izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
Cikaso nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banjaranyar, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Cikupa, Banjarsari, Ciamis
Ciulu nyaéta salasahiji désa di kacamatan Banjarsari, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kalijaya, Banjarsari, Ciamis
Karyamukti, Banjarsari, Ciamis
Kawasen nyaéta salasahiji désa di kacamatan Banjarsari, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Langkapsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banjarsari, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pasawahan, Banjarsari, Ciamis
Purwasari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banjarsari, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Ratawangi nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banjarsari, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sindanghayu nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banjarsari, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sindangrasa, Banjarsari, Ciamis
Sindangsari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banjarsari, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sukasari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banjarsari, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Sindangasih nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Banjarsari, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Trafo nyaéta hiji alat listrik nu kagunaannana pikeun mindahkeun énérgi listrik ti hiji sirkuit ka sirkuit séjénna ngaliwatan gulungan-gulungan kawat anu babarengan diinduksi ku hiji médan magnét
Hiji trafo diwangun ku hiji inti (biasana tina beusi silikon) sarta dua gulungan tambaga atawa leuwih nu dibeulitkeun kana inti
Arus bulak-balik dina salah sahiji gulungan ngabangkitkeun;ngawangun médan magnét nu robah-robah dina jero intina, nu mana ahirna ngainduksi (ngarangsang ngabangkitkeun) tegangan dina gulungan liana
Trafo dipaké keur naékkeun atawa nurunkeun "tegangan" atawa "arus" listrik, keur ngarobah impedansi, sarta keur nyadiakeun "isolasi" listrik hiji rangkéan jeung rangkéan nu séjén
Trafo nyaéta salah sahiji parabot listrik nu pangbasajana
Rarancang dasarna tacan kungsi ganti leuwih ti saratus taun, sok sanajan kitu rarancang katut bahan trafona mah terus dibebenah ogé
Trafo kacida pentingna pikeun transmisi daya, nu ngajadikeun praktisna "transmisi" jarak jauh
Ieu kauntungan téh teu leupas tina prinsip dina dipilihna daya arus bulak-balik nalika "Perang Arus" dina ahir 1880-an
Trafo frékuénsi sora (harita disebut "repeating coils") Dimangpaatkeun ku juru taluntik mangsa keur mitembeyan ngamekarkeun tehnologi telepon, ka dieunakeun trafo téh teu pati dimangpaatkeun alatan geus loba pakakas éléktronik séjéna nu mibanda kagunaan saru sarta leuwih hadé
Ditempo tina ukuranna trafo dijieun dumasar kabutuhan, aya trafo nu kacida leutik nepikeun kabisa di sumputkeun di jero mikropon
Nepika trafo nu ukuran gedé naker pikeun ngahubungkeun listrik hiji nagara, nu mibanda kamampuan nepika "gigawatt"
Tapi, trafo mangrupa hiji bagian tina hiji sistim anu ngajalankeun éta kabéh
Trafo bisa diibaratkeun kawas "géarbox" roda dua anu sederhana pikeun ngagambarkeun "tegangan" "jeung" "arus" listrik
Gulungan primér diumpamakeun jeung tempat asupna sarta gulungan skundér diumpamakeun tempat kaluarna
Dina ieu gambaran, arus téh sarua jeung gancangna muter éta roda ari "tegangan" tayalian gedéna tanaga anu dipaké pikeun muterkeun éta roda
Dina hiji "géarbox" tanaga mékanis téh (torsi/kakuatan muter dikalikeun jeung gancangna puteran) hasilna "konstan" (angger) saruan dina tanaga listrik ogé (Tegangan dikalikeun jeung arus) oge hasilan "konstan"
Rasio roda gigi ibaratna jeung rasio stép-up atawa stép-down "transformator"
"Transformator" stép-up lumaku sacara analog contona ngalaunana "roda gigi" (anu mana tanaga mékanik dipindahkeun/ditransfer tina "roda gigi" anu leutik nyaéta nu muterna gancang kana roda gigi gedé anu muterna laun): didieu aya kaayaan nukeurkeun arus (gancangna muter) sedengkeun "voltase" sarua jeung (torsi), ku ayana ieu kajadian ngatransfer daya tina gulungan primér ka gulungan sekundér anu mibanda leuwih loba leuwih loba jumlah gulunganna
Transformator stép-down digambarkeun sacara analog kujalan pindahna roda gigi (di mana tanaga mékanik ditransfer tina roda gigi gedé ka roda gigi leutik): ieu nukeurkeun tegangan (torsi) pikeun arus (gancangna muter), kujalan ngatransfer daya tina gulungan primer ka gulungan sekundér
Gulungan mibanda puteran anu leuwih saeutik
Trafo basajan ilaharna diwangun ku dua konduktor listrik disebut gulungan primér jeung gulungan sekundér
Énergi dihijikeun antara gulungan ku fluks magnét anu béda-béda waktos anu ngalangkungan (tumbu) boh gulungan primér sareng gulungan sekundér
Dimana arus dina coil robah atawa pareum, tegangan anu ngainduksi dina coil tatangga
Pangaruh ieu, disebut mutual induktansi, ieu mangrupa conto induksi éléktromagnétik
If a time-varying voltage formula_1 is applied to the primary winding of formula_2 turns, a current will flow in it producing a magnetomotive force (MMF)
Just as an electromotive force (EMF) drives current around an electric circuit, so MMF tries to drive magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit
The primary MMF produces a varying magnetic flux formula_3 in the core, and, with an open circuit secondary winding, induces a back electromotive force (EMF) in opposition to formula_1
In accordance with Faraday's law of induction, the voltage induced across the primary winding is proportional to the rate of change of flux: formula_5 and formula_6 where Saying that the primary and secondary windings are perfectly coupled is equivalent to saying that formula_13
Substituting and solving for the voltages shows that: formula_14 where Hence in an idéal transformer, the ratio of the primary and secondary voltages is equal to the ratio of the number of turns in their windings, or alternatively, the voltage per turn is the same for both windings
The ratio of the currents in the primary and secondary circuits is inversely proportional to the turns ratio
This léads to the most common use of the transformer: to convert electrical energy at one voltage to energy at a different voltage by méans of windings with different numbers of turns
In a practical transformer, the higher-voltage winding will have more turns, of smaller conductor cross-section, than the lower-voltage windings
The EMF in the secondary winding, if connected to an electrical circuit, will cause current to flow in the secondary circuit
The MMF produced by current in the secondary opposes the MMF of the primary and so tends to cancel the flux in the core
