, leungit sacara misterius babarengan sawatara inohong kamerdikaan séjénna
Tapi saterusna mecenghul hiji partéi anu cenah didalangan Walanda kalawan ngaranna Partéi Rakyat Pasundan (PRP) anu miboga visi anu henteu saluyu jeung Paguyuban Pasundan
Hal kasebut micu para anggota Paguyuban Pasundan pikeun ngahirupkeun balik organisasina
Mangka Paguyuban Pasundan nanjeur deui di Bandung, "Yogyakarta", sarta Jakarta dina waktu ampir babarengan
Saterusna Bandung ditetepkeun minangka puseur Pangurus Pusat Paguyuban Pasundan kalawan pupuhuna R. S. Suradiradja
Dina kongrés Paguyuban Pasundan tanggal 29-31 Januari 1949 di Bandung, diputuskeun pikeun ngarobah ngaran Paguyuban Pasundan jadi Partéi Kebangsaan Indonésia (PARKI) nu maksudna pikeun nambahan perjuangan di widang pulitik
Partéi kasebut saterusna milu pemilihan umum kahiji Républik Indonésia dina taun1955
Tapi suara anu dipibanda dina pemilu kasebut pohara leutikna
Éléhna dina pemilu kasebut ngabalukarkeun perpecahan di PARKI
Ahirna ngaliwatan referendum dina kongrés PARKI tanggal 29 Nopémber 1959, partéi kasebut mutuskeun pikeun ngarobah ngaranna jadi Paguyuban Pasundan
Paguyuban Pasundan ayeuna
Kiwari Paguyuban Pasundan mibanda 32 kantor cabang kalawan 492 anak cabang
Saeutikna 12.300 jelema kalibet dina paguyuban ieu
Lestarina kabudayaan Sunda dina éra globalisasi kiwari jadi prioritas utamana
Sakola-sakola Pasundan dina jenjang atikan dasar sarta tengahan sumebar di wewengkon Jawa Kulon sarta Banten
Keur dina jenjang atikan luhur, Paguyuban Pasundan mibanda opat paguron luhur, nyaéta: Dina kapangurusan, Kongrés Paguyuban Pasundan tanggal 19 Juli 2005 geus milih pangurus pikeun période 2005-2009, nyaéta: H. A. Syafe'i minangka Pupuhu (Pupuhu) Pangurus Pusat Paguyuban Pasundan sarta Prof. Dr. H. M. Didi Turmudzi minangka Sekretaris Jenderal
Sedengkeun Prof. Dr. Ir
Ginandjar Kartasasmita kapilih jadi Pupuhu Déwan Pangaping
Ayeuna urusan atikan di Paguyuban Pasundan diurus ku Yayasan Pendidikan Tinggi Pasundan sarta Yayasan Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Pasundan luyu kalawan jenjang atikanana
Peusing Sunda ("Manis javanica"), ogé katelah Peusing Malayu atawa Peusing Jawa, nyaéta hiji spésiés peusing ti wewengkon Asia Tenggara
Kulit sukuna granular, najan aya dampalan dina suku hareupna
Panjang buntutna 30 buku
Peusing Sunda deukeut pisan jeung Peusing Cina, najan spésiés Sunda leuwih badag, kelirna leuwih caang, sarta kuku hareupna leuwih pondok
Peusing Sunda biasana dimangsa ku lodaya jeung méong
Peusing Sunda hirup di rupa-rupa lingkungan, di antarana leuweung primér jeung sekundér, sabana nembrak, sarta wewengkon nu jembet ku rungkun
Ieu sato osok ogé kawénéhan di kebon jeung perkebunan
Najan sabenerna mah hirupna di darat dina liang-liang, kukuna nu paranjang ngabantu ogé ieu sato pikeun naék tatangkalan pikeun nyiar kadaharan
Peusing Sunda mah ahéng, sisitna kawas taméng naga
Panjang awakna 79-88 (kaasup buntut), nu jalu leuwih badag batan bikangna
Ti irung nepi ka buntutna ditutupan ku sisit anu patunjang-tunjang (17-19 kolom dina awak bagian tengah sarta leuwih ti 20 kolom dina buntutna)
Sisit dina tonggong jeung sisina teuas, kelirna coklat semu konéng
Sisit ieu téh diturunkeun tina bulu, sedengkeun beuteung jeung beungeutna ditutup ku bulu coklat pias
