izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
Dina widang ieu, spéktrum nujul kana kumpulan sinyal anu mangrupa gelombang éléktromagnétik anu bisa katempo (karasa) ku panon manusa
Cahaya anu diliwatkeun kana hiji prisma dipisahkeun jadi warna-warna dumasar kana panjang gelombangna
Warna wungu nu aya di salah sahiji tungtung mibanda panjang gelombang pangpondokna sarta beureum dina tungtung séjénna mibanda panjang gelombang pangpanjangna
Antayan warna ti nu panjang gelombangna panjang ka nu panjang gelombangna pondok nyaéta beureum, jingga, konéng, héjo, paul, wungu ngawangun spéktrum dina katumbiri nu dihasilkeun ku prisma
Saprak pamakéan kecap spéktrum dina widang optik, kecap spéktrum dilarapkeun minangka analogi dina sagala rupa widang séjén, contona 'spektrum opini pulitik' jeung sajabana
Pakakas pikeun ngarékam spéktrum disebut spéktrométer
Warna atawa kelir (tina basa Walanda "kleur") nyaéta spéktrum tinangtu anu aya dina jero hiji cahaya sampurna (boga warna bodas)
Cir sahiji warna ditangtukeun ku panjang gelombang cahya kasebut
Contona warna paul mibanda panjang gelombang 460 nanométer
Panjang gelombang warna anu masih bisa katangkep ku panon manusa nyaéta antara 380-780 nanométer
Dina pakakas optis, warna bisa ogé dihartikeun salaku interprétasi otak kana campuran tilu warna primér cahya: beureum, héjo, paul anu digabungkan dina komposisi tinangtu
Contona campuran 100% beureum, 0% héjo, sarta 100% paul baris ngahasilkeun interpretasi warna magénta
Dina seni rupa, warna bisa ogé dihartikeun pantulan nu tangtu tina cahya anu dipangaruhan ku pigmén anu aya dina beungeut barang
Contona campuran pigmén magénta jeung cyan kalawan proporsi nu pas sarta disinaran cahaya bodas sampurna baris ngahasilkeun sénsasi (rasa) jiga warna beureum
Saban warna sanggup méré gambaran sarta idéntitas nu tangtu luyu kaayaan sosial nu nempona
Contona warna bodas baris méré gambaran suci sarta tiis di wewengkon Kulon alatan pakait jeung salju
Samentara di lolobana nagara Wétan warna bodas méré gambaran pati sarta kacida nyingsieunan alatan pakait jeung lawon kafan (sanajan sacara téori sabenerna bodas lain warna)
Dina élmu warna, hideung dianggap minangka kaayaan tanpa warna
Samentara bodas dianggap minangka kaayaan hadirna sakumna gelombang warna kalayan proporsi nu saimbang
Sacara ilmiah, duanana ogé lain warna, sanajan bisa dihadirkan dina wangun pigmén
Paul atawa biru atawa bulao (tina basa Walanda "blauw") nyaéta warna anu dihasilkeun ku cahaya nu boga spéktrum nu didominasi ku énergi nu panjang gelombangna antara 440–490 nanométer
Paul dianggap salah sahiji ti tilu warna primér sajaba ti beureum jeung konéng
Biru (Garuga pinnata) nyaéta hiji spésiés ti kulawarga Burseraceae anu sumebar di India, Cina kidul jeung Indo-Cina
Spéktrum éléktromagnétik nyaéta wilayah sakabéh radiasi éléktromagnétik anu mungkin
Spéktrum éléktromagnétik bisa digambarkeun ku spéktrum panjang gelombang, spéktrum frékuénsi, atawa spéktrum énergi pér foton
Tilu spéktrum ieu sacara langsung patula-patali (tempo ogé tabel sarta awalan SI): Spéktrum éléktromagnétik bisa dibagi kana sawatara wilayah anu rumentang ti handapeun frékuénsi nu digunakeun pikeun radio modéren (dina tungtung panjang gelombang nu panjang) nepi ka radiasi gamma (dina tungtung panjang gelombang pondok), ngawengku panjang-panjang gelombang ti rébuan kilométer nepi ka bagian leutik ukuran atom
Aya anggapan yén wates gelombang pondok nyaéta di sabudeureun panjang Planc, sarta wates gelombang panjang nyaéta ukuran jagat raya (tempo ogé kosmologi fisika), sanajan prinsip spéktrum teu diwatesan sarta kontinyu
Kutawaringin nyaéta salah sahiji kacamatan di Kabupatén Bandung, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Hukum gerak Newton nyaéta tilu hukum fisika anu ngagambarkeun hubungan antara gaya anu nimpah hiji barang jeung gerak barang kasebut
