izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
Satutasna Perjangjian Versailles wewengkon sabudeureun Memel dipisahkeun ti Jėrman sarta ngadeg otonom dina kakawasaan Prancis
Soldadu Lituania nu dipingpin ku Kolonėl Budrys nyerang Memel taun 1923 nepi ka ditinggalkeun ku soldadu Prancis
Memel direbut ku "German Reich" 22 Maret 1939 satutasna ngarebut Austria, Sudetenland, jeung Cėkoslowakia
Nalika Perang Dunya ka-2, mimiti ahir taun 1944 nepi ka 1945, pangeusina loba nu kalabur ngungsi
Dayeuh ieu salajengna direbut ku Soldadu Beureum Januari 1945 sarta dipulangkeun deui ka Rėpublik Soviėt Lituania
Loba pangeusi Klaipéda nu dikirim ka Sibéria, sedengkeun sésana dibuang ka Jérman
Nurutkeun carita, "'Gangnihessou" mangrupa raja munggaran ti dua welas nu ngawasa Dahomey di Afrika, kurang leuwih taun 1620. salah sahiji lambangna mangrupa manuk gangnihessou jalu
Lambang séjénna mangrupa sarupaning kendang jeung tongkat nu dipaké pikeun malédog atawa moro
Nu sabenerna ngeunaan ieu masih mangrupa tanda tanya, sabab bisa waé anjeunna ukur salah sahiji pamingpin nu boga pangaruh
Anjeunna boga adi nu ngaranna Dakodonou, nu kungsi jadi raja
Sigana mah Gangnihessou mingpin rahayat sangkan nurut ka adina ieu
Bandung dina jaman purba, numutkeun hasil panalungtikan, mangrupa hiji talaga nu dikuriling ku pagunungan, sakumaha katingali ku urang kiwari yén Bandung téh dikuriling ku pagunungan
Ieu kayaan téh 35 rébu taun anu geus kaliwat, dina mangsa talaga Bandung keur meujeuhna ngeplak caina
Talaga Bandung Purba
Talaga Bandung panjangna kira 50 km, lébarna 30 km, mimiti ti Cicaléngka beulah wétan, nepi ka Rajamandala beulah kulon, jeung ti Majalaya, Banjaran beulah kidul nepi ka Dago beulah kalér
Ditilik sacara géomorfologi, talaga Bandung téh rada déngdék ka beulah kulon jeung kira béh tengah aya galengan saolah olah talaga téh dibagi dua nyaéta beulah wétan jeung beulah kulon
Ieu galengan téh perenahna aya di Curug Jompong
Pikeun babandingan, jerona talaga Bandung Purba téh mun kiwari mah di wewengkon Cigéréléng 45 m, Buahbatu 49 m, Cibiru 52 m, Pasirkoja 39 m, Tolo Kopo 54 m. Rangkayan gunung kuna nu ngurilingan talaga Bandung, di antarana Gunung Puncaksalam, Pasir Kamuning, Pasir Kalapa, Gunung Lalakon, Pasir Malang, Gunung Selacau, Lagadar, Padakasih, Jatinunggal, nepi ka Gunung Bohong di beulah kidul Cimahi
Talaga Bandung beulah kulon mimiti ngorotan kira kira 6000 taun nu geus kaliwat, nu pangheulana bobol téh nyaéta di daérah Pasir Kiara (aya ogé nu nyebutkeun di Sanghyang Tikoro) beulah kidul Rajamandala
Di jaman kuartier kala pleistosen, kira kira 500.000 taun nu geus kaliwat, Gunung Sunda (purba) mimiti mucunghul, gunung api raksasa anu rohaka, dibeulah wétanna aya gunung Bukittunggul jeung beulah kulonna aya gunung Burangrang
Gunung Sunda ngajegir, jangkungna kira antara 3000-4000 méter
Tangkuban Parahu harita can aya
Kira kira 375 rébu taun lilana Gunung Sunda ngajegir, nangtawing jadi tanda Tatar Sunda, nepi ka 125 rébu taun nu geus kaliwat Gunung Sunda mimiti bitu, sagala material gunung mancawura, bukti anu masih kénéh katingal tug nepi ka kiwari nyaéta ayana "patahan Lémbang" anu panjangna kira-kira 22 km ngulon-ngétan
Mun hoyong atra mah coba tingali ti Maribaya beulah kidul, atawa di beulah kidul Pasar Lémbang
Ti dinya atra katingal patahan Lémbang
Tina matrial bituna Gunung Sunda téh di antarana nya ngajadikeun Talaga Bandung sok sanajan harita mah caina can pinuh pisan
Sanggeus Gunung Sunda bitu, dina tengah-tengah urut bituna mimiti bijil gunung anyar, nyaéta pisan cikal bakal gunung Tangkuban Parahu
Jadi, Tangkuban Parahu téh anakna Gunung Sunda (purba)
Gunung T. Parahu bitu 70 rébu taun nu geus kaliwat, tah matrial tina bitu gunung T. Parahu téa nu leuwih numpuk ngajadikeun Talaga Bandung beuki ngalegaan nya nepi ka 35 rébu taun kaliwat nu dianggap panggedéna cai Talaga Bandung (dina mangsa kiwari ogé aya nu disebut Gunung Sunda di beulah kalér Gunung Tangkuban Parahu, ngan Gunung Sunda ieu mah teu jangkung, ngan ukur 1000
mah teu jangkung, ngan ukur 1000 méteran.)
