izzako/sundanese-pixelgpt huggingface dataset:
Salah sahiji cara nu paling épéktip pikeun nyingkahan résiko panyakit jantung nyaéta kalayan ngadahar dahareun nu loba ngandung mangpaat oméga 3. lauk kembung teu saukur beunghar ku asam lemak teu jenuh tunggal sarta asam lemak teu jenuh ganda, tapi mibanda ogé kandungan lemak jenuh nu handap
Ku sabab éta, ngadahar lauk kembung bisa ngabantu nurunkeun komplikasi fisik saperti "stroke", "aterosklerosis", serangan jantung sarta "aritmia"
Mangpaat lauk kembung ngandung lemak séhat lemak teu jenuh tunggal nyaéta (MUFA), peran penting pikeun panyakit diabetes
Ngontrol tekenan getih
Luhurna tingkat kalium nu dikandung dina lauk kembung ngabantu ngajaga tekenan getih normal, salian ti éta ogé mampuh nyingkahan résiko panyakit nu pakait jeung kondisi kakurangan kalium dina awak
Nyingkahan gajala "rheumatoid arthritis"
Lauk kembung ngandung sanyawa nu "anti-inflamasi" nu bisa ngabantu nurunkeun nyeri sendi
Ieu mindeng kajadian ka jalma nu katarajang "rheumatoid arthritis."
Ngaronjatkeun fungsi kognitif
Hiji panalungtikan nunjukkeun yén jalma nu ngadahar asam lemak omega-3, leutik résikona pikeun katarajang déprési
Ku sabab éta, kalayan ngadahar lauk kembung dina menu sapopoé, bisa ngabantu ngurangan suasana haté kanu katarajang déprési
Salian ti éta ogé lauk kembung bisa ngaronjatkeun aktivitas obat antidepresan
Lauk kembung mibanda DHA ("Docosahexaenoic acid") nu bisa nyingkahan kamungkinan panyakit "Alzheimer" jeung panyakit "Parkinson"
Ngubaran kanker usus
Lauk kembung mangrupa salah sahiji sumber alami nu ngandung mangpaat vitamin D nu dipikawanoh, mibanda éfék dina tingkat katahanan hirup hiji jalma nu katarajang kanker usus
Hiji atikan nunjukkeun, pasien kanker usus kalayan kadar vitamin D nu leuwih luhur pikeun maranéhna tetep bisa nahan hirup
Nyingkahan résiko kanker pinareup
Mangpaat antioksidan dina lauk kembung bisa ngurangan sababaraha jenis kanker
Asam lemak omega 3 bisa ngabantu nyingkahan kanker pinareup, prostat, ginjal sarta kanker usus badag
Sababaraha atikan geus nétélakeun yén asam lemak esensial dina lauk kembung bisa ngurangan résiko kanker pinareup
Lauk Kembung nyaéta salah sahiji jenis dahareun nu alus dikonsumsi pikeun jalma nu karék cageur gering atawa pikeun nu keur dirawat sacara médis
Fakta geus nunjukkeun kandungan omega 3 dina mangpaat lauk kembung, bisa ngabantu nurunkeun kadar kolesterol kalayan ngajaga kolesterol diserep dina usus
Nurunkeun beurat badan
Kandungan omega 3 dina lauk kembung dipercaya bisa ngabantu nurunkeun beurat badan
Panalungtikan nu geus nunjukkeun asupan rutin minyak lauk kembung nu dikombinasikeun kalayan olahraga kaatur bisa nurunkeun lemak dina beuteung
Hal ieu ogé bisa ngabantu métabolisme awak, sarta bisa ngabantu ngurangan gula nu kaleuwihan beurat badan
Éfék samping lauk kembung
Lauk kembung mibanda kandungan nutrisi nu mangpaat, lauk kembung ogé gandung "mérkuri métil" nu luhur
Kandungan éta kacida teu hadé lamun dikonsumsi ku awéwé nu keur kakandungan, sabab bisa ngabalukarkeun éfék nu teu hadé kana kamekaran sistem
Tips milih lauk kembung nu séhat: Lauk kembung nu masih seger henteu mibanda bau nu kacida, kalayan mata nu hérang sarta jelas, kulit lembab sarta sisitna ngagurilap
Kasir atawa gangsir (Tarbinskiellus portentosus, sin
"Brachytrupes portentosus") nyaéta salah sahiji spésiés jangkrik ti kulawarga "Gryllidae"
Cara hirupna ngaliang dina taneuh
Ieu sato poténsial jadi hama pepelakan tani, tapi sakapeung mah sok diala keur dahareun
Ieu gegeremet sumebar ti Asia Kidul nepi ka Tenggara, kaasup Indonesia
Dina basa Jawa ieu sato téh ngaranna "gasir", mun dina basa Inggris mah disebut "big head cricket", "large brown cricket" atawa "short-tail cricket"
Pangawakanna badag jeung sekel
Panjangna antara 37-44 mm
Huluna badag jeung rada pasagi, ari sungutna panjang
Sapasang suku katilu mangrupa suku paranti ngajol nu tohaga ngan pondok; héngkér, kalawan loba cucukan di tukangeunna
Awakna warna coklat nepi ka coklat kolot di lebah luhur jeung rada bodas di lebah handapna
Kasir bikang mah aya jangjang hareupan ("tegmina") nu lemes luarna jeung ovipositor panjang kawas jarum di tungtung tukang abdomenna
Kasir jalu mibanda "tegmina" nu polana kurat-kirut
Fungsina keur ngaluarkeun sora krak-krik, sarta tanpa ovipositor
Kasir jalu awakna rada badag batan nu bikang
Kasir biasa kapanggih di pasisian nu loba jukut
Ieu sato ngali liang nepi ka jerona 30-60 cm keur pangcicinganana, tapi angger mangsa geus peuting mah kaluar keur néangan hakaneun ("nokturnal")
Kasir jalu krak-krik ngaluarkeun sorana di deukeut liang kaluarna sangkan résonansi sorana kadéngéna tarik pisan
Dina hiji ékspérimén di laboratorium, dipikanyaho yén mangsa hirup ieu kasir téh kurang leuwih 333 poé
Aya 7 undakan instar sanggeus endog megar saméméh kasir jadi sato nu manjing
Kasir bikang rata-rata ngahasilkeun endog 123 siki
Ieu endog-endog téh megar sanggeus kurang leuwih 56 poé
Nisbah kasir jalu jeung bikang nyaéta 1 : 1,5
Mangpaat jeung karugian
Kasir dipikanyaho miwatek omnivor, sanajan kadaharan utamana mah sagalaning jinis tutuwuhan
Di lahan-lahan tatanén, kasir bisa jadi hama sarupaning pepelakan
Hususna mah pepelakan ngora ("semai"), kasir ngagusur bagéan watang nepi ka pegat jeung ngakut régang anu héjo keur hakaneunana
Régang nu peunggas jeung daun sok kaciri pacampur jeung taneuh nu ngagunduk di biwir liangna, éta téh keur dihakan ku Kasir
Sawatara jinis pepelakan anu maneuh ditarajang di antarana, bako, kopi, sampeu, entéh, jeung karét
Ngan kasir ogé sok dialaan minangka bahan dahareun, utamana mah di wewengkon Asia Tenggara kaasup di Indonesia
Hususna mah di Thailand, ieu kasir biasa dikonsumsi jeung dijual di pasar
Podocarpacéae nyaéta hiji kulawarga badag ti koniper anu hirup di beulahan Bumi kidul, anu ngawengku 18-19 génus ogé antara 170 nepi ka 200 spésiés tangkal ogé rungkun anu teu weléh daunnan sapaparat taun
