izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
Masarakat Samin anu dumuk di dusun kasebut, nyaéta figur inohong atawa jalma-jalma kolot anu gigih bajoang nangtang Kolonial Walanda kalawan gerakan anu dipikawanoh minangka Gerakan Saminisme, anu dipingpin ku Ki Samin Surosentiko
Dina Komunitas Samin euweuh istilah pikeun mantuan Pamaréntah Walanda kawas nampik mayar pajeg, henteu daék gawé babarengan, henteu daék ngajual sumawona mikeun hasil bumi ka Pamaréntah Walanda
Prinsip dina merangan kolonial Walanda ngaliwatan penanaman ajaran Saminisme anu hartina sami-sami amin (babarengan) anu dicerminkan sarta dumasar kana kakuatan, kajujuran, kababarengan sarta kabasajananan
Dangong perjuangan maranéhanana bisa ditempo tina profil jelema samin nyaéta gaya hirup anu henteu dipapaesan ku harta, henteu jadi antek Walanda, rajin digawé, berdoa, puasa sarta méré maweh ka sasama
Babasan-babasan anu mindeng diajarkeun di antarana: dangong lahir anu leumpang babarengan jeung batin diungkabkeun anu unina sabar, narima, relo tur trokal (rajin digawé), henteu daék ngarugikeun batur diungkabkeun dina dangong sepi ing pamrih ramé ing gawe sarta sok ati-ati dina ngomong diungkabkeun 'Ojo waton ngomong, ning ngomong kang maton'
Lokasi balaréa Samin (dusun Jepang) mibanda prospek pikeun dikembangkan jadi obyek Wisata Minat Husus atawa Wisata Budaya Balaréa Samin ngaliwatan pengembangan paket Wisata Homestay babarengan jeung balaréa Samin
Hal anu narik dina paket ieu nyaéta para wisatawan bisa ngarasakeun kaayaan sarta gaya hirup has balaréa Samin
Pikeun taratas kasebut, kawijakan anu geus dipigawé nyaéta ngaliwatan ditatana kampung sarta disayagakeunana fasilitas sosial dasar
Tayub mangrupa tari pergaulan nu kasohor keur masarakat Bojonegoro jeung sabudeureunnana
Tarian ieu biasana dipigawé ku lalaki kalawan dipirig ku gamelan sarta tembang Jawa anu ditembangkeun ku waranggono anu sairna pinuh ku papatah jeung ajaran
Pintonan tari ieu réa dipaké pikeun ngareuah-reuah kagiatan hajatan anu réa dilaksanakeun ku warga Bojonegoro atawa kagiatan kabudayaan anu séjén
Biasana dina ngayakeun kagiatanana, tarian tayub ieu geus terkoordinir dina hiji jumplukan nu tangtu kalawan ngaran has séwang-séwangan
Biasana jumplukan-jumplukan tari tayub ieu réa aya di Kacamatan Temayang sarta Bubulan anu perenahna kira-kira 30 Km ti Kacamatan Kota Bojonegoro
Wayang Thengul nyaéta wayang has Bojonegoro dina wangun 3 dimensi nu dibarengan ku gamelan pelog/salendro
Najan wayang thengul ieu arang dipintonkeun deui, wayang ieu tetep "dilestarikan" di Kabupatén Bojonegoro, hususna di Kacamatan Kanor nu jarakna ± 40 Km ti Kota Bojonegoro
Sedengkeun jalan carita wayang thengul lolobana nyokot tina carita menak
Karajinan Mebel Kayu Jati
Produk unggulan ieu geus lila kasohor tur mibanda kualitas ekspor, sabab Bojonegoro mangrupa panghasil kayu jati berkualitas
Corak jeung disaina geus disaluyukeun jeung situasi jaman, boh lomari, buffet, meja, korsi atawa tempat sare
Karajinan Bubut - Cukit
Wangun suvenir kayu jati has Bojonegoro nu tetep nonjolkeun guratan kayu jati, ngagarapna dilakukeun sacara taliti tur detil, tapi tetep mempertimbangkeun aspek estetika
Hususna mangrupa miniatur mobil, sapedah motor, beca, kareta api, jam tembok atawa guci, hiasan interior
Kaajinan Limbah Kayu
Kaajinan limbah kayu jati nu diwangn jadi karya seni dina sababaraha modél gus tepi ka pasar ekspor ka sababaraha nagara
Karajinan Batu Onix
Bojonegoro boga tambang batu onix nu kacid alobana antukna sababaraha produk karajinan onix bisa dihasilkeun kalayan kualitas nu nyugemakeun
Puseur karajinan batu onix aya di Kacamatan Bubulan
Lédré nyaéta kadaharan has Bojonegoro
Wanguna "gapit" (siga emping gulung) kalayan bau has cau raja nu amis
Kacida cocogna keur batur nginum entéh katut susuguh keur sémah atawa keur oléh-oléh
Salak Wedi rasana amis, "masir", "renyah", seger jeung galedé
Bisa dipanggihan dina unggal buruan imah di désa Wedi jeung sabudeureunana
Bédana antara salak Wedi jeung salak liana saperti salak Pondoh, nyaéta kandungan caina leuwih loba antukna salak Wedi karasa leuwih seger
Salak Wedi geus kasohor ti mangsa puluhan malahan ratusan taun ka tukang, nu sacara turun tumurun geus ngajadi sumber beubeunangan warga désa Wedi
Cenah mah asal muasal bibit ieu salak téh mimitina dibawa ku hiji ulama nu ngajarkeun Islam di désa Wedi
Tina éta bibit tuluy tumuwuh nepikeun ka lain ngan ukur di désa Wedi, tapi ogé désa-désa sabudeureunana kayaning Kalianyar jeung Tanjungharjo
Balingbing nu sasikina beuratna 2 - 3 ons bisa kapanggih di kebon buah désa Ngringinrejo, Kacamatan Kalitidu, Bojonegoro
Rasana amis, seger jeung seungit, kacida cocogna keur hidangan panutup, rujak jeung sajabana
Agro wisata bako
Bojonegoro téh ngahasilkeun bako virginia panggedéna di Indonésia tur geus kacida lilana kawentar minangka bako panghadéna di dunya
Héjo ngémplohna bako ampir di sakuliah wewengkon Bojonegoro bisa katempo antara bulan Méi - Oktober
Koala "(Phascolarctos cinereus)" nyaéta thickset herbivora marsupial arboreal asli Australia, sarta mangrupa wawakil kulawarga Phascolarctidae nu aya kénéh
Koala kapanggih di wewengkon basisir wetan jeung kidul Australia, ti deukeuteun Adelaide ka bagéan kidul Bojong Cape York
Populasina nambahan for considerable distances inland in regions with enough moisture to support suitable woodlands
Koala Australia Kidul were largely exterminated during the éarly part of the 20th century, but the state has since been repopulated with Victorian stock
The Koala is not found in Tasmania or Western Australia
The word "koala" comes from the Dharuk word "gula."
