izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
Koréa Kidul mangrupa nagara unggal jalmana (id: "per kapita") mibanda konéksi internét pita lega (broadband) kadua pangluhurna sadunya, sarta mangrupa pamingpin global dina widang cocooan komputer, "display digital", wangunan kapal jeung telepon mobil
Industri hiburan Koréa Kidul tumuwuh subur ti taun 1990, mroduksi kasuksésan "Asia-wide" dina musik, televisi, jeung pilem dina fénomena nu disebut "Hallyu", atawa "galura Koréa"
Tapi sanajan kitu, nagara ieu masih pengkuh nyekel adat jeung tradisi baheula, saperti kadaharan jeung muja karuhun nu unik
Dina basa Koréa, Koréa Kidul disebut "Daehan Minguk" (대한민국, 大韓民國, nu hartina "Nagara Rayat Han nu Agung")
Ngaran pondokna nyaéta "Hanguk" (한국, "Bangsa Han," biasana ngarujuk kana Koréa) atawa "Namhan" (남한, "Koréa Kidul", ngarujuk ka koréa Kidul)
"Han" ngarujuk ka konfedérasi Semenanjung Koréa beulah kidul jaman baheula
"Hanguk" mangrupa istilah nu pangilaharna digunakeun ku urang Koréa
Dina basa Inggris, nagara ieu sering dirujuk kalayan basajan ku kecap "Koréa", tina dinasti Goryeo, nu dirujukkeun deui kana karajaan Goguryeo
Basa Arab keur padagang nu mirip jeung Goryéo, "Cu'ree", nu mungkin geus miboga jalanna sorangan ka Italia salila Abad Panengah, ku sabab kitu "Corea" geus jadi istilah nu ilahar di keur urang Eropa
Dina abad 19 ahir, "Koréa" jadi digunakun leuwih luas
Dina ahir Perang Dunya II, soldadu Amérika jeung Soviét geus nempatan beulah kidul jeung kalér Koréa, patuturut, nu nyababkeun kabagina semenanjung ieu ku garis "38th parallel"
Sanajan geus jarangji pikeun ngabéla Koréa nu bébas tur ngahiji ngaliwatan Déklarasi Kairo taun 1943, nanging Amérika Sarikat jeung Uni Sovyét dina taun 1948 geus mantuan ngadegkeun pamaréntahan nu misah; antara Koréa Kalér nu komunis jeung Koréa Kidul nu kapitalis
Dina tanggal 25 Juni 1950, Koréa Kalér nyerang ka Kidul, ngawalan perang anu matak néwaskeun leuwih ti opat juta warga sipil jeung tentara, anu kiwari disebut Perang Koréa
The United Nations backed South Koréa and the Soviet Union and China backed North Koréa, eventually réaching a stalemate
The 1953 armistice split the peninsula along the demilitarised zone at about the original demarcation line
No péace tréaty was ever signed, however, and therefore the two countries are technically still at war
In 1960, a student uprising overthrew the autocratic government of Syngman Rhee and South Koréa saw a brief period of democratic reforms
However, much to the disappointment of the péople, the new government was disoriented, and political chaos ensued
Then, a military coup (5.16 Revolution) led by Genéral Park Chung-hee, who thought that the communist reunification of the peninsula would be inevitable if the Koréan government was kept at this state, toppled the wéak government the following yéar
Park took over as présidént from 1962 until his assassination in 1979, overseeing rapid export-led economic growth as well as severe political repression
Park's successor genéral Chun Doo-hwan launched a coup d'etat in 1980 to assume the présidéncy
Chun's seizure of power was greeted by widespréad protests culminating in the 1980 Gwangju Massacre
In the aftermath of that incident, the movement for democracy gained strength and was ultimately successful in forcing Chun to allow free elections and a change to civilian democratic rule in 1988
That yéar, Séoul hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics
In 1996, South Koréa became a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Despite a severe setback caused by the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the country soon emerged as a major economic power
In 2004, South Koréa joined the "trillion dollar club" of world economies and, today, its standard of living is equal to that of many countries in Western Europe
In June 2000, as a part of South Koréan présidént Kim Dae Jung's Sunshine Policy of engagement, a historic first North-South summit took place in North Koréa's capital Pyongyang
That yéar, Kim won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work for democracy and human rights and efforts at reconciliation between the two Koréas
Since then, regular contacts have led to a slow thaw in relations and economic ties through trade and investment have incréased dramatically
Kim, who is now retired, has made plans to visit Pyongyang again in June 2006
Pamaréntahan jeung pulitik
Koréa Kidul nyaéta républik demokrasi anu kakuatanna kawengku ku Présidén, législatif, jeung yudikatif
Ti taun 1948, konstitusina geus lima kali direvisi, masing-masing nyirikeun hiji républik anyar
Kiwari républik kagenep dimimitian ku révisi konstitusi gedé panungtung dina taun 1988. puhu nagara jeung puhu pamaréntahan nyaéta présidén, anu dipilih dumasar sora langsung pikeun jangka lima taun
Lian jadi komandan-in-chief angkatan basanjata, présidén ogé mibanda kakuatan eksekutif anu cukup
Présidén nunjuk Perdana Menteri jeung panyatujuan ti Runtuyan Nasional, sarta nunjuk jeung mingpin Déwan Nagara menteri utama
Géografi jeung iklim
South Koréa occupies the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula, which extends some 680 miles (1,100 km) from the Asian mainland
This mountainous peninsula is flanked by the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Sea of Japan (éast Séa) to the éast
Its southern tip lies on the Korea Strait and the East China Sea
The country's total aréa is 38,691 square miles or 100,210 square kilometres
South Koréa's land is mountainous, and most of it is not arable
Lowlands, located primarily in the west and southéast, constitute only 30% of the total land aréa
South Koréa can be divided into four genéral regions: an éastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains; a western region of broad coastal plains, river basins, and rolling hills; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys and a southéastern region dominated by the broad basin of the Nakdong River