Tilu hukum ieu munggaran dikumpulkeun ku Isaac Newton dina hasil gawéna "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica", anu munggaran dipedalkeun dina tnggal 5 Juli 1687
Hukum-hukum ieu ngawangun dasar pikeun mékanika klasik sarta Newton sorangan ngagunakeunana pikeun nerangkeun réa hasil gawé patali jeung gerak obyék fisik
Dina volume katilu tulisanana, Newton némbongkeun yén hukum-hukum gerak ieu, sabot digabungkeun jeung hukum gravitasi universal, bisa ngajelaskeun hukum Kepler ngeunaan gerak planét
Hukum gerak Newton, babarengan jeung hukum gravitasi universal sarta téknik matematika kalkulus, ngajelaskeun sacara kuantitatif fénomena fisika anu jembar kawas: gerak barang nu muter, gerak barang dina cairan, proyéktil, gerak dina widang doyong; gerak péndulum, pasang-surut, sarta orbit bulan jeung planét
Hukum kalanggenang (konservasi) moméntum, anu dimekarkeun ku Newton dumasar kana hukum kadua sarta katiluna, mangrupa hukum konservasi anu munggaran kapanggih
Hukum Newton diuji coba sarta dipastikeun dina éksperimen sarta observasi salila 200 taun
Hukum gerak Newton nu kahiji: hukum inersia
Ceuk hukum gerak Newton nu kahiji, hiji barang nu cicing bakal tetep cicing sarta hiji barang nu gerak bakal tetep gerak dina laju nu tetep dina hiji garis lempeng lamun heneuweuh gaya anu nimpah éta barang
Dina notasi kalkulus, bisa dinyatakeun ku: formula_1 Sanajan hukum gerak Newton kahiji mangrupa kasus husus ti hukum gerak Newton kadua (tempo di handap), hukum kahiji ngécéskeun rangka rujukan di mana dua hukum gerak nu séjénna bisa dibuktikeun bener
Rangka rujukan ieu disebut rangka rujukan inersial atawa "Galilean référénsi frame", sarta gerak kalawan laju nu konstan, nyaéta, tanpa percepetan (akselerasi)
Dina formal henteu resmi, Aristotle mikir yén barang baris cicing lamun maranéh ingkeun cicing, cicing sacara alami, sarta gerakan merlukeun hiji cukang lantaran
Normal lamun manéhna mikir kitu, alatan saban gerakan (kajaba objek celestial) anu diamati ku pengamat baris ngandeg alatan gesekan
Tapi téori Galiléo nyatakeun yén "Barang bergeral sacara alami kalawan kecepatan tetep, lamun diingkeun sorangan."
Leumpang ti Aristotle "Kaayaan alami barang nyaéta cicing" ka hukum kahiji Newton nyaéta penemuan anu penting sarta dina fisika
Dina kahirupan sapopoé, gaya gesek biasana ngabalukarkeun barang usik jadi anca sarta ngabawa ka kaayaan cicing
Newton ngécéskeun modél matematika anu hiji jalma bisa nurunkeun gerakan barang ti sabab dasar: gaya
Hukum gerak kadua ti Newton: hukum gaya résultan
Hukum gerak kadua ti Newton nganyatakeun yén: Lex II: "Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae, et fieri secundum lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimitur."
Tingkat parobahan moméntum hiji barang proporsional jeung gaya résultan anu nimpah kana barang kasebut dina arah tujuan nu sarua
Ku cara maké notasi perlambang modéren, Hukum kadua Newton bisa ditulis salaku persamaan diférensial véktor: formula_2 di mana: formula_3 nyaéta véktor gaya formula_4 nyaéta massa formula_5 nyaéta véktor laju formula_6 nyaéta waktu
Kakalian massa jeung laju mangrupa moméntum obyék
Lamun massa obyék dina persamaan diférensial ieu konstan maka persamaan dimaksud bisa dituliskeun minangka: formula_7 di mana: formula_8 nyaéta akselerasi
Dina kalimah lain, bisa dinyatakeun yén "akselerasi hiji obyék proporsional jeung gaya nu ditimpahkeun, "sarta babanding tibalik jeung massa obyék""
Hukum gerak katilu Newton: hukum gaya lawan
Hukum gerak katilu Newton nganyatakeun yén mangsa hiji barang migawé hiji gaya kana barang nu kadua mangka barang nu kadua kasebut migawé gaya nu sarua tapi arah tujuanana lalawanan jeung barang nu kahiji
Jadi pikeun satiap gaya nu nimpah, aya gaya nu sarua sarta réaksina lalawanan
Dina fisika, akselérasi atawa gagancangan nyaéta gedéna robahan (atawa derivasi laju, anu mangrupa véktor) kalawan diménsi panjang/waktu²
Dina hijian SI nyaéta méter/detik²
Akselérasi dilambangkan ku a (aksara panghareupna dina kecap akselérasi)