Since the reduced flux reduces the EMF induced in the primary winding, incréased current flows in the primary circuit
The resulting incréase in MMF due to the primary current offsets the effect of the opposing secondary MMF
In this way, the electrical energy fed into the primary winding is delivered to the secondary winding
Also because of this, the flux density will always stay the same as long as the primary voltage is stéady
For example, suppose a power of 50 watts is supplied to a resistive load from a transformer with a turns ratio of 25:2
50 W = 2 V × 25 A in the primary circuit if the load is a resistive load
(See note 1) 50 W = 25 V × 2 A in the secondary circuit
Analisis trafo bulak-balik
This tréats the windings as a pair of mutually coupled coils with both primary and secondary windings passing currents
In an "ideal" transformer the primary MMF must equal the secondary MMF, and since these are in opposite directions, they oppose so that there is no overall resultant flux in the core
That this is so can be seen by réalising that any unopposed primary emf would créate a large primary current and therefore a large flux in the core due to the primary winding
However, this large flux would necessarily cause a large current to flow in the secondary circuit and this current must créate an opposing flux that effectively cancels the initiating primary flux
In a non-idéal transformer, the resultant flux in the core is that needed to magnetise the core
This is called the magnetising flux
Transformers should not be driven with DC nor, generally, have any DC component present at the input
Relatively small amounts of direct current can cause core saturation and thus prevent proper operation
Also, since a DC voltage source would not give a time-varying flux in the core, no induced counter-EMF would be generated and so current flow into the transformer would be limited only by the series resistance of the windings
In this situation, the transformer would héat until the transformer either réaches thermal equilibrium or is destroyed
This principle is actually exploited when large power transformers must be dried (have condensation and other water removed from their windings) — they are simply héated using DC
For the same réason, transformers should generally not have DC components present in their output windings
A notable violation of this rule occurs with half-wave rectifiers, where the transformer winding must also carry the DC load current; these circuits are usually used in low-power applications because of this
Full-wave rectifiers, by comparison, do not require direct current to flow through the transformer and so are capable of much higher power levels
Persamaan emf unifersal
If the flux in the core is sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its number of turns, voltage, magnetic flux density and core cross-sectional aréa is given by the universal emf equation (from Faraday's law): formula_19 where Other consistent systems of units can be used with the appropriate conversions in the equation
Those credited with the invention of the transformer include: Many others have patents on transformers
Transformers are adapted to numerous engineering applications and may be classified in many ways: * Step-up The secondary has more turns than the primary
* Step-down The secondary has fewer turns than the primary
* Isolating Intended to transform from one voltage to the same voltage
The two coils have approximately equal numbers of turns, although often there is a slight difference in the number of turns, in order to compensate for losses (otherwise the output voltage would be a little less than, rather than the same as, the input voltage)
* Variable The primary and secondary have an adjustable number of turns which can be selected without reconnecting the transformer
"Standard symbols" Karugian
An idéal transformer would have no losses, and would therefore be 100% efficient
In practice, energy is dissipated due both to the resistance of the windings known as copper loss or I2 R loss, and to magnetic effects primarily attributable to the core (known as "iron loss" méasured in watts per pound)
Transformers are, in general, highly efficient
Large power transformers (over 50 MVA) may attain an efficiency as high as 99.75%
Small transformers, such as a plug-in "power brick" used to power small consumer electronics, may be less than 85% efficient
Transformer losses arise from: Current flowing through the windings causes resistive héating of the conductors (I2 R loss)
At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect créate additional winding resistance and losses
Induced eddy currents circulate within the core, causing resistive héating
Silicon is added to the steel to help in controlling eddy currents
Adding silicon also has the advantage of stopping aging of the electrical steel that was a problem yéars ago
éach time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost to hysteresis within the magnetic core
The amount of hysteresis is a function of the particular core material
Magnetic flux in the core causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with the alternating magnetic field, an effect known as magnetostriction
This in turn causes losses due to frictional héating in susceptible ferromagnetic cores
In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings
These incite vibrations within néarby metalwork, créating a familiar humming or buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power
Not all the magnetic field produced by the primary is intercepted by the secondary
A portion of the leakage flux may induce eddy currents within néarby conductive objects, such as the transformer's support structure, and be converted to héat
Large power transformers may be equipped with cooling fans, oil pumps or water-cooled héat exchangers designed to remove the héat caused by copper and iron losses
The power used to operate the cooling system is typically considered part of the losses of the transformer
Operasi dina frékuénsi nu béda
The equation shows that the EMF of a transformer at a given flux density incréases with frequency
By operating at higher frequencies, transformers can be physically more compact without réaching saturation, and a given core is able to transfer more power
However, other properties of the transformer such as losses due to the core and skin-effect also incréase with frequency
Generally, operation of a transformer at it's designed voltage but at a higher frequency than will léad to reduced magnetising (no load primary) current
At a frequency lower than the design value, with the rated voltage applied, the magnetising current may incréase to an excessive level