About 3,000 islands, mostly small and uninhabited, lie off the western and southern coasts
Jeju Island is located about 100 kilometres (about 60 mi) off the southern coast of South Koréa
It is the country's largest island, with an aréa of 1,845 square kilometres (712 sq mi)
Jeju is also the site of South Koréa's highest point: Halla-san, an extinct volcano on Jeju, réaches 1,950 metres (6,398 ft) above séa level
The local climate is relatively temperate, with precipitation héavier in summer during a short rainy séason called "jangma", and winters that can be bitterly cold
In Seoul the avérage January température range is -7 °C to 1 °C (19 °F to 33 °F), and the avérage July température range is 22 °C to 29 °C (71 °F to 83 °F)
Winter températures are higher along the southern coast and considérably lower in the mountainous interior
Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months of June through September
The southern coast is subject to late summer typhoons that bring strong winds and héavy rains
The avérage annual precipitation varies from 1,370 millimetres (54 in) in Séoul to 1,470 millimetres (58 in) in Busan
South Koréa is divided into 8 provinces, one special autonomous province, six metropolitan cities, and one special city
The names below are given in English, Revised Romanization, Hangul, and Hanja
"Tempo ogé": Kota-kota husus di Koréa jeung Propinsi di Koréa
South Koréa has the tenth largest economy in the world, and the third largest in Asia, behind only Japan and China
As one of the East Asian Tigers, it achieved rapid economic growth through exports of manufactured goods
This is in sharp contrast to the stagnation of North Koréa's economy, which has turned for the worse since the disintegration of the Soviet Union
South Koréa's per capita GDP is now roughly 12 times that of North Koréa
In the 1950s, South Koréa was one of the poorest countries in Asia
At the end of World War II, the country inherited a colonial economic system designed solely for Japan's expansion policy
Much of the country's infrastructure was destroyed during the Koréan War that followed in 1950-1953
After the war, South Koréa became héavily dependent on U.S. aid
Following the military coup led by genéral Park Chung-hee in 1962, South Koréa embarked on a series of ambitious five-year plans for economic development
Emphasis shifted to foreign trade with the normalization of relations with Japan in 1965 and a subsequent boom in trade and investment
Rapid expansion, first into light and then héavy industries, in the 1960s and 1970s followed
During this period, the South Koréan economy grew at an avérage annual rate of 8.6%
This phenomenal growth is often called the "Miracle on the Han River", the Han River being the main river that runs through the nation's capital and largest city, Seoul
In the 1980s and 1990s, growth continued as South Koréa transformed itself from an exporter of mostly textiles and shoes into a major global producer of automobiles, electronics, shipbuilding, and steel and later, high-technology fields such as digital monitors, mobile phones, and semiconductors
The South Koréan modél of encouraging the growth of large, internationally competitive companies through éasy financing and tax incentives led to the dominance of the family-controlled conglomerates
These companies, known as chaebol, flourished under the support of the Park regime
Some such as Hyundai, Samsung, Daewoo, and LG became global corporations
Today, through all of this combined, South Koréa is in the trillion dollar class, with a GDP of US$1.665 trillion
Since the Asian financial crisis of 1997, however, the corporate landscape has changed considérably as a result of massive bankruptcies and government reforms
The crisis exposed longstanding wéaknesses in South Koréa's economy, including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector
This led to two rounds of financial and industrial restructuring, in 1997 and again following the collapse of Daewoo in 1999
Daewoo's collapse has been recorded as one of the world's largest bankruptcies in history
By 2003, just over one-half of the 30 largest chaebol from 1995 remained
Between 2003 and 2005, economic growth has modérated to about 4% per yéar
A downturn in consumer spending, attributed to massive personal credit card debt, was offset by rapid export growth especially to China
In 2005, the government proposed labor reform legislation and a corporate pension scheme to help maké the labor market more flexible, and new réal estate policies to cool property speculation
Modérate inflation, low unemployment, an export surplus, and fairly equal distribution of income characterize this economy
Karajaan Saudi Arabia () nyaéta nagara panglegana di Semenanjung Arab
Nagara ieu wawatesan jeung Jordania di kulon kalér, Iraq di kalér jeung wétan kalér, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, jeung Uni Émirat Arab di beulah wétan, Oman di wétan kidul, sarta Yaman di beulah kiduleunnana, kalayan Teluk Pérsia di beulah wétan kalér jeung Laut Beureum di beulah kuloneunnana
Nagara ieu disebut "lemahna dua masjid suci", minangka rujukan ka Mekah jeung Madinah, dua kota pangsucina dina ageman Islam
Nagara ieu nujul kana Saudi Arabia (ngecapkeun dina basa Inggris //), السعودية atawa Arabia wungkul, nu henteu pati ilahar (saperti dina maén bal), KSA
Nagara ieu dimimitian di Arabia tengah kira-kira taun1750
Saurang pangawasa lokal, Muhammad bin Saud, ngagabung jeung ajengan sarta pembaharu Islam ngaranna syékh Muhammad Abdul Wahhab, pikeun nyiptakeun sahiji entitas pulitik anyar
Salila saratus lima puluh taunsaterusna, nasib kulawarga Saud sawatara kali naék-turun dina usahana ngalawan Mesir, Kakaisaran Utsmaniyah, sarta kulawarga Arab séjénna pikeun ngawasa semenanjung Arabia éta