Closely related words appéar in other Australian Aboriginal languages, including: It is commonly said that the common name 'Koala' is an Aboriginal word méaning "no drink" although there is no evidence to support this
Koalas do drink water, but only rarely, due to their diet consisting of eucalypt leaves, which contain sufficient water to obviate the need for the Koala to descend to ground level to drink
éarly Européan settlers to Australia called the Koala the Native Béar, and the Koala is still sometimes called the Koala Béar, but it is not a member of the bear family
It is not even a placental mammal (which most mammals are)—it is a marsupial
The Koala's scientific name (Phascolarctos cinereus) comes from the Greek: "phaskolos" méaning "pouch" and "arktos" méaning "bear"
The "cinereus" epithet is Latin and méans "ash-coloured"
Although three subspecies have been described, these are arbitrary selections from a cline and are not generally accepted as valid
Following Bergmann's Rule, southern individuals from the cooler climates are larger
A typical Victorian Koala (formerly "P. cinereus victor") has longer, thicker fur, is a darker, softer grey, often with chocolate-brown highlights on the back and foréarms, and has a more prominently light-coloured ventral side and fluffy white éar tufts
Typical and New South Wales Koala weights are 12 kg for males and 8.5 kg for females
In tropical and sub-tropical Queensland, however, the Koala is smaller (at around 6.5 kg for an average male and just over 5 kg for an average female), a lighter, often rather scruffy grey in colour, and has shorter, thinner fur
In Queensland the Koala was previously classified as the subspecies "P. cinereus adustus", and the intermediate forms in New South Wales as "P. cinereus cinereus"
The variation from one form to another is continuous and there are substantial differences between individual Koalas in any given region such as hair colour
The origins of the koala are uncléar, although almost certainly they descended from terrestrial wombat-like animals
Koala fossils are quite rare, but some have been found in northern Australia dating to 20 million yéars ago
During this time, the northern half of Australia was rainforest
The Koala did not specialise in a diet of eucalypts until the climate cooled and eucalypts forests grew in the place of rainforests
The fossil record indicates that before 50,000 yéars ago, Giant Koalas inhabited the southern regions of Australia
The Koala fills the same ecological role as the sloth of South America
The Koala is broadly similar in appéarance to the wombats (the closest living relatives), but has a thicker, more luxurious coat, much larger éars, and longer limbs, which are equipped with large, sharp claws to assist with climbing
Weight varies from about 14 kg for a large, southern male, to about 5 kg for a small northern female
Contrary to popular belief, their fur is coarse, not soft and cuddly
Koalas' five digits are arranged with opposable thumbs, providing better gripping ability
The first two digits are position in apposition on the front paws, and the first three digits for the hind paws
The Koala is one of the few mammals (other than primates) that has fingerprints
In fact, koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two
Furthermore, the male koala, like many marsupials, has a bifurcated penis and the female has a bifurcated vagina
The Koala has an unusually small brain, with about 40% of the cranial cavity being filled with fluid, while the brain itself is like "a pair of shrivelled walnut halves on top of the brain stem, in contact neither with each other nor the bones of the skull
It is the only animal on Earth with such a strangely reduced brain."
It is a generally silent animal, but males have a very loud advertising call that can be héard from almost a kilometre away during the breeding séason
There is little reliable information about the lifespan of the Koala, but in captivity they have been observed to réach the age of 15 yéars
The inverted thumbs on the Koala's back feet help for grip while the koala changes branches or éats with its front hands
Females réach maturity at 2 to 3 yéars of age, males at 3 to 4 yéars
If héalthy, a female Koala can produce one young éach yéar for about 12 yéars
Gestation is 35 days; twins are very rare
Mating normally occurs between December and March, the Southern Hemisphere's summer
A baby Koala is referred to as a joey and is hairless, blind, and éarless
At birth the joey, only a quarter of an inch long, crawls into the downward-facing pouch on the mother's belly (which is closed by a drawstring-like muscle that the mother can tighten at will) and attaches itself to one of the two teats
Koalas retain the réarward-facing pouch of their terrestrial vomaboid ancestors
Young remain hidden in the pouch for about six months, only feeding on milk
During this time they grow éars, eyes, and fur
The joey then begins to explore outside of the pouch
At about this stage it begins to consume small quantities of the mother’s "pap" (formerly thought to be excrement, but now thought to come from the mother's caecum) in order to inoculate its gut with the microbes necessary to digest eucalypt léaves
The baby Koala will remain with the mother for another six months or so, riding on her back, and feeding on both milk and eucalypt léaves until wéaning is complete at about 12 months of age
Young females disperse to néarby aréas at that time; young males often stay in the mother's home range until they are two or three yéars old
Ekologi jeung kalakuan
The Koala lives almost entirely on eucalypt léaves
This is likely to be an evolutionary adaptation that takes advantage of an otherwise unfilled ecological niche, since eucalypt léaves are low in protein, high in indigestible substances, and contain phenolic and terpene compounds that are toxic to most species
Like wombats and sloths, the Koala has a very low metabolic rate for a mammal and rests motionless for about 19 hours a day, sleeping most of that time
Koalas that are disturbed are known to be violent, their teeth and claws capable of providing considerable injury to humans; special handling requirements are as such applicable
Handling of koalas has been a source of political contention due to these risks, which can also cause harm to the koala as well
Koalas spend about three of their five active hours éating
Feeding occurs at any time of day, but usually at night
An average Koala éats 500 grams of eucalypt léaves éach day, chewing them in its powerful jaws to a very fine paste before swallowing
The liver déactivates the toxic components réady for excretion, and the hind gut (especially the caecum) is gréatly enlarged to extract the maximum amount of nutrient from the poor quality diet
