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{"text": "Coat-M\u00e9al (en bret\u00f3 Koz-Meal) \u00e9s un municipi franc\u00e8s, situat a la regi\u00f3 de Bretanya, al departament de Finisterre. L'any 2006 tenia 934\u00a0habitants. El consell municipal ha aprovat la carta Ya d'ar brezhoneg.\n\nDemografia\n\nAdministraci\u00f3\n\nRefer\u00e8ncies \n\nMunicipis del districte de Brest", "meta": {"title": "Coat-M\u00e9al", "url": "https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat-M%C3%A9al", "language": "ca", "timestamp": "20230320"}}
{"text": "Tenzin Tsundue is een Tibetaans dichter, schrijver en activist. In 2001 won hij de eerste Outlook-Picador Award voor non-fictie. Hij publiceerde drie boeken die werden vertaald in andere talen.\n\nAchtergrond\nZijn ouders ontvluchtten Tibet tijdens de Tibetaanse diaspora. Bij aankomst in India in 1959 werkten ze eerst in de wegenbouw van bergwegen in Masumari, Bir, Kullu en Manali. Honderden Tibetanen die naar India vluchtten kwamen in de eerste tijd om, omdat ze de hitte van de zomer en de vochtigheid van de moesson niet konden verdragen. Het kamp van de wegenbouw trok verder en ergens onderweg werd Tenzin Tsundue langs de kant van de weg geboren in een noodtent. Zijn geboortedatum is niet bevestigd en er bestaan drie verschillende registraties van. Hij ging naar school in Dharamsala en ging naar de universiteiten van Chennai en Mumbai.\n\nWerk\nZijn eerste boek, Crossing the Border, gaf hij uit met behulp van geld dat hij van medestudenten gekregen en geleend had, terwijl hij zijn voor zijn master studeerde aan de Universiteit van Mumbai. In 2001 won hij de eerste Outlook-Picador Award voor non-fictie. Zijn tweede boek Kora werd vertaald naar het Frans en Malayalam. Zijn derde boek, Semshook, is een compilatie van essays over de Tibetaanse vrijheidsbeweging. In 2005 vertegenwoordigde hij Tibet in New Delhi tijdens de tweede Zuid-Aziatische literatuurconferentie.\n\nMedia\nTenzin Tsundue wordt vaak gezien als een opinieleider binnen de Tibetaanse gemeenschap in ballingschap. Geschriften van Tenzin Tsundue verschijnen geregeld in Indiase en internationale tijdschriften en andere media. Hij schreef onder ander voor The International PEN, The Indian PEN, Sahitya Akademi\u2019s Indian Literature, The Little Magazine, Outlook, The Times of India, The Indian Express, Hindustan Times, Better Photography, The Economic Times, Tehelka, The Daily Star (Bangladesh), Today (Singapore), Tibetan Review en Gandhi Marg. In 2002 noemde de Indiase editie van het modeblad Elle hem een van de 50 best geklede mannen van India. Hij is onder meer te zien in de documentaire Tibet: 50 Years After the Fall uit 2009 van het regisseursduo Ritu Sarin en Tenzin S\u00f6nam.\n\nActivisme\n\nVanaf zijn studietijd was Tenzin Tsundue een voorvechter van de onafhankelijkheid van Tibet. Januari 2002 kreeg hij internationale aandacht van de media, omdat hij een banier uitrolde op de veertiende verdieping van het vijfsterrenhotel in Mumbai, toen de Chinese premier Zhu Rongji binnen was. April 2005 herhaalde hij dezelfde stunt, toen premier Wen Jiabao Bangalore bezocht. Hier ontrolde hij een grote rode banier met de tekst Free Tibet terwijl hij riep: \"Wen Jiaboa, you cannot silence us.\"\n\nTenzin Tsundue bracht Indiase bestuurders in verlegenheid en de Indiase politie gelastte hem Dharamsala niet te verlaten tijdens het bezoek van de Chinese president Hu Jintao aan India in november 2006. Sinds 2000 draagt hij een rode band om zijn hoofd waarmee hij wil uitdrukken dat hij werkt aan de vrijheid van zijn land en die hij niet eerder af wil doen dan Tibet vrij is.\n\nUitspraken\nIk ben een verknocht gelover in geweldloosheid.\nWe zijn bereid om te sterven, maar niet bereid om te doden.\nVrijheidsstrijd is mijn leven\n\nBibliografie\nTsundue, Tenzin & Woeser & Jampa & Bhuchung D Sonam & Jane Perkins (2006) Nyima Tsering's Tears\n?: Crossing the Border\n2007: Semshook\n2008: Kora\n\nTibetaans activist\nTibetaans schrijver", "meta": {"title": "Tenzin Tsundue", "url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzin%20Tsundue", "language": "nl", "timestamp": "20230320"}}
{"text": "Kristian Hovde (6 December 1903 \u2013 19 August 1969) was a Norwegian cross-country skier who competed in the late 1920s in the early 1930s.\n\nHe was born in Vikersund.\n\nHovde won a silver in the 18\u00a0km event at the 1931 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships.\n\nAt the 1932 Winter Olympics he finished 13th in the 18 km cross-country skiing event.\n\nCross-country skiing results\nAll results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).\n\nOlympic Games\n\nWorld Championships\n 1 medal \u2013 (1 silver)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1903 births\nNorwegian male cross-country skiers\nOlympic cross-country skiers of Norway\nCross-country skiers at the 1932 Winter Olympics\n1969 deaths\nFIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing\nPeople from Modum\nSportspeople from Viken (county)\n20th-century Norwegian people", "meta": {"title": "Kristian Hovde", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian%20Hovde", "language": "en", "timestamp": "20230320"}}