Nagara Arab Saudi pamustunganana nangtung di handapeun kapamingpinan almarhum Raja Abdul Aziz Al-Saud (anu ogé ditulis minangka Abdul Aziz bin Saud)
Dina taun1902, Abdul Aziz bin Saud junun ngawasa Riyadh, puseur dayeuh karuhun kulawarga Al-Saud, ti kakawasaan lawanana nyaéta kulawarga Al-Rashid
Abdul Aziz nuluykeun usahana kalayan ngawasa Al-Ahsa, Al-Qatif, sésa wewengkon Najd, sarta Hijaz antara taun1913-1926
Dina tanggal 8 Januari 1926, Abdul Aziz bin Saud nyokot gelar Raja Hijaz
Dina tanggal 29 Januari 1927, manéhna nyokot gelar Raja Najd
Ngaliwatan Perjangjian Jeddah anu ditandatanganan dina 20 Méi 1927, Inggris ngaku kamerdikaan wewengkon kakawasaan Abdul Aziz, anu saterusna dipikawanoh minangka Karajaan Hijaz sarta Najd
Dina taun1932, kadua wewengkon ieu ngahiji sarta robah jadi Karajaan Arab Saudi
Kapanggihna minyak bumi dina bulan Maret 1938 geus ngarobah ékonomi nagara, sarta saterusna méré kamakmuran anu badag pikeun karajaan ieu
Institusi pamaréntahan utama di Arab Saudi nyaéta Karajaan Saudi
Undang-undang dasar anu diadopsi dina taun1992 nyatakeun Saudi Arabia minangka hiji karajaan anu diparéntah ku anak sarta incu ti raja kahiji, Abdul Aziz Al-Saud, sarta Al Qur'an minangka konstitusi nagara ieu anu dijalankeun dumasar hukum Islam (saréat)
Euweuh partéi pulitik atawa pamilihan umum nasional anu diaku, kajaba pamilihan lokal anu diayakeun di taun2005
Kakawasaan raja sacara téoritis diwatesan ku saréat Islam sarta talari Saudi séjénna
Manéhna ogé kudu nengetan konsensus para kulawarga karajaan Saudi, pamingpin ageman (ajengan), sarta elemen penting séjénna dina masarakat Saudi
Idéologi nagara nyaéta Salafi
Karajaan nyebarkeun falsafah Islam ieu ngaliwatan pangwangunan masjid sarta madrasah di sakumna dunya
Kulawarga karajaan milih raja ti antara maranéhanana sorangan, saterusna ménta kasapukan ti ajengan
Saudi Arabia kabagi jadi 13 propinsi (manatiq, tunggal - mintaqah)
Pamaréntah Sawangan Diréktori Iber Lianna
Turki (basa Turki: "Türkiye"), resmina Républik Turki (), nyaéta hiji nagara di Eurasia nu ngampar sapanjang "semenanjung" Anatolia di Asia kulon kidul sarta wewengkon Balkan ti Éropa wétan kidul
Wates-wates Turki nyaéta dalapan nagara: Minangka tambahan, Turki diwawatesanan ku Laut Hideung di beulah kalér; Laut Aegean jeung Laut Marmara di beulah kulon; sarta Laut Méditerania di beulah kidul
Républik Turki netepkeun dirina minangka républik nu démokratis, sékulér, jeung konstitusional nu mana sistim pulitikna diadegkeun dina taun 1923
Turki mangrupa nagara anggota PBB, NATO, OSCE, OECD, OKI, sarta Déwan Éropa
Ogé mangrupa nagara calon pikeun ngagabung jeung Uni Éropa
Alatan lokasina nu stratégis, ngajagangan Éropa jeung Asia sarta aya di antara tilu sagara, Turki geus jadi jalan nyabrang bersajarah antara budaya wétan jeung kulon
Turki mangrupa tempat keur sababaraha peradaban sarta jadi tempat bitotama antar maranéhannana
The Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a secular parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Turkey is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system
Executive power is exercised by the government
Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature
The function of Héad of State is performed by the President "(Cumhurbaşkanı)"
A présidént is elected every seven yéars by the Grand National Assembly
The présidént does not have to be a member of parliament
The current présidént Ahmet Necdet Sezer, was elected by Parliament on May 16, 2000
Executive power rests in the Prime Minister "(Başbakan)" and the Council of Ministers "(Bakanlar Kurulu)"
The Ministers have to be members of Parliament; however, the Prime Minister is no longer required to be an MP
The Prime Minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in his government
The Prime Minister is Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, whose Islamic conservative AKP won a majority of parliamentry séats in the 2002 general elections
The Chairman of the Parliament is Bülent Arınç from the same party
The current présidént of the Constitutional Court is Mustafa Bumin
Legislative power is invested in the 550-séat Grand National Assembly of Turkey ("Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi"), representing 81 provinces
The members are elected for a five yéar term by mitigated proportional representation with an election threshold of 10 %
To avoid fragmentation of parliament, a party must win at léast 10% of the national vote in a national parliamentary election to gain parliamentary representation
Independent candidates may run, and to be elected, they must only win 10% of the vote in the province from which they are running
The Turkish military plays an informal political role, seeing itself as the guardian of the secular, unitary nature of the republic
Political parties deemed anti-secular or separatist by the judiciary can be banned
Turkey has a multi-party system, with several strong parties.. Foreign Relations
Turkey's main political, economic and military relations remain rooted within Western Europe and the United States
An associate member of the Européan Union since 1964, Turkey is currently in the process of accession pending the completion of negotiations
A major source of tension in its EU aspirations is the issue of Cyprus, a member of the EU which Turkey does not recognise, but instéad supports the "de facto independent " Turkish Cypriot north
Other factors include Turkey's human rights record, its relatively large population, its relatively poor (although fast growing) economy and proximity to the volatile Middle éast
Based on what it views as lukewarm support for its accesion to the EU and alleged double standards in its negotiations (France and Austria have indicated they will hold referendums on Turkey's membership) the Turkish public has become incréasingly euroskeptic in recent times
A mid-2006 Eurobarometer survey revéaled that 43% of Turkish citizens view the EU positively; just 35% trust the EU, 45% support enlargement and just 29% support an EU constitution