Dina mangsa kiwari, lamun téa mah Gunung Tangkuban Parahu bitu deui (da nepi ka ayeuna gé G. Tangkuban Parahu téh tetep dianggap gunung nu aktip), naha Talaga Bandung bakal kajadian deui
Simple random sample
"" Fuléréna nyaéta molekul nu diwangun sagemblengna ku karbon, nu ngabentuk bal "sphere", élipsoid, solobong, cingcin, atawa planar
Dina basa Inggris katelah ogé "buckyballs"
Ngaranna dicokot ti ngaran Richard Buckminster Fuller, inohong arsiték nu nyiptakeun kubah géodésik
ku sabab "buckminsterfullerenes" mibanda bentuk nu sarupa jeung kubah éta, jadi baé diaranan kitu
Fullerin sarupa bentukna jeung struktur grafit, nu diwangun ku salambar cingcin héxagonal numbu, tapi cingcinnna péntagonal (atawa kadang héptagonal) nu nyegah lambaranana jadi planar
Fullerin nyolobong mindengna disebut tabungnano ("nanotubes")
The smallest fullerene in which no two pentagons share an edge (which is destabilizing — see pentalene) is C60 (buckminsterfullerene), and as such it is also the most common
The structure of C60 is that of a truncated icosahedron, which resembles a round soccerball of the type made of hexagons and pentagons, with a carbon atom at the corners of éach hexagon and a bond along éach edge
A polymerized single-walled nanotubule (P-SWNT) is a substance composed of polymerized fullerenes in which carbon atoms from one buckytube bond with carbons in other buckytubes
Until the late twentieth century, graphite and diamond were the only known allotropes of carbon
Then, in molecular béam experiments, discrete péaks were observed corresponding to molecules with the exact mass of 60, 70, or gréater numbers of carbon atoms
Harold Kroto, from the University of Sussex, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley, from Rice University, discovered C60 and the fullerenes
Kroto, Curl, and Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their roles in the discovery of this class of compounds
C60 and other fullerenes were later noticed occurring outside of a laboratory environment (e.g
in normal candle soot)
By 1991 it was relatively éasy to produce grams of fullerene powder using the techniques of Donald Huffman and Wolfgang Krätschmer
As of the éarly twenty-first century, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes are still under héavy study, in both pure and applied reséarch labs
In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use — binding specific antibiotics to the structure to target resistant bacteria and even target certain cancer cells such as melanoma
In October 2004, reséarchers at the University of Manchester and Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials at Chernogolovka discovered the first two-dimensional fullerene, called graphene
Fullerenes are not very réactive due to the stability of the graphite-like bonds, and are also fairly insoluble in many solvents
Reséarchers have been able to incréase the réactivity by attaching active groups to the surfaces of fullerenes
Other atoms can be trapped inside fullerenes, and indeed recent evidence for a metéor impact at the end of the Permian period was found by analysing noble gases so preserved
Superconductivity is one of the more recently explored properties
A common method used to produce fullerenes is to send a large current between two néarby graphite electrodes in an inert atmosphere
The resulting carbon plasma arc between the electrodes cools into sooty residue from which many fullerenes can be isolated
Najan fullerin sacara téori kawilang inert, dina hiji présentasi di American Chemical Society bulan Maret 2004 sarta artikel na "New Scientist" 3 April 2004, disebutkeun yén molekul ieu bisa nyilakakeun organisme
Hiji percobaan ku Eva Oberdörster di Southern Methodist University di Dallas nu ngasupkeun fullerin kana cai dina kadar 0.5 ppm nunjukkeun yén "largemouth bass" nandangan karuksakan sélular 17 kali lipet dina jaringan otakna sanggeus 48 jam
Karuksakanana mangrupa péroksidasi lipid, nu mémang ngaganggu fungsi mémbran sél
Lisénsi Dokumén Bébas GNU ("GNU Free Documentation License", GFDL) nyaéta lisénsi "copyleft" pikeun eusi nu bébas
Disusun ku Free Software Foundation (FSF) pikeun proyék GNU
Téks resmi lisénsi vérsi 1.2 bisa ditingal di http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html
Lisénsi ieu dipaké pikeun sarupaning nu ditulis ngeunaan cara ngagunakeun "software", ogé pikeun tulisan séjén nu dipaké salaku acuan atawa pikeun nulungan anjeun dina naon baé
Lisénsi ieu nyebutkeun yén anjeun diwidian pikeun nyalin atawa ngarobah tulisanana, sarta anjeun bisa ngajual salinan ieu
Mun anjeun ngajual dina jumlah nu réa, you have to maké it éasy for péople maké changes to it as well
Wikipédia ngagunakeun lisénsi ieu, sarta mangrupa proyék pangbadagna nu ngagunakeun lisénsi ieu
The Debian-legal group thinks that the GFDL is not always free