Akselérasi bisa boga harga positif sarta négatif
Lamun harga akselérasi positif, hal ieu némbongkeun yén laju barang anu ngalaman akselérasi positif ieu nambahan (digancangkeun)
Sabalikna lamun harga akselérasi téh négatif, hal ieu némbongkeun yén laju barang ngurangan (dilaunkeun)
Conto akselérasi positif nyaéta: gerak muragna buah tina tangkalna anu dipangaruhan ku gravitasi
Sedengkeun conto akselérasi négatif nyaéta: gerak mobil anu dierém
Rumus rata-rata akselérasi dina hiji perioda waktu formula_1 nyaéta formula_2 di mana formula_3 mangrupa laju ahir formula_4 mangrupa laju awal formula_5 mangrupa waktu awal sarta formula_6 mangrupa robahan waktu
Rumus akselérasi instan (sakedapan) dina waktu formula_7 nyaéta formula_8 Jadi akselérasi mangrupa derivasi (turunan) tina laju
Perlu dicatet yén pernyataan (Posisi ahir - Posisi awal) / (Jumlah waktu nu diperlukeun) mangrupa laju rata-rata, sarta wates mangsa interval waktu ngadeukeutan enol mangrupa laju sakiceup
Ku kituna, laju mangrupa derivasi kahiji tina posisi, sedengkeun akselérasi mangrupa derivasi kadua tina posisi
Perlu dicatet ogé yén akselérasi rata-rata jeung akselérasi sakiceup dina hiji perioda waktu formula_9 dipatula-patalikeun ngaliwatan téorema harga rata-rata pikeun integral: formula_10 Nempatkeun kabéhanana babarengan hartina: formula_11 di mana formula_12 nyaéta akselerasi formula_13 nyaéta laju formula_14 nyaéta posisi formula_15 nyaéta waktu Patali jeung hukum gaya Newton, formula_16, akselérasi sarua jeung kabéh gaya nu nimpah kana hiji barang dibagi ku massa barang kasebut: formula_17
Londok (kulawarga Chamaeléonidae) mangrupa squamata nu kaasup salah sahiji kulawarga kadal
Ngaran ilmiahna dicokot tina Basa Yunani Kuna "χαμαιλέων" (khamailéon), tina "χαμαί" (khamai) "dina lemah/taneuh" + "λέων" (léon) "singa", jadi "singa taneuh"
Awak londok ukuranana rupa-rupa, ti "Brookesia minima" nu ukur 2,5 cm nepi ka "Furcifer oustaleti" jalu nu panjangna 79 cm
Dina huluna sok aya unak-anik kaahéngan, contona liang irungna nonjol, bentuk kawas cula dina "Chamaeleo jacksonii", atawa sarupaning jawér kawas bogana "Chamaeleo calyptratus"
Ieu sato boga dimorfismeu séksual, katémbong tina lobana rarangkén/hiasan dina jaluna, sedengkeun anu bikang mah teu pati
Spésiés-spésiés londok sacara umum mibanda wangun anu sarua, boh suku, panon, létah, sarta teu boga ceuli
Ramo sukuna aya lima, tapi ngumpul jadi dua kelompok: dua ramo (jempol jeung curuk) jeung tilu ramo (jajangkung nepi ka cingir)
Ku kituna, suku londok bisa muntang pageuh dina dahan
Lian ti éta, ramona ogé dilengkepan ku cakar anu seukeut antukna bisa lincah tétérékélan dina tatangkalan
Pikeun ngadukung kahirupanana dina tatangkalan, sawareh londok boga buntut anu bisa ngagulung
Hal ieu utamana pikeun kasaimbangan awak jeung pikeun muntang
Nu paling istiméwa ti ieu réptil nyaéta panonna
Kongkolak luhur jeung handap ngahiji, ukur nyésakeun liang leutik anu cukup keur pupilna
Panonna bisa muter jeung mokus séwang-séwangan nempo ka objék anu béda
Ku kituna, londok bisa nempo 360° ka sakurilingna
Mun mangsa geus katempo, kadua panonna bisa fokus antukna persépsi anggangna leuwih sampurna
Dina fisika, laju atawa vélositi dinyatakeun salaku tingkat robahan posisi
Dina sistem ukuran SI, hal ieu diukur maké hijian méter per detik: (m/s) atawa ms−1
Laju mangrupa kuantitas fisika anu mangrupa véktor; boh gedéna (anu mangrupa kuantitas fisika skalar) boh arahna (kuantitas fisika anu mangrupa vektor) diperlukeun pikeun nangtukeun laju
Contona, "5 méter per detik" mangrupa skalar sarta lain hiji véktor, sedengkeun "5 méter per detik ka wétan" mangrupa hiji véktor
laju dilambangkeun ku v. Laju rata-rata hiji obyék anu gerak ngaliwatan robahan hiji jarak formula_1 salila hiji interval waktu formula_2 digambarkeun ku rumus: formula_3 Tingkat robahan laju disebut percepetan atawa akselerasi