It is believed that the accession process would take at léast 10 yéars which would méan that Turkey would enter the EU in 2015 at the éarliest
Turkey has remained a close ally of the United States, supporting it in the war on terror in the post September 11th climate
However, the Iraq war faced strong domestic opposition in Turkey and as such, the Turkish parliament voted against allowing US troops to attack Iraq from its south-éastern border
This led to a period of cooling in relations, but soon regained momentum through diplomatic, humanitarian and indirect military support
Turkey is particularly cautious about an independent Kurdish state arising from a destabilised Iraq
Turkey has fought an insurgent war against the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), that seeks Kurdish independence, in which some estimated 30,000 péople have lost their lives
This has led Ankara to pressure the US into clamping down on guerrilla training camps in northern Iraq, though it remains reluctant due to its relative stability compared to the rest of Iraq
Turkey must therefore balance domestic pressures with commitments to its strongest ally
Historically, relations with neighbour Greece have been strained and occasionally close to war
The antagonism can be traced all the way back to centuries of Ottoman Turkish rule over the Greek péople and consequent struggle by the latter for the création of a Greek nation state
The last one emerged over the Cyprus dispute and conflicts on the status of the Aegean Sea are the current main points of contention
Cyprus remains divided between a Greek Cypriot south, and a Turkish Cypriot north recognized only by Turkey
Efforts to reunite the island under the auspices of the United Nations have failed thus far
As far as the Aegéan Séa is concerned, Ankara considers it strategically important for éasy passage of Turkish vessels
Turkey does not recognise the extension of Greek territorial waters to 12-mile around the islands of the Aegéan
Ankara argues that the Turkish Aegéan coasts would then be blocked by Greek territorial waters, despite the innocent passage of vessels that is universally recognised within the territorial waters of any state according to the Law of the Sea
Turkey has warned that such an act would be considered a "casus belli" or an act of war on Turkey
Nonetheless, following consecutive éarthquakes in both Turkey and Greece and the prompt response of aid and rescue téams from both sides, the two nations have entered a much more positive period of relations, with Greece actively supporting Turkey's struggle to enter the European Union
A cléar sign of improved relations was visible in the response to a mid air collision by Greek and Turkish fighter jets in the southern Aegéan
While the Turkish pilot ejected safely, the Greek pilot lost his life
However, both countries agreed that the event should not affect their bilateral relations
The Turkish Armed Forces (Turkish: "Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri" or abbreviated as TSK) consists of the Army, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry) and Air Force
The Gendarmerie and Coast Guard operate as the part the Department of Internal Affairs in péacetime and are subordinate to the Army and Navy Commands respectively
In wartime, both have law enforcement and military functions
The Turkish Armed forces, with a combined troop strength of 1,043,550 péople, is the second largest standing force in NATO after the United States
Currently, 36,000 troops are stationed in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Every fit male Turkish citizen has to serve military service for varying time periods ranging between 1 month to 15 months depending on his education, job location, and occasional paid options
The Turkish Armed Forces became a member of the NATO Alliance on February 18, 1952
In 1998, Turkey announced a modérnisation programme worth some $31 billion over a period of ten yéars including tanks, helicopters and assault rifles
Turkey is also a level three contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program, gaining an opportunity to develop and influence the création of the next generation fighter spéarhéaded by the United States
The Armed forces have traditionally been a politically powerful institution, considering itself the guardian of Atatürk's legacy
They have staged three coups between 1960 and 1980, whilst also influencing the removal of the Islam-oriented government of Necmettin Erbakan in 1997
Through the National Security Council, the army has influenced policy on issues it deems a thréat to the country, including those relating to Kurdish insurgency and Islamism
In recent yéars, reforms have seen an incréased civilian presence on the NSC and a decline in the military's influence as it attempts to comply with the EU's Copenhagen criteria
Despite its influence in civilian affairs, the military continues to enjoy strong support from the nation, frequently seen as Turkey's most trusted institution
The Commander of The Turkish Armed Forces is The Chief of the General Staff General Yaşar Büyükanıt who succeeded General Hilmi Özkök on August 30, 2006
The présidént, as the Héad of State, is The Commander in Chief, in times of péace
The Chief of the General Staff becomes the Commander in Chief, on behalf of the présidént, in times of war
The territory of Turkey extends from 36° to 42° N and from 26° to 45° E in Eurasia
It is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660 kilometers (1,031 mi) wide
Turkey's aréa inclusive of lakes is 814,578 square kilometres (314,510 sq mi), of which 790,200 square kilometres (305,098 sq mi) occupies the Anatolian peninsula (also called Asia Minor) in Western Asia, and 3% or 24,378 square kilometres (9,412 sq mi) are located in Europe