Much of this is done through bacterial fermentation: when young are being weaned, the mother passes unusually soft faeces, called pap, which is rich in these bacteria, thus passing these essential digestive aids on to her offspring
The Koala will éat the léaves of a wide range of eucalypts, and occasionally even some non-eucalypt species, but it has firm preferences for particular varieties
These preferences vary from one region to another: in the south Manna Gum, Blue Gum and Swamp Gum are favoured; Grey Gum and Tallowwood are important in the north, and the ubiquitous River Red Gum of the isolated séasonal swamps and watercourses that méander across the dry inland plains allows the Koala to exist in surprisingly arid aréas
Many factors determine which of the 800 species of eucalypt trees the Koala éats
Among trees of their favourite species, however, the major factor that determines which individual trees the Koala chooses is the concentration of a group of phenolic toxins called formylated phloroglucinol compounds
The Koala was hunted almost to extinction in the éarly 20th century, largely for its fur
In recent yéars, some colonies have been hard hit by diséase, especially chlamydia
The Koala requires large aréas of héalthy, connected forest and will travel long distances along tree corridors in séarch of new territory and mates
The ever-incréasing human population of the coastal parts of the continent continues to cut these corridors by agricultural and residential development, forestry and road-building, marooning Koala colonies in decréasing aréas of bush
The Australian Koala Foundation has mapped 40,000 sq.km
of land for Koala habitat and claims it has strong evidence to suggest wild Koala populations are in serious decline throughout the species natural range
Although the species covers a massive aréa, only 'pieces' of Koala habitat remain
These pieces need to be managed, protected and restored in a coordinated way
Presently, many are being lost to weeds, cléared for agriculture, or carved up by developers
Other thréats come from logging, poor management, attacks from feral and domestic animals, diséase and roads
In contrast to the situation on much of the mainland, where populations are declining, the Koalas of many island and isolated populations have réached what some have described as "plague" proportions
On Kangaroo Island in South Australia, Koalas introduced some 90 yéars ago have thrived in the absence of predators and competition
Combined with an inability to migrate to new aréas, this has caused the Koala populations to become unsustainable and thréaten the Island's unique ecology
In particular, species of Manna Gum, native to the island, are being stripped by Koalas at a rate faster than they can regenerate, endangering local birds and invertebrates that rely on them, and causing the extinction of at léast one isolated population of manna
Koala numbers are estimated at over 30,000, with ecologists suggesting that the Island can sustain 10,000 at most
Although culling has been suggested as a méans to reduce Koala numbers, with the South Australian Government seriously considering such in 1996, this has met with fierce opposition both domestically and internationally, and the species remains protected
The popularity of the Koala has made the possibility of a cull politically improbable, with any negative perception likely to impact tourism and a government's electability
In place of a cull, sterilisation and translocation programmes have had only limited success in reducing numbers thus far, and remain expensive
There is evidence that Koalas relocated to the mainland have difficulty establishing themselves in the different circumstances
A mooted alternative to the complex sterilisation method, wherein the animal must first be captured, are hormonal implants that can be injected via darts
The Koala inhabits four Australian states
Under state legislation, the species is listed as: A review of the species national conservation status concluded that the koala are not thréatened at a national scale, with a population that numbers in the hundreds of thousands
This was the third review undertaken by the federal government that came to this conclusion
The IUCN lists the species as "Lower Risk / Near Threatened"
As with most native Australian animals, the Koala cannot legally be kept as a pet in Australia without a permit
Dina fisika, rohangan kosong mangrupa konsép tina teori elektromagnetik, pakait jeung "rohangan hampa sampurna"
Rohangan hampa boga harti yén "teu aya matrial" atawa "fenomena fisika" iwal fénoménaanu keur ditaliti
Rohangan kosong dianggap mangrupa kaayaan dasar medan elektromagnetik
Enerji pancaran anu ngarambat ngaliwatan rohangan kosong dina bentuk gelombang elektromagnetik, saperti gelombang radio jeung cahaya katenjo (di antarana frékuénsi-frékuénsispectrum elektromagnetik)
Harga konstan formula_1 dikenal minangka "permeabilitas rohangan kosong"
permittivitas rohangan hampa, formula_2, mangrupa rasio tina electric displacement field jeung medan listrik dina rohangan hampa
Nurutkeun toeri relativitas, énérgi pancaran dina rohangan kosong ngarambat dina laju cahaya, henteu gumantung kana laju pangawas atawa sumber asal gelombang
Ideal states and real-world applications
Free space conveys that the region is absolutely devoid of matter and has no external fields or forces other than those considered in the problem at hand
Free space, with a gaséous pressure of absolute zero is a mathematical idéalization
For example, in the "vacuum" of outer space, there are small quantities of matter (mostly hydrogen), and cosmic noise
The density of the interplanetary medium and interstellar medium though is extremely low, and, for many applications, the interplanetary and interstellar regions are "free space"
The cosmic microwave background has a temperature of 2.725 K, which implies a photon density of about 400 /cm³
Free space is a philosophical concept that is never observed in practice
The United States Patent Office defines ""free space" for radio and radar applications as "space where the movement of energy in any direction is substantially unimpeded, such as the atmosphere, the ocean, or the earth"
(US Patent Class 342, Class Notes ) This is considerably different from the théoretical definition of free space as there exists considerable material in all of the USPTO's examples
As per this definition, at various electromagnetic frequencies some density conditions are réasonable approximations to free space
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Républik Indonésia (RI) nyaéta hiji nagara di Asia Tenggara, nu diliwatan ku gurat khatulistiwa jeung aya di antara Buana Asia jeung Australia sarta antara Samudra Pasifik jeung Samudra Hindia
Indonésia mangrupa nagara kapuloan nu panggedéna sadunya, diwangun ku 13.487 pulo, ku kituna disebut ogé [[Nusantara]] ("pulo luar", Jawa dianggap salaku puseurna)