Steel cores develop a larger hysteresis loss due to eddy currents as the operating frequency is incréased
Ferrite, or thinner steel laminations for the core are typically used for frequencies above 1 kHz
The thinner steel laminations serve to reduce the eddy currents
Some types of very thin steel laminations can be ran up to 10 kHz or more
Ferrite is used in higher frequencies up to the VHF band and beyond
Aircraft traditionally use 400 Hz power systems since the slight incréase in thermal losses is more than offset by reduced weight
Military géar includes 400 Hz (and other frequencies) to supply power for radar or servomechanisms
Flyback transformers are built using ferrite cores
They supply high voltage to the CRTs at the frequency of the horizontal oscillator
In the case of television sets, this is about 15.7 kHz
It may be as high as 75 – 120 kHz for high-resolution computer monitors
Switching power supply transformers usually operate between 50–1000 kHz
The tiny cores found in wristwatch backlight power supplies produce audible sound (about 1 kHz)
Operation of a power transformer at other than its design frequency may require assessment of voltages, losses, and cooling to establish if safe operation is practical
For example, transformers at hydroelectric generating stations may be equipped with over-excitation protection, so-called "volts per hertz" protection relays, to protect the transformer from overvoltage at higher-than-rated frequency which may occur if a generator loses its connected load
Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies have cores made of many thin laminations of silicon steel
By concentrating the magnetic flux, more of it is usefully linked by both primary and secondary windings
Since the steel core is conductive, it, too, has currents induced in it by the changing magnetic flux
éach layer is insulated from the adjacent layer to reduce the energy lost to eddy current héating of the core
The thin laminations are used to reduce the eddy currents, and the insulation is used to keep the laminations from acting as a solid piece of steel
The thinner the laminations, the lower the eddy currents, and the lower the losses
Very thin laminations are generally used on high frequency transformers
The cost goes up when using thinner laminations mainly over the labor in stacking them
A typical laminated core is made from E-shaped and I-shaped pieces, léading to the name "EI transformer"
There is other types such as the C-core or "cut core" transformer
In the EI transformer, the laminations are stacked in what is known as an interléaved fashion
This is where the E and I pieces are staggered while stacking to reduce any gap
If a gap is needed, all the E's are stacked on one side, and all the I's on the other créating a gap
The cut core or C-core is made by winding a silicon steel strip around a rectangular form
After the required thickness is achieved, it is removed from the form and the laminations are bonded together
It is then cut in two forming two C shapes
The faces of the cuts are then ground smooth so they fit very tight with a very small gap to reduce losses
To use a C-core, a coil is wound which is then placed over a leg of one half of the core
The core is then assembled by placing the two C halves together, and holding them closed by a steel strap
In this type of core, the coil will be on one leg, and the other is bare
There is shell type cores available which are similar to the EI cores
A steel core's remanence méans that it retains a static magnetic field when power is removed
When power is then réapplied, the residual field will cause a high inrush current until the effect of the remanent magnetism is reduced, usually after a few cycles of the applied alternating current
Overcurrent protection devices such as fuses must be selected to allow this harmless inrush to pass
On transformers connected to long overhéad power transmission lines, induced currents due to géomagnetic disturbances during solar storms can cause saturation of the core, and false operation of transformer protection devices
Distribution transformers can achieve low off-load losses by using cores made with low loss high perméability silicon steel and amorphous (non-crystalline) steel, so-called "metal glasses" — the high cost of the core material is offset by the lower losses incurred at light load, over the life of the transformer
In order to maintain good voltage regulation, distribution transformers are designed to have very low leakage inductance
Certain special purpose transformers use long magnetic paths, insert air gaps, or add magnetic shunts (which bypass a portion of magnetic flux that would otherwise link the primary and secondary windings) in order to intentionally add léakage inductance
The additional léakage inductance limits the secondary winding's short circuit current to a safe, or a controlled, level
This technique is used to stabilize the output current for loads that exhibit negative resistance such as electric arcs, mercury vapor lamps, and neon signs, or safely handle loads that may become periodically short-circuited such as electric arc welders
Gaps are also used to keep a transformer from saturating, especially audio transformers which have a DC component added
Powdered iron cores are used in circuits (such as switch-mode power supplies) that operate above mains frequencies and up to a few tens of kilohertz
These materials combine high magnetic permeability with high bulk electrical resistivity
At even higher, radio-frequencies (RF), other types of cores made from non-conductive magnetic ceramic materials, called "ferrites", are common
Some RF transformers also have movéable cores (sometimes called slugs) which allow adjustment of the coupling coefficient (and bandwidth) of tuned radio-frequency circuits
High-frequency transformers may also use air cores
These eliminate the loss due to hysteresis in the core material
Such transformers maintain high coupling efficiency (low stray field loss) by overlapping the primary and secondary windings
Toroidal transformers are built around a ring-shaped core, which is made from a long strip of silicon steel or permalloy wound into a coil, from powdered iron, or ferrite, depending on operating frequency
The strip construction ensures that the grain boundaries are optimally aligned, improving the transformer's efficiency by reducing the core's reluctance
The closed ring shape eliminates air gaps inherent in the construction of an EI core
The cross-section of the ring is usually square or rectangular, but more expensive cores with circular cross-sections are also available
The primary and secondary coils are often wound concentrically to cover the entire surface of the core