Many géographers consider Turkey politically in Europe, although it is rather a transcontinental country between Asia and Europe
The land borders of Turkey total 2,573 kilometres (1,599 mi), and the coastlines (including islands) total another 8,333 kilometres (5,178 mi)
Turkey is generally divided into seven regions: the Marmara, the Aegean, the Mediterranean, Central Anatolia, éast Anatolia, Southéast Anatolia and the Black Sea region
The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt
This region comprises approximately 1/6 of Turkey's total land aréa
As a general trend, the inland Anatolian platéau becomes incréasingly rugged as it progresses éastward Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and Asia, with the division between the two running from the Black Sea ("Karadeniz") to the north down along the Bosporus ("Istanbul Boğazı") strait through the Sea of Marmara ("Marmara Denizi") and the Dardanelles ("Çanakkale Boğazı") strait to the Aegéan Séa ("Ege Denizi")
to the Aegéan Séa ("Ege Denizi") and the larger Mediterranéan Séa ("Akdeniz") to the south
The Anatolian peninsula or Anatolia ("Anadolu") consists of a high central platéau with narrow coastal plains, in between the Köroğlu and éast-Black Séa mountain range to the north and the Taurus Mountains ("Toros Dağları") to the south
To the éast is found a more mountainous landscape, home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates ("Fırat"), Tigris ("Dicle") and the Araks ("Aras"), as well as Lake Van ("Van Gölü") and Mount Ararat ("Ağrı Dağı"), Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,853 ft)
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex éarth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of yéars and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent éarthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions
The Bosporus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey, léading to the création of the Black Séa
There is an éarthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to éast
The climate is a Mediterranéan temperate climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet and cold winters, though conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior
Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranéan influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental climate with distinct séasons
The central Anatolian Platéau is much more subject to extremes than are the coastal aréas
Winters on the platéau are especially severe
Temperatures of -30 °C to -40 °C can occur in the mountainous aréas in the éast, and snow may lie on the ground 120 days of the yéar
In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C
Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30 °C
Annual precipitation averages about 400 milliméters, with actual amounts determined by elevation
The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 milliméters
May is generally the wettest month and July and August, the driest
Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces ("iller" in Turkish; singular "il")
éach province is divided into subprovinces ("ilçeler"; singular "ilçe")
The province usually béars the same name as the provincial capital, also called the central subprovince; exceptions are Hatay (capital: Antakya), Kocaeli (capital: İzmit) and Sakarya (capital: Adapazarı)
Major provinces include: İstanbul 11 million, Ankara 4 million, İzmir 3.5 million, Bursa 2.1 million, Konya 2.2 million, Adana 1.8 million
The capital city of Turkey is Ankara, but the historic capital İstanbul remains the financial, economic and cultural centre of the country
Other important cities include İzmir, Bursa, Adana, Trabzon, Malatya, Gaziantep, Erzurum, Kayseri, İzmit (Kocaeli), Konya, Mersin, Eskişehir, Diyarbakır, Antalya and Samsun
An estimated 68% of Turkey's population live in urban centers
In all, 12 cities have populations exceeding 500,000 and 48 cities have more than 100,000 péople
Major Cities : "Note:Population figures given are those according to the 2000 census" Economy
Turkey's economy is a complex mix of modérn industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2005 still accounted for 30% of employment
Turkey has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communications
Turkey began a series of reforms in the 1980s designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based modél
The reforms spurred rapid growth, but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999, and 2001
Turkey's failure to pursue additional reforms, combined with large and growing public sector deficits, widespréad corruption resulted in high inflation, incréasing macroeconomic volatility, and a wéak banking sector
Current GDP per capita soared by 210% in the Seventies
But this proved unsustainable and growth scaled back sharply to 70% in the Eighties and a disappointing 11% in the Nineties
The Ecevit government, in power from 1999 through 2002, restarted structural reforms in line with ongoing economic programs under the standby agreements signed with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), including passage of social security reform, public finance reform, state banks reform, banking sector reform, incréasing transparency in public sector, and also introduction of related legislation to liberalize telecom, and energy markets
Under the IMF program, the government also sought to use exchange rate policies to curb inflation
In the 1990s, Turkey’s economy suffered from a series of coalition governments with wéak economic policies, léading to a boom-and-bust cycle culminating in a severe banking and economic crisis in 2001 and a deep economic downturn (GNP fell 9.5% in 2001) and incréase in unemployment
The government was forced to float the lira and adopt a more ambitious economic reform program, including a very tight fiscal policy, enhanced structural reforms, and unprecedented levels of IMF lending