Huluna nyorong, panonna leutik sarta ditutup ku kongkolak anu kandel
Bagian luar (daun) ceulina leutik pisan, irungna baseuh, sedengkeun sungutna euweuh huntuan
Létahna ipis jeung panjang pisan, bisa ngelél nepi ka 25 cm, nu baseuh ku ciduh nu rapet pikeun néwak sireum jeung rinyuh
Mun teu ngelél, éta létah asup kana rohang dada jeung nyayang dina pélvisna
Ieu sato kaasup péntadaktil; suku hareupna dilengkepan ku dampal, kuku panggali paranjang, leuwih kuat batan suku tukangna
Gunung Tangkuban Parahu nyaéta salah sahiji gunung nu aya di propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Gunung ieu ayana 20 km di kaléreun Kota Bandung, jangkungna 2.084 méter
Gunung ieu loba didatangan ku turis nu bisa naékan ieu gunung nepi ka sisi kawahna, malahan maké kandaraan
Wewengkon di sabudeureun Gunung Tangkuban Parahu kaasup tiis, suhu rata-rata sapopoéna nyaéta 17oC keur pabeubeurang jeung 2oC keur mangsa peuting
Lahirna gunung ieu dijadikeun dongéng dina legénda Sangkuriang
Cangkuang bisa nujul kana:
Zimbabwé (), resmina Républik Zimbabwé, saméméhna Rodésia Kidul, Républik Rodésia atawa Zimbabwé Rodésia, nyaéta hiji nagara nu dilingkung di bagéan kidul buana Afrika, antara walungan Zambezi jeung Limpopo
Zimbabwe wawatesan jeung Afrika Kidul di beh kidul, Boswana di kulon kidul, Zambia di kulon kaler, sarta Mozambik di beh wetaneunnan
Basa resmi Zimbabwe nyaéta Basa Inggris, tapi lolobana urang Zombabwe maké Sona, salah sahiji basa asli di Zimbabwe
Ti "circa" 1250-1629, wewengkon nu kiwari katelah Zimbabwe diparentah ku Kakaisaran Mutapa, nu katelah ogé "Mwene Mutapa", "Monomotapa" atawa "Kakaisaran Zimbabwe Raya", nu kasohor minangka rute perdagangan emas jeung Arab
Tapi, Portugis ngaruksak perdagangan éta sarta ngamimitian runtuyan perang nu nyababkeun kakaisaran ampir runtag dina munggaran abad ka-17
Taun 1834, urang Matabele datang nalika nyingkahan pupuhu Zulu Shaka19, ngadegkeun wewengkonna jadi kakaisaran anyar, Matabeleland
Taun 1980-an, urang Britania datang jeung Pausahaan Afrika Cecil Rhodes'
Taun 1898, ngaran Rodésia Kidul dipaké
Taun 1965, nu satuluyna jadi Perdana Mentri Rodésia Ian Smith ngadelarasikeun Déklarasi Kamerdikaan Unilateral ti Karajaan Ngahiji; hiji republik nu dideklarasikeun taun 1970
Taun 1979, Smith jeung Abel Muzorewa ngahontal hiji kasapukan sarta ngawangun Rodésia Zimbabwé, nu diharepkeun bisa mungkas Perang Bush Rodésia, tapi sawatara bulan sanggeusna Kasapukan Lancaster House "overrode Muzorewa's compromise" sarta Rodésia Zimbabwé dibalikkeun deui kana status jajahan
Dina 18 April 1980, nagara ieu merdika kalayan ngaran anyar, Zimbabwé, bandera anyar, katut pamaréntahan nu dipingpin ku Robert Mugabe ti Uni Nasional Afrika Zimbabwé "(Zimbabwe African National Union, ZANU)"
Canaan Banana jadi présidén munggaran sarta Mugabe jadi perdana mentri
Taun 1987, pamaréntahan ngamandemen Konstitusi pikeun "provide for" Présidén Éksekutip sarta ngabolisi kantor Perdana Mentri
Parobahan konstitusional hasilna nyaéta nalika 1 Januari 1988, Robert Mugabe jadi présidént
Dina kapamingpinan présidén kiwari, Mugabe, ékonomi Zimbabwé nyirorot tina salah sahiji nu pangkuatna di Afrika jadi salah sahiji nu panglemahna di dunya
Lawan jeung kritik pulitik keur Mugabe ngawangun Gerakan keur Parobahan Démokratis taun 1999, nu ngusulkeun dipungkasna "Mugabe's Reign of Terror."