This minimises the length of wire needed, and also provides screening to minimize the core's magnetic field from generating electromagnetic interference
Ferrite toroid cores are used at higher frequencies, typically between a few tens of kilohertz to a megahertz, to reduce losses, physical size, and weight of switch-mode power supplies
Toroidal transformers are more efficient than the chéaper laminated EI types of similar power level
Other advantages, compared to EI types, include smaller size (about half), lower weight (about half), less mechanical hum (making them superior in audio amplifiers), lower exterior magnetic field (about one tenth), low off-load losses (making them more efficient in standby circuits), single-bolt mounting, and more choice of shapes
This last point méans that, for a given power output, either a wide, flat toroid or a tall, narrow one with the same electrical properties can be chosen, depending on the space available
The main disadvantages are higher cost and limited size
A drawback of toroidal transformer construction is the higher cost of windings
As a consequence, toroidal transformers are uncommon above ratings of a few kVA
Small distribution transformers may achieve some of the benefits of a toroidal core by splitting it and forcing it open, then inserting a bobbin containing primary and secondary windings
When fitting a toroidal transformer, it is important to avoid making an unintentional short-circuit through the core
This can happen if the steel mounting bolt in the middle of the core is allowed to touch metalwork at both ends, making a loop of conductive material which passes through the hole in the toroid
Such a loop could result in a dangerously large current flowing in the bolt
The wire of the adjacent turns in a coil, and in the different windings, must be electrically insulated from éach other
The wire used is generally magnet wire
Magnet wire is a copper wire with a coating of varnish or some other synthetic coating
Transformers for yéars have used Formvar wire which is a varnished type of magnet wire
The conducting material used for the winding depends upon the application
Small power and signal transformers are wound with solid copper wire, insulated usually with enamel, and sometimes additional insulation
Larger power transformers may be wound with wire, copper, or aluminum rectangular conductors
Strip conductors are used for very héavy currents
High frequency transformers operating in the tens to hundreds of kilohertz will have windings made of Litz wire to minimize the skin effect losses in the conductors
Large power transformers use multiple-stranded conductors as well, since even at low power frequencies non-uniform distribution of current would otherwise exist in high-current windings
éach strand is insulated from the other, and the strands are arranged so that at certain points in the winding, or throughout the whole winding, éach portion occupies different relative positions in the complete conductor
This "transposition" equalizes the current flowing in éach strand of the conductor, and reduces eddy current losses in the winding itself
The stranded conductor is also more flexible than a solid conductor of similar size
(see reference (1) below) For signal transformers, the windings may be arranged in a way to minimise léakage inductance and stray capacitance to improve high-frequency response
This can be done by splitting up éach coil into sections, and those sections placed in layers between the sections of the other winding
This is known as a stacked type or interléaved winding
Windings on both the primary and secondary of power transformers may have external connections (called taps) to intermediate points on the winding to allow adjustment of the voltage ratio
Taps may be connected to an automatic, on-load tap changer type of switchgear for voltage regulation of distribution circuits
Audio-frequency transformers, used for the distribution of audio to public address loudspéakers, have taps to allow adjustment of impedance to éach spéaker
A center-tapped transformer is often used in the output stage of an audio power amplifier in a push-pull type circuit
Modulation transformers in AM transmitters are very similar
Tapped transformers are also used as components of amplifiers, oscillators, and for feedback linéarization of amplifier circuits
The turns of the windings must be insulated from éach other to ensure that the current travels through the entire winding
The potential difference between adjacent turns is usually small, so that enamel insulation is usually sufficient for small power transformers
In larger transformers additional layers of insulation are used
The transformer may also be immersed in transformer oil that provides further to the insulation
The oil is primarily used to cool the transformer
By cooling the windings, the insulation will not bréak down as éasy due to héat
To ensure that the insulating capability of the transformer oil does not deteriorate, the transformer casing is completely séaled against moisture ingress
Thus the oil serves as both a cooling medium to remove héat from the core and coil, and as part of the insulation system
Certain power transformers have the windings protected by a layer of epoxy resin
This produces transformers suitable for damp or dirty environments, but at incréased manufacturing cost
Where transformers are intended for minimum electrostatic coupling between primary and secondary circuits, an electrostatic shield can be placed between windings to reduce the capacitance between primary and secondary windings
The shield may be a single layer of metal foil, insulated where it overlaps to prevent it acting as a shorted turn, or a single layer winding between primary and secondary
The shield is connected to éarth ground
Transformers may also be enclosed by magnetic shields, electrostatic shields, or both to prevent outside interference from affecting the operation of the transformer, or to prevent the transformer from affecting the operation of other devices (such as CRTs néar the transformer)
Small signal transformers do not generate significant amounts of héat
Power transformers rated up to a few kilowatts rely on natural convective air cooling
Specific provision must be made for cooling of high-power transformers
Transformers handling higher power, or having a high duty cycle can be fan-cooled
Some dry transformers are enclosed in pressurized tanks and are cooled by nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride gas
The windings of high-power or high-voltage transformers are immersed in transformer oil — a highly-refined mineral oil, that is stable at high temperatures
Large transformers to be used indoors must use a non-flammable liquid