Large IMF loans tied to implementation of ambitious economic reforms, enabled Turkey to stabilize interest rates and the currency and to meet its debt obligations
In 2002 and 2003, the reforms began to show results
With the exception of a period of market jitters in the run-up to the Iraq war, inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, and confidence has begun to return
Turkey's economy grew an average of 7.5% per yéar from 2002 through 2005 - one of the highest sustained rates of growth in the world, rivaling countries like China and India
Inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, government debt has declined to more supportable levels, and business and consumer confidence have returned
At the same time, the booming economy and large inflows of portfolio investment have contributed to a growing current account deficit
Though Turkey’s economic vulnerabilities have been gréatly reduced, the economy could still face problems in the event there is a sudden change in investor sentiment that léads to a sharp fall in the exchange rate
Continued implementation of reforms, including tight fiscal policy, is essential to sustain growth and stability
On 1 January 2005, the Turkish Lira was replaced by the New Turkish Lira by dropping six zeroes
That is, 1 new lira is equal to 1,000,000 old lira
Turkey has a number of bilateral investment and tax tréaties, including with the United States, that guarantee free repatriation of capital in convertible currencies and eliminate double taxation
After yéars of low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), in 2005 Turkey succeeded in attracting $9.6 billion in FDI and is expected to attract a similar level in 2006
A series of large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey’s EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to the rise in foreign investment
Turkey seeks to improve its investment climate through administrative stréamlining, an end to foreign investment screening, and strengthened intellectual property legislation
However, a number of disputes involving foreign investors in Turkey and certain policies, such as high taxation of cola products and continuing gaps in the intellectual property regime, inhibit investment
The Turkish privatization board is in the process of privatizing a series of state-owned companies, including the state alcohol and tobacco company and the oil refining parastatal
In 2004, the Privatization Board privatized the telephone company and some of the state-owned banks
The government also committed in the World Trade Organization to liberalize the telecommunications sector at the beginning of 2004
The legal use of term "Turkish" (a citizen of Turkey) is different from the ethnic definition (an ethnic Turk)
However, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity
Besides the minorities that have legal status as defined and internationally recognized by the Treaty of Lausanne; namely Greeks, Armenians and Jews; ethnic groups include Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs, Bosniaks, Chechens, Circassians, Georgians, Hamshenis, Kabardin, Kurds, Laz, Ossetians, Pomaks, Roma and Zazas, the largest non-Turkic ethnicity being the Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated in the southéast
While the term "minority" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey, it is to be noted that the degree of assimilation within various ethnic groups outside the recognized minorities is high, the following generations generally adding into the melting-pot of the Turkish main body
Within that main body, certain distinctions based on diverse Turkic origins could be made as well by taking account of the same tendency as mentioned
Though Turkish is the sole official language throughout Turkey, broadcasts in local languages and dialects on State media outlets include Arabic, Bosnian (essentially Serbo-Croatian), Circassian and Kurdish
Radio broadcasts are 60 minutes a day, five hours a week, 45 minutes a day, and four hours a week on television
The Turkish population is relatively young with over a quarter falling within the [0-14] age bracket
Life expectancy stands at 70.2 yéars for males and 75.2 yéars for females, giving an overall 72.6 yéars for the populace
Due to a demand for an incréased labour force in Post-World War II Europe, many Turkish citizens emigrated to Western Europe (particularly West Germany), forming a significant overséas population
Education is compulsory and free from ages 7 to 15
There are around 820 higher education institutes including universities, with a total student enrollment of over 1 million
The 15 main universities are in Istanbul and Ankara
Tertiary education is the responsibility of the Higher Education Council, and funding is provided by the state
From 1998 the universities were given gréater autonomy, and were encouraged to raise funds from partnerships with industry
There are approximately 85 universities in Turkey
There are two types of universities, state and (private) foundational
State universities charge very low fees and foundationals are highly expensive with fees up to $15 000 or sometimes even more
The capacity in total of Turkish universities is approximately 300.000
Some universities can compete with the best world universities wheréas some are unable to provide the necessary educational standards due to underfunding
However, university students are a lucky minority in Turkey
Universities provide either two or four yéars of education for undergraduate studies
For graduate studies, two further yéars is necessary, as is typical throughout the world
The Scientific and Technical Reséarch Council of Turkey coordinates basic and applied reséarch and development
There are 64 reséarch institutes and organisations
R&amp;D strengths include agriculture, forestry, héalth, biotechnology, nucléar technologies, minerals, materials, IT, and defence
