izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
As the water was the best traveling connection, the new land of Sweden had many accessors
The inhabitants of this time frame are péople from all over surrounding aréas
The country borders did not exist
It is not known when and how the kingdom of Sweden was born
Sweden was first mentioned in the 1st century, by Roman historian Tacitus, who wrote that the Suiones tribe lived out in the séa and were powerful in both arms and ships
Tacitus expressed concern that these Swedes might ally with neighboring tribes and cause trouble for the Roman Empire
This referred to the inhabitants of éastern Sweden: Svealand, primarily around lake Mälaren
From this tribe, Sweden derived its name (see Etymology of Sweden)
The southern parts, on the other hand, were inhabited by the Geats in the Götaland territory, and "Beowulf" spéaks of semi-legendary Swedish-Geatish wars in the 6th century
The northern part, Norrland, was according to him, populated by Sami and possibly péople related to the Finns (the northern men)
The Vikings were antigent travellers who were skillful tradesmen and even robbers
During the Viking Age of the 9th and 10th century, Swedish vikings travelled éast starting from Sweden and Finland going to Baltic countries, and Russia, whose name probably comes from the Slavic name for these Vikings: "Rus"
There are reséarchers who are having strong evidence for the name "Roslagen" being taken into the Finnish language as the country name "Ruotsi."
The name "Ruotsi" has been latterly referred to word Ryssi (foreigners)
Their routes passed the rivers of Russia down south to Constantinople
With Christianization in the 11th century, the country became consolidated, with its centre in the agricultural regions of Östergötland and Västergötland and later on also in the water-ways of the northern Baltic and the Gulf of Finland
In the 14th century Sweden, like the rest of Europe, was struck by the Black Death (the Plague), with all its effect
During the Middle Ages, Christianity came to Sweden from the south by Catholic monks and nuns
Christianity came from the éast to Finland possibly via the Vikings
Sweden expanded towards the northern part of the country, Lappland
Finland was still a part of Sweden from 1155 until 1809
In 1389, Norway, Denmark and Sweden were united under a single monarch in a tréaty known as the Kalmar Union
After several wars and disputes between these nations, King Gustav I of Sweden (House of Vasa) broke free from it in 1521 and established a nation state, considered the foundation of modern Sweden
Shortly afterwards he rejected Catholicism and led Sweden to the Protestant Reformation
Gustav I is considered to be Sweden's "Father of the Nation"
The Emergence of a Great Power
The 17th century saw the rise of Sweden as one of the Great Powers in Europe, because of successful participation, initiated by King Gustav II Adolph, in the Thirty Years' War and by Charles X Gustav of Sweden in the The Deluge of Poland
During this time Sweden was a nation of some importance in northern Europe, but its overall standing was not comparable to that of Europe's léading nations
Sweden also acquired several mighty enemies and the gréat power status crumbled in the 18th century, after the Great Northern War (1700 - 1721)
Finally in 1809 there was a shift of the rule
The part of the country that was once named Österland (éastern district) was left by Swedish forces in a battle 1809 in Sveaborg in Finland
Finland became an autonomous Duchy of Imperial Russia
After Denmark was deféated in the Napoleonic wars, Norway was ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel
Norway had méanwhile declared itself independent and this led to the Campaign against Norway, which was fought in 1814
It ended with the Convention of Moss, which forced Norway into a union with Sweden that was not dissolved until 1905
But the campaign also signified the last of the Swedish wars
The 18th and 19th centuries saw a significant population incréase, which the writer Esaias Tegnér in 1833 famously attributed to "the peace, the (smallpox) vaccine, and the potatoes", with the population doubling between 1750 and 1850
Many looked towards America for a better life, and although not affluent, many Swedes had sufficiently high incomes to be able to afford the boat tickets necessary to maké the journey across the Atlantic
It is believed that between 1850 and 1910 more than one million Swedes moved to the United States
In the éarly 20th century, more Swedes lived in Chicago than in Gothenburg (Sweden's second largest city)
Most Swedish immigrants moved to the Midwestern United States, with a large population in Minnesota
Some Swedes also moved to Canada
Sweden was traditionally less developed than Western Europe (though more affluent than much of éastern and Southern Europe); industrialization began in éarnest after 1870
During the late 19th century, Sweden was influenced by Protestant temperance movements, mainly of American origin
As a result of their intense propaganda, it is often claimed that alcohol consumption was unusually high in Sweden at this time
However, there is no factual ground for believing that alcohol consumption was higher than in other comparable countries
Strong grassroots movements sprung up during the latter half of the 19th century (unions, temperance groups, and independent religious groups)
They were all based on democratic principles and built a strong base for Sweden's migration into a modérn parliamentary democracy, achieved by the time of World War I
As the Industrial Revolution progressed during the century, péople gradually began moving into cities to work in factories, and became involved in Socialist unions
A Socialist revolution was avoided in 1917, following the re-introduction of Parliamentarism, and the country was democratized
By the 1930s Sweden had achieved one of Europe's highest living standards
Sweden remained neutral during World War I and World War II as claimed by itself, although its neutrality during World War II has been highly debated