Kalawan populasi disawang 270 yuta jiwa dina taun 2020, Indonésia minangka nagara nu populasina panglobana kaopat sadunya sarta nagara populasi pangagem [[Islam]] nu panglobana sadunya, sanajan sacara resmi Indonésia lain [[Républik Islam|nagara Islam]]
Wangun pamaréntahan Indonésia nyaéta [[républik]], kalawan [[Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat Indonésia|Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat]], [[Déwan Perwakilan Daérah Indonésia|Déwan Perwakilan Daérah]], jeung [[Présidén Indonésia|Présidén]] nu dipilih langsung ku rahayatna
Puseur dayeuh nagara Indonésia nyaéta [[Daérah Husus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]]
Indonésia boga wates wewengkon jeung [[Malaysia]] di [[Pulo Kalimantan]], [[Papua Nugini]] di [[Pulo Papua]], sarta [[Timor Lésté]] di [[Pulo Timor]]
Indonésia mangrupa anggota [[PBB]] sarta sahiji-hijina anggota PBB nu kungsi kaluar ti organisasi éta
Salian éta, Indonésia ogé anggota ti [[ASEAN]], [[APEC]], [[OSI]] jeung [[G-20]]
Kecap "Indonésia" asalna ti [[Basa Latin]] tina kecap "dus" nu hartina "Hindia" sarta kecap [[Basa Yunani]] "nesos" nu hartina "pulo"
Jadi, lamun ditilik sacara harti kecap "Indonésia" hartina [[wewengkon]] Hindia kapuloan, atanapi kapuloan nu aya di Hindia, nu nunjukkeun yén ngaran ieu geus aya saméméh Indonésia jadi nagara daulat
Dina taun 1850, [[George Earl]], [[étnologi|etnolog]] nu asalna ti nagara Inggris, mimiti ngusulkeun sesebutan "Indunesia" jeung "Malayunesia" pikeun pangeusi "Kapuloan Hindia atawa Kapuloan Melayu"
Murid éarl, [[James Richardson Logan]], maké kecap "Indonésia" salaku sinonim ti "Kapuloan India"
Tapi, panulisan akademik Walanda di média Hindia-Walanda teu maké kecap "Indonésia", tapi "Kapuloan Melayu" ("Maleische Archipel"); "Hindia Wétan Walanda" ("Nederlandsch Oost Indië"), atawa "Hindia" ("Indië"); "Wétan" ("de Oost"); sarta "Insulinde" (istilah ieu diwanohkeun taun 1860 dina novel "[[Max Havelaar]]" (1859), yasana [[Multatuli]], ngeunaan kritik kana kolonialisme Walanda)
Saprak taun 1900, ngaran Indonésia jadi leuwih ilahar dina lingkungan akademik di luareun [[Walanda]] , sarta golongan nasionalis Indonésia maké kecap éta dina widang pulitik
[[Adolf Bastian]] ti [[Universitas Humboldt Bérlin|Universitas Bérlin]] ngawanohkeun ngaran ieu dina buku "Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894"
Pelajar Indonésia munggaran nu maké ngaran ieu nyaéta [[Ki Hajar Dewantara|Suwardi Suryaningrat]] (Ki Hajar Dewantara), nalika anjeunna ngawangun kantor warta di Walanda nu ngaranna "Indonesisch Pers Bureau" dina taun 1913
Titinggal fosil-fosil "[[Homo erectus]]", nu ku [[Antropologi|antropolog]] ogé dilandi "[[Manusa Jawa]]", mawa pamadegan yén kapuloan Indonésia geus dieusian antara 2 yuta nepi ka 500.000 taun kaliwat.. Bangsa [[Austronésia]], nu ayeuna mangrupa mayoritas pangeusi Indonésia, pindah ka Asia Tenggara ti [[Formosa]]
Maranéhna disawang nepi ka Indonésia dina taun 2000 SM, sarta ngabalukarkeun Bangsa [[Mélanésia]] nu geus aya saméméhna kagigirkeun ka wewengkon nu jauh di beulah wétan
Kaayaan nu cocog pikeun tatanén ngabalukarkeun geu ayana kaahlian [[Sawah|melak paré]] saprak [[abad ka-8 SM]]
ku kituna ngabalukarkeun ogé ku lobana désa, kota, jeung karajaan-karajaan leutik tumuwuh jeung mekar dina [[abad ka-1]] M. Salian ti éta, Indonésia nu aya di jalur perdagangan laut internasional jeung antar pulo, geus jadi jalur lalayaran antara India jeung Cina dina sababaraha abad
Sajarah Indonésia saterusna boga loba pangaruh ti kagiatan paniagaan éta
[[Gambar:Borobudur ship.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Rélief kapal di Candi [[Borobudur]], +800 M.]] Ti pangaruh agama [[Hindu]] jeung [[Buddha]], sababaraha karajaan ngadeg di pulo [[Kalimantan]], [[Sumatra]], jeung [[Jawa]] saprak [[abad ka-4]] nepi ka [[abad ka-14]]
[[Karajaan Kutai|Kutai]], nyaéta karajaan nu pangkolotna di Indonésia nu ngadeg dina abad ka-4 di hulu [[Walungan Mahakam]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]]
Di wewengkon kulon Pulo Jawa, dina abad ka-4 nepi ka ka-7 M aya Karajaan [[Tarumanagara]]
Dina abad ka-7 aya Karajaan Malayu nu puseurna di [[Kota Jambi|Jambi]], Sumatra
[[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] ngéléhkeun Malayu sarta jadi karajaan maritim nu pangkuatna di wewengkon [[Nusantara]]
Wewengkon kakawasaanna ngawengku Sumatra, Jawa, samenanjung Melayu, ogé ngawasaan paniagaan di Selat Malaka, Selat Sunda, sarta Laut Cina Kidul
Kadatangan padagang-padagang [[urang Arab|Arab]] jeung [[urang Pérsia|Pérsia]] liwat Gujarat, India, tuluy mawa agama [[Islam]]
[[Samudera Pasai]] nu ngadeg dina taun [[1267]], mangrupa karajaan Islam kahiji di Indonésia
Indonésia ogé mangrupa nagara nu kungsi diéréh ku loba nagara
Ieu di handap nyaéta sababaraha nagara nu kungsi ngaéréh atawa ngajajah sakabéh atawa sabagian wewengkon Indonésia
Nalika urang [[éropa]] daratang di mimiti [[abad ka-16]], maranéhna manggih sababaraha karajaan nu gampang diéléhkeun pikeun ngawasaan perdagangan rempah-rempah
Portugis mimiti nepi di 2 palabuan [[Karajaan Sunda]] nyaéta [[Banten]] jeung [[Padrao Sunda Kalapa|Sunda Kalapa]], tapi bisa ditundung jeung teras pindah ka wétan ngawasaan [[Maluku]]
Dina [[abad ka-17]], [[Walanda]] ngéléhkeun [[Britania Raya]] jeung [[Portugal]] (iwal di [[Timor Portugis]])
Disawang mangsa harita ageman [[Kristen]]kmimiti sumebar dindonésia salaku salah sahiji tujuan imperialisme lawas nu kawanoh salaku "3G", nyaéta "[[Gold, Glory, and Gospel]]" atanapi "Emas, Kajayaan, jeung Ageman"
Walanda ngawasaan Indonésia salaku wewengkon jajahan nepi ka [[Perang Dunya II]]
KaMimitina [[VOC]], tapi tuluy ku pamaréntah Walanda saprak awal abad ka-19
[[file:Raden Sarief Bastaman Saleh - Johannes Graaf van den Bosch.jpg|left|200px|thumb|[[Johannes van den Bosch]], panaratas "Cultuurstelsel".]]
Walanda nyieun sistim "[[Cultuurstelsel]]" ("Sistem Pamelakan") dina abad ka-19, nyaéta sistim melak kebon-kebon garedé sarta pelak paksa nu sakabéhna dilaksanakeun di Jawa, nu méré kauntungan pikeun Walanda nu teu bisa dihasilkeun ku VOC
Dina jaman pamaréntahan panjajahan nu leuwih bébas sanggeus [[1870]], sistim ieu dihapus
Sanggeus [[1901]] pihak Walanda ngawanohkeun [[Pulitik étis|Kawijakan étis]], nu ngawengku parobahan pulitik nu tangtu sarta invéstasi nu leuwih gedé di Hindia-Walanda
Dina jaman Perang Dunya II, nalika Walanda dijajah ku [[Jérman]], [[Jepang]] ngawasaan Indonésia
Indonésia dieréh deui dina taun [[1942]], Jepang nempo yén para pajuang Indonésia mangrupa batur paniagaan nu kooperatif jeung bisa milu jadi prajurit lamun dibutuhkeun
[[Sukarno]], [[Mohammad Hatta]], [[Mas Mansur, Kiai Haji|KH
Mas Mansur]], jeung [[Ki Hajar Dewantara]] dibéré pangajén ku [[Hirohito|Kaisar Jepang]] dina taun [[1943]]
[[file:Presiden Sukarno.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Sukarno]], présidén kahiji Indonésia.]]