Ieu kulawarga nyaéta anggota klasik ti plora Antartika, anu puseur kaanekaragamanana aya di wewengkon Australasia, utamana Kalédonia Ngora, Tasmania, Selandia Anyar, jeung rada sumebar saeutik ka Malesia ogé Amerika Kidul (utamana di pagunungan Andés)
Sawatara génus saberana sumebar ka kalér khatulistiwa ka Indocina ogé Filipina
Génus "Podocarpus" sumebar di kalér anu ambahanana nepi ka kidul Jepang jeung kidul Cina di Asia sarta Méksiko di Amérika, ogé génus "Nageia" nepi ka kidul Cina jeung kidul India
Dua génus séjénna sumebar di Afrika sub-Sahara, nyaéta "Podocarpus" anu sumebarna ngahontal wilayah anu lega ogé "Afrocarpus" anu éndemik
"Parasitaxus usta" mangrupa konipér unik alatan inyana mangrupa hiji-hijina konipér parasit
Inyana aya di Kalédonia Ngora, di éta wewengkon inyana mangrupa parasit anggota Podocarpacéae séjén, "Falcatifolium taxoides"
Génus "Phyllocladus", anu dimaksud di dieu digolongkeun minangka Podocarpacéae dumasar kana bukti génétis, ku sawatara urang botanis ditempatkeun kana kulawarga anu misah sorangan "Phyllocladaceae"
Kulawarga Podocarpacéae kacida loba ragamna, boh tina jihat morpologi pon kitu deui ékologi
Anggotana utamana aya di beulahan Bumi kidul, kalawan ragam jinis anu umum aya di Kalédonia Ngora, Selandia Ngora ogé Tasmania
Lobana ragam spésies "Podocarpus" utamana aya di Amérika Kidul jeung pulo-pulo di Indonésia, Indonésia ogé beunghar ku spésiés "Dacrydium" jeung "Dacrycarpus"
(ngawengku 107 spésiés) jeung "Dacrydium" Sol
ex Forst mangrupa génus pangbadagna
Sababaraha génus ilahar aya di di Selandia Ngora jeung Amérika Kidul, anu ngarojong kamandang yén Podocarpacéae sumebar ngahontal wilayah anu lega dina kidul Gondwana
Misahna Gondwana ngabalukarkeun spésiasi rongkah kulawarga Podocarpacéae
Tug nepi ka taun 1970 ngan ukur tujuh génus Podocarpacéae anu dipikawanoh - "Podocarpus", "Dacrydium", "Phyllocladus", "Acmopyle", "Microcachrys", "Saxegothaea" jeung "Pherosphaera"
Kabéh takson ti Aprika aya dina "Podocarpus" - "P. falcatus", "P. elongatus", "P. henkelii" dan "P. latifolius"
Taksonom ngabagi spésiés ti "Podocarpus" jadi dalapan kategori dumasar anatomi daun (Afrocarpus J. Buchholz &amp; N. E. Gray, Dacrycarpus Endl., Eupodocarpus Endl., Microcarpus Pilg., Nageia (Gaertn.)
Endl., Polypodiopsis C.E
Bertrand (non Polypodiopsis Carriére nom
prop.6), Stachycarpus Endl
and Sundacarpus J. Buchholz &amp; N.E
Studi embriologi, jeung kamekaran gametopit, struktur runjung bikang jeung sitologi, mawa rasa percaya yén kadalapan éta kategori téh mungkin waé pantes aya dina hiji génus nu sarua
Anu naralungtik panuju kana kabutuhan pikeun mikawanoh ‘pengelompokan anu cukup alami ngabuktikeun membuktikan mibanda kohési anu hadé jeung mungkin kohési evolusioner’ ogé nyokot tindakan anu perelu pikeun ngangkat tiap seksi kana status genus
&lt;ns&gt;0&lt;/ns&gt; &lt;revision&gt; &lt;parentid&gt;526479&lt;/parentid&gt; &lt;timestamp&gt;2022-06-06T01:14:30Z&lt;/timestamp&gt; &lt;contributor&gt; &lt;username&gt;Ilhambot&lt;/username&gt; &lt;/contributor&gt; &lt;minor /&gt; &lt;comment&gt;ngaganti è jadi é&lt;/comment&gt; &lt;origin&gt;625656&lt;/origin&gt; &lt;model&gt;wikitext&lt;/model&gt; &lt;format&gt;text/x-wiki&lt;/format&gt; Kembung jalu ("Rastrelliger kanagurta") nyaéta sajenis lauk laut ti kulawarga Scombridae
Spésiés Indo-Pasipik Kulon ieu kapanggih di Laut Beureum sarta Afrika Wétan nepi ka Indonésia, Kapuloan Ryukyu kalér sarta Cina, Australia kidul, Mélanésia jeung Samoa
Lauk ieu asup ti beulah wétan Laut Méditérania ngaliwatan Terusan Suez (Collette 1970)
Dina basa Inggris katelahna "Indian mackerel"
Lauk nu awakna leutik nepi ka nu sedeng; wangunna lonjong manjang kalayan sungut méncos; panjang awak FL ("fork length") maksimal 35 cm, ilaharna mah nepi ka 25 cm
Jangkung badan dina batas tukang tutup insang (operkulum) 4,3-5,2 kalina sabanding jeung FL
Panjang hulu ngaleuwihan jangkung dina batas "operkulum"
Rahang luhur sabagéan katutup ku tulang "lakrimal", manjang nepi ka ngahontal sisi tukangeun mata
Sisir saring insang kacida panjang, katingali ti gigir luar lamun sungutna dicalangapkeun; Peujitna 1,4-1,8 kali panjang awak FL
Tonggong kalayan jalur-jalur pita heureut manjang kelirna poék, nu semu kaemasan dina lauk nu anyar ditéwak; hiji bintik hideung aya di sisi awak palebah margin handap cécépét dada
Cécépét tonggong hareup semu konéng kalayan sisina hideung; cécépét buntut jeung cécépét dada semu konéng; cécépét-cécépét nu sejénna semu kulawu
Lima cécépét leutik ("finlet") aya dina masing-masing di tukangeun cécépét tonggong kadua sarta cécépét bool
Lauk kembung jalu sumebar di kawasan parairan Indo-Pasifik Kulon, mimiti ti basisir wétan Afrika Selatan, basisir Madagaskar, Laut Beureum, Teluk Persia, India, terus ka arah wétan ka parairan Thailand, Indonésia, sarta Filipina, nepi ka basisir wétan Tiongkok sarta Kapulouan Ryukyu kalér, sarta ka kidul nepi ka parairan Australia kalér, Malanésia, Mikronésia, sarta Samoa
Lauk ieu sipatna "epipelagik-neritik", ngumbara utamana di laut-laut déét antara 20 metér nepi ka 90 méter kalayan suhu beungeut laut sakurangna 17 °C
Lauk kembung ngarojay dina jumplukan-jumplukan sasuéy jeung ukuran awakna
Kahakanan utama lauk sawawa nyaéta "makro-zooplankton", saperti "larva" udang jeung lauk; sedengkeun anak-anak lauk ngahakan "fitoplankton" jeung "zooplankton" nu ukuranna leutik
Di beulahan bumi kalér, saperti di sakira-kira India, lauk kembung jalu mijah antara bulan Maret nepi ka Séptémber
Sedengkan di Kapulaoan Seychelles, nu lokasina di beulahan kidul, lauk ieu mijah antara Séptémber nepi ka Maret
Di parairan Filipina lauk kembung jalu ngahontal umur sawawa panjang awak FL kira-kira 23 cm, sarta bisa hirup nepi ka umur 4 taun
Lauk kembung ("Rastrelliger" spp.)