Kiwari, alatan Zimbabwe beuki anarkis, tensi pulitik geus ningkat kacida gedéna
Ayeuna, 80% urang Zimbabwe ngalanggur sarta inflasi geus naek leuwih ti 15,000%
Berkah keur Lemah Zimbabwe (; ) nyaéta lagu nasional Zimbabwe
Diwanohkeun Maret 1994 sanggeus kompetisi tingkat nasional keur ngaganti "" minangka lagu Zimbabwe nu "distinct"
Entri nu meunang nyaéta lagu nu ditulis ku Profesor Solomon Mutswairo sarta diaransemen ku Fred Changundega
Geus ditarjamahkeun kana tilu basa utama di Zimbabwe
Pamaréntahan Warta Direktori Pelesir Lianna
Dina fisika, rohangan bébas mangrupa konsép tina téori éléktromagnétik, pakait jeung "rohangan hampa sampurna"
Rohangan bébas boga harti yén "teu aya material" atawa "fénomena fisika" lianna iwal ti fénomena anu keur ditaliti kiwari
Rohangan bébas dianggap mangrupa kaayaan dasar médan éléktromagnétik
Énerji pancaran ngarambat ngaliwatan rohangan bébas dina wangun gelombang éléktromagnétik, saperti gelombang radio jeung cahaya katémbong (di antarana frékuénsi-frékuénsi spéktrum éléktromagnétik)
Harga konstanta formula_1 disebut "perméabilitas rohangan bébas"
Permittivitas rohangan bébas, formula_2, mangrupa rasio tina electric displacement field jeung médan listrik dina rohangan bébas
Nurutkeun téori rélativitas, énerji pancaran dina rohangan bébas ngarambat sagancang laju cahaya, henteu gumantung kana laju pangawas atawa sumber asal gelombang
Kaayaan idéal jeung panerapan-panerapan dina dunya nyata
Rohangan bébas ngagambarkeun yén rohangan kasebut bener-bener hampa tina material sarta henteu boga médan atawa gaya éksternal salian ti médan atawa gaya dina rohangan hampa anu keur ditaliti kiwari
Rohangan bébas, katut tekanan gas anu enol mutlak mangrupa idéalisasi matématis
Contona, dina rohangan hampa "vacuum" di angkasa luar, aya saeutik matéri (sabagian gedéna mangrupa hidrogén), sarta nois kosmik
Karapetan midiyeum antar planét jeung midiyeum antar béntang sanajan leutik pisan, mangrupa "rohangan bebas"
Latar gelombang mikro kosmik miboga suhu saukuran 2.725 K, anu nunjukkeun ayana foton kalawan karapetan 400 /cm³
Rohangan bébas mangrupa filosofi anu henteu pernah kawenehan dina prakték
Kantor Patén Amerika Serikat ngadéfinisikeun ""rohangan bébas " pikeun panerapan radio jeung radar saperti kieu: "rohangan di mana pamindahan énerji dina satiap arah henteu keuna hahalang, saperti anu kaalaman dina atmosfir, laut, atawa dunya"
(US Patent Class 342, Class Notes ) Hal ieu béda jauh jeung définisi téoritis ngeunaan rohangan bébas lantaran hadirna material dina kabéh conto bogana USPTO
Dumasar kana définisi ieu, dina rupa-rupa frékuénsi élektromagnétik, sababaraha kondisi karapetan mangrupa aproksimasi anu cukup pantes pikeun ngaharib kana rohangan bébas
Crystal Palace Tr⚖⚖⚖⚖🚹🚻⚠🚭🛅🛅🚭🚭♿♿🚮🚮🚾🚾🛄🛄🛄🛄🛄🛂🛂nsmitter|Crystal Wanda-wanda pamancar
Dina éléktronika pejuh sarta panyiaran, "pamancar" biasana miboga hiji catu daya, hiji osilator, hiji modulator, sarta sababaraha "amplifier" pikeun frékuénsi audio (AF) jeung frékuénsi radio (RF)
Modulator mangrupa alat anu numpangkeun sinyal informasi konak frékuénsigelombang pamawa
Kadangkala hiji pakakas (contona, telepon sélulér) ngandung pamancar ogé sakaligus panarima radio, anu dihijikeun dina sahiji wadah anu disebut transceiver
Dina élmu komunikasi sarta pamrosésan informasi, pamancar mangrupa objék nu ngirim informasi ka pakakas panarima
Dina awal mekarna rékayasa radio, énergi frékuénsi radio dibangkitkeun ngagunakeun alternator mékanis
Dina taun 1920-an, pamancar elektronik nu ngagunakeun bungbung hapa mimiti digunakeun
Effective radiated power (ITL) dipaké pikeun ngitung wengkuan setasiun
It is the TPO, minus any attenuation or radiated loss in the line to the antenna, multiplied by the gain (magnification) which the antenna provides toward the horizon
This is important, because the electric utility bill for the transmitter would be enormous otherwise, as would the cost of a transmitter
For most large stations in the VHF- and UHF-range, the transmitter power is no more than 20% of the ERP
For VLF, LF, MF and HF the ERP is typically not determined separately
In most cases the transmission power found in lists of transmitters is the value for the output of the transmitter
This is only correct for omnidirectional aerials with a length of a quarter wavelength or shorter
For other aerial types there are gain factors, which can réach values until 50 for shortwave directional béams in the direction of maximum béam intensity
Since some authors take account of gain factors of aerials of transmitters for frequencies below 30 MHz and others not, there are often discrepancies of the values of transmitted powers