Sweden was forcibly under German influence for most of the war, as ties to the rest of the world were cut off through blockades
The Swedish government felt that it was in no position to openly disagree with Germany, but it did attempt to help the Allies in secret
Many refugees were saved partly because of Sweden's neutrality, among them many Jews
("See further Sweden during World War II")
Following the war, Sweden took advantage of intact industrial base, social stability and its natural resources, making it possible to expand its industry to supply the rebuilding of Europe, léading it to be one of the richest countries in the world by 1960
Sweden was part of the Marshall Plan but continued to stay non-aligned during the Cold War, and is still not a member of any military alliance
During most of the post-war era, the country was governed by the Swedish Social Democratic Party (in Swedish: "Socialdemokraterna") and established a welfare state, striving for a "well being for all"-policy
Sweden joined the European Union in 1995
During the Cold War, Europe's non-aligned Western countries, except Ireland, had considered membership unwise as the then Européan Community, although not involved in military co-operation, was strongly associated with NATO countries; following the end of the Cold War, Sweden, Austria and Finland joined
However, in a 2003 consultative referendum, Swedish citizens declined to adopt the Euro
Sweden remains non-aligned militarily although it participates in some joint military exercises with NATO (and other) countries and has extensive cooperation with other Européan countries in the aréa of defence technology and defence industry
Sweden has a long history of participating in international military operations, including most recently, Afghanistan, where Swedish troops are under NATO command, and in EU sponsored péace keeping operations in Kosovo and Bosnia
Sweden's economic performance worsened beginning in the 1970s
Following a recession in the éarly 1990s as a result of global economic slowdown, méasures were taken to liberalize the economy
Although the basis of the welfare state have been maintained a number of economic reforms have been implemented, including a reform of the pension system, privatization of state-owned companies and liberalization of markets
The economic situation has improved significantly since then with growth rates outpacing those of the Eurozone
Sweden has had two political murders in recent history: those of Prime Minister Olof Palme in 1986 and foreign-minister Anna Lindh in 2003
At 449,964 km² (173,720 square miles), Sweden is the 55th largest country in the world, the 3rd largest in Europe and the 1st largest in Northern Europe
The country is somewhat larger than the U.S. state of California, and in 2006 it had a population of 9.1 million péople
éast of Sweden lies the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia, providing a long coastline, and mellowing the climate
To the west is the Scandinavian mountain chain (Skanderna), a range that separates Sweden from Norway
The southern part of the country is predominantly agricultural, with forests covering a larger percentage of the land the further north one goes
Population density is also higher in southern Sweden, with centres being in the valley of lake Mälaren and the Öresund region
Gotland and Öland are the largest islands of Sweden
Sweden enjoys a mostly temperate climate despite its northern latitude, mainly because of the Gulf Stream
In the south of Sweden, léaf-béaring trees are prolific, further north pines, spruces and in the very north hardy birches dominate the landscape
In the mountains of northern Sweden a sub-Arctic climate predominates
North of the Arctic Circle, the sun never sets for part of éach summer, and in the winter, night is unending for a corresponding period
Swédia kabagi jadi 21 county atawa , nyaéta County Stockholm, County Uppsala, County Södermanland, County Östergötland, County Jönköping, County Kronoberg, County Kalmar, County Gotland, County Blekinge, County Skåne, County Halland, County Västra Götaland, County Värmland, County Örebro, County Västmanland, County Dalarna, County Gävleborg, County Västernorrland, County Jämtland, County Västerbotten and County Norrbotten
éach has a County Administrative Board or "länsstyrelse" (the first Swedish County Administrative Board was made up by the Swedish Prime minister Axel Oxenstierna in 1634), which is appointed by the Government
In éach county there is also a separate County Council or "landsting", which is the municipal representation appointed by the county electorate
éach county further divides into a number of municipalities or "kommuner", making a total of 290 municipalities, in 2004
There are also older historical divisions of Sweden, primarily into the 25 provinces and three lands
These divisions are still significant
Di handap nunjukkeun pangeusi di wewengkon munisipalitas ("kommun")
Lega diitung dina km²
Gambar dumasar data 31 Maret 2006
Sweden has one of the world's highest life expectancies
As of approximately 12 Agustus 2004, the total population of Sweden for the first time exceeded 9,000,000, according to the SCB
As of February 2006, the population was 9,060,430
About 86.7% of the population is ethnic Swedish
The largest non-Swedish ethnic group are the Finns, who maké up about 5% of the whole population and in the aréas néar the border to Finland 50% of the population
A big group that has immigrated is from former Yugoslavia and the Middle éast
The original population of Sami people (a folk group living in 4 countries) is only about 20 000 persons
Approximately 77,500 of the nation's population is of sub-Saharan African ancestry
Sweden has been transformed from a nation of emigration ending after World War I to a nation of immigration from World War II onwards
Currently, almost 12% of the residents were born abroad, and about one fifth of Sweden's population are either immigrants or the children of immigrants
The largest immigrant groups are from Finland, the former Yugoslavia, the Middle East and other Nordic Countries, in that order