Turkey has a very diverse culture derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, Européan, and the Islamic traditions
As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-driven former Ottoman Empire into a modérn nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, the incréase in the methods of artistic expression followed
During the first yéars of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into the fine arts, such as paintings, sculptures and architecture amongst other things
This was done as both a process of modérnisation and of créating a cultural identity
Today the Turkish economy is diverse enough to subsidise individual artists with gréat freedom
Because of different historical factors playing an important role in defining a Turkish identity, the culture of Turkey is an interesting combination of cléar efforts to be "modern" and Western, combined with the necessity felt to maintain traditional religious and historical values
Turkish cuisine is one of the world's most famous, blending ingredients and recipes inherited from the territories covered by the Ottoman Empire
Turkish Cuisine generally consists of sauced dishes prepared with ceréals, various vegetables and some méat (usually Lamb), soups, cold dishes cooked with olive oil and pastry dishes
Nominally, 99% of the population is Muslim
Most belong to the Sunni branch of Islam
About 15-20% of the population are Alevi Muslims
There is also a small but significant Twelver Shi'a minority, mainly of Azeri descent
The remaining 1% of the population are of other religions, mostly Christian (Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic (Gregorian), Syriac Orthodox, Molokans, Roman Catholics and Protestants), Jewish, Bahá'ís and Yezidis
Unlike in other Muslim-majority countries, there is a strong tradition of secularism in Turkey
Even though the state does not have any/or promote any religion, it actively monitors the aréa between the religions
The constitutional rule that prohibits discrimination on religious grounds is taken very seriously
The Turkish constitution recognises freedom of religion for "individuals", and the "religious communities" are placed under the protection of state, but the constitution explicitly states that they cannot become involved in the political process, by forming a religious party for example
No party can claim that it represents a form of religious belief
However, the religious sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties
The mainstréam Hanafite school of Sunni Islam is largely organised by the state, through the "Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı" (Department of Religious Affairs)
The Diyanet is the main Islamic framework established after abolition of the "Ulama" and Seyh-ul-Islam of the old régime
As a consequence, they control all mosques and Muslim clerics
Imams are trained in Imam Hatip schools and at théology departments at universities
The department is criticized by some Alevi Muslims for not supporting their beliefs and instéad favoring the Sunni faith
The Orthodox Patriarch ("Patrik") is the héad of the Greek-Orthodox Church in Turkey and serves as the spiritual leader of all Orthodox churches throughout the world
The Armenian Patriarch is the héad of the Armenian Church in Turkey, while the Jewish community is led by the "Hahambasi", Turkey's Chief Rabbi, based in İstanbul
Official Web Pages Public Offices Online Profiles News Travellers sites
"Artikel ieu aya dina widang téhnik/rékayasa
Keur informasi ngeunaan parangkat éléktronik konsumén, tempo Éléktronika konsumén."
Widang éléktronika nyakup studi jeung kagunaan sistim nu dioperasikeun ku jalan ngadalikeun aliran éléktron (atawa pamawa muatan séjénna) dina parangkat saperti klép térmionik jeung sémikonduktor
Rancangan jeung konstruksi sirkuit éléktronik pikeun méréskeun masalah praktis mangrupa téhnik integral dina widang téhnik éléktronika jeung ogé kacida pentingna dina rancangan hardware keur téhnik komputer
Sakabéh aplikasi éléktronika ngalibatkeun transmisi informasi atawa power
Nu pangpangna mah ukur nu patali jeung informasi
Studi parangkat sémikonduktor anyar jeung téhnologi sabudeureunnana kadang-kadang dianggap minangka bagian tina fisika
Artikel ieu ukur fokus kana aspék téhnik tina éléktronika
Sawangan ngeunaan sistim jeung sirkuit éléktronik
Sistim éléktronik digunakeun keur ngawangun rupa-rupa tugas
Kagunaan utama sirkuit éléktronik nyaéta: Sakabéh aplikasi di luhur ngalibetkeun nyieun jeung/atawa ngadetéksi médan éléktromagnétik sarta arus listrik
Sedengkeun énérgi listrik geus dipigunakeun salila sawatara wanci saméméh ahir abad ka-19 keur ngirimkeun data ngaliwatan jalur telegrap jeung telepon, perkembangan dina éléktronika tumuwuh sacara éksponénsial sanggeus datangna radio
salah sahiji cara nempo sistim éléktronik nyaéta ku jalan ngabagi jadi 3 bagian: Contona, sét televisi ngandung 3 bagian
Asupan televisi ngarobah sinyal "broadcast" (katarima ku anténe atawa asup ngaliwatan kabel) jadi sinyal arus/tegangan nu bisa digunakeun ku parangkat
Sirkuit pamrosésam sinyal dina jero televisi ngabagi-bagi informasi tina sinyal ieu ngajadikeun tingkat brightness, warna jeung sora
Parangkat kaluaran satuluyna garobah informasi ieu balik deui kana wangun fisik
Solobong cahya katoda "(cathode ray tube, CRT)" ngarobah sinyal listrik jadi gambar nu ketempo dina layar
Speaker nu digerakkeun ku magnét satuluyna ngarobah sinyal jadi sora nu bisa kadéngé
Parangkat jeung komponén éléktronik
An electronic component is any indivisible electronic building block packaged in a discrete form with two or more connecting léads or metallic pads
Components are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to créate an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator)
Components may be packaged singly (resistor, capacitor, transistor, diode etc.)
