izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
; saraf pangrungu; saraf glossopharyngeal nu sabagian ngatur neureuy jeung fungsi-fungsi na tikoro; gerak létah jeung rasa; sarta saraf nu ngirimkeun sinyal ka jantung, usus, engapan (bayah), jeung saraf asésori nu ngatur gerak beuheung-luhur
Polio bulbar bisa mangaruhan fungsi-fungsi nu kasebut di luhur
Tanpa pangrojong engapan, polio bulbar biasana ngabalukarkeun pati
Ti antara nu kainféksi, 5-10% maot nalika otot engapanana jadi teu bisa gerak
Ieu biasana lumangsung sanggeus ruksakna saraf kranial nu tugasna ngirim sinyal engapan ka bayah
Korban bulbar bisa ogé nemahan pati alatan ruksakna fungsi neureuy; korbanna bisa "ngerelep" dina sékrésina sorangan, kecuali mun dikaluarkeun atawa dibéré trakéostomi pikeun ngaluarkeun sékrési méméh cairanana asup kana bayah
Hésé pisan mun hayang trakéostomi bari maké bayah beusi
Virusna ogé bisa nyerang kana bagian uteuk nu ngabalukarkeun koma jeung pati
Laju mortalitas polio bulbar antara 25-75%, gumantung umur pasénna
Nepi ka kiwari aya nu bisa salamet ku jalan terus-terusan cicing na bayah beusi ("iron lung") atawa napel na mesin pangrojong engapan sangkan bisa tetep hirup
Polio bulbar jeung spinal mindeng narajang sakaligus
Duanana kaasup polio paralitik, nu sabenerna teu permanén
Aya nu bisa cageur ti polio paralitik antukna bisa hirup kalawan normal deui
Polio jeung barudak
Barudak nu keuna ku panyakit polio némbongkeun ukur gejala nu hampang, antukna teu kaperhartikeun jeung matak leuwih parna
Ku kituna, warga nu hirup di wewengkon nu leuwih berséka (sanitasina leuwih alus) sabenerna jadi leuwih rentan kaserang polio sabab jarang nu keuna ku polio nalika keur leutik
Jalma nu geus cageur tina polio kadang némbongkeun sindrom tambahan, utamana lemah otot
sababaraha dekade ka hareup gejala ieu disebut sindrom paskapolio
Vaksin polio munggaran nu hasil téh dimekarkeun ku Jonas Salk, najan ieu vaksin ogé sarua anu dimekarkeun ku Albert Sabin nu geus dipaké pikeun inokulasi masal
Inokulasi barudak pikeun ngalawan polio dimimitian di Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 23 Pébruari 1954
Ku cara imunisasi masal, ieu panyakit musnah di Amérika, najan kiwari aya deui di Haiti, nu alatan masalah pulitik jeung kamiskinan ngahambat tarékah keur ngalakukeun vaksinasi
Taun 1988, WHO ngaluluskeun hiji résolusi pikeun ngaleungitkeun polio taun 2000, hiji tarékah nu diideuan ku usaha Rotary International taun 1985 nu ngumpulkeun dana $120 juta pikeun imunisasi sakabéh budak saalam dunya pikeun ngalawan ieu panyakit
Rarancang kiwari nyaéta meungpeuk nyebarna ieu virus nepi ka taun 2005
Inféksi polio nu kiwari aya kénéh nyaéta di subbenua India jeung Nigeria
Tarékah ngaleungitkeun di subbenua India nuduhkeun loba kamajuan, utamana nya ku program imunisasi
Hanjakalna, sababaraah pihak Muslim nolak diimunisasi alatan aya isu bohong yén vaksinna ngabalukarkeun peluh jeung gabug
Di propinsi Kano, Nigeria Kalér, nu ngajalankeun syari'ah (hukum Islam), kampanye imunisasi kungsi eureun dina bulan Séptémber 2003, nalika pamingpin Muslim ngémbarkeun kacurigaan yén vaksin nu dipasok ku donor-donor Kulon bisa ngurangan kasuburan jeung nyebarkeun HIV salaku salah sahiji jalan AS pikeun meruhkeun Islam
30 Juni 2004, WHO ngémbarkeun yén Kano kudu ngulang kampanye dina awal Juli, sanggeus salila sapuluh bulan ieu sasalad sumebar ka sakuliah Nigeria jeung sapuluh nagara Afrika séjénna nu saméméhna geus bébas tina panyakit polio
Di sagigireun ayana béja gabug jeung pameungpeuk ku pamaréntah propinsi Kano, perang sipil jeung pacéngkadan internal di Sudan jeung Basisir Gading beuki sumanget kana tarékah WHO dina matotoskeun sual panyakit polio
WHO miharep geus bisa ngabasmi kasakit ieu taun 2004, tapi kasusna kalah nambahan nepi ka 1185 di 17 nagara ti 784 di 15 nagara (taun 2003)
Di Asia ngurangan, di Afrika éléh ngalipet jadi 1,037
Di Nigeria, nagara pangpadetna di Afrika, aya 763 kasus, dituturkeun ku India (129 kasus) jeung Sudan (112 kasus)
Tanggal 5 Méi 2005, warta ngalaporkeun ayana kasus anyar di Jawa, Indonésia, nu galur virusna dipahing datang ti Nigeria
Di Bénin, sababaraha kulawarga nolak vaksinasi kalawan alesan agama, korban polio sacara informal diwenangkeun nyelendepkeun minyak ti tatanggana, Nigeria
Maranéhna tumpak motor tilu roda nepi ka wates, dibaturan ku montir nu ngurus mesin katut nu numpakna
Di nagara Nigeria, maranéhna minuhan sagala wadah nu dibawana ti Bénin pikeun di bawa balik deui
Najan ngalanggar hukum, jaba bahya mamawa minyak kana botol, maranéhna ditolelir ku aparat jeung masarakat Bénin