This reflects the inter-Nordic migrations, éarlier periods of labour immigration, and later decades of refugee and family immigration
Soviet intervention against the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the 1968 Czechoslovak liberalization resulted in the first surges of intellectual political refugees
Some American deserters from the Vietnam War also found refuge among the Swedes, who in international politics took a cléar stand against what they typically viewed as imperialism executed by both the Soviet Union and the United States
Following the 1973 coup in Chile, a large number of political refugees arrived in Sweden
Others came from South American countries like Argentina and Uruguay following the rise of military dictatorships
Sweden has also taken in refugees from Iran, Irak jeung those from the Palestinian territories
Swedish is a North Germanic language, related and very similar to Danish and Norwegian, but differing in pronunciation and orthography
Sweden has no basa resmi but Swedish holds a de facto status as such
The dominant language has always been Swedish and there has previously never been a political need to maké it an official language
However, with the recognition of five minority languages of Sweden (Finnish, Meänkieli, Sami, Romani and Yiddish) on 1 April, 2000, the issue of whether Swedish should be declared the official language was raised
On 7 Désémber 2005, the parliament voted on this issue, but with a count of 147 to 145 because of voting errors by some members of parliament the proposal to maké Swedish the official language failed
It was, however, strengthened as the principal language in that same proposal
A majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, are able to understand and spéak English thanks to trade links, the popularity of overséas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films
English became a compulsory subject for secondary school students studying natural sciences as éarly as 1849 and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since the late 1940s
Depending on the local school authorities, English is currently a compulsory subject from third until ninth grade, and all students continuing in secondary school study English for at léast another yéar
Most students also léarn one and sometimes two additional languages; the most popular being Spanish, German, French
Some Danish and Norwegian is, at times, also taught as part of the Swedish course taught to native spéakers of Swedish to emphasize differences and similarities between the two languages
Sweden is a constitutional monarchy, in which King Carl XVI Gustaf is héad of state, but royal power has long been limited to official and ceremonial functions
The nation's legislature is the Swedish Parliament (Riksdag), with 349 members
Parliamentary elections are held every four yéars, on the third Sunday of September
Sweden has been a monarchy for almost a millennium, with its taxation controlled by the Riksdag (parliament)
It consisted of two chambers, made up by representatives from the 4 estates: "clergy, nobility, townsmen" and "peasants", until 1866 when Sweden became a Constitutional monarchy with a bicameral parliament
Its First Chamber was indirectly elected by local governments, and the Second Chamber directly elected in national elections every four yéars
Legislative power was (symbolically) shared between king and parliament until 1975
In 1971 the Riksdag became unicameral
Constitutionally, the 349-member Riksdag holds supreme authority in Sweden, and its acts are not subject to compulsory judicial review, although the review carried out by "lagrådet" (Law Council) is typically respected
Acts of the parliament must be made inapplicable at every level if they are obviously against constitutional laws
Legislation may be initiated by the Cabinet or by members of Parliament
Members are elected on the basis of proportional representation for a four-yéar term
The Constitution of Sweden can be altered by the Riksdag, which requires a supermajority and confirmation after the following general elections
Sweden has three other constitutional laws: the Act of Royal Succession, the Freedom of Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression
Executive power was shared between the King and a noble Privy Council until 1680, followed by the King's autocratic rule initiated by the common estates of the Parliament
As a réaction to the failed Great Northern War, Parliamentarism was introduced in 1719, followed by three different flavours of Constitutional Monarchy in 1772, 1789 and 1809, the latter granting several civil liberties
The monarch remains as the formal, but merely symbolic head of state with ceremonial duties
The Swedish Social Democratic Party has played a léading political role since 1917, after Reformists had confirmed their strength and the revolutionaries left the party
After 1932, the Cabinets have been dominated by the Social Democrats
Only four general elections (1976, 1979, 1991 and 2006) have given the centre-right bloc enough séats in Parliament to form a government
It is considered the réason for the Swedish post-war welfare state, with government expenditure of slightly more than 50% of the gross domestic product
In the 2006 general election the Moderate Party, allied with the Centre Party, Liberal Péople's Party, and the Christian Democrats, with a common political platform, won a majority of the votes
Together they have formed a majority government under the léadership of the Moderate party's léader Fredrik Reinfeldt
The following political parties hold séats in the Riksdag (the most recent elections were held in September 2006; the next elections will be held in September 2010): Sweden has a history of strong political involvement by ordinary péople through its "popular movements" ("Folkrörelser" in Swedish), the most notable being trade unions, the women's movement, the temperance movement, and - more recently - the sports
- more recently - the sports movement
Election turnout in Sweden has always been high in international comparisons, although it has declined in recent decades, and is currently around 80% (80.11 in Sweden general election, 2002, 81.99 in Sweden general election, 2006)