It does not meet their Free Software Guidelines
You have to add the copyright notice and you have to say it is GFDL if you want to copy it
"Tempo ogé": Text Of The GNU Free Documentation License and the simplified version of it at Simple English GFDL
Catetan: Wikipédia teu ngalayanan advis hukum
Réaksi kimia atawa réaksi kimiawi ogé dipiwanoh salaku parobahan kimiawi, nu maksudna nyaéta parobahan dina struktur molekul
Réaksi ieu bisa mangrupa napelna hiji molekul kanu séjén ngahasilkeun molekul nu leuwih gedé, molekul beulah jadi dua atawa leuwih molekul nu leuwih leutik, atawa wangun ulang atom-atom jeroeun molekul
Réaksi kimiawi salawasna ngalibetkeun dibentuk atawa dipegatkeunana beungkeut kimia
Aya sababaraha rupa réaksi kimiawi dasar: A + B → AB AB → A + B A + BC → B + AC AB + CD → AD + CB A + B → A+ + B- Réaksi kimiawi teu ngarobah inti atom, nu robah ukur interaksi awan éléktron na atom-atom nu kalibet (parobahan wangunan inti atom disebutna réaksi inti, jeung teu dianggap salaku
réaksi inti, jeung teu dianggap salaku réaksi kimiawi, sanajan réaksi kimiawi bisa nuturkeun transformasi inti)
Réaksi kimiawi ampir salawasna ngalibetkeun parobahan énergi, nu pangmerenahna/panggampangna diukur dina parobahan panas
Béda énergi antara kaayaan "méméh" jeung "sanggeus" réaksi kimia bisa diitung sacara téoritis maké tabel data (atawa komputer)
Pikeun conto, misalkeun réaksi CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O (ngadurukan métan dina oksigén)
Ku jalan ngitung jumlah énergi nu diperlukeun pikeun megatkeun sakabéh beungkeut nu beulah kénca ("méméh") jeung katuhu ("sanggeus") "persamaan", urang bisa ngitung béda énergi antara réaktan jeung produkna
Ieu disebutna ΔH, di mana Δ (Délta) ngandung harti béda, sedengkeun H salaku éntalpi, ukuran énergi nu sarua jeung panas nu dipindahkeun dina kaayaan "tekanan" angger (konstan)
ΔH biasana ditunjukkeun dina unit kJ (rebuan joule) atawa dina kkal (kilokalori)
Mun réaksi ΔH-na négatip, mangka énergi dileupaskeun
Réaksi rupa kieu disebutna éksotérmik (hartina panas luar atawa miceun panas)
Réaksi éksotérmik leuwih dipikaresep antukna leuwih gampang lumangsung
Conto réaksi nu tadi éksotérmik, nu geus biasa urang manggihan sapopoé, sabab ngaduruk gas dina hawa ngaluarkeun panas
Réaksi bisa boga ΔH positip, hartina, sangkan bisa lumangsung, réaksi butuh asupan énergi ti luar
Réaksi rupa kieu disebut éndotérmik (hartina panas jero atawa nyerep panas)
Laju réaksi kimiawi gumantung ka: Kabisamalikan
Unggal réaksi kimiawi sacara téoritis bisa malik ("reversible")
Dina hiji "réaksi maju" réaktan dirobah jadi produk, kitu ogé sabalikna
Kasatimbangan kimiawi mangrupa kaayaan nalika laju réaksi maju jeung sabalikna sarua, antukna nahan jumlah réaktan jeung produkna
Sanajan sakabéh réaksi bisa malik, sababaraha réaksi bisa kagolongkeun teu bisa malik ("irreversible")
"Réaksi teu bisa malik" bisa lumaku mun dina kasatimbangan ampir sakabéh molekul réaktan geus robah jadi produk
Hukum polah massa
Konséntrasi réaktan jeung produk nangtukeun laju boh réaksi maju jeung malik
Katalis teu ruksak dina réaksi kimiawi, tapi nulung pikeun nurunkeun énergi nu dipikabutuh pikeun aktivasi antukna ningkatkeun laju réaksi
Méméh aya sistim poé nu kabagi kana 24 jam, masarakat Sunda ngagunakeun istilah-istilah wanci minangka tanggara dina sapoé sapeuting
Kiwari, sanajan geus wanoh jeung ukuran wanci dina jam-jaman, di lembur masih kénéh diparaké
Istilah-istilahna di antarana:
Sunda nyaéta éntitas bangsa/séké sélér nu nyicingan utamana bagian kulon pulo Jawa (katelah Tatar Sunda atawa Pasundan, kiwari ngawengku propinsi Jawa Kulon, Banten, jeung bagian kulon Jawa Tengah), nyaéta urang Sunda, nu ngagunakeun basa Sunda salaku basa indungna katut kabudayaanana
Kecap Sunda bisa nujul ka rupa-rupa harti nu sacara umum patali jeung wewengkon bagian kulon kapuloan Indonésia
Titinggal sajarah pangheubeulna nu nyebut-nyebut kecap Sunda nyaéta prasasti Kebonkopi 2 nu dijieun taun 536 M (atawa 458 Saka) dina basa Malayu nu nujul ka karajaan Sunda (aya ogé nu boga pamanggih yén prasasti ieu dijieun taun 932 M, atawa 854 Saka)
Kecap Sunda ogé geus aya ti saprak 4000 SM anu geus kaliwat numutkeun filologi "Proto Melayu" dipikanyaho pang kolotna di Asia, singhoréng gening leuwih ngora tibatan "Proto Soendic" (Sunda) rebuan taun (Bern Nothover, 1973)
Urang Sunda miboga kayakinan yén mibanda étos atawa karakter kasundaan, salaku jalan ka kautamaan hirup
Karakter Sunda nu dimaksud nyaéta cageur (sehat), bageur (baik), bener (benar), singer (mawas diri), jeung pinter (cerdas)
Karakter ieu geus dituluykeun ku masarakat nu cicing di Jawa barat ti jaman Kerajaan Salakanagara
Urang Sunda mibanda ciri mandiri, kayaning soméah, lemes dina cumarita, resep heureuy, tur loba akalna