mangrupa lauk nu penting di kawasan Indo-Pasifik Kulon
Angka beubeunangan taunan dunia "Rastrelliger" spp., sakumaha dilaporkeun ka FAO, saprak 1984 salawasna di luhur 300.000 ton
Samentara angka beubeunangan taunan "R. kanagurta" fluktuasi antara 96.000 ton dina taun 1975, kalayan puncak lobana 351.193 ton dina 1994
Catetan ti parairan Indo-Pasifik kulon (1995) beubeunangan "R. kanagurta" lobana 104.000 ton, "R. brachysoma" lobana 26.000 ton, sarta nu teu dibédakeun (sabagé "Rastrelliger" spp.)
lobana 252.000 ton
Kembung jalu biasana ditéwak kalayan pukat cingcin, jaring insang, bagan apung, atawa belat
Lauk ieu dijual segar di pasar atawa diolah heula: diasinkeun, diseupan, dikaléngkan, dibekukeun, atawa dijadikeun saos lauk
Ngaran kembung bikang jeung kembung jalu di dieu euweuh hubunganna kalayan jenis kalamin
Ngaran-ngaran éta ngan saukur ngaran lokal ("vernacular name"), sarta tiap-tiap jenis éta aya lauk-lauk jalu jeung bikang di populasina masing-masing
Kacang nyaéta hiji istilah "non"-botani anu dipaké pikeun nyebut kana siki sababaraha pepelakan utamana polong-polongan, sapopoé kacang ogé dipaké pikeun nyebut (buah) polong malahan nyebut kana tangkal anu ngahasilkeun sikina
Kacang ogé dipaké pikeun nyebutkeun kana siki anu garing, umumna anu disebut kacang ukuranana leutik
Kacang dipercaya mibanda kandungan nutrisi, protéin, jeung énergi anu pohara lobana ku alatan kitu kacang geus jadi kadaharan anu kawentar alus pikeun dikonsumsi
Sebutan kacang biasana nunjuk kana kacang anu ilahar dikonsumsi kayaning, kacang suuk, kacang beureum, kacang héjo, kacang polong jeung sajabana
Tangtuna kacang-kacang éta geus dipiwanoh ku balaréa katut cara jeung katangtuan dina ngolahna
Lemak anu aya dina kacang mangrupa lemak anu séhat tur mangpaat pikeun kaséhatan
Mangpaat jeung Kagunaan
Kandungan protéin, lemak séhat, mineral jeung rupa-rupa vitamin kacida pentingna pikeun ngariksa kaséhatan anu ngonsumsina
Sagigireun ti éta sababaraha kacang bisa dicampurkeun kitu waé kana dahareun
Contona sayur asem anu maké kacang suuk atawa kacang beureum, loték, gado-gado, jeung sajabana
Ieu ku lantaran gizi anu dipibanda ku kacang
Aya deui kacang héjo anu ilahar dijieun bubur dipercaya pikeun ngaronjatkeun kasuburan buuk jeung ngalancarkeun cisusu ibu (ASI)
Dalah ti kitu sakabéh kacang mibanda kagunaan anu hadé pikeun ibu-ibu anu keur nyusuan mah
Sababaraha kacang anu ilahar diolah pikeun opieun saperti kacang roay, kacang bali, kacang hiris, kacang panjang, Kacang kadelé, kacang suuk, jeung sajabana
Kacang jeung Jarawat
Di masarakat urang aya hiji kapercayaan atawa mitos cenah upama loba ngadahar kacang matak jarawatan, tapi numutkeun kana panalungtikan anu dipigawé ku "American Academy of Dermatologi" taya lian hiji "lembaga" anu icikibung dina masalah kaséhatan kulit nyindeukkeun, yén euweuh hubunganana bijilna jarawat ku alatan ngadahar kacang
"Colorado State Universty Department of Healt and Exercise" méré saran séjénna taya lian jarawat bisa disingkahan ku jalan ngurangan ngonsumsi anu amis-amis tur kudu rajin mersihkeun kulité
Alérgi anu dirandapan sabada "ngonsumsi" kacang, sarua waé kawas alérgi anu dibalukarkeun ku "ngonsumsi" kadaharan séjén saperti: susu, endog, gandum, lauk, jeung haremis
Alérgi balukar tina ngadahar kacang, ilaharna kulit karasa ateul, biwir bareuh/jeding, kongkolak panon bareuh, jeung sajabana
Ieu ku lantaran hudangna sakumpulan sél dina awakna anu ngaluarkeun "histamin" tur ngabalukarkeun bocor atawa bareuh di daérah uratgetih dina awak
Alérgi kana kacang anu dirandapan ku barudak umur opat belas bulan nepikeun ka dua taun, henteu kawas alergi kana susu
Alergi kacang mah baris ngurangan tur leungit upama geus manjing déwasa
Kacang jeung Diet
Lemak anu dikandung ku kacang mangrupa lemak anu séhat tur nyehatkeun, lemak "mono" henteu "jenuh."