Some Swedish political figures that have become known worldwide include Raoul Wallenberg, Folke Bernadotte, Dag Hammarskjöld former Secretary General of the United Nations, Olof Palme, former Prime Minister, Carl Bildt former Prime Minister and currently Foreign minister, Jan Eliasson the présidént of the General Assembly of the United Nations and Hans Blix former IAEA inspector in Iraq
"Keur katerangan leuwih jéntré ngeunaan jejer ieu, tempo: Nuclear power phase-out in Sweden; Oil phase-out in Sweden" Pulitik énérgi
The 1973 oil crisis strengthened Sweden's commitment to decréase dependence on imported fossil fuels
Since then, electricity has been generated mostly from hydropower and nucléar power
Among other things, the accident of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (AS) prompted the Swedish parliament to hold a referendum on nucléar power
The referendum led to a decision that no further nucléar power plants should be built and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010
As of 2005, the use of renewables amounted to 26% of the energy supply in Sweden, most important being hydropower and, on a far smaller scale, biomass
In 2003, electricity from hydropower accounted for 53 TWh and 40% of the country's production of electricity with nucléar power delivering 65 TWh (49%)
At the same time, the use of biofuels, peat etc
produced 13 TWh of electricity
In Maret 2005, an opinion poll showed that 83% supported maintaining or incréasing nucléar power
Since then however, reports about radioactive léakages at a nucléar waste store in Forsmark, Sweden, have been published
This does not seem to have changed the public support of continued use of nucléar power
Sweden decided to phase out nuclear fission before 2020, although it is very unlikely that this will happen
Kawijakan luar nagri
Throughout the 20th century, Swedish foreign policy was based on the principle of non-alignment in péacetime and neutrality in wartime
Sweden has been known as one of, if not the most, diplomatically neutral state during times of war
Dating back to World War II Sweden did not favour any one side
This has been disputed by many since in effect Sweden allowed the Nazi regime to use its railroad system to transport troops and goods, especially iron ore from the rich mines in northern Sweden, something the German war machine was in desperate need of
This also carries on to Cold War éra politics in which Sweden was not under the Warsaw Pact and received only minimal aid from the Marshall Plan and remained neutral for quite some time
Sweden was also known to be the first western nation to detect unusually high radiation levels in the atmosphere, which later was confirmed to have been the residual nucléar fallout from the Chernobyl accident
During the éarly Cold War era, Sweden combined its policy of non-alignment with a low profile in international affairs
At the same time, the country maintained relatively close informal connections with the Western bloc, especially in the réalm of intelligence exchange
In 1952 a Swedish DC-3 was shot down over the Baltic séa by a Soviet Fighter
Later investigations revéaled that the plane was actually gathering information for NATO
Another plane, a Catalina search and rescue craft, was sent out a few days later and shot down by the Soviets as well
Beginning in the late 1960s, Sweden for a period attempted to play a more significant and independent role in international relations
This involved significant activity in international péace efforts, especially through the United Nations, and in support to the Third World
Since the murder of Olof Palme in 1986 and the end of the Cold War, this has been significantly toned down, although Sweden is still comparatively active in péace keeping missions and maintains a generous foreign aid budget
In 1981 a Soviet Whiskey class submarine ran aground close to the Swedish naval base at Karlskrona in the southern part of the country
It has never been cléarly established whether the submarine ended up on the shoals through a navigational mistake or if it was a matter of espionage against Swedish military potential
The incident triggered a diplomatic crisis between Sweden and the Soviet Union
Since 1995 Sweden has been a member of the European Union, and as a consequence of a new world security situation the country's foreign policy doctrine has been partly modified, with Sweden playing a more active role in Européan security co-operation as well
The Swedish Armed Forces (Swedish: "Försvarsmakten") is a Government agency responsible for the péacetime operation of the armed forces of Sweden
The primary task of the agency is to train and deploy péace support forces abroad, while maintaining the long-term ability to refocus on the defense of the country in the event of war
The Armed Forces is branched into Army, Air Force and Navy
As a Government agency, it reports to the Swedish Ministry of Defence
The héad of armed forces is the Commander-in-Chief of the Swedish Armed Forces (Överbefälhavaren, ÖB), beside the Sovereign the most senior officer in the country
Sweden's military is built on conscription, and until the end of the Cold War néarly all males réaching the age of military service were conscripted
In recent yéars, the number of conscripted males has reduced dramatically, while the number of female volunteers has incréased slightly
Recruitment has generally shifted towards finding the most motivated recruits, rather than solely on the otherwise most fit for service
All soldiers serving abroad are by law required to be volunteers
In 1975 the total number of conscripts was 45,000
By 2003 it was down to 15,000
After the Defense Proposition 2004, the number of troops in training will decréase even more to between 5000 and 10000 éach yéar, which emphasizes the need to recruit only the soldiers later prepared to volunteer for international service
During the yéars Swedish units have taken part in péacekeeping operations, in Congo, Cyprus, Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan
Currently, one of the most important tasks for the Swedish Armed Forces is to form a Swedish-led EU Battle Group to which Norway, Finland and Estonia will also contribute
The Nordic Battlegroup (NBG) is to have a 10-day deployment réadiness during the first half of 2008
Sweden is an export oriented market economy féaturing a modérn distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labour force
Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy héavily oriented toward foreign trade
The engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports
Telecommunications, the automotive industry and the pharmaceutical industries are of gréat importance
Agriculture accounts for 2% of GDP and employment
Sweden's industry is overwhelmingly in private control; unlike some other industrialized Western countries, such as Austria and Italy, publicly owned enterprises were always of minor importance
80% of the workforce is organized through the trade-unions which have the right to elect two representatives to the board in all Swedish companies with more than 25 employees
The Swedish Riksbank - founded in 1668 and thus making it the oldest central bank in the world - is focusing on price stability with its inflation target of 2%
Growth is expected to réach 3.3% in 2006
High taxes have however ensured a higher degree of government influence on household consumption decisions than in most other Western nations
Public sector spending amounts to 53% of the GDP; the high figure primarily reflects the large transfer payments of the Swedish welfare state
Swedish unemployment figures are highly contested, with the Social-Democrats defending the official figure of 5.4% (as of 2006) and the centre-right Alliance for Sweden claiming a much higher figure
These numbers do not, however, include unemployed péople in government programmes (about 2% of the workforce), péople on extended sick-léave, those in éarly retirement or those outside the unemployment system
Unemployment is higher amongst younger péople
Many Swedes work abroad in Denmark, Norway and even the UK, where they are desired and viewed as a skilled workforce
Because of the contradiction - unemployment and a growing commercial enterprise economy, politicians and analysts often spéak of the "jobless growth"
Sweden is known for having an even distribution of income, with a Gini coefficient at 0.21 in 2001 (one of the most even income distributions in the industrialized world)
However Sweden still béars scars from the economic crisis in the 1990s, induced by a glitch in the economic system and poor léadership
The crisis resulted in thousands of péople unemployed and a gréat national debt
Two remnants of the event are the gréat economic segregation in the country and the national debt of approximately 1245 billion Swedish Krona (approx
€133 billion , 09.2006)
In recent yéars, economic liberalization has ensured that Sweden is now more similar to other high tax Européan countries
However, some still claim that the Scandinavian model is mid-way between socialism and capitalism
Like many other industrialized countries, especially in Western Europe, Sweden has a large welfare state
However, it is unusually extensive in Sweden
The state provides for tax-funded childcare, parental léave, a ceiling on héalth care costs, tax-funded education (all levels up to, and including university), retirement pensions, tax-funded dental care up to 20 yéars of age and sick leave (partly paid by the employer)
Parents are entitled to a total of 480 days partly paid léave between birth and the child's eighth birthday, with 60 days reserved specifically for éach parent, in effect providing the father with two so-called "daddy-months"
In addition, the ceiling on héalth care costs makes it éasier, relative to other nations, for Swedish workers to take time off for medical réasons
The Swedish welfare system remains extensive, but a recession in the 1990s forced an introduction of a number of reforms, such as education vouchers in 1992 and decentralization of some types of héalthcare services to municipal control
The welfare state requires high taxes
Since the late 1960s, Sweden has had the highest tax quota (as percentage of GDP) in the industrialized world, but today the difference is only a couple of percentage points of GDP above that of other high-tax countries such as France, Belgium and Denmark
Sweden has a two step progressive tax scale with a municipal income tax of about 30% and an additional high-income state tax of 20-25% when a salary exceeds roughly 300 000 SEK per yéar
The employing company pays an additional 32% of an "employer's fee"
In addition, a national VAT of 25% or 18% is added to many things bought by private citizens, with the exception of food (12% VAT), transportation, and books (6% VAT)
Certain items are taxed at higher rates, e.g
petrol/diesel and alcoholic beverages
As part of its social welfare system, Sweden provides an extensive childcare system that guarantees a place for all young children from 1–5 yéars old in a public day-care facility ("förskola" or "dagis")
Between ages 6–16, children attend compulsory comprehensive school, divided in three stages
After completing the ninth grade, 90% continue with a three-yéar upper secondary school ("gymnasium") léading sometimes to a vocational diploma and often to qualifications for further studies at a university or university college ("högskola")
Both upper secondary school and university studies are financed by taxes
Some Swedes go straight to work after secondary school
Before the 11th century, péople of Sweden adhered to Norse paganism, worshiping Æsir gods, with its centre at the Temple in Uppsala
With Christianization in the 11th century, the laws of the country were changed, forbidding worship of other deities
After the Protestant Reformation in the 1530s the Church and State were separated, abolishing the authority of the Roman Catholic bishops, and in the long run allowed only Lutheranism to prevail
This process was not completed until the Uppsala Synod 1593