Véktor laju instan (sakiceup) formula_4 ti hiji barang (obyék) nu boga posisi "formula_5" dina waktu formula_6 jeung "formula_7" dina waktu "formula_8", bisa diitung salaku derivasi tina posisi: formula_9 di mana formula_10 nyaéta pindahan Gedéna laju transversal nyaéta laju nu mangrupa pakalian silang (cross product) antara véktor hijian dina arah pindahan jeung véktor laju
Ieu ogé produk ti laju sudut (formula_11) jeung gedéna pindahan
formula_12 antukna formula_13 Moméntum sudut mangrupa wangunan skalar nyaéta massa dikalikeun jarak ka titik asal dikalikeun laju transversal, atawa satara jeung massa kali jarak kwadrat kali laju sudut
Pajangjian tanda pikeun moméntum sudut sarua jeung tanda pikeun laju sudut
formula_14 di mana formula_15 is mass formula_16 Lamun gaya dina arah radial ngan gumantung kana akar, kawas dina kasus orbit gravitasi, moméntum sudut mah tetep, sarta laju transversal kabanding tibalik jeung jarak, laju angular kabanding tibalik jeung jarak kwadrat
PAtula-patali kasebut dipikawanoh salaku hukum Kepler pikeun gerak planét
Cingcin, Katapang, Bandung
Parungsérab, Katapang, Bandung
Sekarwangi, Katapang, Bandung
Buninagara, Soréang, Bandung
Cibodas, Soréang, Bandung
Cilamé, Soréang, Bandung
Dina fisika, daya, atawa tanaga (dina bas Inggris: power), nyaéta laju énergi anu dianteurkeun atawa usaha anu dipigawé pér hijian waktu
Daya dilambangkan ku "P" (singkatan tina power)
Dumasar définisi ieu, daya bisa dirumuskeun minangka: formula_1 di mana "P" nyaéta daya "W" nyaéta usaha, atawa énergi "t" nyaéta waktu Daya rata-rata nyaéta usaha rata-rata atawa énergi anu dianteurkeun pér hijian waktu
Daya sakedapan nyaéta limit daya rata-rata sabot selang waktu Δ"t" ngadeukeutan enol
formula_2 Lamun laju kiriman énergi atawa usaha tetep, rumus di luhur bisa disederhanakan jadi: formula_3 di mana "W", "E" nyaéta usaha nu dipigawé, atawa énérgi anu dianteurkeun, dina waktu "t" (biasana diukur dina hijian waktu detik)
Hijian daya nyaéta hijian énergi dibagi hijian waktu
Hijian SI pikeun daya nyaéta watt (W), anu sarua jeung hiji joule per detik
Hijian non-SI pikeun daya kaasup di antarana ergs per detik (erg/s), tanaga kuda atawa horsepower (HP)
Hiji tanaga kuda sarua jeung kira-kira 746 watt
Hijian séjénna di antarana dBm, hiji ukuran logaritmik kalayan 1 miliwatt salaku rujukan; kalori per jam (mindeng disebut kilokalori per jam); Btu per jam (Btu/h); ton refrigerasi (12,000 Btu/h)
Dina élmu mékanika, usaha anu di timpahkeun kana hiji obyék dipatalikeun jeung gaya anu keuna kana éta obyék ku persamaan formula_4 di mana "F" nyaéta gaya Δ"s" nyaéta kapindahan obyék
Hal ieu mindeng diringkes ku nyebutkeun yén usaha saru jeung gaya anu nimpah hiji obyék dkalikeun jeung kapindahanana (sabaraha jauh obyék pindah samentara gaya nimpah dirina)
Catet yén ngan gerak nu sapanjang sumbu nu sarua nu diitung, sanajan kitu; gerak dina arah nu sarua jeung gaya ngahasilkeun usaha positif, sarta gerak dina arah nu lalawanan jeung gaya ngahasilkeun usaha nu négatif, sedengkeun gerak nu tegaklempeng (nyiku) jeung gaya ngahasilkeun usaha enol
Ku cara diferensiasi dumasar waktu témbong yén daya instan (sakedapan) sarua jeung gaya kali laju obyékv("t"): formula_5
Mangka daya rata-ratana: formula_6
Dina sistem rotasional (puteran), daya pakait jeung torsi (τ) sarta laju sudut (ω): formula_7
Jadi daya rata-ratana: formula_8
Daya listrik sakedapan
Daya listrik rata-rata "P" anu dikirimkeun kana hiji komponén dinyatakeun ku: formula_9 di mana "P"("t") nyaéta daya kedapan, nu diukur maké hijian watt (joule per detik) "V"("t") nyaéta béda poténsial (atawa nurunna tegangan) dina komponén, nu diukur dina hijian volt "I"("t") nyaéta arus anu ngamalir ngaliwatan komponén, nu diukur dina hijian ampere Lamun komponénna téh hiji résistor, mangka: formula_10 di mana formula_11 nyaéta resistansi,
formula_10 di mana formula_11 nyaéta resistansi, nu diukur dina hijian ohm