Urang Portugis nu kungsi sagulung sagalang jeung urang Sunda, nyebutkeun cenah urang Sunda té jalujur, sarta lébér ku wawanén
Aya sababaraha definisi Sunda nurutkeun para ahli, di antarana: Basa Sanskerta
"Sund" hartina moncorong ("A Sanskrit-English Dictionary" karangan Monier Williams)
Numutkeun kana basa Sansakerta, harti Sunda téh aya genep, nyaéta: Bercahaya, terang benderang, anu ngarawat alam/dunya, Satria anu mibanda tanaga gedé, satria anu trampil, bodas beresih, ngaran gunung di beulah kalér kota Bandung
Numutkeun basa Kawi aya opat harti Sunda, nyaéta :“Cai” hartina daérah anu loba cai, “Tumpukan” hartina subur, “Pangkat” hartina mibanda kualitas, “Waspada” hartina ati-ati
Numutkeun basa Jawa aya lima harti Sunda, nyaéta :“Tersusun” hartina tartib, “Nyatu/Bersatu” hartina hirup rukun, “Angka dua (candra sangkala)” hartina saimbang, “Naék” hartina kualitas hirupna terus naék, “Terbang melambung” hartina beuki naék kualitasna
Dina Kamus "Jav-Ned
Handwoordenbook" karangan J.E.C
Gericke jeung T. Roorda disebutkeun yén Sunda téh hartina numpuk, nyusun, ngarangkep, kécap atawa sora dirajek
Upama dijieun candrasangkala hartina dua, asalna tina basa Jawa unda anu hartina: Ngunda (jangkrik anu rek diadukeun), Ngapungkeun (langlayangan)
Dina basa Jawa tunda hartina tumpukan, susun
Numutkeun basa Sundana, kecap Sunda mibanda harti :“Lumbung” hartina subur makmur, “Sonda” hartina alus, “Sonda” hartina unggul, “Sonda” hartina senang, bungah, “Sonda” hartina sarua jeung kahayang haté, “Sondara” hartina lalaki anu kasép, “Sondari” hartina awéwé anu geulis, Pinuh ku rasa kanyaah, Éndah
Istilah-istilah dina widang géografi/géologi nu ngagunakeun kecap "sunda" diwanohkeun ku pangumbara Kulon ti Éropa, di antarana Dialék Basa Sunda
Ditempo tina linguistik, basa Sunda jeung basa Baduy ngawangun hiji rumpun/dapuran basa Malayu-Sumbawa
Kalawan rupa-rupa dialék: Urang Portugis nu kungsi sagulung sagalang jeung urang Sunda, nyebutkeun cenah urang Sunda ma jujur, sarta lébér ku wawanén
Quantitative psychological research
Achdiat Karta Mihardja (lahir di Cibatu, Garut, 6 Maret 1911 – tilar dunya di Canberra, Australia, 8 Juli 2010 ) dikenal ku ngaran péna Achdiat K. Mihardja nyaéta wartawan, dosén jeung pangarang dina basa Indonésia jeung Sunda
Satamatna sakola di HIS Garut, nuluykeun ka MULO di Bandung
Laju nuluykeun deui asup AMS Jurusan Bahasa-basa Barat di Bandung, tapi tuluy pindak ka AMS Jurusan Bahasa-basa Timur ("Ooster Letterkundige Afdeling") di Solo, malah kungsi sakelas jeung panyajak kawentar, Amir Hamzah
Tamat taun 1932, laju digawé dina widang surat-kabar ka P.P
Dahler, guruna manten nu simpati kana perjoangan kamerdékaan Indonésia
Ku sabab gering, Ahdiat teu lila digawé di dinya
Anjeunna balik deui ka Bandung, sanggeus cageur tina kasakitna, Ahdiat ngajar deui di Taman Siswa ngarangkep jadi koréspondén kantor berita Aneta jeung kalawarta basa Walanda Mataram nu medal di Yogyakarta
Ahdiat ogé kungsi jadi rédaktur majalah Panungtun Kamajuan, satuluyna dipénta ku R. Satjadibrata jadi rédaktur Basa Sunda di Balé Pustaka
Nya di dinya minat Ahdiat kana kasusastraan mimiti nguniang
Dina jaman Jepang carita pondokna kungsi meunangkeun hadiah kadua dina pasanggiri ngarang (pinunjul kahijina Usmar Ismail)
Nalika mangsa révolusi, Ahdiat ngungsi ka Garut, medalkeun majalah Gelombang Jaman bari mingpin ogé kalawarta Perjuangan Rakyat (Perdjoangan Rakjat)
Nya dina mangsa harita Ahdiat nulis roman anu kawentar Athéis téh (1949)
Taun 1948 Ahdiat digawé deui di Balé Pustaka turta nyusun dokuméntasi nu kacida pentingna nyaéta Polémik Kebudayaan (1948) nu mangrupa kumpulan polémik ngeunaan kabudayaan Nasional, Tradisional, jsté nu lumangsung dina taun 1930-an, kayaning S. Takdir Alisjahbana, Ki Hadjar Déwantara, Sanoesi Pane, Dr. Soetomo, jsté
Lamun taya usaha ti Ahdiat pikeun ngumpulkeun éta polémik penting, tinangtu dokuméntasi pamikiran-pamikiran nu ngawangun kabudayaan Indonésia téh tangtu bakal lapur teu kapuluk ku generasi sapandeurieunana
Dina taun 1948-1950, Ahdiat kungsi milu kuliah-kuliah filsafat ti Prof. Dr. Beerling jeung Peter Dr. Jacobs S.J dosén Filsafat Thomisme di Universiteit van Indonesie nu kiwari Universitas Indonésia, tuluy narjamahkeun buku gurubesar nu judulna "Filsafat Dewasa lni" (1950)
Anjeunna ogé jadi rédaktur majalah Pujangga Baru nu dihirupan deui ku S. Takdir Alisjahbana
Satuluyna, nalika éta majalah téh diganti jadi majalah konfontrasi, anjeunna ogé kacatet jadi anggota rédaksina
Nalika taun 1956, dina raraga Colombo Plan, anjeunna meunang kasempetan pikeun diajar basa jeung sastra Inggris, sarta kursus ngarang salila sataun di University of Sidney sarta Australian National University di Canberra
Onom nyaéta salah sahiji sebutan pikeun sarupaning bangsa lelembut, utamana nu ngageugeuh wewengkon ranca/rawa Lakbok, Ciamis