Korban polio ngarasa leuwih hadé batan baramaén, sarta bisa campur gaul jeung masarakat saperti dina kaayaan biasa waé
Aya sababaraha vaksin méméh nu ti Jonas Salk taun 1953
Taun 1935, Maurice Brody, asistén panalungtikan di Universitas New York, ngaku geus manggihan hiji vaksin nu dihasilkeun tina budidaya saraf tulang tonggong monyét
Anjeunna nguji vaksinna ka dirina sorangan jeung sababaraha urang asisténna, sarta ngabagikeun ka tilu réwu budak nu lolobana némbongkeun réaksi alérgi, tapi tanpa ngahasilkeun kawedelan kana panyakit polio
Panalungtik séjén teu bisa ngulang percobaan anu geus dilakukeun ku anjeunna
John Kolmer ogé kungsi ngaku geus nmekarkeun vaksin, ngan hanjakal kalah mawa balukar goréng ka barudak nu divaksinna
Virus Simian nu katelah SV40 kungsi kapanggih dina vaksin polio ti taun 1954 nepi ka taun 1962
SV40 mangrupa karsinogén nu ngabalukarkeun panyakitkangker
"Keur sajarah sarta kagunaan séjén ngeunaan India, tempo India (disambiguasi). "
India(भारत), resmina Républik India, mangrupa salah sahiji nagara di Asia Kidul
India mangrupa nagara katujuh panggedéna numutkeun wewengkon géografis, kadua pangloba pangeusina, sarta nagara nu ngagem démokrasi liberal panglegana di dunya
India wawatesan jeung Pakistan, China, Bangladésh, Népal jeung Bhutan
Puseur nagarana nyaéta New Delhi
India miboga garis basisir leuwih ti tujuh rébu kilométer and borders Pakistan di béh kulon; Cina, Nepal, jeung Bhutan di béh wétan kalér; sarta Bangladésh jeung Myanmar di béh wétaneunnana
Di Samudra India, India wawatesan jeung nagara kapuloan Sri Lanka, Maladéwa jeung Indonésia
Urang India mibanda perdaban sarta budaya anu lumangsung ti taun 3300 SM, India mangrupa bagéan ti peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus kalawan mekarkeun budaya wewengkonna ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta dirojong ku barter bahan tatanén
Salila mangtaun-taun, nagara ieu jadi puseur ruteu penting, puseur mekarkeun budaya sarta tempat ngadegna karajaan-karajaan anu gedé
Agama Hindu, Sikh, Buddha jeung Jainis mangrupa agama asli ti India, sedengkeun Islam jeung Kristen datang ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta ku kaayaan budaya anu geus mekar saméméh ayana invasi ti nagara asing
Sanajan lamun diitung invasi asing nepi ka 4000 taun, tapi budaya India jeung sosial kamasarakatanna teu bisa diruntagkeun, nu hadé ti nagara asing bakal dipiceun atawa bisa di serep gumantung kabudayaan bangsa India, komponén sosial masarakat angger lengkep jeung moal bisa dirobah
Kalawan turunna pamor Karajaan Mughal, sababaraha nagara Eropa kungsi nyoba nyieun puseur atawa pos paniagaan di India
Tahta Inggris, dina mangsa sababaraha abad saeutik-sautik geus nyoba pikeun ngahijikeun karajaan-karajaan di India kalawan ku maksud pikeun ngajajah India
Tapi saméméh bisa nyokot sagala rupa kauntungan ti kolonialisme, rahayat India kalawan kaayaan séké sélér anu rupa-rupa bisa ngahiji dina hiji gerakan anu kuat pikeun réformsi sosial jeung nyieun sistem pamaréntahana sorangan sarta ngulang deui kajayaan Karajaan India mangsa baheula
Hasilna, India jadi hiji nagara modérn di taun 1947
Rahayat India, satwa liar, géografisna jeung sistem iklim India mangrupa anu pangragemna saalam dunya, jeung India modérn ayeuna bisa disebut bakal jadi nagara adidaya di mangsa ka hareupna
Ngaran "India" // asalna tina kecap "Indus", nu asalna tina basa Hindu Persia baheula, tina basa Sansekerta Sindhu, sesebutan pikeun tempat sajarah di Walungan Indus
Konstitusi India jeung pamaké umum biasa ngagunakeun Bharat, salaku ngaran resmina, ngaran India ogé diaku kalawan status nu sarua
Ngaran katiluna nyaéta, "Hindustan " (basa Persia: Taneuh Hindu &lt; basa Persia Hindu Kuno, India/taneuh Indus &lt; basa Sansekerta Sindhu, walungan Indus) geus dipaké ti abad ka 12, sanajan nu dipakéna sakapeung masih kontemporér atawa teu tangtu maké Bhatat, India, atawa Hindustan
Zaman batu nu dicirian ku ayana tempat dikumpulkeunana batu sarta lukisan di Bhimbetka perenahna aya di nagara bagéan Madhya Pradesh, mangrupa léngkah awal kapanggihna kahirupan manusa di India
Padumukan permanen nu munggaran di India geus aya ti 9.000 taun nu geus kaliwat
Tuluy mekar jadi Peradaban Lembah Indus, kurang leuwih 3300 SM di India Kulon
Ieu hal dituturkeun ku peradaban Veda nu ngadadasaran agama Hindu jeung aspek budaya lainna ti masarakat India awal
Kurang leuwih taun 550 SM, loba karajaan independen jeung républik dipikawanoh minangka "Mahajanapadas" nu diwangun di sakabéh nagara nu ka hareupna bakal ngadadasaran ayana India kuno