Formerly, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was used as it was not a fire hazard in indoor power transformers and it is highly stable
Due to the stability and toxic effects of PCB byproducts, and its environmental accumulation, it is no longer permitted in new equipment
Old transformers which still contain PCB should be examined on a weekly basis for léakage
If found to be léaking, it should be changed out, and the old one professionally discarded
Today, nontoxic, stable silicone-based oils, or fluorinated hydrocarbons may be used where the expense of a fire-resistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault
Other less-flammable fluids such as canola oil may be used but all fire resistant fluids have some drawbacks in performance, cost, or toxicity compared with mineral oil
The oil cools the transformer, and provides part of the electrical insulation between internal live parts
It has to be stable at high temperatures so that a small short or arc will not cause a bréakdown or fire
The oil-filled tank may have radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection
Very large or high-power transformers (with capacities of millions of watts) may have cooling fans, oil pumps and even oil to water heat exchangers
Oil-filled transformers undergo prolonged drying processes, using vapor-phase héat transfer, electrical self-héating, the application of a vacuum, or combinations of these, to ensure that the transformer is completely free of water vapor before the cooling oil is introduced
This helps prevent electrical bréakdown under load
Oil-filled power transformers may be equipped with Buchholz relays which are safety devices that sense gas build-up inside the transformer (a side effect of an electric arc inside the windings), and thus switches off the transformer
Experimental power transformers in the 2 MVA range have been built with superconducting windings which eliminates the copper losses, but not the core steel loss
These are cooled by liquid nitrogen or helium
Very small transformers will have wire léads connected directly to the ends of the coils, and brought out to the base of the unit for circuit connections
Larger transformers may have héavy bolted terminals, bus bars or high-voltage insulated bushings made of polymers or porcelain
A large bushing can be a complex structure since it must provide electrical insulation without letting the transformer léak oil
Small transformers often have no enclosure
Transformers may have a shield enclosure, as described above
Larger units may be enclosed to prevent contact with live parts, and to contain the cooling medium (oil or pressurized gas)
An autotransformer has only a single winding, which is tapped at some point along the winding
AC or pulsed voltage is applied across a portion of the winding, and a higher (or lower) voltage is produced across another portion of the same winding
While théoretically separate parts of the winding can be used for input and output, in practice the higher voltage will be connected to the ends of the winding, and the lower voltage from one end to a tap
For example, a transformer with a tap at the center of the winding can be used with 230 volts across the entire winding, and 115 volts between one end and the tap
It can be connected to a 230 volt supply to drive 115 volt equipment, or reversed to drive 230 volt equipment from 115 volts
As the same winding is used for input and output, the flux in the core is partially cancelled, and a smaller core can be used
For voltage ratios not exceeding about 3:1, an autotransformer is chéaper, lighter, smaller and more efficient than a true (two-winding) transformer of the same rating
In practice, transformer losses méan that autotransformers are not perfectly reversible; one designed for stepping down a voltage will deliver slightly less voltage than required if used to step up
The difference is usually slight enough to allow reversal where the actual voltage level is not critical
By exposing part of the winding coils and making the secondary connection through a sliding brush, an autotransformer with a néar-continuously variable turns ratio can be obtained, allowing for very small increments of voltage
For three-phase power, three separate single-phase transformers can be used, or all three phases can be connected to a single polyphase transformer
The three primary windings are connected together and the three secondary windings are connected together
The most common connections are Y-Δ, Δ-Y, Δ-Δ and Y-Y
A vector group indicates the configuration of the windings and the phase angle difference between them
If a winding is connected to éarth (grounded), the éarth connection point is usually the center point of a Y winding
If the secondary is a Δ winding, the ground may be connected to a center tap on one winding (high leg delta) or one phase may be grounded (corner grounded delta)
There are many possible configurations that may involve more or fewer than six windings and various tap connections
A resonant transformer is one that operates at the resonant frequency of one or more of its coils and, usually, an external capacitor
The resonant coil, usually the secondary, acts as an inductor, and is connected in series with a capacitor
If the primary coil is driven by a periodic source of alternating current, such as a square or Sawtooth wave , éach pulse of current helps to build up an oscillation in the secondary coil
Due to resonance, a very high voltage can develop across the secondary, until it is limited by some process such as electrical breakdown
These devices are therefore used to generate high alternating voltages
The current available from this type of coil can be much larger than that from electrostatic machines such as the Van de Graaff generator and Wimshurst machine
They also run at a higher operating temperature than standard units
Examples: Other applications of resonant transformers are as coupling between stages of a superheterodyne receiver, where the selectivity of the receiver is provided by the tuned transformers of the intermediate-frequency amplifiers
A voltage regulating transformer uses a resonant winding and allows part of the core to go into saturation on éach cycle of the alternating current
This effect stabilizes the output of the regulating transformer, which can be used for equipment that is sensitive to variations of the supply voltage
Saturating transformers provide a simple rugged method to stabilize an ac power supply
However, due to the hysteresis losses accompanying this type of operation, efficiency is low
A current transformer is a type of "instrument transformer" that is designed to provide a current in its secondary which is accurately proportional to the current flowing in its primary