Rawa Lakbok nyaéta ngaran hiji rawa nu aya di wewengkon Lakbok, Ciamis, Ciamis, deukeut Banjar, Jawa Barat, dina koordinat 7°24' Kidul, 108°31' Wétan
Rawa Lakbok mangrupa rawa gambut, legana nepi ka 3000 héktar, nu meureun panglegana di Indonésia di antara nu satipe, jerona antara 6 nepi ka 10 méter
Réklamasi rawa Lakbok geus kungsi dipigawé ti taun 1924 kénéh
Rawa Lakbok baheulana dieusi ku rupa-rupa spésiés jujukutan nu kiwari geus langka di Pulo Jawa, kayaning "Ficus retusa", "Elaeocarpus littoralis", "Nephralepis radicans", "Scirpodendron ghaeni", "Flascopa scand ens", "Stenochlaena palustris", jeung "Licuala sp"
Kérod salawé atawa bool (Ing
"anus"), na anatomi, nyaéta palawangan réktum, nu dikadalikeun ku otot "sphincter"
"feces") dikaluarkeun tina awak ngaliwatan kérod salawé nalika ngising ("defecation"), nu mangrupa fungsi utamana
Anatomi jeung fungsi kérod salawé
Kérod salawé aya di antara imbit, tukangeun perineum
Kérod salawé mibanda dua tur rada bau"anal sphincter", hiji di jero, hiji deui di luar, nu fungsina ngajaga sangkan anus tetep nutup nepi ka waktuna ngising
Nalika réktum pinuh, naékna tekenan intraréktal ngadorong dinding torowongan anus ngabadagan antukna kaasupan pitaieun
Nalika pitaieun didorong kana torowongan, réktum mondokan sarta gelombang peristaltis ngadorong tai kaluar réktum
"Sphincter" luar jeung jero anus salajengna metot otot ngaluarkeun taina
31 Januari nyaéta poé ka-31 dina sataun dina kalénder Gregorian, sésana 334 poé (335 dina taun kabisat)
Probability of error
Incomplete beta function
"'Wujud dina suhu jeung tekenan baku ("standard temperature and pressure") Ayana di alam
Surili (Presbytis comata, génus "Presbytis", golongan Langur, subfamili Colobinae, famili Cercopithecidae, superfamili Cercopithecoidea
Ciri umumna bulu hideung-coklat jeung rada hawuk, buntut jeung disabudeureun dadana bodas
Surili mangrupa spésiés monyét éndemik wewengkon Tatar Sunda (Jawa Kulon-Tengah), utamana di wewengkon Ujung Kulon, Leuweung Sancang, Gunung Gedé, Gunung Halimun, Gunung Tilu, jeung Gunung Patuha
ku sabab éndemik Jawa Kulon (wewengkon administratif Jabar jeung Banten), surili ieu dijadikeun salah sahiji ikon sato/fauna Jabar
Ceuk Direktur Konsérvasi Alam Nusantara (Konus) kira-kira 10 taun kaliwat, populasi surili antara 4.000-6.000
Kiwari, taun 2006 jumlahna kurang ti 4.000
Nu jadi sabab leuweung nu salila ieu jadi habitat asli ukur nyésa dalapan persén
Salian ti éta surili ogé salah sahiji primata nu umum dijualbelikeun kalayan ilégal, padahal surili geus dilindungi kalayan maké payung hukum SK Menteri Kehutanan No 301/1991
Ajag ("Cuon alpinus") nyaéta anjing leuweung nu hirup di Asia, utamana wewengkon kidul jeung wétan
Di wewengkon Asia séjénna sarta di Amérika jeung Éropa, anjing ieu disebut srigala
Ajag mangrupa anjing asli Nusantara, aya di Pulo Sumatra jeung Jawa, cicing utamana di wewengkon pagunungan jeung leuweung
Anjing kampung jeung nu séjénna nu ilahar jadi ingon-ingon urang, sabenerna mah anjing "impor" nu asalna ti wewengkon séjén
Pangawakan ajag sedeng, warnana coklat semu beureum
Lebah handapeun gado, beuheung, nepi ka tungtung beuteung warnana bodas, sedengkeun bulu buntutna kandel semu hideung
Ajag biasana hirup ngagorombol/ngabubuhan lima nepi ka dua welas, tapi gumantung lingkunganana ogé
Misalna di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, ajag téh hirupna nyorangan
Pearson's chi-square test
Dina matematika, aljabar σ (atawa widang σ) "X" pikeun sasét "S" hartina anggota subsét "S" nu katutup ku sét operasi-operasi nu bisa diitung; aljabar σ utamana dipaké pikeun nangtukeun ukuran "S"
Ieu konsép penting dina analisis matematika jeung téori probabilitas
Sacara formal, "X" kaasup aljabar σ mun jeung ukur mun ("jika dan hanya jika", "if and only if") miboga pasipatan di handap ieu: From 1 and 2 it follows that "S" is in "X"; from 2 and 3 it follows that the σ-algebra is also closed under countable intersections (via De Morgan's laws)
An ordered pair ("S", "X"), where "S" is a set and "X" is a σ-algebra over "S", is called a méasurable space
Mun "S" mangrupa sét naon baé, then the family consisting only of the empty set and "S" is a σ-algebra over "S", the so-called "trivial σ-algebra"
Another σ-algebra over "S" is given by the full power set of "S"
If {"X"a} is a family of σ-algebras over "S", then the intersection of all "X"a is also a σ-algebra over "S"
If "U" is an arbitrary family of subsets of "S" then we can form a special σ-algebra from "U", called the "σ-algebra generated by U"
We denote it by σ("U") and define it as follows
First note that there is a σ-algebra over "S" that contains "U", namely the power set of "S"
Let Φ be the family of all σ-algebras over "S" that contain "U" (that is, a σ-algebra "X" over "S" is in Φ if and only if "U" is a subset of "X".)