Karajaan nu diwangun ku Dinasti Maurya sahandapeun Kaisar Asoka Agung ngahiji jeung karajaan paling modérén sa-Asia Kidul iwal ti Karajaan Dravida di beulah kidul
Ti taun 180 SM, aya runtuyan invasi ti Asia Tengah nu dituturkeun ku Indo Yunani, Indo-Scythia, Indo-Partia, jeung Kushan di anak benua India kalér-kulon
Abad katilu, Dinasti Gupta ngurus jeung nalingakeun hiji périodeu nu disebut India Kuno atawa "Golden Age"
Sedengkeun di bagéan kalér miboga daérah nu leuwih gedé, leuwih saeutik karajaanana
Di beulah kidul aya sawatara dinasti kayaning Chalukya, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Cheras, Chola, Pallavas jeung Pandya kalawan daérah nu béda-béda
Pangaruh politik karajaan beulah kidul kacida rohakana, sanajan aya dina undak nu leuwih handap ti batan karajaan di beulah kalér India nu dilegaan ka daérah Asia Tenggara jeung Sri Lanka nu dipangaruhan ku budaya maranéhanana
Karajaan di beulah kidul leuwih stabil jeung bisa ngayakeun paniagaan maritim nu ngajual rempah-rempah jeung permata ka nagara Saudi Arabia, Cina, jeung Éropa ti jaman kuno
Élmu pangaweruh, téhnik, seni, sastra, matématika, astronomi, agama jeung filsafat tumuwuh mekar di handapeun kapamingpinan raja-raja ieu
Sanggeus invasi ti Asia Tengah, antara abad ka-10 jeung abad ka-12, loba daérah di India Kalér dikawasa ku Karajaan Délhi
Tuluy Dinasti Mughal nambahan wilayah kakawasaanana ngaliwatan sawatara anak benua India
Tapi ngan sababaraha karajaan pribumi anu tuluy mekar, utamana nu aya di beulah kidul saperti Karajaan Wijayanagara
Ti abad kagenepbelas kabéhdieunakeun, sawatara nagara Éropa kaasup Portugal, Walanda, Perancis, jeung Inggris mimiti datang salaku padagang
Maranéhanana tuluy nyokot kauntungan tina sifat "fractious" di antara karajaan-karajaan pikeun ngawangun koloni di ieu nagara
Taun 1856, sabagéan gedé wilayah India aya dina kakawasaan "British East India Company"
Sataun ti harita, pemberontakan nasional gagal nalika rék baruntak ka unit militer jeung karajaan, nu kasohor sacara lokal minangka Perang munggaran kamerdikaan India (dipikawanoh minangka Pemberontakan Sepoy), ngabalukarkeun India aya di handapeun kontrol langsung ti Karajaan Inggris minangka koloni Karajaan Inggris
Awal abda ka-21 pajoangan nasional keur kamerdékaan diprakarsai ku Kongrés Nasional India jeung sawatara kelompok révolusioner
Ieu gerakan sabagéan gedé dipingpin ku Mahatma Gandhi jeung Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, jeung Subhash Chandra Bose miboga kalungguhan nu penting
Jutaan protés nyampak dina rupa-rupa kampanyeu massa sipil, kalawan komitmen keur ahimsa atawa "non-kekerasan"
Ahirna, sanggeus kaluar "Gerakan India Pembangkangan Sipil" salila Perang Dunia II, jeung sajumlahing pemberontakan angkatan bersenjata sanggeus perang, India merdéka tina penjajahan Inggris dina tanggal 15 Agustus 1947
Tilu taun ti harita, dina tanggal tanggal 26 Januari 1950, India nyusun konstitusi anyar sarta robah jadi républik
Sanggeus merdéka, loba pemberontakan di daérah-daérah
Aya sengketa wilayah jeung China nu encan anggeus, nu ngabalukarkeun ayana Perang Sino- India dina taun 1962; antara India jeung Pakistan, nu antukna nyababkeun perang dina taun 1947, 1965, 1971, jeung perang di Kargil taun 1999
India mangrupa anggota pendiri Gerakan Non-Blok jeung PBB (mangsa harita masih kénéh bagéan tina British India)
Dina taun 1974, India ngayakeun uji coba nuklir bawah tanah
Hal ieu dituturkeun ku lima tes lainna dina taun 1998
Reformasi ékonomi anu signifikan dimimitian ti taun 1991 nyababkeun India jadi salah sahiji nagara anu kamekaran ekonomina pangtéréhna di dunya
Angka kamiskinan taun 1996 turun jadi 22% dina taun 2006
India is referred to as the largest democracy in the world, by virtue of the fact that it has the largest electing population among democratic countries
The country has a federal form of government and a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system
It has three branches of governance: the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary
The President is the head of state, though he has a largely ceremonial role to play
He is also the Supreme Commander of India's armed forces
The présidént is elected indirectly by an electoral college for five-yéar terms
présidéntial assent is needed for a Bill or Ordinance passed by the Parliament to come into force
The Prime Minister is the de facto head of government, and has most executive powers
