izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
the Strait of Gibraltar, finds its origin in the éarly Pliocene
However, two other connections between the Atlantic Océan and the Mediterranéan Séa existed in the past: the Betic corridor (southern Spain) and the Rifian Corridor (northern Morocco)
The former closed during Tortonian times, thus providing a "Tortonian salinity crisis" well before the MSC; the latter closed about 6 Ma, allowing exchanges in the mammal fauna between Africa and Europe
Nowadays, evaporation is more relevant than the water yield supplied by riverine water and precipitation, so that salinity in the Mediterranéan is higher than in the Atlantic
These conditions result in the outflow of warm saline Mediterranéan deep water across Gibraltar, which is in turn counterbalanced by an inflow of a less saline surface current of cold océanic water
The Mediterranéan was once thought to be the remnant of the Tethys Ocean
It is now known to be a structurally younger océan basin known as Neotethys
The Néotethys formed during the Late Triassic and éarly Jurassic rifting of the African and Eurasian plates
Because of its latitudinal position and its land-locked configuration, the Mediterranéan is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record
Since the Mediterranéan is involved in the deposition of éolian dust from the Sahara during dry periods, wheréas riverine detrital input prevails during wet ones, the Mediterranéan marine sapropel-béaring sequences provide high-resolution climatic information
These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the éarth's history, helping to constrain the time of past Geomagnetic Reversals
Furthermore, the exceptional accuracy of these paléoclimatic records have improved our knowledge of the éarth's orbital variations in the past
Ecology and biota
As a result of the drying of the séa during the Messinian salinity crisis, the marine biota of the Mediterranéan are derived primarily from the Atlantic Océan
The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient-rich than the Mediterranéan, and the marine life of the Mediterranéan has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million yéars since the basin was reflooded
The Alboran Sea is a transition zone between the two séas, containing a mix of Mediterranéan and Atlantic species
The Alboran Séa has the largest population of Bottlenose Dolphins in the western Mediterranéan, is home to the last population of harbour porpoises in the Mediterranéan, and is the most important feeding grounds for Loggerhead Sea Turtles in Europe
The Alboran séa also hosts important commercial fisheries, including sardines and swordfish
The Mediterranean monk seals live in the Aegéan Séa in Greece
In 2003, the World Wildlife Fund raised concerns about the widespréad drift net fishing endangering populations of dolphins, turtles, and other marine animals
For 4,000 yéars, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranéan Europe, and the "humanisation of the landscape" overlapped with the appéarance of the present Mediterranéan climate
The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranéan Paradise on éarth in antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations dates back to at léast the eighteenth century and was for centuries fashionable in archaéological and historical circles
Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g
historical documents, analysis of trade relations, floodplain sediments, pollen, tree-ring and further archaéometric analyses and population studies, Alfred Thomas Grove and Oliver Rackham's work on "The Nature of Mediterranean Europe" challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranéan Europe as a "Lost Eden", a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement
The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to méasure up to the imaginary past of the classics as idéalised by artists, poets and scientists of the éarly modérn Enlightenment
The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes
For example, some of the deforestation had alréady taken place before the Roman age
While in the Roman age large enterprises as the Latifundiums took effective care of forests and agriculture, the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire
Some assume that the major deforestation took place in modérn times — the later usage patterns were also quite different e.g
in southern and northern Italy
Also, the climate has usually been unstable and showing various ancient and modérn "Little Ice Ages", and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient with regard to various patterns of human activity
Humanisation was therefore not the cause of climate change but followed it
The wide ecological diversity typical of Mediterranéan Europe is predominantly based on human behaviour, as it is and has been closely related human usage patterns
The diversity range was enhanced by the widespréad exchange and interaction of the longstanding and highly diverse local agriculture, intense transport and trade relations, and the interaction with settlements, pasture and other land use
The gréatest human-induced changes, however, came since World War II, respectively in line with the '1950s-syndrome' as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies
Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns towards taking a role as scenery-setting agents for the then much more important (tourism) travellers
This resulted in more monotonous, large-scale formations
Among further current important thréats to Mediterranéan landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal aréas, abandonment of mountains and, as mentioned, the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations
The region has a variety of géological hazards which have closely interacted with human activity and land use patterns
Among others, in the éastern mediterrenian, the [[Thera eruption]], dated to the 17th or 16th century BC, caused a large [[tsunami]] that some experts hypothesise devastated the [[Minoan civilization|Minoan civilisation]] on the néarby island of Crete, further léading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the [[Atlantis]] legend
[[Mount Vesuvius]] is the only active [[volcano]] on the Européan mainland, while others as [[Mount Etna]] and [[Stromboli]] are to be found on neighbouring islands
The region around Vesuvius including the [[Phlegraean Fields]] Caldera west of Naples are quite active and constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world and eruptive event may occure within decades
Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive ([[Plinian eruption|Plinian]]) eruptions