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{"text": "Cochliomyia macellaria, also known as the secondary screwworm, is a species of blow fly in the family Calliphoridae. These screwworms are referred to as \"secondary\" because they typically infest wounds after invasion by primary myiasis-causing flies. While blow flies may be found in every terrestrial habitat, C. macellaria is primarily found in the United States, American tropics, and sometimes southern Canada. They are most common in the southeastern United States in states like Florida. C. macellaria have a metallic greenish-blue thorax and a red-orange head and eyes. These adult blowflies range from 5\u20138\u00a0mm in size. \n\nSince the fly larvae infect the wounds and dead tissue of animals, these flies pose a grave medical and economic risk to humans and livestock. C. macellaria are attracted to carrion and garbage and are often found in slaughterhouses and outdoor markets in the tropics. While these flies carry many various types of Salmonella and viruses like the swine influenza, C. macellaria can also serve as important decomposers in our ecosystem.\n\nDescription\nCochliomyia macellaria are classified as intermediate sized flies with a dull or bright metallic, blue-green coloration. On their thorax, there are three black longitudinal stripes that interrupt the blue-green color. The eye and head of these flies are orange-red in color. C. macellaria also has pale setae on the fronto-orbital plate outside of the frontal bristles. On C. macellaria the frontal row of bristles extend anteriorly to the base of the first antennal segment and consist of 12-14 bristles. The legs of the fly are orange brown to dark brown, and the coxae are orange brown to black with a green metallic luster. C. macellaria possess a dark reddish brown anterior femur and an orange-red anterior tibia. The anterior tibia also has four short bristles that are placed on the dorsal side. The color of the wings of the fly is orange brown tint towards the base. On these wings, the veins in the fly are orange brown to dark brown. The costal sessions 2 to 6 are in the proportions 78:56:96:30:6:6. The first genital section is black with a metallic green luster. On the fly, the scattered setae and a defined marginal row of bristles; the second segment is smaller with a dark brown to black tint with scattered setae.\n\nDistinguishing features\nCochliomyia macellaria is closely related to C. hominivorax but can be distinguished from C. hominivorax in three primarily ways: two of which are seen in adults and one which is seen in the larvae. In adults, the hairs on the fronto-orbital plate are black in C. hominivorax, but are pale in C. macellaria. Additionally, the central black stripe on the thorax extends only slightly in front of the mesonotal suture in C. hominivorax and well in front of the suture in C. macellaria. C. macellaria larvae, unlike like C. hominivorax larvae, do not have pigmented tracheal trunks but instead have V-shaped spines on the anal protuberance. C. macellaria also does not have an oral sclerite.\n\nDistribution and territory\nCochliomyia macellaria is most often found in the southeastern part of the United States, in states like Florida, Louisiana, and Georgia. Despite the high concentration in these states, these flies have been found as far north as Southern Canada and as south as the Neotropics, with the exclusion of countries like Chile and Argentina. While they have been found in this large expanse of areas, they have been shown to thrive most in warm and humid areas like the Southern United States, Caribbean Islands, Central America, and northern South America. In these areas, the population size typically increases during periods of extended rainfall.\n\nThe territories of these blowflies are relatively small, especially during the time of mating. In this period, these flies will stay within a couple meters of one another.\n\nLife cycle and history\n\nThe average life span of an adult C. macellaria is 2\u20136 weeks. In this time period, the females try to increase the chances of producing as many surviving offspring as possible. In a lifetime, C. macellaria may lay up to 1000 or more eggs. These eggs are typically laid in groups of 40 to 250. Females may also lay their eggs with other females, leading to an accumulation of thousands of eggs.\n\nEggs\nThe eggs of C. macellaria are laid in large groups (40\u2013250 eggs at one time) and typically hatch in about 24 hours. The time taken for eggs to hatch often depends on moisture, temperature, and precipitation. In favorable conditions, the eggs may hatch in just four hours. These eggs are about 1\u00a0mm long and appear white to pearl white in color.