He or she is appointed by the présidént, with the requirement that he or she enjoy the support of the party or coalition having more than 50% séats in the lower house
The Union Council of Ministers héaded by the Prime Minister aids and advises the présidént on governance matters
The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of Péople)
The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through the state Legislative Assemblies, and has a staggered six-yéar term
éach state sends members to the Rajya Sabha in a proportion of its population
The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected (Some séats are reserved for Caste based system) by popular vote for a five-yéar term (except two nominated Anglo-Indian members), and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation
Universal adulthood suffrage is guaranteed by the Constitution for citizens above 18 yéars of age
The executive arm consists of the présidént, Vice-présidént, and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee) héaded by the Prime Minister
Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament
In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature
India's independent judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, héaded by the Chief Justice of India
The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the eighteen High Courts of India, and additionally, the power to declare Union and state laws null and void if in conflict with the Constitution
For most of its independent history, India has been ruled by the Indian National Congress
The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s
This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the Janata Party coalition won the election owing to public discontent with the "Emergency" declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
The Janata Dal won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two yéars
Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-of-centre, nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) followed by a left-léaning United Front coalition
In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-Congress and coalition government to complete a full five-yéar term
The 2004 Indian elections saw the left-léaning Congress party winning the largest number of séats to form a government by léading the United Progressive Alliance, and supported by communist parties and those opposed to the BJP
Since independence, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations
It took a léad in the 1950s in advocating the independence of Européan colonies in Africa and Asia
During the Cold War, India tried to maintain its neutrality and was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement
After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India's relationship with the Soviet Union warmed at the expense of ties with the United States and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War
India has consistently refused to sign the CTBT and the NPT to maintain sovereignty over its nucléar program despite criticism and military sanctions
Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened India's relations with United States, China and Pakistan
In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations of South America, Asia and Africa
In recent yéars, India has played an influential role in the SAARC
India has been a long time supporter of the United Nations, with over 55,000 Indian military and police personnel having served in 35 UN péace keeping operations over four continents
Since the 1990s, India has been considered a great or major power on the global stage, méaning it has considerable influence on international affairs
Administratively, India is divided into twenty-eight states (which are further subdivided into districts), and seven union territories (or territories owned by the Central Government)
All states and the union territories of Delhi and Pondicherry have elected governments
The remaining five union territories have centrally-appointed administrators
The states and territories are further divided into 602 districts
"See also: Districts of India, List of Indian districts" Géografi
The territory of India constitutes a major portion of the Indian subcontinent, situated on the Indian Plate, the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, in southern Asia
India's northern and northéastern states are partially situated in the Himalayan Mountain Range
The rest of northern, central and éastern India consists of the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain
In the west, bordering southéast Pakistan, lies the Thar Desert
The southern Indian Peninsula is almost entirely composed of the Deccan plateau, which is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats
India is home to several major rivers, including the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, Godavari, Kaveri, Narmada, and Krishna
India has three archipelagos – Lakshadweep off the southwest coast, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands-volcanic island chain to the southéast, and the Sunderbans in the Gangetic delta in West Bengal
Climate in India varies from tropical in the south to more temperate in the Himalayan north, with elevated regions in the north receiving sustained snowfall in winters
India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert
The Himalayas, along with the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan, provide a barrier to the cold winds from Central Asia
This keeps most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations in similar latitudes
The Thar Desert is responsible for attracting the moisture laden southwest monsoon winds that provide most of India's rainfall between June and September
The economy of India is the fourth largest in the world as méasured by purchasing power parity (PPP), with a GDP of US $3.63 trillion
When méasured in USD exchange-rate terms, it is the twelfth largest in the world, with a GDP of $785.47 billion or Rs 35,34,615 crore in 2005, as calculated by the World Bank
India is the second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 9.1%, as of the first quarter of 2006
Wealth distribution in India, a developing country, is fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups éarning 33% of all income
India's per capita income (PPP) of US$ 3,400 is ranked 122nd in the world
For most of its independent history, India adhered to a "quasi"-socialist approach, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment
Starting from 1991, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment
Privatisation of public-owned industries and some sectors to private and foreign players has continued amid political debate
India has a labour force of 496.4 million of which 60% is employed in agriculture or agriculture-related industries which contributes to only about 22% of the GDP, 17% in mainstréam industry and 23% in service industries
India's agricultural produce includes rice, whéat, oilseed, cotton, jute, téa, sugarcane, potatoes
Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum and machinery
India's large English spéaking middle-class has contributed to the country's growth in Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
It is becoming a major base for US tech companies for future targeted reséarch &amp; development, including the likes of Google, IBM, and Microsoft
All this has helped the services sector to incréase its share of the economy to approximately 50%
India is also a major exporter of financial, research and technology services
India's most important trading partners are the United States, China, UK, Singapore, Hong Kong, the United Arab Emirates, Switzerland and Belgium
India is the second-most populous country in the world with an estimated 1.1 billion péople in 2006
Language, caste and religion are determinants of social and political organisation within its diverse population
Although 81.5% of the péople are Hindus, India is also home to the second-largest population of Muslims in the world (12.2%), after Indonesia
Other religious groups include Sikhs (2%), Christians (2.33%), Buddhists (0.76%), Jains (0.40%), Jews, Zoroastrians, Ahmadis, and Bahá'ís
The national average literacy rate is 64.4%(with males-75.6% and females-54.2%)
The state of Kerala léads the country with a literacy rate of approximately 94%
Unlike the USA, UK, and Australian Censuses, the national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India
India's biggest metropolitan agglomerations are Mumbai (formerly "Bombay"), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly "Calcutta"), Chennai (formerly "Madras"), Bangalore and Hyderabad
The national sex ratio is 933 females per 1,000 males and median age is 24.66
India's birth rate is 22.32 births per 1,000
The total fertility rate (TFR) for India is above the world average, however the growth rate is showing signs of decréase in South India
India is home to two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%)
Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families
The Indian constitution recognises 23 official languages
Hindi and English are used by the Union Government of India for official purposes, wherein Hindi has a "de jure" priority
Sanskrit and Tamil enjoy classical language status in India
The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652
India has a rich and unique cultural heritage, and has managed to preserve its established traditions throughout history whilst absorbing customs, traditions and idéas from both invaders and immigrants
Many cultural practices, languages, customs and monuments are examples of this co-mingling over centuries
Famous monuments, such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Islamic-inspired architecture have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty
These are the result of a syncretic tradition that combined elements from all parts of the country
Indian music is represented in a wide variety of forms
The two main forms of classical music are "Carnatic" from South India, and "Hindustani" from North India, éach of which has several popular sub classes
Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being Filmi music
In addition to this are the diverse traditions of folk music from different parts of the country
Many classical dance forms exist, including the Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, and Manipuri
They often have a narrative form and are usually infused with devotional and spiritual elements
The éarliest literary traditions in India were mostly oral, and were later transcribed
Most of these are represented by sacred works like the Vedas and the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana
Sangam literature from Tamil Nadu represents some of India's oldest traditions
There have been many notable modérn Indian writers, both in Indian languages and in English
Millions of ancient handwritten manuscripts have been identified and classified
India's only Nobel laureate in literature was the Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore
India is the third largest newspaper market in Asia with an estimated circulation of at léast 66 million copies daily in 2003
The nation also produces the world's second largest number of motion pictures every yéar
The most recognisable face is that of cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, often referred to as "Bollywood"
There are also strong cinema industries based on the Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu languages
Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society
Religion in India is a very public affair, with many practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities
Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum
Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and considered sacred, although urban families have grown to prefer a nucléar family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system
The cuisine of India is diverse, as ingredients, spices and cooking methods vary from region to region
Rice and whéat are the staple foods in the country
The country is notable for its wide variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian
Spicy food and sweets are popular in India
Traditional dress in India gréatly varies across the regions in its colours and styles, and depend on various factors, including climate
Popular styles of dress include the traditional sari for women and the traditional dhoti for men
India's national sport is field hockey, although cricket is now the "de facto" national game
In some states, particularly in the northéast, football (soccer) is the most popular sport and is widely watched
In recent times, tennis has gained popularity in India
Chess is also gaining popularity with the rise of the number of recognised grandmasters
The most commonly held view is that chess originated in India
Traditional indigenous sports include kabaddi, Kho Kho and gilli-danda, which are played in most parts of the country
India is also known as a land of féstivals
A melting pot of many religions, India has a rich diversity of festivals, many of which are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed
The most widely known and popular celebrations include the Hindu féstivals of Diwali, Holi, Pongal and Dussehra and the Muslim celebration of Eid
A number of féstivals are common to most parts of India; however, they may be called by different names in the various parts of the country or may be celebrated in a different fashion and style