Then we define σ("U") to be the intersection of all σ-algebras in Φ. σ("U") is then the smallest σ-algebra over "S" that contains "U"
This léads to the most important example: the Borel algebra over any topological space is the σ-algebra generated by the open sets (or, equivalently, by the closed sets)
Note that this σ-algebra is not, in general, the whole power set
For a non-trivial example, see the Vitali set
On the Euclidean space R"n", another σ-algebra is of importance: that of all Lebesgue measurable sets
This σ-algebra contains more sets than the Borel algebra on R"n" and is preferred in integration théory
See also measurable function
Dina matematik, aljabar Borel (atawa Borel σ-aljabar) dina rohangan topologi nyaéta dua σ-aljabar séjén dina topologi rohangan "X": "Minimalna" σ-algebra dina hiji sét "X" eusina hiji bagian kumpulan "T" tina power set "2X" tina "X" nyaéta pangleutikna σ-algebra ngandung "T"
Ayana sarta "unik"na minimal σ-algebra bisa katempo kujalan merhatikeun yén papalimpang/"intersection" ti sadayana σ-algebras mibanda "T" kusorangan σ-algebra mibanda "T"
Unsur-unsur aljabar Borel anu disebat Borel sets
In general topological spaces, even locally compact ones, the two structures are different
They are however identical whenever the topological space is a locally compact separable metric space
In the case "X" is a metric space, the Borel algebra in the first sense may be described "generatively" as follows: First define for any collection "A" of subsets of "X" (that is, for any subset of the power set P("X") of "X"), formula_1 formula_2 Then define by transfinite recursion a sequence "Gm", "m" an ordinal number, as follows: formula_3 formula_4 formula_5 Then the
follows: formula_3 formula_4 formula_5 Then the Borel algebra is "Gm" for the first uncountable ordinal number "m"
To prove this fact, note that any open set in a metric space is the union of an incréasing sequence of closed sets
In particular, it is éasy to show that complementation of sets maps "Gm" into itself for any limit ordinal; moréover if "m" is an uncountable limit ordinal, "Gm" is closed under countable unions
This alternate definition is useful for some set-théoretic considerations, but the minimalist definition is preferred by analysts
A particularly important example is the Borel sigma algebra (or just "Borel algebra") on the set of real numbers
It is the algebra on which the Borel measure is defined
Given a réal random variable defined on a probability space, its probability distribution is by definition, also a méasure on the Borel algebra
The Borel algebra on the réals is the smallest sigma algebra on R which contains all the intervals
The following is one of a number of Kuratowski théorems on Borel spaces: A Borel space is just another name for a set equipped with a σ-algebra
Borel spaces form a category in which the maps are Borel méasurable mappings between Borel spaces, where "f:X" -&gt; "Y" is Borel méasurable iff "f-1(B)" is Borel in "X" for any Borel subset "B" of "Y"
Let "X" be a Polish space, that is a topological space such that there is a metric "d" on "X" which defines the topology of "X" and which makes "X" a complete separable metric space
Then "X" as a Borel space is isomorphic to one of (1) R, (2) Z or (3) a finite space
It should be noted that as Borel spaces R and R union with a countable set, are isomorphic
For subsets of Polish spaces, Borel sets can be characterized as those sets which are the ranges of continuous injective maps defined on Polish spaces
Note however, that the range of a continuous noninjective map may fail to be Borel
See analytic set
Baire set Rujukan
An excellent exposition of the machinery of "Polish topology" is given in Chapter 3 of the following reference:
Filsafat sacara étimologis ngandung harti 'cinta kawijakan', tina basa Yunani 'philo' (wijak) jeung 'sofia' (cinta)
Kiwari, istilah ieu mibanda ambahan anu lega ngawengku pangaweruh atawa kawijakan ngeunaan zat fundaméntal ngeunaan hirup, paéh, harti, kanyataan, jeung bebeneran
Istilah ieu bisa ogé nujul kana karya koléktif para filsuf utama; bisa dihartikeun éksplorasi akademis tina rupa-rupa pananya nu diangkat ku para filsuf; atawa bisa ogé dihartikeun kritik, pola pikir anu kréatif
Sababaraha ramatloka di handap ieu ngandung tumbu ka téks-téks filsafat "online"
Bukti nyaéta, "See also:" Law, Affidavit, Circumstantial evidence, Corroborating evidence, Rebuttal, chain of custody, Forensic evidence Evidence is also the enlightenment file-manager for Linux
Evidence is also the title of a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov
See: Evidence (Asimov)
Probabiliti formula_1 tina sababaraha kajadian formula_2 (dilambangkeun ku formula_3) is defined with respect to a "universe" or sample space formula_4 of all possible elementary events in such a way that formula_1 must satisfy the Kolmogorov axioms
Alternatively, a probability can be interpreted as a measure on a σ-algebra of subsets of the sample space, those subsets being the events, such that the méasure of the whole set equals 1
This property is important, since it gives rise to the natural concept of conditional probability
Every set formula_6 with non-zero probability defines another probability formula_7 on the space
This is usually réad as "probability of formula_8 given formula_6"
If the conditional probability of formula_8 given formula_6 is the same as the probability of formula_8, then formula_8 and formula_6 are said to be independent
In the case that the sample space is finite or countably infinite, a probability function can also be defined by its values on the elementary events formula_15 where formula_16
The following three axioms are known as the Kolmogorov axioms, after Andrey Kolmogorov who developed them
For any set formula_2, formula_18
That is, the probability of an event set is represented by a réal number between 0 and 1. formula_19 Second axiom
That is, the probability that some elementary event in the entire sample set will occur is 1
More specifically, there are no elementary events outside the sample set
This is often overlooked in some mistaken probability calculations; if you cannot precisely define the whole sample set, then the probability of any subset cannot be defined either
Any countable sequence of mutually disjoint events formula_20 satisfies formula_21
That is, the probability of an event set which is the union of other disjoint subsets is the sum of the probabilities of those subsets