\n\nLarvae\nThe larval stage of C. macellaria is referred to by the common name of secondary screwworms; this is due to the presence of small spines on each body segment that resemble parts of a screw. The larval stage of C. macellaria immediately follows the egg stage and is typically broken down into three substages or instars. Upon hatching, the larve appear a cream color, have cylindrical bodies with 10 or more spines around the spiracular area, possess incomplete peritremes (an indistinct or absent button), and have bands of small spines on each segment. C. macellaria, unlike like C. hominivorax, do not have pigmented tracheal trunks; instead, they have V-shaped spines on the anal protuberance. C. macellaria also does not have an oral sclerite.\n\nCochliomyia macellaria larvae will feed on the decaying flesh of the animal that they have been laid on until they reach maturity. This stage of maturity is during the third instar and by this time point, the larvae may be as long as 17\u00a0mm. The entire larval stage is about four to seven days long, and afterwards, the larvae fall off the food source to pupate in the top layer of the soil.\n\nPupae\nThe C. macellaria larvae will typically burrow underneath the top layer of soil, leaves, garbage and begin to pupate there. During this stage, the outer layer begins to turn brown from the cream white that it used to be. The outer skin will begin to shrink and harden while the pupa develops entirely in the hardened shell. Based on the temperature, the length of this stage will vary greatly. In warmer temperatures, the stage may last as short as seven days, but in colder temperatures, it may last as long as two months.\n\nAdults\nAdult C. macellaria are considered to be medium-sized flies because they are about 6 to 9\u00a0mm in size and appear bright metallic blue-green to blueish purple in color. These adults typically spend one to two days maturing after leaving the pupae stage. Within four days of emerging from the pupa stage, the adult C. macellaria become sexually mature and start looking for mates. The males will typically mate rapidly and will spend most of their time eating nearby vegetation and nectar from flowers. The females, on the other hand, will feed on the fluids of live wounds from animals. Contrary to the males, the females will travel long distances to find mates.\n\nFood resources\n\nDepending on the gender and stage in their development, C. macellaria will utilize different resources for energy and nutrients. During the larval stage, the C. macellaria will dig deeper into the necrotic wounds of their host animal and feed on the dead tissue. Both males and females will feast through this method. This time period is extremely crucial to the flies, as they must gather enough nutrients in order to last through the pupal stage without any food sources. This is one reason why the larvae are much larger than the size of the adult C. macellaria.\n\nAs adults, the food specifications of the flies change. Female flies will continue to feed on tissues of animals; however, now they preferentially feed off of live tissue and tissue plasma. Males, at this point, will no longer consume tissue, but instead will eat nearby vegetation and intake nutrients from the nectar of flowers.\n\nMating\nAlthough there are few studies on the mating patterns of C. macellaria, there is some information on the interactions between the males and females. Adult female C. macellaria have been observed to will release pheromones that will stimulate the males copulatory attempts on contact. Even though depriving the C. macellaria adults of dietary proteins did not impact the potency of the female extracts, there was a reduced response in males for the pheromones.\n\nParental care\n\nMale C. macellaria do not provide parental care. The males will typically mate quickly and have the females bear the young. Since the females lay so many eggs, there is little care provided by the actual mothers after laying the eggs. The females do strategically lay the eggs in dead skin flesh so that once the eggs hatch into larvae, nutrition will be readily available.\n\nSocial behavior\nTraditional social behavior like lekking has not been observed in C. macellaria; however, other social behaviors have been observed.\n\nEgg laying\n\nIt is common for female C. macellaria to lay eggs with other females. Since females may lay up to 250 eggs, it is common for aggregations of thousands of eggs to infest entire animal carcasses.\n\nPheromone selectivity\nWhile C. hominivorax is closely related to C. macellaria, there are evolutionary developed methods that lead to reproductive isolation. One of these mechanisms is the interspecies response to the C. macellaria female pheromone. Studies on newly colonized C. hoinivorax males have demonstrated that the males do not response to the C. macellaria pheromone.\n\nEnemies\n\nLarval predation\nWhen studying the larval dispersal and predation for C. macellaria, studies have shown that there is interspecies competition and predation. It has been demonstrated that C. albiceps larvae attack C. macellaria larvae during their dispersal process. Additionally, C. macellaria showed higher aggregation level in single than in double species. This may be explained by an evolutionary mechanism used to conserve and protect C. macellaria from predation.