Dina Maret [[1945]], Jepang ngawangun hiji komite pikeun kamerdikaan Indonésia
Sanggeus [[Perang Pasifik]] bérés dina taun 1945, dina tekenan organisasi nonoman, Soekarno-Hatta [[Proklamasi Kamerdikaan Indonésia|ngadéklarasikeun]] kamerdikaan Indonésia dina [[17 Agustus]] [[1945]]
[[Sukarno]] jadi [[Présidén Indonésia]], sarta [[Mohammad Hatta]] jadi [[Wakil Présidén Indonésia]]
Dina usaha ngawasaan deui Indonésia, Walanda ngirimkeun pasukanna
Usaha-usaha ngalawan pergerakan kamerdikaan Indonésia ieu tuluy dipikawanoh ku Walanda salaku 'aksi kapulisian' ("Politionele Actie"), atanapi ku Indonésia dipikawanoh minangka 'Agrési Militér'
Walanda ahirna ngaku kamerdikaan Indonésia dina [[27 Désémber]] [[1949]] salaku nagara [[féderal]] nu disebut [[Républik Indonésia Sarikat]] sanggeus aya tekenan ti kalangan internasional, utamana [[Amérika Sarikat]]
Mosi Integral [[Natsir]] dina 17 Agustus 1950, ngahudangkeun balikna Negara Kesatuan Républik Indonésia sarta ngabubarkeun Républik Indonésia Sarikat
Dina jaman 1950-an jeung 1960-an, pamaréntahan Sukarno milu sakaligus naratas [[gerakan non-blok]] awalna, tapi tujuanna sangkan leuwih deukeut jeung blok [[sosialisme|sosialis]], saperti [[Républik Rahayat Cina]] jeung [[Yugoslavia]]
Taun 1960-an minangka saksi ayana konfrontasi militér jeung [[Malaysia]] ("[[Konfrontasi Indonésia-Malaysia|Konfrontasi]]"), sarta kateupuasan kana héséna ékonomi
Salajuna dina 1965 aya kajadian [[G30S]] nu nyababkeun maotna 6 [[jendral]] sarta sababaraha [[perwira]] tengah lianna
Kaluar kakuatan anyar nu dilandi "[[Orde Baru]]" (Ordeu Anyar) nu nuduh [[Partéy Komunis Indonésia]] salaku dalang kajadian jeung boga maksud ngaléngsérkeun pamaréntahan nu keur aya sarta ngarobah dasar nagara kana paham [[sosialisme|sosialis]]-[[komunisme|komunis]]
Tuduhan ieu sakaligus dijadikeun alesan pikeun ngaganti pamaréntahan saméméhna dina paréntah Sukarno kana pamaréntahan nu anyar
Jendral [[Soeharto]] jadi Présidén Indonésia dina taun [[1967]] maké alesan pikeun ngamankeun nagara tina bahya [[komunisme]]
Ratusan rébu warga Indonésia nu dianggap milu pihak komunis ditelasan, samentara loba warga Indonésia nu keur aya di luar negri, teu wanieun mulih ka Indonésia, sarta teras dicabut [[kawarganagaraan]]na
Jaman kakawasaan Soeharto dilandi [[Orde Énggal]] sarta jaman pamaréntahan Sukarno disebut [[Orde Lawas]]
Soeharto ngagunakeun ékonomi [[néoliberalisme|néoliberal]] sarta hasil ngadatangkeun raloba [[invéstasi]] luar negri asup ka Indonésia sarta ngahasilkeun pamekaran ékonomi nu gedé, sanajan teu rata
Dina awal rézim Orde Énggal, kawijakan ékomomi Indonésia disusun ku sababaraha urang [[ékonom]] lulusan [[Universitas California, Berkeley]], nu dilandi "[[Mafia Berkeley]]"
Soeharto ahirna dipaksa léngsér ti jabatanna ku aksi [[démonstrasi]] sarta kaayaan ékonomi nagara nu goréng dina taun [[1998]]
Sanggeus léngsérna Suharto, saprak 1998 nepi ka 2001, Indonésia miboga tilu [[Présidén Indonésia|présidén]]: [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]], [[Abdurrahman Wahid]], sareng [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]]
Dina taun [[2004]], diayakeun [[pamilihan umum Indonésia|pamilihan umum]] hiji poé nu panggedéna sadunya sarta [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] kapilih salaku présidén
Sawatara wengkon Indonésia ngusahakeun pikeun misahkeun manéh, saperti [[Organisasi Papua Merdika|Papua Kulon]] jeung [[Républik Maluku Kidul|Maluku Kidul]]
[[Timor Wétan]] resmi misah ti Indonésia dina taun [[1999]] sanggeus 3 taun dina administrasi [[PBB]], jadi nagara [[Timor Lésté]]
Dina Désémber [[2004]] jeung Maret [[2005]], di wewengkon [[Acéh]] sarta [[Pulo Nias|Nias]] ngalaman [[lini]] nu nelasan rébuan jiwa
(Tingali "[[Lini Samudra Hindia 2004]]" jeung "[[Lini Sumatra Maret 2005]]".)
Kajadian ieu disusul ku [[Lini Yogyakarta Méi 2006|lini di Yogyakarta]] jeung [[Lini Jawa Juli 2006|sunami]] di wewengkon [[Basisir Pangandaran]] dina taun [[2006]], sarta [[Caah leutak panas Sidoarjo 2006|caah leutak]] di [[Sidoarjo]] saprak taun 2006
[[File:MPRDPRBuilding.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Gedong MPR-DPR Indonésia]] [[File:IstanaMerdekaFront.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Istana Merdeka, bagian ti Istana Kaprésidénan Jakarta.]]
Indonésia miboga pamaréntahan [[républik]] [[démokrasi]] [[sistim présidénsial|présidénsial]] multipartéy
Sistim pulitik Indonésia didasarkeun kana [[Pamisahan kakawasaan|Trias Politika]]: [[législatif]], [[éksekutif]], jeung [[yudikatif]]
Kakawasaan législatif dibogaan ku [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rahayat Indonésia|Majelis Permusyawaratan Rahayat]] (MPR)
MPR Indonésia pernah jadi [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rahayat Indonésia#Posisi|lembaga nagara pangluhurna]] sarta mangrupa [[sistim hiji kamar|hiji kamar (unikameral)]], tapi sanggeus [[Améndemén Ka-4 Undang-Undang Dasar Indonésia|améndmén ka-4 UUD Indonésia]] MPR sanés lembaga nu pangluhurna deui, sarta komposisi kaanggotaanna ogé robah
Saprak [[2004]], MPR miboga [[sistim dua kamar|sistim parlemén dua kamar (bikameral)]] nu disusun ku 560 anggota [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Indonésia]] (DPR) nu pajabatna ti jalur [[partéy pulitik di Indonésia|partéy pulitik]], sarta ditambih ku 132 anggota [[Déwan Perwakilan Daérah Indonésia]] (DPD) nu minangka wakil propinsi ti jalur [[indepénden]]
Anggota DPR jeung DPD dipilih langsung ku rahayat dina [[pamilihan umum di Indonésia|pamilihan umum législatif]] sarta diangkat pikeun masa jabatan lima taun
Lembaga éksekutif museur kana [[présién Indonésia|présidén]], [[wakil présidén Indonésia|wakil présidén]], jeung [[kabinet Indonésia|kabinét]]
Kabinét di Indonésia mangrupa kabinét présidénsial jadina mentri mibanda tanggung jawab ka présidén