Upama komponénna téh sipatna réaktif (kawas hiji kapasitor atawa hiji induktor), mangka daya sakedapanana négatif mangsa komponén kasebut ngabudalkeun énergi nu disimpenna ka lingkunganana, nyaéta mangsa arus jeung tegangan mibanda tanda anu lalawanan
Daya listrik rata-rata pikeun tegangan sinusoida
Daya rata-rata nu dikonsumsi ku hiji alat listrik dua terminal liniér anu digerakkeun ku sinus mangrupa fungsi ti harga akar rata-rata kwadrat atawa root méan square (rms) ti tegangan sapanjang terminal sarta arus anu ngaliwatan alat kasebut, ogé sudut fase antara sinusoida tegangan jeung sinusoida arus
Jadi, formula_12 di mana "P" nyaéta daya rata-rata, nu diukur maké hijian watt "I" nyaéta akar rata-rata kwadrat harga arus robah (AC) sinusoida, nu diukur dina hijian ampere "V" nyaéta akar rata-rata kwadrat harga tegangan robah sinusoida, nu diukur dina volt "φ" nyaéta sudut fase antara fungsi tegangan jeung fungsi arus
Amplitudi-amplitudo tegangan sinusoida jeung arus sinusoida, kawas nu digunakeun sacara ampir universal dina jaringan listrik, biasana ditetepkeun dina wangunan harga-harga rms
Hal ieu ngajadikeun itungan di luhur jadi sasederhana kakalian antara dua harga rms
Angka ieu bisa ogé disebut daya éféktif, béda jeung daya nyata nu leuwih gedé, nu dinyatakeun dina hijian volt-ampere (VA) sarta teu ngabuskeun sélér cos "φ" lantaran arus jeung tegangan jadi teu safase
Pikeun panerapan rumah tangga nu saderhana atawa jaringan résistif, sélér cos "φ" (nu disebut faktor daya) bisa dianggap boga harga 1, sarta ku kituna bisa disingkahkeun tina persamaan kasebut
Dina hal ieu, daya éféktif jeung daya nyata dianggap sarua
formula_13 Daya listrik rata-rata pikeun AC
di mana v(t) jeung i(t) masing-masing mangrupa tegangan jeung arus sakedapan salaku fungsi tina waktu
Pikeun alat-alat résistif murni, daya rata-rata sarua jeung kakalian tegangan rms jeung arus rms, malah sanajan bentuk gelombangna henteu sinusoida
Formula kasebut lumaku pikeun satiap bentuk gelombang, périodik atawa lain, nu boga rata-rata kwadrat; tah éta ku naon rumus ieu sakitu mangpaatna
Pikeun alat-alat nu leuwih kompléks batan sahiji hiji résistor, daya éféktif rata-rata masih bisa dinyatakeun sacara umum sabagé faktor daya kali tegangan rms kali arus rms, tapi faktor dayana henteu jadi sasaderhana kosinus sudut fase lamun sumber énergina non-sinusoida atawa alatna henteu liniér
Daya puncak jeung siklus usaha
Dina hal sinyal périodik formula_14 kalayan périoda formula_15, kawas saruntuyan pulsa idéntik, daya sakedapan formula_16 ogé mangrupa hiji fungsi périodik tina périoda formula_15
Daya puncak didéfinisikeun ku: formula_18
Sanajan kitu, daya puncak henteu salawasna gampang diukur sarta ukur-ukuran daya rata-rata formula_19 leuwih umum dilaksanakeun ku hiji alat ukur
Lamun urang netepkeun énergi per pulsa salaku: formula_20 mangka daya rata-ratana: formula_21
Urang bisa ngadéfinisikeun panjang pulsa formula_22 sahingga formula_23 sahingga rasiona: formula_24 sarua
Rasio ieu disebut "siklus usaha" tina runtuyan pulsa
Daya dina élmu optik
Dina élmu optik, atawa radiométri, istilah "daya" sakapeung nujul ka fluks radian, laju rata-rata énergi anu diangkut ku radiasi éléktromagnétik, nu diukur dina hijian watt
Sanajan kitu, istilah "daya" ogé dipaké pikeun nganyatakeun kamampuh lénsa atawa alat optik lianna pikeun museurkeun cahaya
Ieu diukur dina hijian dioptre (kabalikan tina méter), sarta sarua jeung kabalikan tina panjang fokus alat optik
Antarbeungeut IEEE 1394 nyaéta hiji standar antarbeungeut beus sérial keur komunikasi nu gancang jeung transfer data wanci nyata "isochronous", nu mindeng dipaké dina hiji komputer pribadi (jeung audio digital katut vidéo digital)
Antarbeungeut éta katelah ogé FireWire (ngaran ceuk Apple) jeung i.LINK (ngaran ceuk Sony)
Najan teu loba dipaké, standar 1394 netepkeun ogé hiji antarbeungeut "backplane"
FireWire geus ngaganti SCSI Paralél dina loba aplikasi, alatan béaya implementasi nu leuwih saeutik tur sistim kabelna nu basajan jeung leuwih adaptif