Current transformers are commonly used in métering and protective relaying to facilitate the méasurement of large currents and isolation of high voltage systems which would be difficult to méasure more directly
Current transformers are often constructed by passing a single primary turn (either an insulated cable or an uninsulated conductor (copper or aluminum are typical in electric utility applications) through a well-insulated toroidal core wrapped with many turns of wire
Current transformers (CTs) are used extensively in the electrical power industry for monitoring of the power grid
The CT is described by its current ratio from primary to secondary
Common secondaries are 1 or 5 amperes
The secondary winding can be single ratio or multi ratio, with five taps being common for multi ratio CTs
Typically, the secondary connection points are labeled as X1, X2 and so on
The multi ratio CTs are typically used for current matching in current differential protective relaying applications
Often, multiple CTs will be installed as a "stack" for various uses (for example, protection devices and revenue métering may use separate CTs)
For a three-stacked CT application, the secondary winding connection points are typically labeled Xn, Yn, Zn
Specially constructed "wideband current transformers" are also used (usually with an oscilloscope) to méasure waveforms of high frequency or pulsed currents
One type of specially constructed wideband transformer provides a voltage output that is proportional to the méasured current
Another type (called a Rogowski coil) requires an external integrator in order to provide a voltage output that is proportional to the méasured current
Care must be taken that the secondary of a current transformer is not disconnected from its load while current is flowing in the primary, as this will produce a dangerously high voltage across the open secondary
Voltage transformers (or potential transformers) are another type of instrument transformer, used for métering and protection in high-voltage circuits
They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being méasured and to have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down high voltages so that métering and protective relay equipment can be operated at a lower potential
Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for 69 or 120 Volts at rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of protection relays
The transformer winding high-voltage connection points are typically labelled as H1, H2 (sometimes H0 if it is internally grounded) and X1, X2, and sometimes an X3 tap may be present
Sometimes a second isolated winding (Y1, Y2, Y3) may also be available on the same voltage transformer
The high side (primary) may be connected phase to ground or phase to phase
The low side (secondary) is usually phase to ground
The terminal identifications (H1, X1, Y1, etc.)
are often referred to as polarity
This applies to current transformers as well
At any instant terminals with the same suffix numeral have the same polarity and phase
Correct identification of terminals and wiring is important for proper operation of métering and protection relays
A pulse transformer is a transformer that is optimised for transmitting rectangular electrical pulses (that is, pulses with fast rise and fall times and a constant amplitude)
Small versions called "signal" types are used in digital logic and telecommunications circuits, often for matching logic drivers to transmission lines
Medium-sized "power" versions are used in power-control circuits such as camera flash controllers
Larger "power" versions are used in the electrical power distribution industry to interface low-voltage control circuitry to the high-voltage gates of power semiconductors
Special high voltage pulse transformers are also used to generate high power pulses for radar, particle accelerators, or other pulsed power applications
To minimise distortion of the pulse shape, a pulse transformer needs to have low values of léakage inductance and distributed capacitance, and a high open-circuit inductance
In power-type pulse transformers, a low coupling capacitance (between the primary and secondary) is important to protect the circuitry on the primary side from high-powered transients créated by the load
For the same réason, high insulation resistance and high bréakdown voltage are required
A good transient response is necessary to maintain the rectangular pulse shape at the secondary, because a pulse with slow edges would créate switching losses in the power semiconductors
The product of the péak pulse voltage and the duration of the pulse (or more accurately, the voltage-time integral) is often used to characterise pulse transformers
Generally spéaking, the larger this product, the larger and more expensive the transformer
Trafo RF (trafo jalur transmisi)
For radio frequency use, transformers are sometimes made from configurations of transmission line, sometimes bifilar or coaxial cable, wound around ferrite or other types of core
This style of transformer gives an extremely wide bandwidth but only a limited number of ratios (such as 1:9, 1:4 or 1:2) can be achieved with this technique
The core material incréases the inductance dramatically, thereby raising its Q factor
The cores of such transformers help improve performance at the lower frequency end of the band
RF transformers sometimes used a third coil (called a tickler winding) to inject feedback into an éarlier (detector) stage in antique regenerative radio receivers
Baluns are transformers designed specifially to connect between balanced and unbalanced circuits
These are sometimes made from configurations of transmission line and sometimes bifilar or coaxial cable and are similar to transmission line transformers in construction and operation
Audio transformers are usually the factor which limit sound quality; electronic circuits with wide frequency response and low distortion are relatively simple to design
Transformers are also used in DI boxes to convert impedance from high-impedance instruments (for example, bass guitars) to enable them to be connected to a microphone input on the mixing console
A particularly critical component is the output transformer of an audio power amplifier
Valve circuits for quality reproduction have long been produced with no other (inter-stage) audio transformers, but an output transformer is needed to couple the relatively high impedance (up to a few hundred ohms depending upon configutation) of the output valve(s) to the low impedance of a loudspeaker
(The valves can deliver a low current at a high voltage; the spéakers require high current at low voltage.)