Transmitters are sometimes fed from a higher voltage level of the power supply grid than necessary in order to improve security of supply
For example, the Allouis, Konstantynow and Roumoules transmitters are fed from the high-voltage network (110 kV in Alouis and Konstantynow, 150 kV in Roumoules) even though a power supply from the medium-voltage level of the power grid (about 20 kV) would be able to deliver enough power
Cooling of final stages
Low-power transmitters do not require special cooling equipment
modérn transmitters can be incredibly efficient, with efficiencies exceeding 98 percent
However, a broadcast transmitter with a megawatt power stage transferring 98% of that into the antenna can also be viewed as a 20 kilowatt electric héater
For medium-power transmitters, up to a few hundred watts, air cooling with fans is used
At power levels over a few kilowatts, the output stage is cooled by a forced liquid cooling system analogous to an automobile cooling system
Since the coolant directly touches the high-voltage anodes of the tubes, only distilled, deionised water or a special dielectric coolant can be used in the cooling circuit
This high-purity coolant is in turn cooled by a héat exchanger, where the second cooling circuit can use water of ordinary quality because it is not in contact with énérgized parts
Very-high-power tubes of small physical size may use evaporative cooling by water in contact with the anode
The production of stéam allows a high héat flow in a small space
The high voltages used in high KIMPET (up to 40 kV) require extensive protection equipment
Also, transmitters are exposed to damage from lightning
Transmitters may be damaged if operated without an antenna, so protection circuits must detect the loss of the antenna and switch off the transmitter immediately
Tube-based transmitters must have power applied in the proper sequence, with the filament voltage applied before the anode voltage, otherwise the tubes can be damaged
The output stage must be monitored for standing waves, which indicate that generated power is not being radiated but instéad is being reflected back into the transmitter
Lightning protection is required between the transmitter and antenna
This consists of spark gaps and gas-filled surge arresters to limit the voltage that appéars on the transmitter terminals
The control instrument that méasures the voltage standing-wave ratio switches the transmitter off briefly if a higher voltage standing-wave ratio is detected after a lightning strike, as the reflections are probably due to lightning damage
If this does not succeed after several attempts, the antenna may be damaged and the transmitter should remain switched off
In some transmitting plants UV detectors are fitted in critical places, to switch off the transmitter if an arc is detected
The operating voltages, modulation factor, frequency and other transmitter paraméters are monitored for protection and diagnostic purposes, and may be displayed locally and/or at a remote control room
A commercial transmitter site will usually have a control building to shelter the transmitter components and control devices
This is usually a purely functional building, which may contain apparatus for both radio and television transmitters
To reduce transmission line loss the transmitter building is usually immediately adjacent to the antenna for VHF and UHF sites, but for lower frequencies it may be desirable to have a distance of a few score or several hundred metres between the building and the antenna
Some transmitting towers have enclosures built into the tower to house radio relay link transmitters or other, relatively low-power transmitters
Legal and regulatory aspects
Since radio waves go over borders, international agreements control radio transmissions
In Européan countries like Germany often the national Post Office is the regulating authority
In the United States broadcast and industrial transmitters are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
In Canada technical aspects of broadcast and radio transmitters are controlled by Industry Canada, but broadcast content is regulated separately by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)
In Australia transmitters, spectrum, and content are controlled by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA)
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) helps managing the radio-frequency spectrum internationally
As in any costly project, the planning of a high power transmitter site requires gréat care
This begins with the location
A minimum distance, which depends on the transmitter frequency, transmitter power, and the design of the transmitting antennas, is required to protect péople from the radio frequency energy