This is called σ-additivity
If there is any overlap among the subsets this relation does not hold
For an algebraic alternative to Kolmogorov's approach, see algebra of random variables
Lemmas in probability
From the Kolmogorov axioms one can deduce other useful rules for calculating probabilities: formula_22 That is, the probability that A "or" B will happen is the sum of the probabilities that A will happen and that B will happen, minus the probability that A "and" B will happen
This can be extended to the inclusion-exclusion principle
formula_23 That is, the probability that any event will "not" happen is 1 minus the probability that it will
Using conditional probability as defined above, it also follows immediately that formula_24 That is, the probability that A "and" B will happen is the probability that A will happen, times the probability that B will happen "given" that A happened; this relationship gives Bayes' theorem
It then follows that A and B are independent if and only if formula_25
"philosopher") hartina jalma nu neuleuman, ngulik jeung ngahasilkeun pamikiran dina widang filsafat
Nu teu dibéréndélkeun di luhur: The Presocratics -- Epicurus place after Aristotle --Hellenistic Philosophers -- Cicero -- Avicenna -- Sir Thomas Browne -- Francis Bacon -- Thomas Reid -- Dugald Stewart -- James Mill -- Rudolf Steiner -- Albert Schweitzer -- G. E. Moore -- Albert Camus -- Georg Henrik von Wright -- Mortimer Adler -- Nelson Goodman -- Imre Lakatos -- Ayn Rand
-- Imre Lakatos -- Ayn Rand -- Paul Feyerabend -- Mario Bunge -- Douglas Hofstadter -- Pierre Teilhard de Chardin Filsuf Wétan
Gautama Buddha -- Confucius -- Lao Zi -- Rhazes -- Mencius -- Zhuang Zi -- Xun Zi -- Nagarjuna -- Bodhidharma -- Shankara -- Dogen -- Zhu Xi -- Feng Youlan -- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Landihan Filsuf "Medieval"
Sababaraha urang filsuf dibéré landihan Latin—boh dina jamanna, atawa ku para ahli sajarah
Pikeun conto: See Also the articles at: Philosophy, Eastern philosophy, Epistemology, Ethics, Metaphysics, Aesthetics, Ontology, Logic, Reason, Mathematicians, Scientists, List of philosophers, and a fuller listing at
Spearman-Brown prediction formula
Dina rékayasa sacara umum, reliabilitas nyaéta kamampuh hiji komponen atawa sistim dina éta komponen keur ditembongkeun salaku hasil disain
Tempo teori reliabilitas sarta disain sistim nu reliable
Program komputer dijieun keur ngitung sistim reliabiti nu kompleks ngagunakeun téhnik pemodelan reliabiliti
Dina widang telekomunikasi, watesan reliabilitas nyaéta: Source: from Federal Standard 1037C in support of MIL-STD-188 In psychometrics, reliability is the precision (i.e., freedom from error) of the scores of a méasure, see Reliability (psychometric)
In testing, reliability is the extent to which the méasurements resulting from a test are the result of characteristics of those being méasured
See Reliability for a fuller description
In engineering, reliability modélling is the process of predicting or understanding the reliability of a component or system
Two separate fields of investigation are common
The physics of failure approach uses an understanding of the failure mechanisms involved, such as crack propagation or chemical corrosion
The parts stress modelling approach is an empirical method for prediction based on counting the number and type of components of the system, and the stress they undergo during operation
Réaksi kondensasi (ogé katelah réaksi dehidrasi) nyaéta réaksi kimia nalika dua molekul atawa "moieties" meta bari ngaleupaskeun cai atawa amonia
Ieu bisa dianggap sabalikna ti réaksi hidrolisis, nyaéta meulah hiji zat kimia jadi dua bagian ku ayana cai
Réaksi kondensasi lumangsung dina dua hambalan: Larapan
Réaksi kieu dijadikeun dasar pikeun nyipta rupa-rupa polimér penting kayaning: nilon, poliéster, sarta rupa-rupa elém
Ieu ogé dijadikeun dasar pikeun nyipta silikat jeung polifosfat di laboratorium
Dina biologi, dibentukna adénosin difosfat jeung adénosin trifosfat prékursor jeung fosfat anorganik ogé mangrupa réaksi kondensasi
Réaksi nu ngahasilkeun anhidrida asam tina asam panyusunna biasana mangrupa réaksi kondensasi
Tangkal atawa Ki nyaéta méh sakabéh nu jaradi dina taneuh, iwal ti bangsa supa, jukut jeung sakur nu jadina ngarambat dina taneuh
Déndrokronologi atawa pananggalan cingcin tangkal nyaéta métodeu pananggalan ilmiah dumasar kana analisis pola cingcin tangkal
Téhnik ieu mitembeyan dikembangkeun awal abad ka-20 ku A. E. Douglass, nu ngadegkeun Laboratorium Panalungtikan Cingcin Tangkal di Universitas Arizona
Téhnik pananggalan ieu bisa méré umur dina taun kalénder pikeun kai
Sacara basajan, tatangkalan di wewengkon nu hawana sedeng numuwuhkeun hiji cingcin tumuwuh unggal taun
Tatangkalan numuwuhkeun cingcin taunan nu pasipatanana béda-béda gumantung cuaca, hujan, hawa, jsb
dina masing-masing périodeuna
Variasi ieu bisa dipaké pikeun mikanyaho variasi cuaca mangsa ka tukang
Sapanjang hirupna éta tatangkalan, catetan taunan atawa pola cingcin kabentuk kalawan ngagambarkeun kaayaan cuaca di mana éta tangkal hirup
Kalembaban nu cukup jeung usum tumuwuh nu lila bakal ngahasilkeun cingcin nu lébar, sedengkeun mangsa halodo bakal ngahasilkeun cingcin nu heureut
Tatangkalan di wewengkon nu sarua bakal némbongkeun pola nu sarua dina mangsa nu sarua
Tina pola cingcin tangkal ieu tina tatangkalan nu umurna lila, bisa ngahasilkeun kronologi
Lajeng urang bisa ngabandingkeun kai ti struktur heubeul atawa kuna kana kronologi nu geus jadi cecepengan urang, nyocogkeun pola cingcinna (hiji téhnik nu disebut pananggalan silang ("cross-dating"), sarta nangtukeun sacara jétu umur kai nu dipaké ku nu ngawangun jaman baheula
Karya munggaran nu museur kana ngukur lébar cingcin tangkal - gampang ngukurna jeung bisa dipatalikeun jeung paraméter iklim
Mun dina ukuran taunan tumuwuhna tatangkalan, aya ogé tapak séjén, utamana "maximum latewood density" is generally found to be a better proxy for temperature than ring width
It is, however, harder to méasure
Recently, the established connection between tree rings and climate appéars to be bréaking down
Briffa et al report in Nature, 1998: "During the second half of the twentieth century, the decadal-scale trends in wood density and summer temperatures have increasingly diverged as wood density has progressively fallen
The cause of this increasing insensitivity of wood density to temperature changes is not known..."