Kacang mibanda protéin, "serat", kalium, magnésium, jeung vitamin E. Kacang ogé mibanda "pitosterol" anu gedé mangpaatna pikeun nurunkeun kandungan kolesterol jahat dina getih
Ogé panalungtikan séjénna ngeunaan mangpaat ngonsumsi kacang dina jumlah saeutik tapi mayeng, baris ngaronjatkeun kasehatan jantung
Kitu ogé pikeun awéwé anu "ngonsumsi" lima ons kacang dina saminggu baris ngurangan keuna resiko panyakit jantung kurang leuwih 35 persén ti batan awéwé anu henteu ngadahar kacang
Kembung bikang (Rastrelliger brachysoma) nyaéta sajenis lauk laut ti kulawarga Scombridae
Dina basa Inggris katelahna "short mackerel" atawa "shortbodied mackerel"
Spésiés ieu kapanggih di Samudra Pasifik ti Sagara Andaman ka Thailand, Indonésia, Papua Nugini, Filipina, Kapuloan Solomon sarta Fiji
Wangunna lonjong manjang kalayan sungut méncos; panjang awak FL ("fork length") maksimal nyaéta 34,5 cm, ilaharna mah ngan ukur 15 nepi ka 20 cm
Rahang luhur sabagéan katutup ku tulang "lakrimal"
Ususna kacida panjang, 3,2-3,6 kali panjang awak FL
Tonggong héjo poék semu bulao, kalayan dua jajar bintik leutik warna poék palebah napelna cécépét-cécépét tonggong
Sisi awak sarta beuteung semu pérak, kadang-kadang kalayan sababaraha gurat ipis datar
Cécépét tonggong hareup semu konéng kalayan sisi hideung; cécépét dada sarta cécépét beuteung kulawu; cécépét-cécépét nu séjénna semu konéng
Lauk kembung bikang hirup sumebar di kawasan parairan Samudra Pasifik bagéan tengah, mimiti ti Sagara Andaman ka arah wétan ka parairan Thailand, Nusantara, sarta Filipina, nepi ka Papua Nugini, Kepulauan Solomon, sarta Fiji
Lauk ieu sipatna "epipelagik-neritik", ngumbara ilaharna di laut-laut déét di antara kapuloan, sarta bisa hirup di "salinitas" (kadar uyah) nu handap di laut deukeut "estuaria"
Kembung bikang ngojay dina jumplukan nu ukuranna awakna ilaharna sarua, ngalanglang wilayah kalayan suhu beungeut sagara antara 20°-30 °C
Kahakanan utamana nyaéta "mikro-zooplankton", nu loba kacampur "fitoplankton"
Ditaksir ngahontal umur sawawa panjang awak FL kira-kira 16 cm, lauk ieu mijah antara bulan Maret nepi ka bulan Séptémber
Lauk kembung ieu mangrupa spésiés komérsial pangpentingna di Filipina, ditéwak sapanjang taun di Teluk Manila
Bebeunangan di Filipina teu angger antara 25.145 métrik ton dina taun 1978 sarta 18.962 métrik ton taun 1981 (FAO, 1983)
Jumlah beubeunangan spésiés ieu nu dilaporkeun ka FAO pikeun taun 1999 nyaéta 25.713 ton
Nagara nu panglobana beubeunangan nyaéta Filipina (25.713 ton)
Ilaharna data lauk ieu gumantung dina catetan beubeunangan "Rastrelliger" spp., atawa digabungkeun kalayan data beubeunagnan kembung jalu "R. kanagurta"
Ngaran kembung bikang jeung kembung jalu di dieu euweuh hubunganna kalayan jenis kelamin.Ngaran-ngaran éta ngan saukur ngaran lokal ("vernacular name"), sarta tiap-tiap jenis éta aya lauk-lauk jalu jeung bikang dina populasina masing-masing
Barakuda nyaéta lauk dina kelas Actinopterygii nu dipikawanoh wangunna pikasieuneun sarta ukuran awakna badag
Barakuda nyaéta lauk laut ti genus Sphyraena, hiji genus dina kulawarga Sphyraenidae nu dingaranan ku Constantine Samuel Rafinesque taun 1815
Sarta geus kapanggih dina sagara tropis jeung subtropis di sakuliah dunya mimiti ti wates wétan Laut Atlantik ka Laut Beureum sarta Laut Karibia
Aya sakitar 20 spésiés lauk barakuda kulawarga Sphyraenidae ordo Perciformes
Barakuda aya di sakuliah wewengkon tropis jeung subtropis, aya ogé nu sakitar wewengkon iklim sedeng
Awakna ramping, kalayan sisitna leutik, dua cécépét tonggong nu misah, rahang handap nu nonjol, sarta sungut badag kalayan huntuna badag jeung seukeut
Barakuda kahakanan utamana ngahakan lauk, ngincer lauk nu leuwih leutik ti manéhna
Barakuda mangrupa lauk galak sarta dianggap lauk nu pikasieuneun, poténsi ngabahayeun ka manusa
Barakuda nu badag pernah nyerang manusa nu keur ngojay
Penting pikeun manusa Barakuda geus kalibet dina kasus karacunan "ciguatera"
Keracunan "ciguatera" dilantarankeun ku "bioakumulasi ciguatoxins" dina daging lauk laut tropis
"Ciguatoksin" diproduksi ku "dinoflagellata" laut nu tumuwuh napel dina alga laut sarta meureun dihakan ku lauk hérbivora
Jalma-jalma nu karacunan ngalaporkeun panyakit "gastrointestinal" nu kaalaman, gajalana leuleus leungeun jeung suku sarta teu bisa ngabédakeun antara panas jeung tiis, gajalana bisa sababaraha minggu
Konsérvasi Barakuda teu kadaptar minangka sato langka atawa ditangtayungan ku World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Distribusi Géografis Sumebar di sakuliah dunya di parairan deukeut basisir tropis sarta subtropis (30 ° Kalér - 30 ° Kidul), ilaharna di Samudera Atlantik kulon ti Massachusetts (AS) ka Brasil
Kapanggih ogé di Teluk Méksiko sarta Laut Karibia jeung Samudra Atlantik wétan, Indo-Pasifik sarta Laut Beureum
Jarang atawa euweuh di wilayah Samudera Pasifik bagéan wétan
Habitat Barakuda ilaharna aya di deukeut tarumbu karang, jukut laut sarta bakau
Maranéhna ogé aya di samudera kabuka, nu hirup utamana di atawa deukeut beungeut samudra, sakapeung kapanggih aya di 100 méter jerona
Barakuda leuwih resep nyorangan tapi sakapeung kapanggih keur ngabring saeutik di luhureun tarumbu sarta di handap
Barakuda marupa prédator nu galak, kacepatan ngarontok mangsana nepikeun ka
Barakuda nyaéta spésiés nu sok kompétitif sarta mindeng katempo parebut hakaneun jeung tenggiri, julung-julung sarta sakapeung jeung lumba-lumba
Barakuda sipat baranghakanna "oportunistik", ku sabab éta mindeng ngahakan sagala nu aya di hareupeunnana
Lauk ieu teu réwél nalika datang mangsana baranghakan atawa lapar
Interaksi jeung manusa
Serangan barakuda ka manusa jarang kajadian
Mun kajadian nyerang atawa nyampeurkeun, manéhna kataji ku benda nu ngagurilap saperti péso panyelam
Serangan barakuda ka manusa nu ngabahayakeun jarang kajadian
Taun 1947, serangan ka manusa di Key West dikaitkeun kalayan ku barakuda, terus kasus lain di basisir Karolina Kalér taun 1957
Serangan barakuda nu didokumétasikeun kalayan hadé kajadian ka saurang purah nyelam di Basisir Pompano, Florida dina taun 1960
Panyelam digégél dua kali, sarta ngabalukarkeun tatu nu kudu dikaput 31 kaputan