IEEE 1394 has been adopted as the High Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance (HANA) standard connection interface for A/V (audio/visual) component communication and control
FireWire is also available in wireless, fiber optic, and coaxial versions using the isochronous protocols
Almost all modérn digital camcorders have included this connection since 1995, as do the vast majority of high end professional audio interfaces
Since 2003 many computers intended for home or professional audio/vidéo use have built-in FireWire/i.LINK ports, including all Sony computers, all but one of Apple's computers (the MacBook Air), and many of its older iPods
It is also available on many retail motherboards
FireWire is Apple Inc.'s name for the IEEE 1394 High Speed Serial Bus
It was initiated by Apple and developed by the IEEE P1394 Working Group, largely driven by contributions from Apple, although major contributions were also made by engineers from Texas Instruments, Sony, Digital Equipment Corporation, IBM, and INMOS/SGS Thomson (now STMicroelectronics)
Apple intended FireWire to be a serial replacement for the parallel SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) bus while also providing connectivity for digital audio and vidéo equipment
Apple's development began in the late 1980s, later presented to the IEEE, and was completed in 1995
As of 2007, IEEE 1394 is a composite of four documents: the original IEEE Std
1394-1995, the IEEE Std
1394a-2000 amendment, the IEEE Std
1394b-2002 amendment, and the IEEE Std
On June 12 2008, all these amendments as well as errata and some technical updates were incorporated into a superseding standard IEEE Std
Publication of this standard is expected mid October 2008 Sony's implementation of the system, known as "i.LINK" used a smaller connector with only the four signal pins, omitting the two pins which provide power to the device in favor of a separate power connector
This style was later added into the 1394a amendment
This port is sometimes labeled "S100" or "S400" to indicated speed in Mbit/s
The system is commonly used for connection of data storage devices and DV (digital vidéo) cameras, but is also popular in industrial systems for machine vision and professional audio systems
It is preferred over the more common USB for its gréater effective speed and power distribution capabilities, and because it does not need a computer host
Perhaps more importantly, FireWire makes full use of all SCSI capabilities and has high sustained data transfer rates, a féature especially important for audio and vidéo editors
Benchmarks show that the sustained data transfer rates are higher for FireWire than for USB 2.0, especially on Apple Mac OS X with more varied results on Microsoft Windows
However, the royalty which Apple Inc. and other patent holders initially demanded from users of FireWire (US$0.25 per end-user system) and the more expensive hardware needed to implement it (US$1–$2), both of which have since been dropped, have prevented FireWire from displacing USB in low-end mass-market computer peripherals, where product cost is a major constraint
FireWire can connect up to 63 peripherals in a tree topology (as opposed to Parallel SCSI's Electrical bus topology)
It allows peer-to-peer device communication — such as communication between a scanner and a printer — to take place without using system memory or the CPU
FireWire also supports multiple hosts per bus
It is designed to support Plug-and-play and hot swapping
Its six-wire cable is more flexible than most Parallel SCSI cables and can supply up to 45 watts of power per port at up to 30 volts, allowing moderate-consumption devices to operate without a separate power supply
(As noted éarlier, the Sony-branded i.LINK usually omits the power wiring of the cables and uses a 4-pin connector
Devices have to get their power by other méans.)