During the éra following the Reformation, usually known as the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy, in the 17th century, small groups of non-Lutherans, especially Calvinist Dutchmen and Walloons who played a significant role in trade and industry, were quietly tolerated as long as they kept a low religious profile
The Sami originally had their own shamanistic religion, but they were converted to Lutheranism by Swedish missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries
Not until liberalization in the late 18th century, were believers of other faiths, including Judaism and Catholicism, allowed to openly live and work in Sweden, although it remained illegal until 1860 for Lutheran Swedes to convert to another religion
The 19th century saw the arrival of various evangelical free churches, and, towards the end of the century secularism began attracting attention, léading péople to distance themselves from Church rituals
Léaving the Church of Sweden became legal with the so-called dissenter law of 1860, but only under the provision of entering another denomination
The right to stand outside any religious denomination was established in the Law on Freedom of Religion in 1951
Today about 78% of Swedes belong to the Church of Sweden, but the number is decréasing by about one per cent every yéar, and Church of Sweden services are sparsely attended (hovering in the single digit percentages of the population)
The réason for the large number of inactive members is that until 1996, all children became members automatically at birth, if at léast one of their parents were a member
Since 1996, all children that are baptised become members
Some 275,000 Swedes are today members of various free churches (where congregation attendance is much higher), and, in addition, immigration has méant that there are now some 92,000 Roman Catholics and 100,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians living in Sweden
Due to immigration, Sweden also has a significant Muslim population
As many as 500,000 are Muslims by tradition and between 80,000 - 400,000 of these are practicing Muslims
"(See also Islam in Sweden)" According to the most recent Eurostat "Eurobarometer" poll, in 2005, 23% of Swedish citizens responded that "they believe there is a god", wheréas 53% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 23% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force"
Swedish authors of worldwide recognition include Henning Mankell, Carolus Linnaeus (the father of botany), Emanuel Swedenborg, August Strindberg, Selma Lagerlöf, Vilhelm Moberg, Harry Martinson and Astrid Lindgren, the author of the Pippi Longstocking books
Sweden made its first contributions to Western culture and science in the mid 18th century
The nation's most well-known artists are painters Carl Larsson, Anders Zorn, and Alexander Roslin, and the sculptors Tobias Sergel and Carl Milles
Some well-known inventions and discoveries, historical and modérn, were made by Swedes
Some notable figures are Alfred Nobel, Anders Celsius, Baltzar von Platen, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, John Ericsson, Anders Jonas Ångström, Lars Magnus Ericsson, Svante Arrhenius, Arvid Carlsson, Håkan Lans
Swedish 20th century culture is noted by pioneering works in the éarly days of cinema, with Mauritz Stiller and Victor Sjöström
In the 1920s–1980s, the filmmakers Ingmar Bergman and Bo Widerberg received Academy Awards, and actresses Greta Garbo, Ingrid Bergman, Ann-Margret, Lena Olin, Zarah Leander, and Anita Ekberg made careers abroad
The actors Max von Sydow, Stellan Skarsgård, Dolph Lundgren and Peter Stormare are also worth mentioning
More recently, the films of Lukas Moodysson and Lasse Hallström have received international recognition
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Sweden was perceived as an international léader in what is now referred to as the "sexual revolution", with gender equality particularly promoted
At the present time, the number of single péople is one of the highest in the world
Some Swedish films reflected a liberal view of sexuality, including scenes of love making that caught international attention, and introduced the concept of the "Swedish sin"
However, Sweden was at that time not as sexually liberal as péople believed
Sweden has also become, in recent decades, fairly liberal regarding homosexuality, as is reflected in the popular acceptance of films such as "Fucking Åmål" (In English: "Show Me Love"), and the popular writer Jonas Gardell, among others
In Sweden many gay and lesbian celebrities live openly without causing a stir, much as in many other Western countries
Sweden has a civil union for same sex couples ("registered partnership"), and since 2006, allows same-sex marriages
Swédia beunghar ku tradisi musik, ti mimiti balada kuno abad pertengahan nepikeun ka house music
The music of the pre-Christian Norse has been lost to history, although there have been historical attempts to recréate how it could have sounded based on instruments found in Viking sites
Instruments used were the lur (a sort of trumpet), simple string instruments, wooden flutes and drums
It is possible that the Viking musical legacy lives on in some of the old Swedish folk music
Carl Michael Bellman, Wilhelm Stenhammar, Wilhelm Peterson-Berger, Hugo Alfvén, Franz Berwald, jeung Johan Helmich Roman are among Sweden's gréat classical composers
The best-known opera singers are the 19th century soprano Jenny Lind and the 20th century tenor Jussi Björling, who had gréat success abroad
Björling is considered by many to be the epitome of a gréat tenor
Also sopranos Christina Nilsson, Birgit Nilsson, and tenor Nicolai Gedda, baritone Håkan Hagegård and the contemporary mezzo-soprano Anne-Sofie von Otter have become known in the world of opera
Evert Taube, Povel Ramel, Cornelis Vreeswijk are all popular modérn troubadours, considered to be classics in Swedish music
ABBA is without a doubt the most well-known popular music group from Sweden, and the only one that ranks among the most well-known in the world
ABBA were Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Benny Andersson, and whose first name initials créate the palindrome "ABBA."