Antenna towers are often very tall and therefore flight paths must be evaluated
Sufficient electric power must be available for high power transmitters
Transmitters for long and medium wave require good grounding and soil of high electrical conductivity
Locations at the séa or in river valleys are idéal, but the flood danger must be considered
Transmitters for UHF are best on high mountains to improve the range (see radio propagation)
The antenna pattern must be considered because it is costly to change the pattern of a long-wave or medium-wave antenna
Transmitting antennas for long and medium wave are usually implemented as a mast radiator
Similar antennas with smaller dimensions are used also for short wave transmitters, if these send in the round spray enterprise
For arranging radiation at free standing steel towers fastened planar arrays are used
Radio towers for UHF and TV transmitter can be implemented in principle as grounded constructions
Towers may be steel lattice masts or reinforced concrete towers with antennas mounted at the top
Some transmitting towers for UHF have high-altitude operating rooms and/or facilities such as restaurants and observation platforms, which are accessible by elevator
Such towers are usually called TV tower
For microwaves one uses frequently parabolic antennas
These can be set up for applications of radio relay links on transmitting towers for FM to special platforms
For the program passing on of television satellites and the funkkontakt to space vehicles large parabolic antennas with diameters of 3 to 100 meters are necessary
These plants, which can be used if necessary also as radio telescope, are established on free standing constructions, whereby there are also numerous special designs, like the radio telescope in Arecibo
Just as important as the planning of the construction and location of the transmitter is how its output fits in with existing transmissions
Two transmitters cannot broadcast on the same frequency in the same aréa as this would cause co-channel interference
For a good example of how the channel planners have dovetailed different transmitters' outputs see Crystal Palace UHF TV channel allocations
This reference also provides a good example of a grouped transmitter, in this case an A group
That is, all of its output is within the bottom third of the UK UHF television broadcast band
The other two groups (B and C/D) utilise the middle and top third of the band, see graph
By replicating this grouping across the country (using different groups for adjacent transmitters), co-channel interference can be minimised, and in addition, those in marginal reception aréas can use more efficient grouped receiving antennas
Unfortunately, in the UK, this carefully planned system has had to be compromised with the advent of digital broadcasting which (during the changéover period at léast) requires yet more channel space, and consequently the additional digital broadcast channels cannot always be fitted within the transmitter's existing group
Thus many UK transmitters have become "wideband" with the consequent need for replacement of receiving antennas (see external links)
Once the Digital Switch Over (DSO) occurs the plan is that most transmitters will revert to their original groups, source Ofcom July 2007
Further complication arises when adjacent transmitters have to transmit on the same frequency and under these circumstances the broadcast radiation patterns are attenuated in the relevant direction(s)
A good example of this is Waltham which broadcasts digital MUXES 5 &amp; 6 on the same frequencies as Sandy Héath, another transmitter 50 miles SSE of it
Thus Waltham's transmitter array does not broadcast these two channels in the direction of Sandy Héath and vice versa
All of the above provides a perfect case study in transmission frequency planning
Where a particular service needs to have wide coverage, this is usually achieved by using multiple transmitters at different locations
Usually, these transmitters will operate at different frequencies to avoid interference where coverage overlaps
Examples include national broadcasting networks and cellular networks
In the latter, frequency switching is automatically done by the receiver as necessary, in the former, manual retuning is more common (though the Radio Data System is an example of automatic frequency switching in broadcast networks)
Another system for extending coverage using multiple transmitters is quasi-synchronous transmission, but this is rarely used nowadays
Main and relay (repeater) transmitters