Lembaga yudikatif dilaksanakeun ku [[Mahkamah Agung Indonésia|Mahkamah Agung]], [[Komisi Yudisial Indonésia|Komisi Yudisial]], jeung [[Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonésia|Mahkamah Konstitusi]]
Tapi [[Kamentrian Hukum jeung Hak Asasi Manusa Indonésia|Kamentrian Hukum jeung Hak Asasi Manusa]] tetep aya
Indonésia ayeuna miboga 34 [[propinsi]], 5 propinsi miboga status husus
Propinsi dibagi kana [[kabupatén di Indonésia|kabupatén]] jeung [[kotamadya di Indonésia|kotamadya]] nu dibagi deui kana [[kacamatan di Indonésia|kacamatan]]
Babagian administratifna lanjut deui nepi ka bagian nu pangleutikna nyaéta Rukun Tatangga (RT) nu mangrupa daérah tingkat ka-6
Unggal propinsi miboga [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Daérah Propinsi di Indonésia|DPRD Propinsi]] salaku badan législatif wewengkon sareng [[gubernur]] salaku puseur badan éksekutif wewengkon
Unggal kabupatén miboga [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Daérah Kabupatén di Indonésia|DPRD Kabupatén]] salakeun badan législatif wewengkon sareng [[bupati]] salaku puseur badan éksekutif wewengkon
Unggal kotamadya miboga [[Déwan Perwakilan Rahayat Daérah Kotamadya di Indonésia|DPRD Kotamadya]] salaku badan législatif wewengkon sareng [[walikota]] salaku puseur badan éksekutif wewengkon
Sadayana, dipilih langsung ku rahayat langku pamilihan umum
Tapi di Jakarta (Wewengkon Husus Ibu Kota Jakarta) euweuh DPRD Kabupatén atanpai Kotamadya, ku sabab Kabupatén Administrasi jeung Kota Administrasi di Jakarta sanés wewengkon otonom
Propinsi [[Acéh]], [[Daérah Husus Yogyakarta]], [[Papua Kulon]], jeung [[Papua]] miboga hak husus sarta tingkat otonomi nu leuwih luhur ti propinsi nu lian
Misalna, Acéh boga hak pikeun nagntukeun sistim hukumna sorangan; dina taun 2003, Acéh mimiti maké hukum [[Syariah]]
Yogyakarta miboga status daérah husus salaku pangakuan kana pentingna Yogyakarta dina ngarojong Indonésia nalika Révolusi
[[Propinsi Papua]] (baheulana disebut Irian Jaya), miboga status otonomi husus taun 2001
[[DKI Jakarta]] mangrupa wewengkon husus ibu kota nagara
[[Timor Portugis]] digabungkeun ka wewengkon Indonésia minangka propinsi [[Timor Wétan]] dina 1979–1999, nu teras misahkeun manéh liwat réferéndum jadi nagara merdika, [[Timor Lésté]]
Pulo [[Sumatra]] Pulo [[Jawa]] Kapuloan [[Sunda Alit]] Pulo [[Kalimantan]] Pulo [[Sulawesi]] Kapuloan [[Maluku]] Pulo [[Papua]] Géografi
[[file:Waterfall Madakaripura B.JPG|150px|thumb|right|[[Curug Madakaripura]] di [[Taman Nasional Bromo-Tengger-Semeru]], [[Lumbang, Probolinggo|Lumbang]], [[Kabupatén Probolinggo|Probolinggo]], [[Jawa Wétan]].]]
Indonésia mangrupa [[nagara kapuloan]] di [[Asia Tenggara]] nu miboga 17.504 pulo, kalawan kirang-langkung 6.000 pulo heunteu dieusian, nu nyebar di wewengkon [[khatulistiwa]], kira-kira ti 95°BW - 141°45'BW sarta aya di antara 2 buana nyaéta [[Asia]] jeung [[Australia (buana)|Australia]]/[[Oséania]]
Dumasar kana undang-undang di Indonésia, pamaréntah puseur jeung daérah miboga anggaran atikan 20% ti anggaran nagara jeung anggaran daérah salian ti upah guru jeung biaya kadinasan
Tapi dina taun [[2007]], dana nu disadiakeun karak 17,2 %
[[file:PDRB per kapita Indonesia 2008.svg|450px|thumb|left|Peta nu némbongkeun Produk Doméstik Régional Bruto (PDRB) per kapita propinsi-propinsi di Indonésia dina taun 2008
Sistim ékonomi Indonésia awalna dirojong ku ayana "[[Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia|Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia (ORI)]]" minangka mata uang kahiji Indonésia, nu sanggeusna ganti jadi [[Rupiah]]
Dina jaman pamaréntahan [[Orde Lawas]], Indonésia heunteu sapinuhna ngagunakeun sistim ékonomi kapitalisme, tapi dicampurkeun jeung sistim nasionalisme ékonomi
Pamaréntah nu masih anyar, raloba milu kana produksi nu boga pangaruh ka masarakat, ditambah ku kaayaan pulitik, nyababkeun ayana kateustabilan ékonomi nagara
[[file:Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) banknotes2009.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Uang [[Rupiah]].]]
Pamaréntahan Orde Énggal geura maké disiplin ékonomi pikeun neken [[inflasi]], stabilisasi mata uang, pangaturan [[tambut luar nagri]], sarta ngondang investasi asing
Dina jaman [[1970-an]], harga [[minyak bumi]] nu naék nyababkeun naékna angka ékspor sarta tingkat tumbuh ékonomi rarata nu luhur saloba 7% antara taun 1968 nepi ka 1981
Parobahan ékonomi salajengna dina jaman 1980-an, saperti dérégulasi kauangan jeung déflasi, teras ngalirkeun invéstasi asing ka Indonésia hususna dina industri-industri nu ngarah ka ékspor antara 1989 nepi ka 1997 Ékonomi Indonésia ngalaman kamunduran dina ahir [[1990-an]] ku sabab [[krisis finansial Asia|krisis ékonomi]] di raloba wewengkon [[Asia]] keur éta, nu dibarengan ku réngséna pamaréntahan Orde Énggal sarta mundurna Soeharto salaku présidén dina 21 Méi 1998
Pertumbuhan [[PDB|PDB Indonésia]] dina 2004 jeung 2005 leuwih ti 5%
Tapi, akibatna heunteu boga pangaruh loba dina tingkat pangangguran, nyaéta 9,75%
Perkiraan taun 2006, 17,8% masarakat hirup di handapeun [[gurat kamiskinan]], sarta aya 49,0% masarakat hirup kalawan panghasilan kirang ti AS$ 2 sapoé
Indonésia miboga raloba [[sumber daya alam]] saperti [[minyak bumi]], [[timah]], [[gas alam]], [[nikel]], [[kai]], [[bauksit]], [[taneuh subur]], [[batu bara]], [[emas]], jeung [[pérak]] kalawan babagian lemah [[tatanén]] 10%, [[perkebonan]] 7%, [[tegalan]] 7%, [[leuweung]] 62%, sarta lianna 14% kalawan wewengkon [[irigasi]] 45.970 km² Hasil tatanén nu utama saperti [[béas]], [[entéh]], [[kopi]], [[rempah-rempah]], jeung [[karét]]
Widang [[jasa]] mangrupa panyumbang PDB nu panggedéna, nyaéta 45,3% dina PDB 2005
[[Industri]] 40,7%, sareng [[tatanén]] 14,0%
Sanajan kitu, widang tatanén miboga pagawé nu leuwih loba ti widan séjénna, nyaéta 44,3% ti 95 yuta jiwa
Widang jasa 36,9%, sarta widang industri 18,8%