Tapi, serangan siga kitu jarang kajadian lamun urang nyaho jeung ngalakukeun cara nyingkahan nu basajan
Hiji kajadian ngalaporkeun barakuda ngajleng keluar tina cai sarta ngabalukarkeun saurang olahragawan kayak tatu, tapi ceuk Jason Schratwieser, direktur International Game Fish Association, nyebutkeun yén tatu éta dibalukarkeun ku lauk houndfish
Geus aya kajadian kasus karacunan "ciguatera" ngadahar salah sahiji spésiés barakuda
Maranéhna nu geus didiagnosis karacunan nunjukkeun gajala "gastrointestinal", awak laleuleus sarta teu bisa ngabédakeun panas jeung tiis sacara épéktip
Lauk karper atawa lauk emas nyaéta sajumplukan gedé laun anu awalna kapanggih di Éropa Tengah jeung Asia
{{fact}} Rupa-rupa spésiés lauk emas nu mimiti dilindeukeun di Asia Wétan, dimmana maranéhanana dipaké sabagé lauk dahareun
{{fact}} Lauk emas lauk cai tiis, sarta kamapuh maranéhannana pikeun hirup sarta nyaluyukeun kana sababraha iklim jeung kondisi kaayaan cai, lauk spésiés piaraan ieu wenang sumebar ka sababraha lokasi anyar, kaasup Jepang
{{fact}} Mutasi kelir alami lauk ieu baris kajadian disakabéh populasi
{{fact}} Lauk karper nu munggaran dibaranahkeun pikeun mutasi kelir nyaéta di China leuwih ti sarébu taun ka tukang, binih pinilih lauk karper Prussian ("Carassius gibelio") mingpin pamekaran lauk koki
Dunya luar teu sadar pikeun mekarna variasi kelir koi Jepang nepi ka taun 1914, nalika koi Niigata dipamérkeunn di paméran taunan di Tokyo
{{fact}} Ti harita, minat koi sumebar ka sakuliah Jepang
{{fact}} Tina koi asli ieu, sakabéh variétas "Nishikigoi" lainna dibarahkeun, kacuali variétas Ogon (kelir-tunggal, koi métalik) nu dimekarkeun rélatif anyar kénéh
{{fact}} Panggemar koi pamustunganana sumebar ka sakuliah dunya
{{fact}} Koi ayeuna loba dijual di to akuarium piaraan, kalawan kualitas lauk anu alus
Nu kaasup ngaran variétas utama nyaéta: Bédana jeung koki
Ilaharna, koki condong leuwih leutik batan koi, sarta mobanda rupa-rupa wangun awak sarta konfigurasi cécépét jeung buntut
{{fact}} Variétas koi condong mibanda wangun awak nu ilahar, tapi mibanda variasi kelir sarta pola kelir
{{fact}} Maranéhna ogé mibanda barbels nu nonjol dina biwir
{{fact}}Sababaraha variétas koki, saperti koki ilahar, koki komét, jeung "shubunkin," mibanda wangun awak sarta kelir nu mirip jeung koi, sarta baris hésé ngabédakeun koi mangsa can sawawa sarta
{{fact}} Ti mimiti koki jeung koi anu dimekarkeun ti spésiés lauk emas nu béda, sarta maranéhna bisa silih pijah (kawin), turunan maranéhanana steril
Kaséhatan, ngropéa, sarta umur panjang
Koi geus dilaporkeun ngahontal umur 100–200 taun
Hiji koi "scarlet" nu dingarangan "Hanako" dipibanda ku sababaraha individu , nu panungtungan nyaéta Dr. Komei Koshihara
{{fact}}Bulan Juli 1974, hiji atikan ngeunaan panalungtikan umur lauk, salah sahiji koi dilaporkeun yén Hanako umurna nepi ka 225 taun
Sacara otoritatif umur anu ditarima pikeun spésiés kurang ti 50 taun
Koi pohara kuat
{{fact}} Kalayan mulasara nu bener, Maranéhna bisa nyingkahan parasit nu mangaruhan spesiés lauk tropis nu leuwih sénsitif, saperti inféksi "Trichodina, Epistylis", sarta "Ichthyophthirius multifiliis"
{{fact}} Dua kamelang nu pohara di antara paternak koi nyaéta "koi herpes virus" (KHV) jeung "rhabdovirus" carpio, nu ngabalukarkeun "spring viraemia of carp" (SVC)
{{fact}} Euweuh tatamba nu alus pikeun panyakit
{{fact}} Sababaraha paternakan koi di Israél ngagunakeun vaksin KV3, dimekarkeun ku Prof. M. Kotler ti "Hebrew University of" "Jerusalem" sarta diproduksi ku Kovax, pikeun ngaimunisasi lauk ngalawan KHV
{{fact}} Kiwari Israel nyaé hiji-hijina negara di dunya nu ngavaksinasi koi ngalawan KHV
{{fact}} Vaksin kasebut disuntikkeun ka lauk mangsa umurna kurang ti sataun, sarta kudu ngagunakeun cahaya ultraviolet
{{fact}} Vaksin ieu mibanda tingkat kaberhasilan 90%
Mun diimunisasi, lauk teu bisa nyerah ka pasangan KHV sarta koi nu teu diimunisasi bisa nyebarkeun KHV ka lauk séjén di balong
Ngan saukur pangukuran "biosecurity" nu gancang ngadetéksi, "isolation", jeung "disinfection" téngki jeung pakakas bisa nungkulan sumebarna panyakit sarta ngabatas nguranganna stok lauk
{{fact}} Dina taun 2002, usum semi "viraemia" nyerang paternakan koi di "Kernersville," "Carolina Kalér""," sarta merlukeun depopulasi lengkep ti balong sarta periode karantina nu lila
{{fact}} Pikeun samentara mangsa éta, sababaraha paternak koi di "neighboring" eureun ngimpor lauk lantaran sieun lauk stokna keuna inféksi
Milih Bibit Prosés Mijahkeun Mangsa Inkubasi jeung Megar Misahkeun Di alam liar
Koi teu dihaja atawa dihaja leupas ka alam liar di satiap banua kacuali Antartika
{{fact}} Maranéhna baris gancang balik deui kana kelr alami lauk emas dina sababaraha generasi
{{fact}} Di sababaraha daérahah, maranéhna dianggap sabagé "invasive species" sarta "pests"
Di nagara bagén Queensland di Australia, maranéhanna dianggap lauk nu bahaya
Koi pohara ngingetkeun "turbidity" cai sabab maranéhna tuluy ngaduk-ngaduk "substrat"
{{fact}} Hal ieu ngabalukarkeun saluran saluran cai teu ngalir, ngurangan tutuwuhan cai, sarta bisa ngabalukarkeun cai teu cocog pikeun ngojay atawa nginum
{{fact}} Di sababaraha nagara, koi geus ngabalukarkeun jadi loba ruksakna jalan cai nu ngaluarkeun dui badag sarta usaha geus dicobaan pikeun ngabasmi maranéhna, sabagéan gedé teu hasil
| author = George C. Blasiola | title = Koi: everything about selection, care, nutrition, diseases, breeding, pond design and maintenance, and popular aquatic plants | location= Hauppauge, New York | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year = 1995 | author = David Twigg | title = How to Keep Koi | location= New York | publisher=Howell Book House | year = 2001
Ucing Pérsia (Pérsia: گربه ایرانی "Gorbe Irâni") nyaéta ucing piaraan cirina bulu panjang, beungeut buleud sarta irung pondok
Sakapeung disebut Longhair atawa Pérsia Longhair
Ogé katelah ucing Shirazi atawa Ucing Iran, utamana di Timur Tengah
Karuhun ucing pérsia nu mimiti didokumétasikeun diimpor ti Iran (Pérsia) sakitar taun 1620 ka Éropa
Dipikawanoh minangka ucing inguan nu éndah saprak ahir abad ka-19, mimiti dimekarkeun ku Inggris, terus utamana ku paternak Amérika sanggeus Perang Dunya Kadua