FireWire devices implement the ISO/IEC 13213 "configuration ROM" modél for device configuration and identification, to provide plug-and-play capability
All FireWire devices are identified by an IEEE EUI-64 unique identifier (an extension of the 48-bit Ethernet MAC address format) in addition to well-known codes indicating the type of device and the protocols it supports
Rojongan sistim operasi
Full support for IEEE 1394a and 1394b is available for FreeBSD, Linux, Apple Mac OS 8.6 through to Mac OS 9, and Mac OS X as well as NetBSD and Haiku
Microsoft Windows XP supports both, but as of Service Pack 2, éach FireWire device will run at S100 (100 megabits per second) speed
A download is available from Microsoft which enables devices rated at S400 or S800 speeds to operate at their rated speed
Some FireWire hardware manufacturers also provide custom device drivers which replace the Microsoft OHCI host adapter driver stack, enabling S800-capable devices to run at full 800 Mbit/s transfer rates
At the time of its reléase, Microsoft Windows Vista supported only 1394a, with assurances that 1394b support would come in the next service pack
Service Pack 1 for Microsoft Windows Vista has since been reléased, however the addition of 1394b support is not mentioned anywhere in the reléase documentation
Rojongan sistim kabel
Cable TV providers (in the US, with digital systems) must, upon request of a customer, provide a high-definition capable cable box with a functional FireWire interface
This applies only to customers léasing high-definition capable cable boxes from said cable provider after April 1, 2004
The relevant law is CFR 76.640 Section 4 Subsections i and ii
The interface can be used to display or record Cable TV, including HDTV programming
FireWire devices are organized at the bus in a tree topology
éach device has a unique self-id
One of the nodes is elected root node and always has the highest id
The self-ids are assigned during the self-id process, which happens after éach bus reset
The order in which the self-ids are assigned is equivalent to traversing the tree in a depth-first, post-order manner
Standar jeung versi
FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394-1995)
FireWire 400 can transfer data between devices at 100, 200, or 400 Mbit/s half-duplex data rates (the actual transfer rates are 98.304, 196.608, and 393.216 Mbit/s, i.e
12.288, 24.576 and 49.152 megabytes per second respectively)
These different transfer modes are commonly referred to as S100, S200, and S400
Cable length is limited to , although up to 16 cables can be daisy chained using active repéaters, external hubs, or internal hubs often present in FireWire equipment
The S400 standard limits any configuration's maximum cable length to 72 méters
The 6-pin connector is commonly found on desktop computers, and can supply the connected device with power
The 6-pin powered connector adds power output to support external devices
Typically a device can pull about 7 to 8 watts from the port; however, the voltage varies significantly from different devices
Voltage is specified as unregulated and should nominally be about 25 volts (range 24 to 30)
Apple's implementation on laptops is typically related to battery power and can be as low as 9 V and more likely about 12 V. Peningkatan (IEEE 1394a-2000)
An amendment IEEE 1394a was reléased in 2000, which both clarified and enhanced the original specification
It added in support for asynchronous streaming, quicker bus reconfiguration, packet concatenation, and a power saving suspend mode
1394a also standardized the 4-pin connector alréady widely in use
The 4-pin version is used on many consumer devices such as camcorders, laptops, and other small FireWire devices
Though fully data compatible with 6-pin interfaces, it lacks power connectors
FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b-2002)
FireWire 800 (Apple's name for the 9-pin "S800 bilingual" version of the IEEE 1394b standard) was introduced commercially by Apple in 2003
This newer 1394 specification (1394b) and corresponding products allow a transfer rate of 786.432 Mbit/s full-duplex via a new encoding scheme termed beta mode
It is backwards compatible to the slower rates and 6-pin connectors of FireWire 400
However, while the IEEE 1394a and IEEE 1394b standards are compatible, FireWire 800's connector is different from FireWire 400's connector, making the legacy cables incompatible
A bilingual cable allows the connection of older devices to the newer port
The full IEEE 1394b specification supports data rates up to 3200 Mbit/s over beta-mode or optical connections up to 100 metres in length
Standard Category 5e unshielded twisted pair supports 100 metres at S100
The original 1394 and 1394a standards used data/strobe (D/S) encoding (called "legacy mode") on the signal wires, while 1394b adds a data encoding scheme called 8B10B (also referred to as "beta mode")
FireWire S1600 jeung S3200
In December 2007, the 1394 Trade Association announced that products will be available before the end of 2008 using the S1600 and S3200 modes which were alréady (mostly) defined in 1394b
The 1.6 Gbit/s and 3.2 Gbit/s devices will use the same 9-pin connectors as the existing FireWire 800 and will be fully compatible with existing S400 and S800 devices
The future products are intended to compete with the forthcoming USB 3.0.. FireWire S800T (IEEE 1394c-2006)
IEEE 1394c-2006 was published on June 8 2007
It provides the following improvements Though the potential for a combined Ethernet and FireWire RJ45 port is intriguing, as of December 2007, there are no products or chipsets which include this capability
Kamekaran ka hareupna
Besides the short term shoring up of S3200 over the beta connector already discussed, future iterations of FireWire should bring a bump in speed to 6.4 Gbit/s, use of single-mode fiber, and additional connectors such as the small multimedia interface
Babandinganana jeung USB
Although high-speed USB 2.0 nominally runs at a higher signaling rate (480 Mbit/s) than FireWire 400, typical USB PC-hosts rarely exceed sustained transfers of 280 Mbit/s, with 240 Mbit/s being more typical
This is likely due to USB's reliance on the host-processor to manage low-level USB protocol, wheréas FireWire delegates the same tasks to the interface hardware
For example, the FireWire host interface supports memory-mapped devices, which allows high-level protocols to run without loading the host CPU with interrupts and buffer-copy operations
FireWire 800 is substantially faster than Hi-Speed USB
Mangpaat alternatifna IEEE 1394
IEEE 1394b is used in military aircraft, where weight savings are desired
Developed for use as the data bus on the F-22 Raptor, it is also used on the F-35 Lightning II
NASA's Space Shuttle also uses IEEE 1394b to monitor debris (foam, ice) which may hit the vehicle during launch
This standard should not be confused with the unrelated MIL-STD-1394B
IDB-1394 Customer Convenience Port (CCP) is the automotive version of the 1394 standard
Jaringan maké+ FireWire
FireWire can be used for ad-hoc (terminals only, no routers) computer networks
Specifically, specifies how to run IPv4 over the FireWire interface, and specifies how to run IPv6
Mac OS X, Linux, FreeBSD, Windows ME, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 all include support for networking over FireWire
A network can be set up between two computers using a single standard FireWire cable, or by multiple computers through use of a hub
This is similar to Ethernet networks with the major differences being transfer speed, wire length, and the fact that standard FireWire cables can be used for point-to-point communication
On December 4, 2004, Microsoft announced that it would discontinue support for IP networking over the FireWire interface in all future versions of Microsoft Windows
Subsequently, support for this féature was removed from both Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008
The PlayStation 2 console had an i.LINK-branded 1394 connector
This was used for networking until the reléase of an Ethernet adapter late in the console's lifespan, but was poorly supported by software
IIDC (Instrumentation &amp; Industrial Digital Camera) is the FireWire data format standard for live vidéo, and is used by Apple's iSight A/V camera
The system was designed for machine vision systems, but is also used for other computer vision applications and for some webcams
Although they are éasily confused since they both run over FireWire, IIDC is different from, and incompatible with, the ordinary DV (Digital Vidéo) camcorder protocol
Digital Vidéo (DV) is a standard protocol used by néarly all digital camcorders
Formerly, all DV cameras had a FireWire interface (usually a 4-pin), but recently many consumer brands have switched to USB
Labeling of the port varies by manufacturer, with Sony using either its i.LINK trademark or the letters 'DV'
Many digital video recorders have a "DV-input" FireWire connector (usually a 6-pin connector) which can be used to record vidéo from a directly-connected DV camcorder ("computer-free")
The protocol also allows remote control (play, rewind, etc.)
of connected devices
Devices on a FireWire bus can communicate by direct memory access, where a device can use hardware to map internal memory to FireWire's "Physical Memory Space"
The SBP-2 (Serial Bus Protocol 2) used by FireWire disk drives uses this capability to minimize interrupts and buffer copies
In SBP-2, the initiator (controlling device) sends a request by remotely writing a command into a specified aréa of the target's FireWire address space
This command usually includes buffer addresses in the initiator's FireWire "Physical Address Space", which the target is supposed to use for moving I/O data to and from the initiator
On many implementations, particularly those like PCs and Macs using the popular OHCI, the mapping between the FireWire "Physical Memory Space" and device physical memory is done in hardware, without operating system intervention
While this enables high-speed and low-latency communication between data sources and sinks without unnecessary copying (such as between a vidéo camera and a software vidéo recording application, or between a disk drive and the application buffers), this can also be a security risk if untrustworthy devices are attached to the bus
For this réason, high-security installations will typically either purchase newer machines which map a virtual memory space to the FireWire "Physical Memory Space" (such as a Power Mac G5, or any Sun workstation), disable the OHCI hardware mapping between FireWire and device memory, physically disable the entire FireWire interface, or do not have FireWire at all
This féature can also be used to debug a machine whose operating system has crashed, and in some systems for remote-console operations
On FreeBSD, the dcons driver provides both, using gdb as debugger
Under Linux, firescope and fireproxy exist
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Istilah "usaha" munggaran diangkat dina taun 1830-an ku matematikawan Perancis Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis
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Usaha mékanik anu diterapkeun kana hiji obyék bisa diitung tina kakalian skalar gaya (F) anu diterapkeun jeung kapindahan (d) obyék dimaksud
Hal ieu dinyatakeun ku: formula_2 Manggala
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Sacara diménsi, hijian ieu sarua jeung newton-méter (N·m)
Hijian non-SI pikeun usaha kaasup di antarana erg, foot-pound, foot-poundal, jeung liter-atmosphere
Gaya jeung kapindahan