Sanajan kitu, lembaga [[Transparency International]] nempatkeun Indonésia di paringkat ka-143 ti 180 nagara dina [[Indéks Persépsi Korupsi]] taun 2007
[[file:Kepadatan 2010.JPG|thumb|250px|Kapadetan populasi Indonésia dumasar kana Sénsus 2010]] Dumasar kana sénsus populasi taun 2000, Indonésia miboga kirang-langkungna 206 yuta jiwa, sarta diperkirakeun taun 2006 miboga 222 yuta jiwa
130 yuta (leuwih ti 50%) ngeusian [[Pulo Jawa]] nu mangrupa pulo nu panglobana pangeusina sakaligus pulo tempatna ibu kota [[Jakarta]]
Kalobaannana urang Indonésia mangrupa [[Austronésia|Urang Austronésia]], sarta aya ogé kelompok urang [[Mélanésia]], [[Polinésia]], jeung [[Mikronésia]] utamina di Indonésia beulah wétan
Aya ogé urang nu asalna ti luar nagri saperti étnis [[Tionghoa]], [[urang India|India]], jeung [[urang Arab|Arab]]
Indonésia miboga kira-kira 4 yuta populasi urang Tionghoa
[[Islam]] mangrupa [[agama]] mayoritas nu pangagemna saloba kira-kira 85,2% urang Indonésia, nu nyababkeun Indonésia salaku nagara kalawan populasi muslim nu panglobana sadunya
Umat lian saperti [[Protéstan|Kristen Protéstan]] (8,9%), [[Katolik|Kristen Katolik]] (3%), [[Hindu]] (1,8%), [[Buddha]] (0,8%), jeung sajabana (0,3%)
Pamaréntah Indonésia ogé sacara resmi ngakuan [[agama Konghucu]]
Indonésia miboga [[basa Indonésia]] salaku basa kahijian jeung [[basa nasional]]
Indonésia ogé kaasup salah sahiji nagara kareng basa panglobana di dunya
laloba basa, miboga rébuan panyatur tapi kaayaanna kaancam ku sabab generasi ngorana teu nyaturkeunna deui, sarta para panyatur pindah ka basa nasional
[[file:WayangKulit Scene Zoom.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Wayang|Wayang kulit]].]]
Indonésia miboga kira-kira 300 kelompok étnis nu boga rupa-rupa warisan budaya nu mekar sairing jaman, nu ogé dipangaruhan ku kabudayaan India, Arab, Cina, Éropa, sarta kaasup ogé budaya sorangan, [[Melayu]]
Saperti kasenian [[wayang]] ti wewengkon [[Jawa]] jeung [[Bali]] nu midangkeun carita-carita mitologi Hindu kawas [[Ramayana]] jeung [[Baratayuda]], ogé carita-carita adaptasi kaayaan modéren
Aya ogé kasenian tarian contona ti [[Sumatra]] saperti tari [[Tari Ratéb Meuseukat|Ratéb Meuseukat]] jeung tari [[Tari Seudati|Seudati]] ti [[Acéh]]
Aya ogé seni [[sisindiran]], [[gurindam]], jeung sajabana ti raloba wewengkon misalna Melayu
[[file:Aesan Gede Songket Palembang.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Mojang [[Urang Palémbang|Palémbang]] keur maké [[songkét]], salah sahiji busana tradisional Indonésia.]]
Salah sahiji budaya pakéan ti Indonésia nyaéta [[batik]]
Sababaraha wewengkon nu katelah ti industri batikna saperti [[Yogyakarta]], [[Kota Surakarta|Surakarta]], [[Cirebon]], [[Pandeglang]], [[Garut]], [[Kabupatén Tasikmalaya|Tasikmalaya]], jeung [[Kabupatén Pekalongan|Pekalongan]]
Busana lian ti wewengkon Indonésia saperti [[baju kurung]] jeung [[songkét]]na ti [[Sumatra Kulon]] ([[Minangkabau]]), kaén [[ulos]] ti [[Sumatra Kalér]] ([[Batak]]), [[kabaya]], [[baju bodo]] ti [[Sulawesi Kidul]], [[koteka]] ti [[Papua]], jeung sajabana
[[file:Badminton Beijing 2008 Lu Lan vs Yulianti.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Maria Kristin Yulianti]] (beureum), nu meunang medali perunggu dina [[Olimpiade Usum Panas Beijing 2008]].]]
Olahraga nu populér di Indonésia utamina [[badminton]] jeung [[maén bal]]
Olahraga tradisional saperti [[takraw]] jeung [[karapan sapi]]
Pasanggiri adu tempur contona "caci" di [[Florés]], sarta "[[pasola]]" di [[Sumba]]
Olahraga béla diri nu populér di Indonésia misalna saperti [[pencak silat]]
Raloba wewengkon Indonésia miboga [[musik tradisional]]na sorangan
Aya ogé musik tradisional campuran saperti [[keroncong]] nu dipangaruhan ku [[Portugal|Portugis]] di wewengkon [[Kampung Tugu|Tugu]], [[Jakarta]]
Msik Indonésia lianna saperti [[dangdut]] nyaéta musik aliran Melayu modéren nu dipangaruhan ku musik India
[[file:Traditional indonesian instruments02.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Degung]]/Gamelan]] [[daptar alat musik Indonésia|Alat musik tradisional Indonésia]] di antarana: Kulinér
[[Sangu]] mangrupa kadaharan utama di lolobana wewengkon Indonésia
[[Sambel]], [[saté]], [[baso]], [[soto]], jeung [[sangu goréng]] nyaéta sababaraha contoh kadaharan masarakat Indonésia
[[file:Tjoet Nja' Dhien.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Poster pilem "[[Tjoet Nja' Dhien]]" (1988), pilem ngeunaan pahlawan nasional Indonésia ti Acéh.]]
Pilem kahiji nu diproduksi di nusantara nyaéta pilem taun [[1926]] kalawan judul "[[Loetoeng Kasaroeng]]" nu dijieun ku sutradara Walanda, G. Kruger jeung L. Heuveldorp, dina jaman [[Hindia Walanda]]
Pilem ieu dijieun ku Pausahaan Pilem Jawa NV di [[Bandung]] sarta diputer kahiji kalina dina 31 Désémber [[1926]] di téater Elite and Majestic, [[Bandung]]
Popularitas industri pilem Indonésia muncak dina jaman 1980-an sarta diputer di raloba bioskop di Indonésia
Antawis 2000 nepi ka 2005, jumlah pilem Indonésia nu dirilis unggal taunna teras ningkatan
Pilem "[[Laskar Pelangi]]" (2008) mangrupa pilem kalawan pamasukan anu panglobana sapanjang sajarah pilem di Indonésia nepi ka danget ieu
Figur penting dina sastra modéren Indonésia saperti panulis Walanda [[Douwes Dekker|Multatuli]] nu méré kritikan kana kalakuan Walanda ka Indonésia dina jaman panjajahan Walanda; [[Muhammad Yamin]] jeung [[Hamka]] nu mangrupa panulis sarta pulitisi pra-kamerdikaan; sarta [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]], panulis novel Indonésia nu kakoncara salah sahijina nyaéta nulis novel Bumi Manusia
Salah sahiji conto panulis puisi Indonésia misalna [[Chairil Anwar]]
Raloba urang Indonésia miboga [[tradisi lisan]] nu kiat, nu ngarojong dina nerangkeun sarta ngamumulé kaayaan budayana
[[file:Rafflesia sumatra.jpg|thumb|150px|left|"[[Rafflesia arnoldii]]" kembang nu panggedéna sadunya.]]