Laboratory analysis of timber core samples méasures the width of annual rings
By taking samples from different sites and different strata within a particular region, reséarchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence that becomes a part of the scientific record; for example, ancient timbers found in buildings can be dated to give an indication of when the source tree was alive and growing, setting an upper limit on the age of the wood
Some trees are more suitable than others for this type of analysis
Likewise, in aréas where trees grew in marginal conditions such as aridity or semi-aridity, the techniques of dendrochronology are more consistent than in humid aréas
These tools have been important in archaéological dating of timbers of the cliff dwellings of Native Americans in the arid Southwest
Mangpaat utama déndrokronologi nyaéta dina studi cuaca pikeun ngarékonstruksi variasi hawa mangsa nu geus ka tulkang
Tempo ogé catetan hawa mangsa saréwu taun ka tukang
Kauntungan déndrokronologi nyaéta yén pananggalanana akurat antukna bisa dipaké salaku kalibrasi
Pinus bristlecone nu umurna panjang sarta tumuwuhna alon, sok dipaké pikeun tujuan ieu, ngagunakeun spésimén nu hirup kénéh sarta nu geus paéh, nepi ka bisa kalacak pola cingcinna réwuan taun ka tukang
Pikeun tujuan pananggalan, di sababaraha wewengkon bisa némbongkeun runtuyan nepi ka sapuluh réwu taun
najan kitu, para ahli déndrokronologi nyanghareupan sababaraha masalah, di antarana ayana spésiés sireum nu nyayang na tangkal antukna ngaruksak struktur cingcinna
Karbon-14 (C-14) nyaéta isotop radioaktif karbon nu kapanggih 27 Pébruari 1940 ku Martin Kamen jeung Sam Ruben
Ayana dina bahan organik dipaké pikeun pananggalan radiokarbon
Waktu satengah C-14 nyaéta 5730 taun, luruh jadi N-14 dina "beta-decay"
Pananggalan radiométrik (Radiometric dating) nyaéta hiji téhnik nu dipaké pikeun nangtukeun umur bahan dumasar kana pangaweruh laju uray isotop alami jeung kandunganana kiwari
Aya sababaraha métode nu akurasina, béaya, jeung skala waktuna béda-béda
Dina matematika, ékstrapolasi téh hiji tipe interpolasi
Nalika hiji tabulasi fungsi diinterpolasikeun teu dina rentang anu geus ditangtukeun, nyaéta di luareun rentangna, mangka disebut ékstrapolasi
Ékstrapolasi sacara kasar mah bisa baé dianggap bener, tapi hasilna mah justru mindeng teu valid
Kalibrasi nyaéta nangtukeun nilai nu bener keur unggal bacaan dina alat ukur ku cara ngukur atawa ngabandingkeun jeung standar
Standarna dirawat ku organisasi nasional atawa internasional
Keur konstanta fisik, beurat, jeung ukuran, nilaina dipikanyaho sarta dipaké dina Sistim Satuan Internasional (SI), saperti konstanta panjang nyaéta méter, beurat dina kilogram, sarta eusi dina liter
Di Amérika, "National Institute of Standards and Technology", bagian tina pamaréntah féderal, ngarawat standar sarta mangrupa lembaga nu boga wewenang keur satuan SI jeung standar industri
NIST ogé "menelusuri", kaakuratan alat nu pakait jeung karusakan alat ukur maké standar turunan nu dirawat ku NIST, keur ngurangan kateupastian
Sistim Internasional (lambangna SI, sarua jeung tina asal hartina dina basa Prancis "Systéme International d'Unités"), nyaéta sistim unit nu pangumumna dipaké
Iwal di AS jeung Inggris, sistim ieu dipaké dina kahirupan sapopoé (utamana dagang) di sakuliah dunya, ogé dina widang ilmiah
SI was selected as a specific subset of the existing Metre-Kilogram-Second systems of units (MKS), rather than the older Centimetre-Gram-Second system of units (CGS)
Various new units were added with the introduction of the SI and at later times
SI is sometimes referred to as the metric system (especially in the United States, which has not widely adopted it, although it has been used more commonly in recent yéars, and the UK, where conversion is incomplete)
"Metric system" is a broader term which includes SI; however, not all metric units of méasurement are accepted as SI units
There are seven base units and several derived units, together with a set of prefixes
Non-SI units can be converted to SI units (or "vice versa") according to the conversion of units
The units of the SI are decided by a series of international conferences organised by the standards organization Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Buréau of Weights and Méasures)
The SI was first given its name in 1960, and last added to in 1971
The true origins of the SI or metric system date back to approximately 1640