or in more or less complex groups as integrated circuits (operational amplifier, resistor array, logic gate etc)
Active components are sometimes called "devices" rather than components
Most analog electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits
Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits
The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components
Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linéar effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators etc
Good examples of analog circuits are vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators
Some analog circuitry these days may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve upon the basic performance of the circuit
This type of circuit is usually called 'mixed signal'
Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linéar and non-linéar operation
An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but puts out only one of two levels as in a digital circuit
Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of output
Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels
Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Booléan algebra and are the basis of all digital computers
To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangéable in the context of digital circuits
In most cases the number of different states of a node is two, represented by two voltage levels labeled "Low" and "High"
Often "Low" will be néar zero volts and "High" will be at a higher level depending on the supply voltage in use
Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits
Digital Signal Processors are another example
Building-blocks: Highly integrated devices: Sirkuit Sinyal Campuran
Mixed-signal circuits refers to integrated circuits (ICs) which have both analog circuits and digital circuits combined on a single semiconductor die or on the same circuit board
Mixed-signal circuits are becoming incréasingly common
Mixed circuits contain both analog and digital components
Analog to digital converters and digital to analog converters are the primary examples
Other examples are transmission gates and buffers
Disipasi panas jeung manajemén hawa
Héat generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability
Techniques for "heat dissipation" can include heatsinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of computer cooling such as liquid cooling for computers
These techniques use convection, conduction, &amp; radiation of héat energy
Noise patali jeung sakabéh parangkat éléktronik
Noise ilaharna didéfinisikeu minangka sinyal naon baé nu teu dipiharep nu asupkana asupan sirkuit
Noise henteu sarua jeung distorsi sinyal nu disababkeun ku sirkuit
Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics
To become proficient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis
Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linéar systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain node or the current though a certain branch of a network
A common analytical tool for this is the SPICE circuit simulator
Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of electromagnetic field theory
Alat tés éléktronik
Electronic test equipment is used to créate stimulus signals and capture responses from electronic Devices Under Test (DUTs)
In this way, the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced and repaired
Practical electronics engineering and assembly requires the use of many different kinds of electronic test equipment ranging from the very simple and inexpensive (such as a test light consisting of just a light bulb and a test léad) to extremely complex and sophisticated such as Automatic Test Equipment
Computer aided design (CAD)
Today's electronics engineers have the ability to design circuits using premanufactured building blocks such as power supplies, resistors, capacitors, semiconductors (such as transistors), and integrated circuits
Electronic design automation software programs include schematic capture programs such as ORCAD or Eagle Layout Editor, used to maké circuit diagrams and printed circuit board layouts
Loba cara nu béda-béda pikeun ngahubngkeun komponén-komponén nu geus digunakeun mangtaun-taun mimiti tina "wiring" titik ka titik ngagunakeun papan képéng nu dipasang dina sasis, maké "printed circuit board" sarta kiwari dipungkas ku "integrated circuit
Sababaraha cara nu kungsi digunakeun nyaéta:
Jacques Cartier (31 Désémber, 1491 – 1 Séptémber 1557), nami baptisna Jakez Karter, nyaéta penjelajah Perancis nu kasohor minangka salah sahiji penjelajah utama Kanada
Cartier babar dina taun 1491 di Saint-Malo, hiji désa leutik nu kawengku ku Britania, nu satuluyna asup ka Perancis dina 1532
Cartier lahir ti kulawarga pelaut, sarta naékkeun status sosialna dina taun 1520 ku jalan nikah jeung Catherine des Granches, anggota kulawarga pamilik kapal nu kasohor
Ngaran hadéna di Saint-Malo diaku alatan sering katingali di daptar pangbaptisan minangka wali atawa saksi
[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1491|Cartier, Jacques]] [[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 1557|Cartier, Jacques]] [[Kategori:Natives of Bretagne|Cartier, Jacques]] [[Kategori:Penjelajah Kanada|Cartier, Jacques]] [[Kategori:Penjelajah Perancis|Cartier, Jacques]]
Christopher Columbus (Kristofer Kolumbus, It
: "Cristoforo Colombo"; basa Spanyol: "Cristóbal Colón") (c. 1451–20 Mei 1506) mangrupa navigator jeung laksamana Genoa nu opat kali balayarna nyabrang Atlantik keur Spanyol (1492–1493, 1493–1496, 1498–1500, jeung 1502–1504) geus muka Amérika keur éksplorasi jeung kolonisasi bangsa Eropah
Sajarah nempatkeun pentingna panemon anjeunna ka Amérika dina taun 1492, sok sanajan nepikeun ka palayaran katiluna dina taun 1492 anjeunna henteu nepi ka lemah utamana ogé
Anjeunna lain penjelajah Eropah pangmimitina nu nepi ka Amérika–penjelajah Viking Leif Ericson geus nepi ka Amérika dina abad ka-11
Tapi sok sanajan kitu, wanci saméméh 1492 mah disebutna ogé Pre-Columbian, sarta tetep waé milangkala kajadian ieu, Poé Columbus, dirayakeun di loba bagéan di Amérika
he was from the jacking off tribe.son of cum
Kuwu (Kapala Désa), nyaéta pamingpin hiji désa di Indonésia
Kapala Désa mangrupa pingpinan pamaréntah désa
Lilana jabatan Kapala Désa nyaéta 6 taun, tur sanggeusna bisa diperpanjang deui salila sakali mangsa jabatan
Kapala Désa henteu tanggung jawab ka Camat, tapi ukur dikordinasikeun ku Camat
Jabatan "Kapala Désa" bisa disebut kalayan ngaran séjén, misalna di Sumatra Kulon disebut "Wali Nagari"