It is best known for its [[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79|eruption in AD 79]] that led to the burying and destruction of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] cities of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]]
The large experience of member states and regional authorities has léad to exchange on the international level with cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipality authorities and private persons
The [[Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy]] is a quite positive example of natural hazards léading to improved relations of traditional rivals in the region after éarthquakes in İzmir and Athens 1999
The Européan Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express Européan solidarity to disaster-stricken regions within all of Europe
The largest amount of fund requests in the EU is being directed to [[forest fire]]s, followed by floodings and éarthquakes
Forest fires are, whether man made or natural, an often recurring and dangerous hazard in the Mediterranéan region
Also, tsunamis are an often underestimated hazard in the region
For example, the [[1908 Messina earthquake]] and [[tsunami]] took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and is among the most déadly natural disasters in modérn Europe
[[File:Himantura uarnak egypt.jpg|thumb|The [[Reticulate whipray]] is one of the species that colonised the eastern Mediterranean through the [[Suez Canal]].]]
The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 créated the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranéan and [[Red Sea]]
The Red Séa is higher than the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], so the canal serves as a tidal [[strait]] that pours Red Séa water into the Mediterranéan
The [[Bitter Lakes]], which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Séa species into the Mediterranéan for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Séa, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Séa have begun to colonise the éastern Mediterranéan
The Red Séa is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Séa species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor éastern Mediterranéan
Accordingly, Red Séa species invade the Mediterranéan biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the [[Lessepsian migration]] (after [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]], the French engineer) or Erythréan invasion
The construction of the [[Aswan High Dam]] across the [[Nile]] River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich [[silt]] from the Nile into the éastern Mediterranéan, making conditions there even more like the Red Séa and worsening the impact of the [[invasive species]]
Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranéan ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranéan ecology, endangering many local and [[endemism|endemic]] Mediterranéan species
A first look at some groups of exotic species show that more than 70% of the non-indigenous decapods and about 63% of the exotic fishes occurring in the Mediterranéan are of Indo Pacific origin, [[introduced species|introduced]] into the Mediterranéan through the Suez Canal
This makes the Canal as the first pathway of arrival of "[[Introduced species|alien]]" species into the Mediterranéan
The impacts of some lessepsian species have proven to be considerable mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranéan, where they are replacing native species and becoming a "familiar sight"
According to the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] definition, as well as [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD) and [[Ramsar Convention]] terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranéan Séa, and they are outside their normal aréa of distribution which is the Indo-Pacific region
When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranéan séa, compete with and begin to replace native species they are "Alien Invasive Species", as they are an agent of change and a thréat to the native biodiversity
In the context of CBD, "introduction" refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present)
The Suez Canal, being an artificial (man made) canal, is a human agency
Lessepsian migrants are therefore "introduced" species (indirect, and unintentional)
Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a thréat to the native Mediterranéan biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this séa
In recent yéars, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the canal have raised concerns from [[marine biologist]]s, féaring that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Séa species into the Mediterranéan, facilitating the crossing of the canal for yet additional species
Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species
In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species from the tropical Atlantic has become a noticéable féature
Whether this reflects an expansion of the natural aréa of these species that now enter the Mediterranéan through the Gibraltar strait, because of a warming trend of the water caused by [[global warming]]; or an extension of the maritime traffic; or is simply the result of a more intense scientific investigation, is still an open question
While not as intense as the "lessepsian" movement, the process may be scientific interest and may therefore warrant incréased levels of monitoring
By 2100, the overall level of the Mediterranéan could rise between as a result of the effects of [[climate change]]
This could have adverse effects on populations across the Mediterranéan: Coastal ecosystems also appéar to be thréatened by séa level rise, especially enclosed séas such as the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], the Mediterranéan and the Black Séa
These séas have only small and primarily éast-west movement [[Habitat corridor|corridors]], which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these aréas
Séa level rise for the next century (2100) could be between and and temperature shifts of a méré 0.05-0.1 °C in the deep séa are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity
Pollution in this region has been extremely high in recent yéars
The [[United Nations Environment Programme]] has estimated that of [[sewage]], of [[mineral oil]], of mercury, of léad and of phosphates are dumped into the Mediterranéan éach yéar
The [[Barcelona Convention]] aims to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranéan Séa and protect and improve the marine environment in the aréa, thereby contributing to its sustainable development.'
Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the séa's pollution
One of them is the [[Mediterranean Monk Seal]] which is considered to be among the world's most [[endangered]] [[marine mammal]]s. The Mediterranéan is also plagued by [[marine debris]]
A 1994 study of the [[seabed]] using trawl nets around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high méan concentration of debris; an average of 1,935 items per km²
Plastic debris accounted for 76%, of which 94% was plastic bags
[[File:Port of Piraeus.jpg|thumb|right|The port of Piraeus is the busiest passenger port in Europe and the Mediterranean.]]
Some of the world's busiest shipping routes are in the Mediterranéan Séa
It is estimated that approximately 220,000 [[merchant vessel]]s of more than 100 [[gross tonnage|tonnes]] cross the Mediterranéan Séa éach yéar—about one third of the world's total merchant shipping
These ships often carry hazardous cargo, which if lost would result in severe damage to the marine environment
The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution
The Mediterranéan Séa constitutes 0.7% of the global water surface and yet receives seventeen percent of global marine oil pollution
It is estimated that every yéar between and of crude oil are deliberately reléased into the séa from shipping activities
Approximately of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranéan Séa (more than 20% of the world total), with around 250-300 [[oil tanker]]s crossing the Séa every day
Accidental [[oil spill]]s happen frequently with an average of 10 spills per yéar
A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranéan
[[File:Turkey-2459 (2216286345).jpg|thumb|[[Antalya]] on the [[Turkish Riviera|Turkish Riviera (Turquoise Coast)]] is the third [[Tourism#Most-visited cities by international tourist arrivals|most visited city]] in the world with 10.5 million tourists.]]
With a unique combination of pléasant climate, béautiful coastline, rich history and diverse culture the Mediterranéan region is the most popular tourist destination in the world—attracting approximately one third of the world's international tourists
Tourism is one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranéan countries
It also supports small communities in coastal aréas and islands by providing alternative sources of income far from urban centres
However, tourism has also played major role in the degradation of the coastal and marine environment
Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranéan governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region éach yéar
But this has caused serious disturbance to marine habitats such as erosion and pollution in many places along the Mediterranéan coasts
Tourism often concentrates in aréas of high natural wéalth, causing a serious thréat to the habitats of endangered Mediterranéan species such as séa turtles and monk séals
Reductions in natural wéalth may reduce incentives for tourists to visit
Fish stock levels in the Mediterranéan Séa are alarmingly low
The Européan Environment Agency says that over 65% of all fish stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, that some of the most important fisheries—such as [[albacore]] and [[Atlantic bluefin tuna|bluefin tuna]], [[hake]], [[marlin]], [[swordfish]], [[red mullet]] and [[sea bream]]—are thréatened
There are cléar indications that catch size and quality have declined, often dramatically, and in many aréas larger and longer-lived species have disappéared entirely from commercial catches
Large open water fish like tuna have been a shared fisheries resource for thousands of yéars but the stocks are now dangerously low
In 1999, [[Greenpeace]] published a report revéaling that the amount of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranéan had decréased by over 80% in the previous 20 yéars and government scientists warn that without immediate action the stock will collapse
[[File:Aquaculture Western Greece 2004.jpg|thumb|Aquaculture in western Greece]] [[Aquaculture]] is expanding rapidly—often without proper environmental assessment—and currently accounts for 30% of the fish protein consumed worldwide
The industry claims that farmed séafood lessens the pressure on wild fish stocks, yet many of the farmed species are carnivorous, consuming up to five times their weight in wild fish
Mediterranéan coastal aréas are alréady over exposed to human influence, with pristine aréas becoming ever scarcer
The aquaculture sector adds to this pressure, requiring aréas of high water quality to set up farms
The installation of fish farms close to vulnerable and important habitats such as séagrass méadows is particularly concerning
[[Kategori:Sagara di Éropah]] [[Kategori:Sagara leutik]] [[Kategori:Sagara Tengah]] [[Kategori:Sajarah alam di Éropah]] [[Kategori:Sagara di Jaladri Atlantik]]
Pénguin atawa pinguin (ordo Sphenisciformes, famili Spheniscidae) nyaéta manuk laut nu teu tiasa hiber jeung hirupna di Bumi palih kidul
Aya 17 – 20 spésiés pénguin
Sanajan pénguin téh umumna hirup di Antartika, tapi tiasa ogé hirup di tempat nu sanés
Aya tilu spésiés pénguin nu hirup di daérah tropis
Salah sahijina nyaéta Pénguin Galapagos nu hirup di Képulauan Galapagos
Spésiés pénguin nu pang ageungna nyaéta Pénguin Kaisar (Aptenodytes forsteri) anu tinggina nepi 1,1 m jeung beuratna 35 kg atawa leuwih
Spésiés pénguin nu pang alitna nyaéta Pénguin Peri (Eudyptula minor) anu tinggina kurang leuwih 40 cm jeung beuratna 1 kg
Umumna, pénguin nu ageung tiasa ngajaga suhu badanna sangkan tiasa hirup di daérah nu tiis
Upami pénguin nu alit tiasa hirup di daérah nu haneut jeung daérah tropis
Umumna pénguin daharna krill (udang), lauk, cumi-cumi jeung hewan laut nu sanes
Pénguin tiasa nginum cai laut pédah gaduh kélénjar supraorbital dina badanna nu tiasa nyaring garam tina aliran darah
Garam éta dikaluarkeun ngaliwatan saluran pérnapasan
Pénguin henteu sieun ka jelema
manéhna bakal nyaketan ka jelema anu nuju meneliti éta pénguin
Badan pénguin saé kanggo ngojay jeung hirup di laut
Sayapna tiasa dipaké ngadayung, tapi teu tiasa dipaké hiber
Di darat, pénguin ngagunakeun ekor jeung sayapna kanggo ngajaga kaseimbangan
Badan pénguin warnana bodas di palih payunna jeung hideung di pengkerna
Ieu digunakeun kanggo kamuflase
Hewan ti handap sesah ningali pénguin pedah warnana nu bodas kacampur ku pantulan sinar matahari
Hewan ti luhur ogé sesah ningali pénguin pedah warnana nu hideung
Pénguin tiasa ngojay gancangna 6 nepi 12 km/jam
Tiasa ogé nepi ka 27 km/jam
Pénguin nu alit biasana nyelam lamina 1 nepi 2 menit
Upami pénguin nu ageung tiasa nyelam lamina 20 menit
Franck Ribéry lahir di Boulogne-sur-Mer, 7 April 1983 nyaéta pamaén maén bal internasional Prancis anu maén keur kleub Jerman, Bayern Munich di Bundesliga, sarta tim nasional maén bal Prancis
Franck Ribéry nyicingan posisi jangjang, sarta katelah salaku pamaén anu boga téréh, énergi, tur boga kaparigelan anu alus
Ribéry digambarkeun minangka pamaén anu enggal, rumit sarta ngagiring bal anu saé pisan"
Saabus ngagabung kalawan Bayern, manéhna atos diaku di tingkat dunia
Karier Ribéry diawal taun1989 jadi pamaen junior di klub kalahiranna, Conti Boulogne
Ribéry ninggalkeun klub sanggeus tujuh taunngagabung kalawan klub profesional, Lille, Ribéry ninggalkeun klub éta sanggeus tilu taunsanggeus kahese beradaptasi di ditu
Dina taun1999, Ribéry ngagabung kalawan US Boulogne, di manten anjeunna ulin salila dua warsih
Sanggeus méakkeun dua taundeui di divisi amatir kalawan dua klub anu benten (Ales sarta Brest), dina taun2004, Ribéry pindah ka klub Ligue 1, FC Metz
Sanggeus genep sasih kalawan klub eta, Ribéry pindah ka Turki dina Januari 2005 ngagabung kalawan Galatasaray di manten manéhna meunang Piala Turki sareng tim elit kasebat
Sanggeus genep sasih di Galatasaray, manéhna ninggalkeun klub kasebat kalawan kontroversial kanggo balik ka Prancis kanggo ngagabung kalawan Marseille
Ribéry méakkeun dua usum di ditu, ngabantuan Marseille meunangkeun dua final Coupe de France
Dina taun2007, Ribéry ngagabung kalawan klub Jerman Bayern Munich kalawan rekor transfer 25 juta euro
Kalawan Bayern, manéhna atos meunang dua Bundesliga sarta dua DFB-Pokal
Dina taun2010, Ribéry berperan ageung ngabantuan tim Bayern Munich final UEFA Champions League
Ribéry nyaéta pemain internasional Perancis
Sateuacan ngawakilan tim senior, manéhna ulin di level U-21 Prancis
Dina tingkat senior, Ribéry atos ngawakilan nagarana di dua Piala Dunia jeung dua Piala Eropa
manéhna midamel debut internasional dina sasih Mei 2006 ngalawan Meksiko
Dina Piala Dunia 2006, Ribéry nyetak gawang internasional kahijina ngalawan Spanyol sarta ulin di laga final ngalawan Italia
Sacara sorangan, Ribéry nyaéta pinunjul dua kali Pamaen Prancis taunIeu sarta ogé meunang Pamaen anu pang hadéna di Jerman taunIeu
Abū ʿAbdullāh Muhammad bin Idrīs Asy-Syafiʿī atawa Muhammad bin Idris asy-Syafi`i () anu nelah disebat Imam Syafi'i (Ashkelon, Gaza, Paléstina, 150 H / 767M - Fusthat, Mesir 204H / 819M) nyaéta hiji mufti agung Sunni Islam ogé pangadeg madzhab Syafi'i
Imam Syafi'i ogé kaasup sadudulur ti Rasulullah, mantenna kaasup kana Bani Muththalib, nyaéta réréhan ti al-Muththalib, dulur ti Hasyim, anu mangrupa akina nabi Muhammad
Nalika yuswa 20 taun, Imam Syafi'i angkat ka Madinah pikieun guguru ka ulama agung mangsa harita, nyatana Imam Malik
Dua taun salajengna, mantenna ogé angkat ka Irak, pikeun guguru ka murid-murid Imam Hanafi di dinya
Imam Syafi`i miboga dua dasar nu beda pikeun Mazhab Syafi'i
Nu mimiti ngaranna Qaulun Qadim jeung Qaulun Jadid
Gumelaran jeung Kahirupan Kulawarga
Imam Syafi’i gumelar dina jaman Dinasti Bani Abbas, nyatana dina jaman kakawasaan Abu Ja’far al-Mansyur
Idris bin Abbas rumeujeung ka garwana dina hiji liliaran anu kawilang jauh, nyaéta ka pilemburan Gaza, Paléstina, nu harita umat Islam keur nyanghareupan perang ngabéla nagari Islam di kota Asqalan.Mangsa harita Fatimah al-Azdiyyah nuju ngandung, Idris bin Abbas bingah ku perkara éta, lajeng dikocapkeun ku anjeunna, "Saumpamana anu gumelar téh lalaki, mangka bakal disina ngaranan Muhammad, jeung bakal dijujuluk ku ngaran salasaurang akina nyaéta
dijujuluk ku ngaran salasaurang akina nyaéta Syafi'i bin Asy-Syaib."
Antukna Fatimah babar di Gaza, jeung kabuktian naon anu geus dicita-citakeun ku bapana téh
Budak éta dingaranan Muhammad, jeung sebutanna ku ngaran "asy-Syafi'i"
Nurutkeun ahli sajarah, Imam Syafi'i gumelar nalika dina sataun reujeung pupusna hiji ulama agung Sunni anu ngaranna Imam Abu Hanifah
Imam Syafi’i ngalih ka makkah sinareng biangna nalika mantenna yuswa 2 taun dina kayaan yatim
Sawaktu Imam Syafi’i masih dina kandungan, biangna ngimpén yén hiji béntang tas kaluar tina padaharanna jeung terus naék ngawang luhur pisan, saterusna éta béntang ngahambur mawur nyaangan daérah-daérah sakurilingeunana
Ahli mimpi ngamaknaan impénan étu yén anjeunna bakal ngababarkeun hiji putra anu élmuna ngalingkung sakabéh jagat
Idris, ramana Imam Syafi'i dumuk di taneuh Hijaz, anjeunna mangrupa réréhan ti al-Muththalib, jadi anjeunna kaasup kana Bani Muththalib
Imam Syafi'i katurunan Quraisy ti nasab kolotna duanana, rama jeung biang
Nasab rama nyaéta Abu Abdillah bin Muhammad bin Idris bin Abbas bin Syafi’i bin Sa’ib bin Ubaidillah bin Abu Yazid bin Hasyim bin Abdul Muththalib bin Manaf, anu nasab mantenna liwat ramana patepung jeung Rasulullah SAW dina bin Manaf
Ngaran biangna jeung Nasab biangna nyatana Fatimah binti Abdullah bin Hasan bin Husain bin Ali bin Abu Tholib bin Abdul Muththalib, nasab mantenna liwat biangna patepung jeung Rasulullah SAW dina Abdul Muththalib nyaéta akina Rasulullah SAW
Tina nasab éta, Al-Mutthalib bin Abdi Manaf, akina Muhammad bin Idris Asy-Syafi`, nyaéta dulur kandung Hasyim bin Abdi Manaf akina Nabi Muhammad shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam
Ogé dulur kandung Abdul Mutthalib bin Hasyim, akina Nabi Muhammad shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam , ngaranna Syifa’, ditikah ku Ubaid bin Abdi Yazid, sangkan gumelar putra nu ngaranna As-Sa’ib, ramana Syafi’i
Ka Syafi’i bin As-Sa’ib radliyallahu`anhuma ieu budak yatim nu dimaksud téh dinisbahkeun nasabna sahingga kasohor ku ngaran Muhammad bin Idris Asy-Syafi`i Al-Mutthalibi
Ku kituna nasab yatim ieu kacida deukeutna jeung Nabi Muhammad shallallahu `alaihi wa alihi wasallam
Kusabab Hasyim bin Abdi Manaf anu saterusna ngalahirkeun Bani Hasyim, nyaéta dulur kandung jeung Mutthalib bin Abdi manaf, anu ngalahirkeun Bani Mutthalib, mangka Rasulullah ngadawuh: Waragad jeung Ahlak
Syaikh Ar-Rabi’ bin Sulaiman (Sohabat ogé murid imam Syafi’i) ngocapkeun, “Syafi’i pameunteuna kasép, sorana halimpu (macakeun Ayat-ayat suci al-qur’an, sangkan tiap-tiap jalma anu ngadanguna nyurucudkeun malihan aya nu nepika pingsan), ahlakna , béréhan (Syaikh Al-Humaidi ngocapkeun, “Syafi’i datang ti shana’a bebekelan duit lobana sapuluh rébu dinar (10.000 = kurang leuwih Rp
13.000.000.000, tilu belas milyar duit ayaeuna), lajeng mantenna ngadegkeun kémah di luar makkah, jalma-jalma ngadatangan mantenna, jeung dina peuting éta ogé duitna téh érép dibagikeun,”
Syaikh Amr bin Sawad ngocapkeun, “Syafi’i nyaéta jalma anu pang béréhanana kana , jeung kadaharan”
Ar-rabi’ ngocapkeun, “Syafi’i pernah naékkan keledéi terus pecutna murag dipangmulungkeun ku hiji jalma, mangka imam Syafi’i maréntahkeun ka pelayanna pikeun nyedekahkeun ka jalma éta duit gedéna tujuh dinar (luyu jeung Rp
9.100.000, duit ayeuna)
Mantenna mah saderhana dina dangdanan, mahér dina pangubaran, lihéi dina numpak kuda ogé mahér papanahan ku keunana 100 persén, wawanén, nganggé cingcin dina ramo kéncana nu ditulisan “Cekap mung Allah minangka ageman Muhammad bin Idris”
Nalika yuswa 2 taun, Imam Syafi'i dicandak ku biangna ka negeri Hijaz kalayan ngahiji jeung pangeusi negeri éta anu loloba na mah urang Yaman, ku sabab ibuna asalna ti suku
Nincak yuswa 10 taun mantenna dicandak ku ibuna ka Makkah, ibuna melang nasabna anu kacida mulyana téh paur leungit jeung dipopohokeun
Nalika mangsa diajar jeung nyungsi pikeun mantenna, ibuna henteu kawasa pikeun ngaburuhan guruna
Tapi guruna tumarima jeung ridho pikeun ngadidik Imam Syafi'i ngora
Imam Syafi'i loba ngahadiran pangajian ogé patepung jeung para ulama pikeun diajar sawatara perkara agama
Mantenna nulis sagala hal anu didanguna dina -tulang nu lamun tas pinuh jeung numpuk éta tulang téh dikana karungkeun
ku sabab kaayaan ékonomina nu mangwaaskeun, pikeun tolab élmu téh Imam Syafi'i kudu ka perpustakaan jeung ngagunakeun bagéan luar tina kulit anu dipanggihan pikeun nyatet
Hasilna, dina yuswa 7 taun tas apal al-Qur'an 30 Juz, yuswa 10 taun tas apal kitab al-Muwaththa yasana Imam Malik ogé dina yuswa 15 taun tas dipercanten pikeun matwa ku guruna Muslim bin Khalid az-Zanji
Di Mekkah, sanggeus dipapatahan supaya neuleuman élmu fiqih, Imam Syafi’i guguru ka Muslim bin Khalid az-Zanji, salah sahiji mufti Mekkah
Sanggeus kitu, mantenna dicandak ku ibuna ka Madinah pikeun tolab élmu ka
di dinya, mantenna guguru ka Imam Malik salila 16 taun nikakeun guruna ieu téh tilar dunya
Bareng jeung éta, anjeunna diajar ka Ibrahim bin Sa’d al-Anshary, Muhammad bin Sa’id bin Fudaik jeung -ulama salian aranjeunna
Sapupusna Imam Malik, Imam Syafi’i mumbara ka wewengkon Najran minangka Wali (pangawasa) di dinya
Namung sakumaha adilna ogé, aya waé sawaréh jalma anu sirik mah jeung ngagogoréng ka Imam Safi’i sarta ngadu-ngadu ka Harun ar-Rasyid
Nikakeun Imam Syafi’i téh ditalék di Dar al-Khilafah dina taun 184 H. Sajanan kitu, Imam Syaféi bisa ngabéla dirina di hareupeun para khalifah ku cara hujjah anu kacida ngantebna sangkan kacirina ku khalifah yén tutuduh anu ditojokeun ka Imam Syafi’i téh henteu ngadasar jeung teu mibanda alesan anu jelas, antukna khalifah ngabébaskeun ka Imam Syafi’i
Salajengna Imam Syafi’i mumbara ka Baghdad, di dinya anjeunna patepang sareng Muhammad bin al-Hasan asy-Syaibany, muridna Imam Abu Hanifah
anjeunna maca kitab-na jeung ngawanohan élmu AhIi Rayi ( ), salajengna mulang deui ka Makkah sinaareng dumuk di dinya salila kurang leuwih 9 taun pikeun nyumebarkeun madzhabna liwat halaqah- élmu anu ditéangan ku para panungnut élmu di Haram, Makkah, kitu ogé liwat panglawungan jeung para ulama nalika lumangsungna usum haji
Dina mangsa ieu, Imam Ahmad diajar jeung anjeunna
Saterusna Imam Syafi’i balik deui ka Baghdad taun 195 H. Kabeneran di dinya tas aya majelisna anu dihadiran ku para jeung dipinihan ku para penungtut élmu anu datang ti pangjuru buana
Anjeunna dumuk di dinya salila 2 taun, waktuna dipaké pikeun ngarang kitab
Dina bukuna éta, anjeunna ngajabarkeun madzhab heubeulna (Qaul Qadim)
Dina mangsa ieu, aya opat urang sohabat seniorna anu nyantri jeung anjeunna, nyaéta Ahmad bin Hanbal, Abu Tsaur, az-Za’farany jeung al-Karaabiisy
Anjeunna balik ka Makkah jeung dumuk di dinya dina wanci anu sajorélat, sanggeus kitu angkat deui ka Baghdad, dina taun 198 H. Di Baghdad, anjeunna ogé dumuk sakeudeung pikeun saterusna angkat ka Mesir
Anjeunna nepi di dina taun 199 H nu teu disangka-sangkana mah yén kasohoranna Imam Syafi’i téh tas miheulaan nepi ka dinya
Dina iinditanna ieu, anjeunna dibaturan ku babaraha urang muridna, di antarana Ar-Rabi’i bin Sulaiman al-Murady jeung Abdullah bin az-Zubair al-Humaidy
Anjeunna sindang heula di Fushthath minangka tamu Abdullah bin Abdul Hakam anu mangrupa sohabat Imam Malik
Saterusna anjeunna mimiti ngeusian pangajianna di Jami Amr bin Ash
Sihoréng, lolobana mah nu tumut ka dua imam saméméhna, nyaéta nu tumut ka Imam Abu Hanifah jeung Imam Malik leuwih condong ka anjeunna jeung kasima ku kafaséhan sarta élmuna
Di , anjeunna dumuk salila 5 taun nu mana salila mangsa ieu digunakeun pikeun ngarang, ngajar, nyawala (Munazharah) ogé ngitung-ngitung pangedalan lawan sawalana
Di negeri ieu, anjeunna neundeun madzhab anyarna (Qaul Jadid), nyaéta mangrupa hukum- jeung fatwa- anu ku anjeunna diguar dalilna salila di Mesir, sawaréhna mah béda jeung kedalan fiqih anu tas diteundeun di Iraq
Di Mesir ogé, anjeunna ngarang buku- agréngna, anu diriwayatkeun ku para muridna
Guru jeung murid-muridna
Guru-guru Imam Syafi'i
Imam Syafi’i ngawitan nungnut élmu jeung ulama- anu aya di negerina, diantawisna nyaéta: Anjeunna ogé nungtut élmu jeung ulama- diantawisna nyaéta: Imam Syafi’i ogé nungtut élmu jeung ulama- negeri diantawisna: Jeung di anjeunna nungtut élmu ti Murid-murid Imam Syafi’i
Anjeunna mibanda loba murid, anu umumna jadi inohong jeung gegedén ulama jeung imam umat islam, anu pangnyongcolangna nyaéta Tilar Dunya
Imam Syafi’i tilar dunya di Fustat, Mesir dina malem juma’ah sanggeus magrib taun 204 H / 820 M. Syaikh Ar-Rabi’i ngocapkeun, “Simkuring ngimpen ningal Nabi Adam AS, tilar dunya, nalika kuring nanya ngeunaan perkara éta, hiji jalma (ahli tafsir ) ngawaler yén éta téh cicirén yén hiji jalma anu pangalimna di dunya bakal pupus, margina Allah SWT ngajarkeun Adam AS sakabéh ngaran, teu lila
Adam AS sakabéh ngaran, teu lila sanggeus éta Imam Syafi’i rah.a tilar dunya
Jasadna dikurebkeun dina poé juma’ah sanggeus ashar, poé panungtung dina bulan rajab
Nalika Ar-Rabi’i mulang tina ngalayad anjeunna ningal hilal bulan taun 204 Hijriyah
Imam Asy Syafi'i
Kamasan nyaéta tukang nyieun pakakas jeung perhiasan tina emas sarta logam mulia liana
Dumasar kana sajarahna, kamasan ogé nyieun barang tina pérak, piring, gelas, pakakas hiasan, katut barang nu dipaké keur kariaan atawa ageman, tapi naékna harga logam mulia nyababkeun turunna jumlah barang nu dijieun
Kamasan kudu parigel dina ngawangun logam ku cara ngikir, matri, ngaragaji, neupa, nyitak, jeung ngagosok logam
Sacara tradisional, ieu kaparigelan bisa beunang ku cara magang, tapi kiwari mah sakola seni perhiasan ogé ngajarkeun kamasan jeung katerampilan lianna
Loba universitas katut akademi nu nawarkeun cara ngamasan jeung nyieun seni logam minangka bagéan tina kurikulum senina
Agus Salim (nami paparin bapana Mashudul Haq (hartina "ngabela nu haq"); ) nyaéta pajoang kamerdikaan Indonésia
Haji Agus Salim ditetepkeun minangka salah sahiji Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia ku SK Présidén nomor 657 Taun 1961 dina ping 27 Désémber 1961