Solid-state power amplifiers may need no output transformer at all
For good low-frequency response a relatively large iron core is required; high power handling incréases the required core size
Good high-frequency response requires carefully designed and implemented without excessive leakage inductance or stray capacitance
All this makes for an expensive component
Output transformerless audio power valve amplifiers are possible, but were rarely used due to other disadvantages
éarly transistor audio power amplifiers often had output transformers, but they were eliminated as designers discovered how to design amplifiers without them
In the same way that transformers are used to créate high voltage power transmission circuits that minimize transmission losses, spéaker transformers allow many individual loudspeakers to be powered from a single audio circuit operated at higher-than normal spéaker voltages
This application is common in public address (e.g., Tannoy) applications
Such circuits are commonly referred to as "constant voltage" or "70 volt" spéaker circuits although the audio waveform is obviously a constantly changing voltage
At the audio amplifier, a large audio transformer may be used to step-up the low impedance, low-voltage output of the amplifier to the designed line voltage of the spéaker circuit
Then, a smaller transformer at éach spéaker returns the voltage and impedance to ordinary spéaker levels
The spéaker transformers commonly have multiple primary taps, allowing the volume at éach spéaker to be adjusted in a number of discrete steps
Use of a constant-voltage spéaker circuit méans that there is no need to worry about the impedance presented to the amplifier output (which would cléarly be too low if all of the spéakers were arranged in parallel and would be too complex a design problem if the spéakers were arranged in series-parallel)
The use of higher transmission voltage and impedance méans that power lost in the connecting wire is minimized, even with the use of small-gauge conductors (and léads to the term "constant voltage" as the line voltage doesn't change much as additional spéakers are added to the system)
Also, the ability to adjust, locally, the volume of éach spéaker (without the complexity and power loss of an L pad) is a useful féature
Baregbeg, Ciamis, Ciamis
Bénténg nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di Kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Ciamis nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di Kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Kalurahan Ciamis nyaéta tempat dimana Kantor Bupati Ciamis didirikeun, tepatna di Jalan Jenderal Sudirman Nomer 16
Sajaba ti Kantor Bupati Ciamis, tempat kawéntar ogé diadegkeun di dieu kawas Masjid Agung Ciamis, jeung Alun-Alun Ciamis
Alamat Kantor Kalurahan Ciamis perenahna di Jalan Pemuda Nomer 1, Kalurahan Ciamis, Kecamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Jawa Kulon, Kode Pos 46211, Indonesia
Asal Usul Dibentukna
Kelurahan Ciamis anu asalna tina Désa Ciamis di mimitian taun 1818 (sarébu dalapan ratus dalapan belas) pusat pamaréntahannana nyaéta anu tempatna di Lingkungan Désa Kolot ayeuna
Ogé Kuwu anu kahiji nu namina Karto ti taun 1931 pusat Pamaréntahan Désa Ciamis dipindahkeun tina Désa Kolot anu mangrupakeun Ibu Kota Kacamatan Ciamis anu terkenal kana sebutan “PUSEUR DAYEUH TATAR GALUH CIAMIS”
Salajuna dumasar kana Undang–Undang Républik Nomer 5 taun 1979 ngeunaan Pamaréntahan Desa jeung Surat Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomer: 140–502 tanggal 27 Séptémber 1980 jeung Nomer: 140–135 tanggal 22 Séptémber 1980 ngeunaan penetapan désa pikeun dijadikeun kalurahan, maka terhitung sejak tanggal 1 Januari 1981 dugikeun ka ayeuna status Désa Ciamis geus robah, nyaéta ti mimiti status Désa jadi Kalurahan
Kalurahan Ciamis diwangun ku 10 lingkungan, anu kabagi jadi 134 RT tina 32 RW, nyaéta: Profil Daérah
Dina taun 2022, jumlah padumuk Kalurahan Ciamis saloba 17.100 jiwa, kalawan legana jeung kapadetan
Perséntase padumuk Kalurahan Ciamis dumasar kana agama anu dianutna nyaéta Islam 95,67%, saterusna Kakristenan saloba 3,61% anu dimana Protestan 2,64% dan Katolik 0,96%
Sabagean deui nganut agama Konghucu saloba 0,51%, jeung Buddha 0,22%
Data kapadumukan dumasar kana status padamelan dibagi ku jumlah padumuk sapertos kieu: Dina taun 2022, pagawéan mayoritas padumuk di Kalurahan Ciamis nyaéta jadi Wiraswasta, anu jumlahna 4,806 tina jumlah padumuk
"catetan: URL sawaktu-waktu tiasa robah/leungit
Lamun URL teu aktif, punten dipupus tina daptar."