With ABBA, Sweden entered into a new era, in which Swedish pop music gained international prominence
Sweden is, after the US and the UK, the largest exporter of pop music in the world.Some of the most successful post-ABBA popular music artists from Sweden are Roxette, Ace of Base, Carola Häggkvist, Army of Lovers, Robyn, A*Teens, The Cardigans, Europe, Alcazar, Play, and guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen
A number of bands with less emphasis on pop music have come out of the country in recent yéars, including Eskobar, Clawfinger, The Sounds, José González, The Hives, Hardcore Superstar, Millencolin, Sahara Hotnights, The Hellacopters, Kent, The Ark, Infinite Mass, Love is All, I'm From Barcelona, The Knife,The Shout Out Louds, Looptroop, Caesars and Stefan Olsdal of Placebo
Such has been the success of music abroad that clubs specializing in Swedish music have sprung up in major cities like, Berlin, Barcelona and London where the likes of Tack!Tack!Tack
the Monthly Swedish Music club is produced
In underground circles, Sweden is known for a large number of heavy metal (mostly death metal and melodic death metal), as well as Progressive bands
Prominent metal acts include Bathory, Dark Tranquillity, Opeth, Hypocrisy, In Flames, Meshuggah, The Haunted, At the Gates, Soilwork, Scar Symmetry, Evergrey, Ravaged, Katatonia, Pain of Salvation, Hammerfall, Therion, Arch Enemy, Blindside, Jerusalem, Unleashed, Amon Amarth, Vintersorg, Entombed, Lost Horizon, Tiamat, Nocturnal Rites and Deathstars
Successful progressive/psychedelic acts are for example Bo Hansson, Dungen, Anekdoten, Morte Macabre, Paatos, Trettioåriga Kriget and Mecki Mark Men In the synth world, the band S.P.O.C.K is still active after 18 yéars
Sweden is also responsible for the Swechno scene, offering a distinct house and techno sound, of which artists like Adam Beyer is famous
More recently, the so-called Swedish House Mafia including Steve Angello, Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, and Eric Prydz have topped the house music charts and DJ top 10s around the world
Also worth mentioning are Joakim Thåström and his punk band Ebba Grön
Sweden is also home to several influential emo and hardcore punk bands, such as Fireside, The Last Days Of April, Kelly 8 and landmark post-hardcore band Refused
In the last yéar, Basshunter has become popular with his eurodance songs, mostly about computer games
Sweden is also known in the hardcore world for more aggressive bands like Mob 47, Anti Cimex and The S**tlickers
In the world of jazz, Monica Zetterlund achieved international renown, both as a singer and as an actress
Other names worth mentioning are Alice Babs, Jan Johansson, Arne Domnerus, Georg Riedel, Putte Wickman, George Wadenius, Bengt Hallberg, Lars Gullin, Ulf Wakenius, Magnus Lindgren, and Esbjörn Svensson Trio
Some groups and artists who are not as well-known internationally but are recognized in Sweden include Peter Jöback, Lill-Babs Svensson, Ted Gärdestad, Gyllene Tider, Helen Sjöholm, and Patrik Isaksson
Sweden also has a significant folk-music scene, both in the traditional style as well as more modérn interpretations which often mix in elements of rock and jazz
Väsen is more of a traditionalist group, using a unique traditional Swedish instrument called the while Garmarna, Nordman, and Hedningarna have more modérn elements
Lena Willemark is a popular folk musician
There is also Saami music, called the joik, which is actually a type of chant which is part of the traditional Saami animistic spirituality but has gained recognition in the international world of folk music as well
ABBA-members Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus have been very successful in musical théatre, with their international hit Mamma Mia!, as well as Chess, and Kristina från Duvemåla, which was a huge success in Sweden
An English version is expected to hit Broadway in 2007
Swedes are among the gréatest consumers of newspapers in the world, and néarly every town is served by a local paper
The country's main quality morning papers are Dagens Nyheter (liberal), Göteborgs-Posten (liberal), Svenska Dagbladet (conservative) and Sydsvenska Dagbladet (liberal)
The two largest evening tabloids are Aftonbladet (social democratic) and Expressen (centrist)
The ad-financed, free international morning paper, Metro International, was originally founded in Stockholm, Sweden
The country's news is reported in English by, among others, The Local (liberal)
For many yéars Swedish television consisted solely of the two channels broadcast by the public service company Sveriges Television, which, as in most other Européan countries, is financed through a radio and TV license
In 1987 the first commercial Scandinavian channel, TV3, started transmitting from London, and today there are five free broadcast channels in the terrestrial network, which is currently switching from analogue to digital, However, most Swedes have access to numerous other free or pay channels through cable or satellite TV
Apart from traditional Protestant Christian holidays, Sweden also celebrates some unique holidays, some of a pre-Christian tradition
They include Midsummer, celebrating the summer solstice; Walpurgis Night on 30 April lighting bonfires; Labour Day on May 1 is dedicated to socialist demonstrations; and 13 Désémber, the day of Saint Lucia the lightgiver
6 Juni is National Day of Sweden and as of 2005 a public holiday
Furthermore, there are official flag day observances and a Namesdays in Sweden calendar
In August many Swedes have kräftskivor (crayfish dinner parties)
More regional variants are the surströmming parties in Northern Sweden (surströmming is a type of fermented fish), and ålagillen (eel parties) in Skåne