Sababaraha organisasi ucing méwah ieu ngagolongkeun Ucing Himalaya jeung Éksotik Bulu pondok minangka varian ti turunan ieu, sedengkeun nu lianna nganggap maranéhna minangka katurunan nu misah
The selective breeding carried out by breeders has allowed the development of a wide variety of coat colors, but has also led to the création of incréasingly flat-faced Persians
Favored by fanciers, this héad structure can bring with it a number of héalth problems
As is the case with the Siamese breed, there have been efforts by some breeders to preserve the older type of cat, the "traditional breed", having a more pronounced muzzle, which is more popular with the general public
Hereditary polycystic kidney disease is prevalent in the breed, affecting almost half the population in some countries
In 2015 it was ranked as the 2nd most popular breed in the United States according to the Cat Fanciers' Association
The first is the Exotic breed
It is not cléar when longhaired cats first appéared, as there are no known long-haired specimens of the African wildcat, the ancestor of the domestic subspecies
The first documented ancestors of the Persian were imported from Khorasan, Persia (now Iran), into Italy in 1620 by Pietro della Valle, and from Angora (now Ankara), Turkey, into France by Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc at around the same time
The Khorasan cats were grey coated while those from Angora were white
From France, they soon réached Britain
Recent genetic reséarch indicates that present day Persians are related not to cats from the Near East but to cats from Western Europe
The reséarchers stated, "Even though the early Persian cat may have in fact originated from ancient Persia, the modern Persian cat has lost its phylogeographical signature."
Pérsia jeung Angora
The first Persian cat was presented at the first organized cat show, in 1871 in the Crystal Palace in London, England, organized by Harrison Weir
As specimens closer to the later established Persian conformation became the more popular types, attempts were made to differentiate it from the Angora
The first breed standard (then called a "points of excellence" list) was issued in 1889 by cat show promoter Weir
He stated that the Persian differed from the Angora in the tail being longer, hair more full and coarse at the end and héad larger, with less pointed éars
Not all cat fanciers agreed with the distinction of the two types, and in the 1903 work "The Book of the Cat", Francis Simpson states that "the distinctions, apparently with hardly any difference, between Angoras and Persians are of so fine a nature that I must be pardoned if I ignore the class of cat commonly called Angora"
Dorothy Bevill Champion lays out the difference between the two types in the 1909 "Everybody's Cat Book": Our pedigree imported long-hairs of to-day are undoubtedly a cross of the Angora and Persian ; the latter possesses a rounder head than the former, also the coat is of quite a different quality
Bell goes on to detail the differences
Persian coats consists of a woolly under coat and a long, hairy outer coat.The coat loses all the thick underwool in the summer, and only the long hair remains
Hair on the shoulders and upper part of the hind legs is somewhat shorter
Conversely, the Angora has a very different coat which consists of long, soft hair, hanging in locks, "inclining to a slight curl or wave on the under parts of the body."
The Angora's hair is much longer on the shoulders and hind legs than the Persian, which Bell considered a gréat improvement
However, Bell says the Angora "fails to the Persian in head," Angoras having a more wedge-shaped héad and Persians having a more appéaling round héad
Bell notes that Angoras and Persians have been crossbred, resulting in a decided improvement to éach breed, but claimed the long-haired cat of 1909 had significantly more Persian influence than Angora
Champion lamented the lack of distinction among various long-haired types by English fanciers, who in 1887, decided to group them under the umbrella term "Long-haired Cats"
The traditional Persian, or doll-face Persian, are somewhat recent names for what is essentially the original breed of Persian cat, without the development of extreme féatures
As many breeders in the United States, Germany, Italy, and other parts of the world started to interpret the Persian standard differently, they developed the flat-nosed "peke-face" or "ultra" type over time, as the result of two genetic mutations, without changing the name of the breed from "Persian"
Some organizations, including the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA), today consider the peke-face type as their modérn standard for the Persian breed
Thus the retronym Traditional Persian was créated to refer to the original type, which is still bred today, mirroring the renaming of the original-style Siamese cat as the Traditional Siamese, to distinguish it from long-faced modérn development which has taken over as simply "the Siamese"
Not all cat fancier groups recognize the Traditional Persian (at all, or as distinct), or give it that specific name
TICA has a very general standard, that does not specify a flattened face
Peke-face and ultra-typing
In the late 1950s a spontanéous mutation in red and red tabby Persians gave rise to the "peke-faced" Persian, named after the flat-faced Pekingese dog
It was régistered as a distinct breed in the CFA, but fell out of favor by the mid-1990s due to serious héalth issues; only 98 were régistered between 1958 and 1995
Despite this, breeders took a liking to the look and started breeding towards the peke-face look
The over-accentuation of the breed's characteristics by selective breeding (called "extreme-" or "ultra-typing") produced results similar to the peke-faced Persians
The term peke-face has been used to refer to the ultra-typed Persian but it is properly used only to refer to red and red tabby Persians béaring the mutation
Many fanciers and CFA judges considered the shift in look "a contribution to the breed."