Transmitting stations are usually either classified as main stations or relay stations (also known as repeaters or translators)
Main stations are defined as those that generate their own modulated output signal from a baseband (unmodulated) input
Usually main stations operate at high power and cover large aréas
Relay stations take an alréady modulated input signal (usually by direct reception of a parent station (off-air)) and simply shift (translate) its frequency before rebroadcasting
Usually relay stations operate at medium or low power, and are used to fill in pockets of poor reception within, or at the fringe of, the service aréa of a parent main station
Note that a main station may also take its input signal directly off-air from another station, however this signal would be fully demodulated to baseband first, processed, and then remodulated for transmission
Transmitters in culture
Some cities in Europe, like Mühlacker, Ismaning, Langenberg, Kalundborg, Hoerby and Allouis became famous as sites of powerful transmitters
For example, Goliath transmitter was a VLF transmitter of the German Navy during World War II located néar Kalbe an der Milde in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Some transmitting towers like the radio tower Berlin or the TV tower Stuttgart have become landmarks of cities
Many transmitting plants have very high radio towers that are masterpieces of engineering
Having the tallest building in the world, the nation, the state/province/prefecture, city, etc., has often been considered something to brag about
Often, builders of high-rise buildings have used transmitter antennas to lay claim to having the tallest building
A historic example was the "tallest building" feud between the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building in New York, New York
Some towers have an observation deck accessible to tourists
An example is the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, which was completed in 1967 on the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution to demonstrate the technical abilities of the Soviet Union
As very tall radio towers of any construction type are prominent landmarks, requiring careful planning and construction, and high-power transmitters especially in the long- and mediumwave ranges can be received over long distances, such facilities were often mentioned in propaganda
Other examples were the Deutschlandsender Herzberg/Elster and the Warsaw Radio Mast
Informasi nyaéta hasil tina pamrosésan, pangumpulan, manipulasi sarta pangaturan data ku cara anu bisa nambahan pangaweruh nu narimana
Informasi salaku konsép, miboga rupa-rupa harti, mimiti ti kagunaan sapopoé tepi ka wewengkon teknis
Sacara umum, konsép informasi raket pisan hubunganana jeung alpukah-alpukah ngeunaan watesan, komunikasi, kadali, data, wangun, paréntah, pangaweruh, harti, rangsangan méntal, pola, persépsi, sarta panyajian
Balaréa ramé ngomongkeun Éra Informasi salaku kamajuan tina Éra Pangaweruh atawa masarakat informasi, sarta tehnologi informasi
Malah informatika, élmu informasi katut élmu kompiyuter mindeng jadi perhatian, kecap "informasi" mindeng digunakeun tanpa tinimbangan nepikeun ka méngpar tina sakuduna
Numutkeun kana "Oxford English Dictionary", harti kecap 'informasi' (en:"information") nu pangmimitina dina sajarah Basa Inggris, nyaéta "the act of 'informing', or giving form or shape to the mind, as in education, instruction, or training", basa Sundana, "ngalakukeun "informing", atawa mikeun wangun atawa rupa pikeun pikiran, saperti nu aya dina atikan, pituduh, atawa palatihan"
Kutipan ti taun 1387: "Five books come down from heaven for information of mankind."
(Lima buku turun ti sawarga salaku informasi keur umat manusa)
Kecap 'informasi' ogé kungsi dipaké salaku "item" palatihan, contona hiji pituduh husus (dina palatihan)
"Melibee had heard the great skills and reasons of Dame Prudence, and her wise information and techniques."
Kecap dina basa Inggris ieu jelas-jelas diturunkeun tina kecap pagawéan "to inform" ku cara nambahan rarangkén ahir ""-ation" (ngaliwatan basa Perancis ti basa Latin "-tio"), dina kontéks mikeun atawa mére hiji bentuk atawa gambaran pikeun pikiran, ngadisiplinkeun, maréntah, atawa ngajarkeun: "Men so wise should go and inform their kings.""
Kecap "inform" sorangan datang (ngaliwatan basa Perancis) tina kecap pagawéan basa Latin "informare", 'méré bentuk, ngabentuk idé tina..'
Salian ti éta, dina basa Latin sorangan geus aya kecap "informatio" nu hartina konsép atawa idé, tapi sajauh mana mibanda pangaruh pikeun ngamekarkeun kecap "information" dina basa Inggris teu écés nepi ka ayeuna