[[file:Varanus komodoensis6.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Komodo]], sato réptil langka ti wewengkon [[Nusa Tenggara]].]]
Wewengkon Indonésia miboga raloba rupa-rupa mahluk hirup
Ku kituna ku sababaraha sumber nyebatkeun yén wewengkon lingkungan Indonésia mangrupa "Mega biodiversity" atanapi "anéka rupa mahluk hirup nu loba"
Rupa-rupa mahluk hirup Indonésia aya di paringkat ka-3 sadunya sanggeus [[Brasil]] jeung [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]]
Sanajan kitu, [[Guinness World Records]] dina taun 2008 pernah nyutat rékor Indonésia salaku nagara nu panggancangna ruksak leuweungna sadunya
Unggal taunna, Indonésia dituar leuweungna saluas +1,8 yuta héktar
Karuksakan ieu aya di wewengkon hulu/jero leuweung (hutan) nu ngaruksak ogé wewengkon di hilir (basisir)
[[Kategori:Indonésia| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Nagara anggota ASEAN]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
Kimia mangrupa élmu ngeunaan struktur, sipat, wangunan, jeung réaksi unsur jeung sanyawa kimiawi
Kimia sacara husus dibagi kana sababaraha cabang utama, sababaraha nu sipatna meuntas-disiplin, sarta cabang-cabang nu leuwih husus
"Artikel utama: Tata ngaran zat kimia."
Tata ngaran dimaksudkeun kana sistem pikeun méré ngaran sanyawa kimiawi
Sanyawa organik dingaranan nurutkeun sistem tata ngaran organik
Sanyawa anorganik dingaranan nurutkeun sistem tata ngaran anorganik
"Artikel utama: Atom."
"Atom" mangrupa bagéan tina sistem kimiawi pangleutikna nu teu bisa dibeulah/dibagi-bagi deui
"Artikel utama: Unsur kimiawi."
"Unsur" mangrupa bahan nu ngawengku atom-atom nu boga wilangan/jumlah proton nu tinangtu dina intina
Wilangan ieu dipiwanoh salaku wilangan atom unsur
Conto, sakabéh atom nu boga 6 proton na intina disebut atom unsur karbon, sedengkeun sakabéh atom nu boga 92 proton na intina disebut unsur uranium
Pintonan nu pangmerenahna pikeun unsur-unsur aya dina tabel periodik, nu ngagolongkeun unsur-unsur dumasar kamiripan sipat kimiawina
Daptar unsur ogé bisa ditempo dina susunan Daptar unsur dumasar ngaran, dumasar lambang, jeung dumasar wilangan atom
"Artikel utama: Sanyawa kimiawi" "Sanyawa" mangrupa zat nu dibentuk tina dua atawa leuwih unsur dina babandingan nu tetep nu nangtukeun wangunanna
Misal, cai mangrupa sanyawa nu ngandung hidrogén jeung oksigén dina babandingan dua ka hiji
Sanyawa dibentuk jeung dibeulah ku réaksi kimiawi
"Artikel utama: Molekul."
"Molekul" mangrupa bagéan pangleutikna nu teu bisa dibeulah deui tina hiji sanyawa kimiawi nu mibanda sipat kimiawi jeung fisik unik nu tinangtu
Hiji molekul diwangun ku dua atawa leuwih atom nu kabeungkeut
"Artikel utama: Beungkeut kimiawi."
"Beungkeut kimiawi" mangrupa gaya nu nahan ngabeungkeut atom-atom dina molekul atawa kristal
Dina loba sanyawa basajan, tiori beungkeut valénsi jeung konsép wilangan oksidasi bisa dipaké pikeun ngaduga-duga struktur jeung wangunan molekular
Nu sarupa, tiori-tiori tina fisika klasik bisa dipaké pikeun ngaduga-duga struktur-struktur ionik
Mun diterapkeun ka sanyawa nu leuwih pajeulit, samodél kompléks logam, tiori beungkeut valénsi gagal, jeung kudu aya pangaweruh nu leuwih jero nu dumasar kana mékanika kuantum
"Artikel utama: Fase (zat)."
"Fase" mangrupa hiji wujud sistem fisik makroskopis nu mibanda wangunan kimiawi jeung sipat fisik nu rélatif sarua/saragam (nyaéta dénsiti, struktur kristal, indéks réfraktif, jsb.)
Conto fase nu urang paling wawuh nyaéta padet, cair, jeung gas
Fase nu teu pati dipikawanoh di antarana plasma, kondensat Bose-Einstein, kondensat fermionik, jeung fase bahan magnetik paramagnetik sarta ferromagnetik
"Artikel utama: Réaksi kimiawi."
"Réaksi kimiawi" mangrupa transformasi/parobahan dina struktur molekul
Réaksi kieu bisa ngahasilkeun napelna hiji molekul ka nu séjénna pikeun ngawangun molekul nu leuwih gedé, beulahna molekul jadi dua atawa leuwih molekul nu leuwih leutik, atawa wangun-ulang atom-atom dina jero molekul
Réaksi kimiawi salawasna ngalibetkeun dibentuk atawa dipegatkeunana beungkeut kimiawi
"Artikel utama: Tiori kuantum."
"Tiori kuantum" ngagambarkeun paripolah zat dina skala nu heureut pisan
Ieu téh, prinsipna mah, ngamungkinkeun pikeun ngagambarkeun sakabéh sistem kimiawi ngagunakeun tiori ieu, tapi sacara matematis rumit sarta teu bisa diduga-duga
Praktékna, ukur sistem kimiawi nu pangbasajanna nu bisa réalistis ditalungtik dina kontéks mékanika kuantum murni, ieu gé lumangsung maké loba "pendekatan/perkiraan" (misalna "Density functional theory")
Ku sabab éta, pangaweruh mékanika kuantum nu leuwih jero tur mérélé teu pati perlu pikeun lolobana kimia, da penting aubna tiori ieu (hususna "pendekatan orbital)" bisa dilenyepan sarta diterapkeun dina kontéks nu leuwih basajan
"Hukum-hukum kimiawi" sabenerna mangrupa hukum fisika hu diterapkeun na sistem kimiawi
Konsép paling "fundaméntal" dina kimia nyaéta "Hukum konservasi massa" nu ngunikeun yén euweuh parobahan kuantitas zat nu kaukur dina hiji réaksi kimiawi biasa
Fisika modérn mintonkeun yén tétéla énergi nu "conserved", jeung yén énergi jeung massa raket patalina
Konservasi énergi saterusna nungtun kana konsép penting ngeunaan kasatimbangan, térmodinamik, jeung kinetik