In 1958, breeder and author P. M. Soderberg wrote in "Pedigree Cats, Their Varieties, breeding and Exhibition" "Perhaps in recent times there has been a tendency to over-accentuate this type of short face, with the result that a few of the cats seen at shows have faces which present a peke-like appearance
This is a type of face which is definitely recognized in the United States, and helps to form a special group within the show classification for the [Persian] breed
There are certainly disadvantages when the face has become too short, for this exaggeration of type is inclined to produce a deformity of the tear ducts, and running eyes may be the result
A cat with running eyes will never look at its best because in time the fur on each side of the nose becomes stained, and thus detracts from the general appearance [...] The nose should be short, but perhaps a plea may be made here that the nose is better if it is not too short and at the same time uptilted
A nose of this type creates an impression of grotesqueness which is not really attractive, and there is always a danger of running eyes."
While the looks of the Persian changed, the Persian Breed Council's standard for the Persian had remained basically the same
The Persian breed standard is, by its nature, somewhat open-ended and focused on a rounded héad, large, wide-spaced round eyes with the top of the nose léather placed no lower than the bottom of the eyes
The standard calls for a short, cobby body with short, well-boned legs, a broad chest, and a round appéarance, everything about the idéal Persian cat being "round"
It was not until the late 1980s that standards were changed to limit the development of the extreme appéarance
In 2004, the statement that muzzles should not be overly pronounced was added to the breed standard
The standards were altered yet again in 2007, this time to reflect the flat face, and it now states that the forehéad, nose, and chin should be in vertical alignment
In the UK, the standard was changed by the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) in the 1990s to disqualify Persians with the "upper edge of the nose leather above the lower edge of the eye" from Certificates or First Prizes in Kitten Open Classes
While ultra-typed cats do better in the show ring, the public seems to prefer the less extreme, older "doll-face" types
In 1950, the Siamese was crossed with the Persian to créate a breed with the body type of the Persian but colorpoint pattern of the Siamese
It was named Himalayan, after other colorpoint animals such as the Himalayan rabbit
In the UK, the breed was recognized as the Colorpoint Longhair
The Himalayan stood as a separate breed in the US until 1984, when the CFA merged it with the Persian, to the objection of the breed councils of both breeds
Some Persian breeders were unhappy with the introduction of this crossbreed into their "pure" Persian lines
The CFA set up the registration for Himalayans in a way that breeders would be able to discern a Persian with Himalayan ancestry just by looking at the pedigree registration number
This was to maké it éasy for breeders who do not want Himalayan blood in their breeding lines to avoid individuals who, while not necessarily exhibiting the colorpoint pattern, may be carrying the point coloration gene recessively
Persians with Himalayan ancestry has registration numbers starting with 3 and are commonly referred to by breeders as colorpoint carriers (CPC) or 3000-series cats, although not all will actually carry the recessive gene
The Siamese is also the source for the chocolate and lilac color in solid Persians
Éksotik Bulu Pondok
The Persian was used as an outcross secretly by some American Shorthair (ASH) breeders in the late 1950s to "improve" their breed
The crossbreed look gained recognition in the show ring but other breeders unhappy with the changes successfully pushed for new breed standards that would disqualify ASH that showed signs of crossbreeding
One ASH breeder who saw the potential of the Persian/ASH cross proposed and eventually managed to get the CFA to recognize them as a new breed in 1966, under the name Exotic Shorthair
Regular outcrossing to the Persian has made present day Exotic Shorthair similar to the Persian in every way, including temperament and conformation, with the exception of the short dense coat
It has even inherited much of the Persian's héalth problems
The éasier to manage coat has made some label the Exotic Shorthair the lazy person's Persian
Because of the regular use of Persians as outcrosses, some Exotics may carry a copy of the recessive longhair gene
When two such cats mate, there is a one in four chance of éach offspring being longhaired
Ironically, longhaired Exotics are not considered Persians by CFA, although The International Cat Association accepts them as Persians
Other associations régister them as a separate Exotic Longhair breed
Ukuran Kaulinan Jeung Kontés
A number of breeders produce small-statured Persians under a variety of names
The generic terms are "toy" and "teacup" Persians (terms borrowed from the dog fancy), but the individual lines are often called "palm-sized", "pocket", "mini" and "pixie"
Currently, they are not recognized as a separate breed by major registries and éach breeder sets their own standards for size
Chinchilla bulu jabrig jeung Sterling
In the US, there was an attempt to establish the silver Persian as a separate breed called the Sterling, but it was not accepted
Silver and golden Persians are recognized, as such, by CFA
In South Africa, the attempt to separate the breed was more successful; the Southern Africa Cat Council (SACC) régisters cats with five generations of purebred Chinchilla as a Chinchilla Longhair
The Chinchilla Longhair has a slightly longer nose than the Persian, resulting in héalthy bréathing and less eye téaring
Its hair is translucent with only the tips carrying black pigment, a féature that gets lost when out-crossed to other colored Persians
Out-crossing also may result in losing nose and lip liner, which is a fault in the Chinchilla Longhair breed standard
One of the distinctions of this breed is the blue-green or green eye color only with kittens having blue or blue-purple eye color
The Persian is the most popular breed of pedigree cats in the United States
In the UK, registration numbers have dwindled since the éarly 1990s and the Persian lost its top spot to the British Shorthair in 2001
As of 2012, it was the 6th most popular breed, behind the British Shorthair, Ragdoll, Siamese, Maine Coon and Burmese
In France, the Persian is the only breed whose registration declined between 2003 and 2007, dropping by more than a quarter
The most color popular varieties according to CFA registration data are séal point, blue point, flame point and tortie point Himalayan, followed by black-white, shadéd silvers and calico
The breed standards of various cat fancier organizations may tréat the Himalayan and Exotic Shorthair (or simply Exotic) as variants of the Persian, or as separate breeds
The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) tréats the Himalayan as a color-pattern class of both the Persian and the Exotic, which have separate but néarly identical standards (differing in coat length)
The Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe) entirely subsumes what other registries call the Himalayan as simply among the allowed coloration patterns for the Persian and the Exotic, tréated as separate breeds
The International Cat Association (TICA) tréats them both as variants of the Persian
The World Cat Federation (WCF) tréats the Persian and Exotic Shorthair as separate breeds, and subsumes the Himalayan coloration as colorpoint varieties under éach