Cigembor nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Cisadap nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Imbanagara nyaéta salah sahiji désa di Kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Alamat Kantor Kuwu Imbanagara perenahna di Jalan Mayor Ali Basah Nomer 46, Désa Imbanagara, Kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Désa Imbanagara diwangun ku 5 dusun, anu kabagi jadi 42 RT tina 20 RW, nyaéta: Tumbu Luar
Imbanagara Raya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Jelat, Ciamis, Ciamis
Karangampél nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Kertasari nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Alamat Kantor Kalurahan Kertasari perenahna di Jalan Drs
H. Soejoed Nomer 7A, Kalurahan Kertasari, Kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Jawa Kulon, Indonesia
Linggasari nyaéta salah sahiji kalurahan di Kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Alamat Kantor Kalurahan Linggasari perenahna di Jalan Karanggedang Nomer 63, Kalurahan Linggasari, Kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Jawa Kulon, Indonésia
Wangunan Kalurahan Linggasari asalna ti Désa Linggasari anu dumasar kana catetan sajarah diadegkeun dina taun 1914 kalayan Kuwu ngaranna Nurfawi
Dina kamekarannana, 67 (genep puluh tujuh taun) saterusna, dina taun 1981 tepatna
Dumasar kana Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomer 2 Taun 1980 ngeunaan Pedoman Pembentukan, Pemecahan, Ngahijikeun jeung Pamupusan Kalurahan, Désa Linggasari anu perenahna di Ibu Kota Kabupatén Ciamis robah statusna jadi Kalurahan Linggasari
Peta Kalurahan Linggasari Désa Linggarsari diwangun ku 6 lingkungan, nu kabagi kana 42 RT tina 11 RW, nyaéta: Tumbu Luar
"catetan: URL sawaktu-waktu bisa robah/leungit
Lamun URL teu aktip, mangga piceun tina daptar."
Malébér nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Mekarjaya, Ciamis, Ciamis
Panyingkiran nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Pawindan nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciamis, Kabupatén Ciamis, Propinsi Jawa Barat, Indonésia
Oleh: Sonny Rohimat al-Baregbegi ---- Pawindan (Ki Pawindan) téh ngaran hiji patani nu jeneng dina jaman puseur Karajaan Galuh nu aya di Imbanagara
Ki Pawindan sareng garwana linggih di sisieun walungan Citanduy
Dina mangsa Karajaan Mataram ngarurug ka Galuh, nya Ki Pawindan pisan anu nyalametkeun Raden Bongsar, salah sawios putera Raja Imbanagara
Pikeun ngahurmat kana jasa anjeunna, atuh Pawindan dijadikeun ngaran hiji lembur nu aya di Désa Panyingkiran (dingaranan Panyingkiran téh ku sabab éta tempat pisan anu dijadikeun panyumputan/panyingkiran Ki Pawindan jeung Raden Bongsar)
Anu saterusna mah Pawindan dimekarkeun Profil Daérah
Désa Pawindan dibagi jadi tilu dusun nyaéta Géografis
Di Pawindan aya walungan Citanduy anu ngamuara di Sagara Anakan (Cilacap, Jawa Tengah)
Ieu walungan téh huluna aya di Gunung Cakrabuana
Citanduy ogé jadi muara sababaraha walungan leutik kayaning Cipalih, Cileueur, jenung sajabana
Di sabudeureun Citanduy mangrupa kebon anu lolobana mah geus dipimilik ku masarakat
Tapi ku sabab éta kebon téh ngahiji tur kawilang lega, masarakat nyebutna leuweung
Di Pawindan aya sababaraha TK/RA anu sumebar di tiap dusun
Salian ti eta, di masjid-masjid cukup rame ku barudak nu dialajar ngaji utamana sabada Ashar jeung sabada Maghrib
Sedengkeun sakola dasar, di Pawindan aya tilu nyaéta: Poténsi
Patalimarga di Pawindan di antarana aya jalan Otto Iskandardinata nu mangrupa jalan alternatif nu ngahubungkeun Imbanagara (arah Tasikmalaya) ka Bojong (arah Banjar)
Di tungtung kulon aya jalan nu puhuna ti Jalan Jendral Sudirman, Nagrak, deukeut SMPN 2 Ciamis
éta jalan téh dingaranan Jalan Cirahong sabab éta jalan téh ngaliwatan Jambatan Cirahong (aya luhureun Citanduy) nu brasna ka Manonjaya
Ka béh tengah aya deui jalan Tangkolo nu ngurilingan Dusun Rancautama tur nyambung ka Désa jeung sawah kaler