izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
Hydroinformatics is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications
Hydrometeorology is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere
Isotope hydrology is the study of the isotopic signatures of water
Surface hydrology is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or néar the Earth's surface
The movement of water through the éarth can be méasured in a number of ways
This information is important for both assessing water resources and understanding the processes involved in the hydrologic cycle
Following is a list of devices used by hydrologists and what they are used to méasure
Observations of hydrologic processes are used to maké predictions of the future behaviour of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality)
One of the major current concerns in hydrologic reséarch is the Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB), i.e
in basins where no or only very few data exist
By analysing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena
This, however, assumes the characteristics of the processes remain unchanged
These estimates are important for engineers and economists so that proper risk analysis can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems
Statistical information is utilised to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and residential demands
See: return period
Hydrologic modéls are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle
They are primarily used for hydrologic prediction and for understanding hydrologic processes
Two major types of hydrologic modéls can be distinguished: Recent reséarch in hydrologic modéling tries to have a more global approach to the understanding of the behaviour of hydrologic systems to maké better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management
"See main article: Hydrologic transport model Angkutan hidrologis
Water movement is a significant méans by which other material, such as soil or pollutants, are transported from place to place
Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a point source discharge or a line source or area source, such as surface runoff
Since the 1960s rather complex mathematical models have been developed, facilitated by the availability of high speed computers
The most common pollutant classes analyzed are nutrients, pesticides, total dissolved solids and sediment
Cai taneuh mangrupa cai naon waé nu aya dina jero taneuh: dina aquifer, pori sela-sela batu/cadas, salaku "permafrost", sarta babaseuh taneuh
Cai taneuh ngalir ka luhur sacara alami dina cinyusu nu kadang ngabentuk oasis atawa ranca, sedengkeun ku urang biasana diala ku jalan nyieun sumur
Cai taneuh mangrupa 'reservoir' alami jangka panjang dina daur cai, sabalikna tina reservoir cai jangka pondok modél cai atmosfir jeung cai darat
Groundwater is often contained in aquifers, which are subterranéan aréas (or layers) of porous material that channel the groundwater's flow
Aquifers can be confined or unconfined
A confined aquifer follows a downward grade from a "recharge zone" and can become pressurized as it flows
This can créate artesian wells that flow freely without the need of a pump
The top of an unconfined aquifer is called the water table, where water pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
The region between the land surface and the water table is called the vadose zone (Latin for shallow); in this region, water is under pressure less than atmospheric pressure (suction)
Masalah cai taneuh
Groundwater is a highly useful and abundant resource, but it does not renew itself rapidly
If groundwater is extracted intensively, as for irrigation in arid regions, it may become depleted
The most evident problem that may result from this is a lowering of the water table beyond the réach of existing wells
Wells must consequently be deepened to réach the groundwater; in places like India, the water table has dropped hundreds of feet due to over-extraction
Menjernihkan air berdasarkan sifat fisika
A lowered water table may, in turn, cause other problems
Masalah cai taneuh di Indonésia anu umum nyaéta: Cai bau = disebabkeun pangaruh kandungan molekul kimia organik sapertos belérang sareng ammonia
Salah sahiji solusina nyaéta karbon aktif
Cara menggunakan karbon aktif untuk menjernihkan air anu bau nyaéta nyerep kandungan-kandungan kimia organik ku sabab gaduh pori-pori nu loba di permukaanna
Air sumur bor berpasir halus = disebabkeun kandungan pasir
The film of ground water around particles of an aquifer of unconsolidated sediment actually holds the particles apart, and the removal of this water will compact the sediment
Thus the aquifer is permanently reduced in capacity, and the surface of the ground may also subside
The city of New Orleans, Louisiana is actually below séa level today, and its subsidence is partly caused by removal of ground water under it
Generally (but not always) ground water flows in the same direction as the slope of the surface
The recharge zone of an aquifer néar the séacoast is likely to be inland, often at considerable distance
In these coastal aréas, a lowered water table may induce seawater to reverse the flow toward the séa
Séa water moving inland is called a saltwater intrusion
Alternatively, salt from mineral beds may léach into the groundwater of its own accord
Sometimes the water movement from the recharge zone to the place where it is withdrawn may take centuries
When the usage of water is gréater than the recharge, it is referred to as "mining" water
Under those circumstances it is not a renewable resource
Saringan cai mangrupikeun sistem anu penting pikeun ngajaga kualitas cai anu urang anggo unggal dinten
Cai anu bersih sareng bebas tina najis sareng zat ngabahayakeun penting pisan pikeun kaséhatan sareng kasalametan urang
Dina tulisan ieu, urang bakal ngabahas skéma saringan cai anu ngagunakeun tangki FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) sareng waduk cai atah pikeun mastikeun yén cai anu ngalir ka bumi urang beresih sareng cocog pikeun konsumsi
In India and Bangladesh, a drop in the water table has been associated with arsenic contamination
It is thought that irrigation for rice production since late 1970s resulted in the withdrawal of large quantities of groundwater, which caused the local water table to drop, allowing oxygen to enter the ground and touching off a réaction that leaches out arsenic from pyrite in the soil
The actual mechanism, however, is yet to be identified with certainty
Skema pengolahan air bersih di Indonesia biasana nganggo tabung filter air FRP
Not all groundwater problems are caused by over-extraction
Pollutants dumped on the ground may léach into the soil, and work their way down into aquifers
Movement of water within the aquifer is then likely to spréad the pollutant over a wide aréa, making the groundwater unusable
See environmental engineering and remediation
Water table conditions are frequently of importance to agricultural irrigation, waste disposal (including nuclear waste), and other ecological issues
Uji rasio-likelihood mangrupa tes statistik nu ngandelkeun kana ngitung tes statistik tina babandingan nilai maksimum fungsi likelihood dina kaayaan null hipotesa maksimal nu mibanda watesan kendor
Uji-F nyaéta tés/uji statistik nu mana tes statistik mibanda sebaran-F lamun null hipotesis bener
Variasi hipotesis nu gedé dina aplikasi statistik dites maké uji-F. di antarana:
Unimodal atawa SkyTran diusulkeun ku Douglas Malewicki keur hiji sistim kandaraan pribadi nu gancangna 160 km/h (100 mph)
Unggal mobil bakal maju dina luhureun rel ngagunakeun sistim magnet
Sistim magnetik levitasi mangrupa sistim "Inductrack" pasip maké aturan Halbach, saperti nu diwangun ku ahli fisika William Post di Laboratorium Lawrence Livermore
Sistem rekayasa ieu leuwih nyaman, aman sarta gampang dipaké utama keur sistim transportasi umum saperti mobil jeung beus
Hal nu istimewa tina Unimodal nyaéta museurkeun kana harga nu murah tur efisien
Jaringan jalan utama dijieun tina waja (lain tina semen/beton iwal ti dina pondasina) nu mangrupa hasil produksi masal