Among regional and national organizations, Feline Federation Europe tréats all three as separate breeds
The American Cat Fanciers Association (ACFA) has the three as separate breeds (also with a Non-pointed Himalayan that is similar to the Persian)
The Australian Cat Federation (AFC) follows the FIFe practice
The Canadian Cat Federation (CCA-AFC) tréats the three separately, and even has an Exotic Longhair subbreed of the Exotic, and Non-pointed Himalayan subbreed of Himalayan, which differ from the Persian only in having some mixed ancestry
The (UK) Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) does likewise
tréats the Persian and Exotic Shorthair as separate breeds covered by a single standard with a coat length distinction, and has the pattern of the Himalayan as simply a division within that standard
A show-quality Persian has an extremely long and thick coat, short legs, a wide héad with the éars set far apart, large eyes, and an extremely shortened muzzle
The breed was originally established with a short muzzle, but over time, this characteristic has become extremely exaggerated, particularly in North America
Persian cats can have virtually any color or markings
The Persian is generally described as a quiet cat
Typically placid in nature, it adapts quite well to apartment life
Himalayans tend to be more active due to the influence of Siamese traits
In a study comparing cat owner perceptions of their cats, Persians rated higher than non-pedigree cats on closeness and affection to owners, friendliness towards strangers, cléanliness, predictability, vocalization, and fussiness over food
The permissible colors in the breed, in most organizations' breed standards, encompass the entire range of cat coat-pattern variations
The International Cat Association (TICA) groups the breed into three coat-pattern divisions for judging at cat shows: traditional (with stable, rich colors), sepia ("paler and warmer than the traditional equivalents", and darkening a bit with age), and mink (much lighter than sepia, and developing noticéably with age on the face and extremities)
If classified as the Himalayan sub-breed, full point coloration is required, the fourth TICA color division, with a "pale and creamy colored" body even lighter than mink, with intense coloration on the face an extremities
The four TICA categories are essentially a graduated scale of color distribution from evenly colored to mostly colored only at the points
Within éach, the coloration may be further classified as solid, tortoiseshell (or "tortie"), tabby, silver or smoke, solid-and-white, tortoiseshell-and-white, tabby-and-white, or silver/smoke-and-white, with various specific colors and modifiers (e.g
chocolate tortoishell point, or fawn shadéd mink marbled tabby-torbie)
TICA-recognized tabby patterns include classic, mackerel, marbled, spotted, and ticked (in two genetic forms), while other patterns include shadéd, chinchilla, and two tabbie-tortie variations, golden, and grizzled
Basic colors include white, black, brown, ruddy, bronze, "blue" (grey), chocolate, cinnamon, lilac, fawn, red, créam, with a silver or shadéd variant of most
Not counting bi-color (piebald) or parti-color coats, nor combinations that are genetically impossible, there are néarly 1,000 named coat pattern variations in the TICA system for which the Persian/Himalayan qualifies
The Exotic Shorthair sub-breed qualifies for every cat coat variation TICA recognizes
The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA), of the United States, also groups the breed into four coat-pattern divisions, but differently: solid, silver and golden (including chinchilla and shadéd variants, and blued subvariants), shadéd and smoke (with several variations of éach, and a third subcategorization called shell), tabby (only classic, mackerel, and patched [spotted], in various colors), parti-color (in four classes, tortoiseshell, blue-créam, chocolaet tortie, and
classes, tortoiseshell, blue-créam, chocolaet tortie, and lilac-créam, mixed with other colors), calico and bi-color (in around 40 variations, broadly classified as calico, dilute calico, and bi-color), and Himalayan (white-to-fawn body with point coloration on the héad, tail and limbs, in various tints)
CFA base colors are white, black, blue, red, créam, chocolate, and lilac
There are around 140 named CFA coat patterns for which the Himalayan qualifies, and 20 for the Himalayan subbreed
These coat patterns encompass virtually all of those recognized by CFA for cats generally
Any Persian permissible in TICA's more detailed system would probably be accepted in CFA's, simply with a more general name, though the organizations do not mix breed registries
Eye colors range widely, and may include blue, copper, odd-eyed blue and copper, green, blue-green, and hazel
Various TICA and CFA coat categorizations come with specific eye-color requirements
Pet insurance data from Sweden puts the median lifespan of cats from the Persian group (Persians, Chinchilla, Himalayan and Exotic) at just above 12.5 yéars
76% of this group lived to 10 yéars or more and 52% lived to 12.5 yéars or more
Veterinary clinic data from England shows an average lifespan of 12–17 yéars, with a median of 14.1
The modérn brachycephalic Persian has a large rounded skull and shortened face and nose
This facial conformation makes the breed prone to bréathing difficulties, skin and eye problems and birthing difficulties
Anatomical abnormalities associated with brachycephalic breeds can cause shortness of breath
Malformed tear ducts causes epiphora, an overflow of téars onto the face, which is common but primarily cosmetic
It can be caused by other more serious conditions though
Entropion, the inward folding of the eyelids, causes the eyelashes to rub against the cornéa, and can léad to téaring, pain, infection and cornéa damage
Similarly, in upper eyelid trichiasis or nasal fold trichiasis, eyelashes/hair from the eyelid and hair from the nose fold néar the eye grow in a way which rubs against the cornéa
Dystocia, an abnormal or difficult labor, is relatively common in Persians
Consequently, stillbirth rate is higher than normal, ranging from 16.1% to 22.1%, and one 1973 study puts kitten mortality rate (including stillborns) at 29.2%
A veterinary study in 2010 documented the serious héalth problems caused by the brachycephalic héad
As a consequence of the BBC program "Pedigree Dogs Exposed", cat breeders have also come under pressure from veterinary and animal welfare associations, with the Persian singled out as one of the breeds most affected by héalth problems
Animal welfare proponents have suggested changes to breed standards to prevent diséases caused by over or ultra-typing, and prohibiting the breeding of animals outside the set limits
Apart from the GCCF standard that limits high noses, TICA and FIFe standards require nostrils to be open, with FIFe stating that nostrils should allow "free and easy passage of air."
Germany's Animal Welfare Act too prohibits the breeding of brachycephalic cats in which the tip of the nose is higher than the lower eyelids
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) which causes kidney failure in affected adult cats has an incidence rate of 36–49% in the Persian breed
Cysts develop and grow in the kidney over time, replacing kidney tissues and enlarging the kidney
Kidney failure develops later in life, at an average age of 7 yéars old (ranging from 3 to 10 yéars old)
Symptoms include excessive drinking and urination, reduced appetite, weight loss and depression