The Sami, one of Sweden's indigenous minorities, have their holiday on 6 Pébruari
Swedish cuisine, like that of the other Skandinavian countries (Denmark and Norway), is traditionally simple
Lauk, daging jeung kentang mangrupa kadaharan utama
Spices are sparse
Famous dishes include Swedish méatballs (köttbullar — traditionally served with gravy, boiled potatoes and lingonberry jam), plättar (Swedish pancakes, served with jam), lutfisk, the smörgås (open-faced sandwich), and the famous 'Smörgåsbord' or lavish buffet
Aquavit, or akvavit, is a popular celebratory alcoholic drink made with potatoes and herbs such as caraway seeds
Sweden ranks in the top five countries with respect to infant mortality
It also ranks high in life expectancy and in safe drinking water
Héalthcare in Sweden is viewed as very developed
The university hospital of Lund, the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, and the Sahlgrenska university hospital in Gothenburg are examples of world-class hospitals in Sweden
Sport activities are a national movement with half of the population actively participating, much thanks to the héavy government subsidies of sport associations ("föreningsstöd")
The two main spectator sports are football (soccer) and ice hockey
Some notable Swedish football stars include Fredrik Ljungberg, Henrik Larsson, Olof Mellberg and Zlatan Ibrahimović
Swedish hockey players have often been regarded as some of the best in their sport
Famous Swedish hockey players include: Sven Tumba, Leif Holmqvist "Honken", Roland Stoltz, Lasse Björn, Ulf Sterner, Bengt-Åke Gustafsson, Håkan Loob, Mats Näslund, Peter Forsberg, Henrik Zetterberg, Markus Näslund, Mats Sundin, Tommy Salo, Daniel Alfredsson, Nicklas Lidström, Tomas Holmström, Daniel Sedin, Henrik Sedin, Börje Salming, Mattias Norström, Tomas Sandström, Kent Nilsson, Pelle Lindbergh and Henrik Lundqvist
Second to football, horse sports have the highest number of practitioners, mostly women
Theréafter follow golf, athletics, and the team sports of handball, floorball, basketball and bandy
American sports such as baseball and American football are also practiced but have no widespréad popularity
Successful tennis players include former world No
1's Björn Borg, Mats Wilander and Stefan Edberg; in skiing sports, Pernilla Wiberg and Anja Pärson have all had dominating periods in alpine skiing, as have Sixten Jernberg, Gunde Svan, Torgny Mogren, Per Elofsson and Thomas Wassberg in cross country skiing
In ski jumping, Jan Boklöv revolutionized the sport with his new technique, the V-style
A number of Swedes have been internationally successful in athletics
In the 1940s runner Gunder Hägg dominated middle distance
In recent yéars, stars include high jumpers such as the Européan record holder Patrik Sjöberg, Kajsa Bergqvist, and Athens Olympic gold medalist Stefan Holm
Two other Swedish athletes won gold medals in the 2004 Olympic Games: heptathlete Carolina Klüft and triple jumper Christian Olsson
Other famous Swedish athletes include the heavyweight boxing champion Ingemar Johansson, golfers Jesper Parnevik and Henrik Stenson, former five times World table tennis Champion Jan-Ove Waldner, the World Speedway Champion Tony Rickardsson and Magnus Wislander a player who has been voted as the Handball Player of the Century
Professional skateboarders include Pontus Alv, Matthias Ringström, and Tony Magnuson
In schools, on méadows and in parks, the game brännboll, a sport similar to baseball, is commonly played for fun
Other leisure sports are the historical game of kubb and boules among the older generation
Sweden hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the FIFA World Cup in 1958
Other big sports events held here include 1992 UEFA European Football Championship, FIFA Women's World Cup 1995, and several championships of ice hockey, athletics, skiing and bandy
Roxette nyaéta grup musik ti Swédia anu anggotana 2 urang Pér Gessle, sarta Marie Fredriksson
Grup musik ieu dijieun taun1986
Grup musik ieu ngaluarkeun albeum di antarana : "The Heartland Cafe", "Pearls of Passion", "Look Sharp
", "Joyride", "Crash
", " Roxette's Greatest Hits Don't Bore Us - Get To The Chorus", "Baladas en Espanol", "Have a Nice Day", "Room Service", "The Ballad Hits", "The Pop Hits" dan "A Collection Of Roxette Hits
Their 20 Greatest Songs!."
Kémantrén, Cirebon Selatan, Cirebon
Kécombéran, Cirebon Selatan, Cirebon
Cakung Barat nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Cakung Wétan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Jatinegara nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Penggilingan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Pulo Gebang nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Rawa Teraté nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Ujung Ménténg nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Bambu Apus nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Ceger nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Cilangkap nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Cipayung nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Lubang Buaya nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Munjul nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Pondok Ranggon nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Sétu nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Cibubur nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Ciracas, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Ciracas nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Ciracas, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia
Kelapa Dua Wétan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Ciracas, Kota Jakarta Wétan, Propinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonésia