izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
Ciléndék Barat nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Ciléndék Timur nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Curug nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Curugmekar nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Gunungbatu nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Loji nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Margajaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pasirjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pasirkuda nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pasirmulya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Semplak nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sindangbarang nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Situgedé nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Bojongkerta nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cikarét nyaéta salasahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cipaku nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Genténg nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Harjasari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kertamaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Muarasari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Mulyaharja nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pakuan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pamoyanan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Rancamaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Ranggamekar nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Katulampa nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Timur, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sindangrasa nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Timur, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sindangsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Timur, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sukasari nyaéta salasahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Timur, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Tajur nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Timur, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cibuluh nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Utara, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Ciluar nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Utara, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cimahpar nyaéta salasahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Utara, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Ciparigi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Utara, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kedunghalang nyaéta salasahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Utara, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Tanahbaru nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Bogor Utara, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cibadak nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kayumanis nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kedungbadak nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kedungjaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kedungwaringin nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kencana nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Mekarwangi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sukadamai nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sukaresmi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Tanahsaréal nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Ménténg nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Barat, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Batutulis nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Bondongan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Émpang nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Lawanggintung nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Babakan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Babakanpasar nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cibogor nyaéta salasahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Ciwaringin nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Gudang nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kebonkelapa nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pabaton nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Palédang nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Panaragan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sempur nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Tegallega nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Baranangsiang nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Timur, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Bantarjati nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Utara, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Tegalgundil nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bogor Utara, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kebonpedes nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tanah Saréal, Kota Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cibeber nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Selatan, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cibeureum nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Selatan, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Leuwigajah nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Selatan, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Melong nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Selatan, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Utama nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Selatan, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Baros nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Tengah, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cigugur Tengah nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Tengah, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cimahi nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Tengah, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Karangmekar nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Tengah, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Padasuka nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Tengah, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Setiamanah nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Tengah, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cibabat nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Utara, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cipageran nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Utara, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Citeureup nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Utara, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pasirkaliki nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimahi Utara, Kota Cimahi, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
よ, dina hiragana, atawa ヨ dina katakana, salah sahiji kana Basa Jepang, nu ngagambarkeun hiji mora
Dina hiragana diwangun ku dua garis, sedengkeun dina katakana diwangun ku tilu garis
Lamun ditulis leutik tur dimimitian ku kana -i, kana ieu ngagambarkeun sora nu teu misah tapi ku modifikasi jeung nu séjénna (tempo yōon)
Argasunya nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Harjamukti, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Harjamukti nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Harjamukti, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kalijaga nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Harjamukti, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kecapi nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Harjamukti, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Larangan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Harjamukti, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kebonbaru nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kejaksan, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kejaksan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kejaksan, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kesendén nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kejaksan, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sukapura nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kejaksan, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Drajat nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kesambi, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Karyamulya nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kesambi, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kesambi nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kesambi, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pekiringan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kesambi, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sunyaragi nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Kesambi, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kesepuhan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Lemahwungkuk, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Lemahwungkuk nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Lemahwungkuk, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Panjunan nyaéta salasahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Lemahwungkuk, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pegambiran nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Lemahwungkuk, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Jagasatru nyaéta salasahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pekalipan, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pekalangan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pekalipan, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pekalipan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pekalipan, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pulasarén nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pekalipan, Kota Cirebon, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Filum Chordata nyaéta golongan sato, kaasup vertebrata jeung sababaraha sato invertebrata nu boga ciri sarupa
Sakabéh anggota golongan ieu, dina hiji mangsa dina kahirupan maranéhanana, miboga notokorda, tali saraf dorsal "berongga", celah faring ("pharyngeal slits"), "endostyle", jeung buntut uratan nu ngaliwatan anus
Chordata kabagi jadi tilu subfilum: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, jeung Vertebrata
Komét (simbol: ) nyaéta banda leutik dina sistim suryamandala nu ngorbit kana panonpoé sarta (kadang-kadang) mintonkeun koma (atawa atmosfir) jeung/atawa buntut — duanana utamana disababkeun ku ayana pangaruh radiasi panonpoé kana inti komét, nu mana manéna sorangan mangrupa banda leutik nu diwangun ku batu, kebul, jeung és
Orbit komét robah kalayan konstan: asalna di saluareun sistim suryamandala, sarta miboga kacenderungan kacida dipangaruhannana (atawa dikacokeun) ku planét gedé nu rélatif deukeut
Sababaraha di antarana pindah kana orbit "sungrazing" nu ngaruksak komét nalika manéhna deukeuteun paponpoé, sedengkeun lianna mah kapiceun ka saluareun sistim suryamandala salilalana
lolobana komét dipercaya asalana tina halimun ("Oort cloud") dina jarak nu jauh ti Srangéngé nu ngandung "debris" nu tinggaleun tina kondénsasi nébula srangéngé; sisi luar nébula ieu cukup tiis sahingga cai ogé aya dina kaayaan nu mangrupa padetan (lain gas)
Asteroid asalna ngaliwatan prosés nu béda, tapi komét nu geus kacida kolotna, nu geus leungiteun sakabéh bahan "volatile"-na, bisa ogé jadi sarupaning asteroid
Kecap "komét" asalna tina basa Inggris nu ngaliwatan basa Latén "cometes"
Tina kecap basa Yunani "komē" mah, hartina téh "buuk na hulu," Aristotélés mimiti maké kecap turunan "komētēs" keur ngagambarkeun komét miangka "béntang buukan."
Long-period comets are believed to originate in a distant cloud known as the Oort cloud (after the astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort who hypothesised its existence)
They are sometimes perturbed from their distant orbits by gravitational interactions, falling into extremely elliptical orbits that can bring them very close to the Sun
One théory says that as a comet approaches the inner solar system, solar radiation causes part of its outer layers, composed of ice and other materials, to melt and evaporate, but this has not been proven
The stréams of dust and gas this reléases form a very large, extremely tenuous atmosphere around the comet called the "coma", and the force exerted on the coma by the Sun's radiation pressure and solar wind cause an enormous "tail" to form, which points away from the sun
The stréams of dust and gas éach form their own distinct tail, éach pointed in slightly different directions
The tail made of dust is left behind in the comet's orbit in such a manner that it often forms a curved tail
At the same time, the ion tail, made of gases, always pointing directly away from the Sun, as this gas is more strongly affected by the solar wind than dust is, following magnetic field lines rather than an orbital trajectory
While the solid body of comets (called the "nucleus") is generally less than 50 km across, the coma may be larger than the Sun, and the ion tails have been observed to extend 150 million km (1 Astronomical unit) or more
Both the coma and tail are illuminated by the Sun and may become visible from the Earth when a comet passes through the inner solar system, the dust reflecting sunlight directly, and the gases glowing from ionisation
Most comets are too faint to be visible without the aid of a telescope, but a few éach decade become bright enough to be visible with the naked eye
Before the invention of the telescope, comets seemed to appéar out of nowhere in the sky and gradually vanish out of sight
They were usually considered bad omens of déaths of kings or noble men, or coming catastrophes
From ancient sources, such as Chinese oracle bones, it is known that their appéarances have been noticed by humans for millennia
One very famous old recording of a comet is the appéarance of Halley's Comet on the Bayeux Tapestry, which records the Norman conquest of England in AD 1066
Surprisingly, cometary nuclei are among the darkest objects known to exist in the solar system
The Giotto probe found that Comet Halley's nucleus reflects approximately 4% of the light that falls on it, and Deep Space 1 discovered that Comet Borrelly's surface reflects only 2.4% to 3% of the light that falls on it; by comparison, asphalt reflects 7% of the light that falls on it
It is thought that complex organic compounds are the dark surface material
Solar héating drives off volatile compounds léaving behind héavy long-chain organics that tend to be very dark, like tar or crude oil
The very darkness of cometary surfaces allows them to absorb the héat necessary to drive their outgassing
In 1996, comets were found to emit X-rays
These X-rays surprised reséarchers, because their emission by comets had not previously been predicted
The X-rays are thought to be generated by the interaction between comets and the solar wind: when highly charged ions fly through a cometary atmosphere, they collide with cometary atoms and molecules
In these collisions, the ions will capture one or more electrons léading to emission of X-rays and far ultraviolet photons
Comets are classified according to their orbital periods
"Short period comets" have orbits of less than 200 yéars, while "Long period comets" have longer orbits but remain gravitationally bound to the Sun, and main-belt comets orbit within the asteroid belt
"Single-apparition comets" have parabolic or hyperbolic orbits which will cause them to permanently exit the solar system after one pass by the Sun
modérn observations have revéaled a few genuinely hyperbolic orbits, but no more than could be accounted for by perturbations from Jupiter
If comets pervaded interstellar space, they would be moving with velocities of the same order as the relative velocities of stars néar the Sun (a few tens of kilometres per second)
If such objects entered the solar system, they would have positive total énérgies, and would be observed to have genuinely hyperbolic orbits
A rough calculation shows that there might be 4 hyperbolic comets per century, within Jupiter's orbit, give or take one and perhaps two orders of magnitude
On the other extreme, the short period Comet Encke has an orbit which never places it farther from the Sun than Jupiter
Short-period comets are thought to originate in the Kuiper belt, wheréas the source of long-period comets is thought to be the Oort cloud
A variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain why comets get perturbed into highly elliptical orbits, including close approaches to other stars as the Sun follows its orbit through the Milky Way Galaxy; the Sun's hypothetical companion star Nemesis; or an unknown Planet X
Because of their low masses, and their elliptical orbits which frequently take them close to the giant planets, cometary orbits are often perturbed
Short period comets display a strong tendency for their aphelia to coincide with a giant planet's orbital radius, with the Jupiter family of comets being the largest, as the histogram shows
It is cléar that comets coming in from the Oort cloud often have their orbits strongly influenced by the gravity of giant planets as a result of a close encounter
Jupiter is the source of the gréatest perturbations, being more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined, in addition to being the swiftest of the giant planets
A number of periodic comets discovered in éarlier decades or previous centuries are now "lost."
Their orbits were never known well enough to predict future appéarances
However, occasionally a "new" comet will be discovered and upon calculation of its orbit it turns out to be an old "lost" comet
An example is Comet 11P/Tempel-Swift-LINEAR, discovered in 1869 but unobservable after 1908 because of perturbations by Jupiter
It was not found again until accidentally rediscovered by LINEAR in 2001
The names given to comets have followed several different conventions over the past two centuries
Before any systematic naming convention was adopted, comets were named in a variety of ways
Prior to the éarly 20th century, most comets were simply referred to by the yéar in which they appéared, sometimes with additional adjectives for particularly bright comets; thus, the "Great Comet of 1680" (Kirch's Comet), the "Great September Comet of 1882," and the "Daylight Comet of 1910" ("Great January Comet of 1910")
After Edmund Halley demonstrated that the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682 were the same body and successfully predicted its return in 1759, that comet became known as Comet Halley
Similarly, the second and third known periodic comets, Comet Encke&lt;ref name="Kronk, '2P/Encke'"&gt;Kronk, '2P/Encke'&lt;/ref&gt; and Comet Biela,&lt;ref name="Kronk, '3D/Biela'"&gt;Kronk, '3D/Biela'&lt;/ref&gt; were named after the astronomers who calculated their orbits rather than their original discoverers
Later, periodic comets were usually named after their discoverers, but comets that had appéared only once continued to be referred to by the yéar of their apparition
In the éarly 20th century, the convention of naming comets after their discoverers became common, and this remains so today
A comet is named after up to three independent discoverers
In recent yéars, many comets have been discovered by instruments operated by large téams of astronomers, and in this case, comets may be named for the instrument
For example, Comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock was discovered independently by the IRAS satellite and amateur astronomers Genichi Araki and George Alcock
In the past, when multiple comets were discovered by the same individual, group of individuals, or téam, the comets' names were distinguished by adding a numeral to the discoverers' names; thus Comets Shoemaker-Levy 1–9
Today, the large numbers of comets discovered by some instruments (in August 2005, SOHO discovered its 1000th comet) has rendered this system impractical, and no attempt is made to ensure that éach comet has a unique name
Instéad, the comets' systematic designations are used to avoid confusion
Until 1994, comets were first given a provisional designation consisting of the yéar of their discovery followed by a lowercase letter indicating its order of discovery in that yéar (for example, Comet Bennett 1969i was the 9th comet discovered in 1969)
Once the comet had been observed through perihelion and its orbit had been established, the comet was given a permanent designation of the yéar of its perihelion, followed by a Roman numeral indicating its order of perihelion passage in that yéar, so that Comet Bennett 1969i became Comet Bennett 1970 II (it was the second comet to pass perihelion in 1970) Incréasing numbers of
perihelion in 1970) Incréasing numbers of comet discoveries made this procedure awkward, and in 1994 the International Astronomical Union approved a new naming system
Comets are now designated by the yéar of their discovery followed by a letter indicating the half-month of the discovery and a number indicating the order of discovery (a system similar to that alréady used for asteroids), so that the fourth comet discovered in the second half of February 2006 would be designated 2006 D4
Prefixes are also added to indicate the nature of the comet, with P/ indicating a periodic comet, C/ indicating a non-periodic comet, X/ indicating a comet for which no reliable orbit could be calculated, D/ indicating a comet which has broken up or been lost, and A/ indicating an object that was mistakenly identified as a comet, but is actually a minor planet
After their second observed perihelion passage, periodic comets are also assigned a number indicating the order of their discovery
So Halley's Comet, the first comet to be identified as periodic, has the systematic designation 1P/1682 Q1
Comet Hale-Bopp's designation is C/1995 O1
There are only four objects that are cross-listed as both comets and asteroids: 2060 Chiron (95P/Chiron), 133P/Elst-Pizarro (7968 Elst-Pizarro), 60558 Echeclus (174P/Echeclus) and 4015 Wilson-Harrington (107P/Wilson-Harrington)
History of comet study
Early observations and thought
Historically, comets were thought to be unlucky, or even interpreted as attacks by héavenly beings against terrestrial inhabitants
Some authorities interpret references to "falling stars" in Gilgamesh, Revelation and the Book of Enoch as references to comets, or possibly bolides
In the first book of his "Meteorology", Aristotle propounded the view of comets that would hold sway in Western thought for néarly two thousand yéars
He rejected the idéas of several éarlier philosophers that comets were planets, or at léast a phenomenon related to the planets, on the grounds that while the planets confined their motion to the circle of the Zodiac, comets could appéar in any part of the sky
Instéad, he described comets as a phenomenon of the upper atmosphere, where hot, dry exhalations gathered and occasionally burst into flame
Aristotle held this mechanism responsible for not only comets, but also meteors, the aurora borealis, and even the Milky Way
A few later classical philosophers did dispute this view of comets
Seneca the Younger, in his "Natural Questions", observed that comets moved regularly through the sky and were undisturbed by the wind, behavior more typical of celestial than atmospheric phenomena
While he conceded that the other planets do not appéar outside the Zodiac, he saw no réason that a planet-like object could not move through any part of the sky, humanity's knowledge of celestial things being very limited
However, the Aristoteléan viewpoint proved more influential, and it was not until the 16th century that it was demonstrated that comets must exist outside the éarth's atmosphere
In 1577, a bright comet was visible for several months
The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe used méasurements of the comet's position taken by himself and other, géographically separated, observers to determine that the comet had no méasuréable parallax
Within the precision of the méasurements, this implied the comet must be at léast four times more distant from the éarth than the moon
Although comets had now been demonstrated to be in the héavens, the question of how they moved through the héavens would be debated for most of the next century
Even after Johannes Kepler had determined in 1609 that the planets moved about the sun in elliptical orbits, he was reluctant to believe that the laws that governed the motions of the planets should also influence the motion of other bodies—he believed that comets travel among the planets along straight lines
Galileo Galilei, although a staunch Copernicanist, rejected Tycho's parallax méasurements and held to the Aristoteléan notion of comets moving on straight lines through the upper atmosphere
The first suggestion that Kepler's laws of planetary motion should also apply to the comets was made by William Lower in 1610
In the following decades, other astronomers, including Pierre Petit, Giovanni Borelli, Adrien Auzout, Robert Hooke, Johann Baptist Cysat, and Giovanni Domenico Cassini, all argued for comets curving about the sun on elliptical or parabolic paths, while others, such as Christian Huygens and Johannes Hevelius, supported comets' linéar motion
The matter was resolved by the bright comet that was discovered by Gottfried Kirch on November 14, 1680
Astronomers throughout Europe tracked its position for several months
In 1681, the Saxon pastor Georg Samuel Doerfel set forth his proofs that comets are héavenly bodies moving in parabolas of which the sun is the focus
Then Isaac Newton, in his "Principia Mathematica" of 1687, proved that an object moving under the influence of his inverse square law of universal gravitation must trace out an orbit shaped like one of the conic sections, and he demonstrated how to fit a comet's path through the sky to a parabolic orbit, using the comet of 1680 as an example
In 1705, Edmond Halley applied Newton's method to twenty-four cometary apparitions that had occurred between 1337 and 1698
He noted that three of these, the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682, had very similar orbital elements, and he was further able to account for the slight differences in their orbits in terms of gravitational perturbation by Jupiter and Saturn
Confident that these three apparitions had been three appéarances of the same comet, he predicted that it would appéar again in 1758-9
(éarlier, Robert Hooke had identified the comet of 1664 with that of 1618, while Jéan-Dominique Cassini had suspected the identity of the comets of 1577, 1665, and 1680
Both were incorrect.)
Halley's predicted return date was later refined by a téam of three French mathematicians: Alexis Clairaut, Joseph Lalande, and Nicole-Reine Lepaute, who predicted the date of the comet's 1759 perihelion to within one month's accuracy
When the comet returned as predicted, it became known as Comet Halley or Halley's Comet (its official designation is 1P/Halley)
Its next appéarance is due in 2061
Among the comets with short enough periods to have been observed several times in the historical record, Comet Halley is unique in consistently being bright enough to be visible to the naked eye
Since the confirmation of Comet Halley's periodicity, many other periodic comets have been discovered through the telescope
The second comet to be discovered to have a periodic orbit was Comet Encke (official designation 2P/Encke)
Over the period 1819-1821 the German mathematician and physicist Johann Franz Encke computed orbits for a series of cometary apparitions observed in 1786, 1795, 1805, and 1818, concluded they were same comet, and successfully predicted its return in 1822
By 1900, seventeen comets had been observed at more than one perihelion passage and recognized as periodic comets
As of April 2006, 175 comets have achieved this distinction, though several have since been destroyed or lost
In ephemerides, comets are often denoted by the symbol
Studies of physical characteristics
Isaac Newton described comets as compact, solid, fixed, and durable bodies: in other words, a kind of planet, which move in very oblique orbits, every way, with the gréatest freedom, persevering in their motions even against the course and direction of the planets; and their tail as a very thin, slender vapour, emitted by the héad, or nucleus of the comet, ignited or héated
of the comet, ignited or héated by the sun
Comets also seemed to Newton absolutely requisite for the conservation of the water and moisture of the planets; from their condensed vapours and exhalations all that moisture which is spent on vegetations and putrefactions, and turned into dry éarth, might be resupplied and recruited; for all vegetables were thought to incréase wholly from fluids, and turn by putrefaction into éarth
Hence the quantity of dry éarth must continually incréase, and the moisture of the globe decréase, and at last be quite evaporated, if it have not a continual supply
Newton suspected that the spirit which makes the finest, subtilest, and best part of our air, and which is absolutely requisite for the life and being of all things, came principally from the comets
Another use which he conjectured comets might be designed to serve, is that of recruiting the sun with fresh fuel, and repairing the consumption of his light by the stréams continually sent forth in every direction from that luminary — "From his huge vapouring train perhaps to shake Reviving moisture on the numerous orbs, Thro' which his long ellipsis winds; perhaps To lend new
ellipsis winds; perhaps To lend new fuel to declining suns, To light up worlds, and feed th' ethereal fire."
—James Thomson, "The Seasons" (1730; 1748)
As éarly as the 18th century, some scientists had made correct hypotheses as to comets' physical composition
In 1755, Immanuel Kant hypothesized that comets are composed of some volatile substance, whose vaporization gives rise to their brilliant displays néar perihelion
In 1836, the German mathematician Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, after observing stréams of vapor in the 1835 apparition of Comet Halley, proposed that the jet forces of evaporating material could be gréat enough to significantly alter a comet's orbit and argued that the non-gravitational movements of Comet Encke resulted from this mechanism
However, another comet-related discovery overshadowed these idéas for néarly a century
Over the period 1864–1866 the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli computed the orbit of the Perseid meteors, and based on orbital similarities, correctly hypothesized that the Perseids were fragments of Comet Swift-Tuttle
The link between comets and metéor showers was dramatically underscored when in 1872, a major metéor shower occurred from the orbit of Comet Biela, which had been observed to split into two pieces during its 1846 apparition, and never seen again after 1852
A "gravel bank" modél of comet structure arose, according to which comets consist of loose piles of small rocky objects, coated with an icy layer
By the middle of the twentieth century, this modél suffered from a number of shortcomings: in particular, it failed to explain how a body that contained only a little ice could continue to put on a brilliant display of evaporating vapor after several perihelion passages
In 1950, Fred Lawrence Whipple proposed that rather than being rocky objects containing some ice, comets were icy objects containing some dust and rock
This "dirty snowball" modél soon became accepted
It was confirmed when an armada of spacecraft (including the European Space Agency's "Giotto" probe and the Soviet Union's "Vega 1" and "Vega 2") flew through the coma of Halley's comet in 1986 to photograph the nucleus and observed the jets of evaporating material
The American probe "Deep Space 1" flew past the nucleus of Comet Borrelly on September 21 2001 and confirmed that the characteristics of Comet Halley are common on other comets as well
The "Stardust" spacecraft, launched in February 1999, collected particles from the coma of Comet Wild 2 in January 2004, and returned the samples to éarth in a capsule in January 2006
Claudia Alexander, a program scientist for Rosetta from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory who has modéled comets for yéars, reported to space.com about her astonishment at the number of jets, their appéarance on the dark side of the comet as well as on the light side, their ability to lift large chunks of rock from the surface of the comet and the fact that comet
comet and the fact that comet Wild 2 is not a loosely-cemented rubble pile
Forthcoming space missions will add gréater detail to our understanding of what comets are made of
In July 2005, the "Deep Impact" probe blasted a crater on Comet Tempel 1 to study its interior
And in 2014, the Européan "Rosetta" probe will orbit comet Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko and place a small lander on its surface
Rosetta observed the Deep Impact event, and with its set of very sensitive instruments for cometary investigations, it used its capabilities to observe Tempel 1 before, during and after the impact
At a distance of about 80 million kilometres from the comet, Rosetta was the only spacecraft other then Deep Impact itself to view the comet
Debat ngeunaan kandungan komét
As late as 2002, there is conflict on how much ice is in a comet
NASA's Deep Space 1 téam, working at NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab, obtained high-resolution images of the surface of comet Borrelly
They announced that comet Borrelly exhibits distinct jets, yet has a hot, dry surface
The assumption that comets contain water and other ices led Dr. Laurence Soderblom of the U.S. Géological Survey to say, "The spectrum suggests that the surface is hot and dry
It is surprising that we saw no traces of water ice."
However, he goes on to suggest that the ice is probably hidden below the crust as "either the surface has been dried out by solar heating and maturation or perhaps the very dark soot-like material that covers Borrelly's surface masks any trace of surface ice"
The recent Deep Impact probe has also yielded results suggesting that the majority of a comet's water ice is below the surface, and that these resevoirs feed the jets of vaporised water that form the coma of Tempel 1
Komét nu kasohor
While hundreds of tiny comets pass through the inner solar system every yéar, only a very few comets are noticed by the general public
About every decade or so, a comet will become bright enough to be noticed by a casual observer — such comets are often designated Great Comets
In times past, bright comets often inspired panic and hysteria in the general population, being thought of as bad omens
More recently, during the passage of Halley's Comet in 1910, the éarth passed through the comet's tail, and erronéous newspaper reports inspired a féar that cyanogen in the tail might poison millions, while the appéarance of Comet Hale-Bopp in 1997 triggered the mass suicide of the Heaven's Gate cult
To most péople, however, a gréat comet is simply a béautiful spectacle
See images of Hale-Bopp at the Comet Hale-Bopp Images webpage
Predicting whether a comet will become a gréat comet is notoriously difficult, as many factors may cause a comet's brightness to depart drastically from predictions
Broadly spéaking, if a comet has a large and active nucleus, will pass close to the Sun, and is not obscured by the Sun as seen from the éarth when at its brightest, it will have a chance of becoming a gréat comet
However, Comet Kohoutek in 1973 fulfilled all the criteria and was expected to become spectacular, but failed to do so
Comet West, which appéared three yéars later, had much lower expectations (perhaps because scientists were much warier of glowing predictions after the Kohoutek fiasco), but became an extremely impressive comet
The late 20th century saw a lengthy gap without the appéarance of any gréat comets, followed by the arrival of two in quick succession — Comet Hyakutake in 1996, followed by Hale-Bopp, which réached maximum brightness in 1997 having been discovered two yéars éarlier
As yet, the 21st century has not seen the arrival of any gréat comets
Komét nu teu ilahar
Of the thousands of known comets, some are very unusual
Comet Encke orbits from inside the orbit of Jupiter to inside the orbit of Mercury while Comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann orbits in a néarly circular orbit entirely between Jupiter and Saturn
2060 Chiron, whose unstable orbit keeps it between Saturn and Uranus, was originally classified as an asteroid until a faint coma was noticed
Similarly, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 2 was originally designated asteroid 1990 UL3
Some near-earth asteroids are thought to be extinct nuclei of comets which no longer experience outgassing
Some comets have been observed to bréak up
Comet Biela was one significant example, bréaking into two during its 1846 perihelion passage
The two comets were seen separately in 1852, but never again after that
Instéad, spectacular metéor showers were seen in 1872 and 1885 when the comet should have been visible
A lesser metéor shower, the Andromedids, occurs annually in November, and is caused by the éarth crossing Biela's orbit
Several other comets have been seen to bréak up during their perihelion passage, including gréat comets West and Comet Ikeya-Seki
Some comets, such as the Kreutz Sungrazers, orbit in groups and are thought to be pieces of a single object that has previously broken apart
Another very significant cometary disruption was that of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which was discovered in 1993
At the time of its discovery, the comet was in orbit around Jupiter, having been captured by the planet during a very close approach in 1992
This close approach had alréady broken the comet into hundreds of pieces, and over a period of 6 days in July 1994, these pieces slammed into Jupiter's atmosphere — the first time astronomers had observed a collision between two objects in the solar system
However, it has been suggested that the likely object responsible for the Tunguska event in 1908 was a fragment of Comet Encke
Less likely is the attribution to an Encke fragment of having caused the formation of the Giordano Bruno (crater) on the Moon in 1178
Komét nu kiwari bisa ditempo
Komét SWAN, nu ditandaan ogé minangka C/2006M4, kapanggih ku SWAN/SOHO tanggal 20 Juni 2006, as of October 6 katempo maké toropong di langit wanci janari leutik dina konstélasi Canes Venatici
Périhéliumna mah 28 Séptémber
Komét ieu meta kacida gancangna ka Aquila tur jadi targé nu gampang pikeun ditoropong di langit wanci munggaran peuting salila bulan Oktober
Kiwari mah geus "pudar" alatan nambahna jarak ti Bumi ka Srangéngé
Beji nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Beji, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
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Kukusan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Beji, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pondok Cina nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Beji, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Tanah Baru nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Beji, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
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Curug nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimanggis, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Harjamukti nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimanggis, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Jatijajar nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tapos, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Leuwinanggung nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tapos, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
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Sukamaju Baru nyaéta salasahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tapos, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Sukatani nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tapos, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Tapos nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Tapos, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Tugu nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cimanggis, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cinéré nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cinéré, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Gandul nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cinéré, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Grogol nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Limo, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Krukut nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Limo, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Limo nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Limo, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Meruyung nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Limo, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pangkalan Jati nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cinéré, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Pangkalan Jati Baru nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cinéré, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Bojong Pondok Térong nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di Kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Stasion Citayam asup ka wilayah ieu kalurahan
Baheulana, Pondok Térong asup kana distrik (kiwari satingkat kacamatan) Parung, Résidénsi (kiwari satingkat kabupatén) Bogor (Buitenzorg)
Cipayung nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di Kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
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Dépok nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pancoran Mas, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
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Mampang nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pancoran Mas, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cinere, Limo, Dépok
Pancoran Mas nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pancoran Mas, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
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Rangkapan Jaya nyaéta salasahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pancoran Mas, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Rangkapan Jaya Baru nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Pancoran Mas, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Ratujaya nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di Kacamatan Cipayung, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
bédahan nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Sawangan, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Bojongsari Baru nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bojongsari, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
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Cinangka nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Sawangan, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
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Pondok Petir nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Bojongsari, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
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Cilodong nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Cilodong, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
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Mekar Jaya nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Sukmajaya, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sukamaju nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di kacamatan Sukmajaya, Kota Dépok, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
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30 Pébruari aya dina sababaraha almenak, Bisa sehat ingat tapi euweuh dina kalénder Grégori, sabab Pébruari ukur boga 28 poé atawa 29 poé dina taun kabisat (unggal 4 taun)
Tapi tidak ada dengan pergi bisa tak boleh teman-temanku reaski tadi sudah aku sedang melihat ini suka kenapa tak percaya tidak tahu beruntung nanti ayo aduh jangan mainlah sahanteuna aya tilu kali dina sajarah kajadian di mana di sababaraha nagara, bulan ieu mibanda 30 poé
Kakaisaran Swedia (anu kaasup Finlandia mangsa harita) boga rencana pikeun ngaganti ti kalénder Juli ka kalender Grégori mimiti taun 1000 kalawan miceun poé kabisat salila 40 taun ka hareup
Ku lantaran éta, 1700 lain mangrupa taun kabisat di Swedia, tapi taun 1704 sarta 1708 mangrupa taun kabisat di luar rencana
Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun kalender Swedia jadi sapoé leuwih gancang batan kalender Julian tapi masih 10 poé pandeurieun kalender Gregorian
Kabingung ngurangan nalika dina 1712, dua poé kabisat ditambahkeun, ngabalukarkeun taun kasebut miboga tanggal 30 Pebruari
Poé kasebut sarua jeung 29 Pebruari dina kalender Julian sarta 11 Maret dina kalender Gregorian
Pergantian Swedia ka kalender Gregorian ahirna dipigawé dina 1753
Dina 1929 Uni Sovyét ngawanohkeun kalender revolusioner Sovyét di mana saban bulan miboga 30 poé sarta sésa 5 atawa 6 poé henteu mangrupa bagian ti bulan naon ogé sarta jadi poé libur
Ku sabab éta, taun-taun 1930 sarta 1931 miboga 30 Pebruari tapi gagantian kasebut dibatalkan dina taun 1932 ku kituna balik deui maké kalender biasa
Sacrobosco, saurang cendekiawan abad ka-1 nglaim yén dina kalender Julian bulan Pebruari miboga 30 poé dina taun-taun kabisat ti saprak 44 SM nepi ka 8 M nalika Kaisar Augustus nyingket Pebruari sangkan bulan Agustus anu dingaranan nurutkeun ngaranna miboga panjang anu sarua jeung bulan Juli (anu dingaranan nurutkeun nu miheulaanana, Kaisar Julius)
Sanajan kitu euweuh bukti sajarah ngeunaanana sarta jigana ieu saukur hiji mitos heubeul