\n\nHuman depredation\nDue to the medical and economic impact of the C. macellaria and other blowflies, an array of pesticides have been developed to reduce the C. macellaria population, including pyrethrin aerosol.\n\nMimicry and protective coloration\n\nWhile there are theories for protective coloration, there is no clear mimicry done by C. macellaria or by other insects specifically mimicking C. macellaria. The metallic green coloration may be a form of warding off predators, but this still in the process of being analyzed.\n\nImpact\n\nMedical\nCochliomyia macellaria has extensive medical and economic implications. When C. macellaria larvae infest the dead and decaying tissues of animals or humans, myiasis may often occur. Once infestation occurs, a dark brown discharge will start to leaking from the wound. As the infestation increases, there is more agitation and inflamed tissue, which is accompanied by unpleasant smells. After the process of clinical diagnosis begins and the myiasis is recognized, then the larvae are easier to identify. Treatment of these infestations can be time intensive and leads to increased chances of reoccurrences. The first step is manual removal of the larvae followed by an antibiotic smear.\n\nEconomic\nThe livestock industry considers the secondary screwworm an important pest because of the enormous economic losses caused by cases of myiasis and disease transmission. The medical and pesticide treatment costs the United States millions of dollars annually.\n\nForensic importance\n\nCochliomyia macellaria is the most common species of blow flies found on carrion in the southern United States.  C. macellaria has recently gained recognition in forensic entomology because of its occurrence on decomposing remains.  Since the analysis of the succession and occurrence has been well defined, it is possible to create postmortem interval estimations, which are crucial for forensic entomology. Adult C. macellaria in the southeastern United States are only attracted to the dead tissue on animals minutes after the death. In other regions of the United States, the adult flies are attracted to the dead flesh after a 24-hour delay.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCalliphoridae\nArticles created by Qbugbot\nInsects described in 1775\nTaxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius\nDiptera of North America\nInsects of the United States", "meta": {"title": "Cochliomyia macellaria", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochliomyia%20macellaria", "language": "en", "timestamp": "20230320"}}
{"text": "Opalenica \u2013 dawna gromada, czyli najmniejsza jednostka podzia\u0142u terytorialnego Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej w latach 1954\u20131972.\n\nGromady, z gromadzkimi radami narodowymi (GRN) jako organami w\u0142adzy najni\u017cszego stopnia na wsi, funkcjonowa\u0142y od reformy reorganizuj\u0105cej administracj\u0119 wiejsk\u0105 przeprowadzonej jesieni\u0105 1954 do momentu ich zniesienia z dniem 1 stycznia 1973, tym samym wypieraj\u0105c organizacj\u0119 gminn\u0105 w latach 1954\u20131972.\n\nGromad\u0119 Opalenica z siedzib\u0105 GRN w mie\u015bcie Opalenicy (nie wchodz\u0105cym w sk\u0142ad gromady) utworzono 31 grudnia 1971 w powiecie krotoszy\u0144skim w woj. pozna\u0144skim z obszar\u00f3w zniesionych gromad Opalenica-Wsch\u00f3d i Opalenica-Zach\u00f3d w tym\u017ce powiecie; r\u00f3wnocze\u015bnie do nowo utworzonej gromady Opalenica w\u0142\u0105czono miejscowo\u015bci Bukowiec Stary i Pora\u017cyn-stacja ze zniesionej gromady Bukowiec tam\u017ce.\n\n1 stycznia 1972 do gromady Opalenica w\u0142\u0105czono cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 wsi Bia\u0142awie\u015b o nazwie Pora\u017cyn-Tartak z gromady Grodzisk Wielkopolski w tym\u017ce powiecie\n\n1 stycznia 1973 w powiecie nowotomyskim reaktywowano zniesion\u0105 w 1954 roku gmin\u0119 Opalenica.\n\nPrzypisy \n\nOpalenica", "meta": {"title": "Opalenica (gromada)", "url": "https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalenica%20%28gromada%29", "language": "pl", "timestamp": "20230320"}}
{"text": "Coleophora setipalpella \u00e9 uma esp\u00e9cie de mariposa do g\u00eanero Coleophora pertencente \u00e0 fam\u00edlia Coleophoridae.\n\nBibliografia \n Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) (2008): Australian Faunal Directory \u2014 Coleophoridae.\n Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004): Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species \u2014 Coleophora.\n Savela, Markku (2010): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms \u2014 Coleophoridae.\n Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2009): Coleophoridae.\n\nLiga\u00e7\u00f5es externas \n Natural History Museum Coleophoridae\n\nColeophora", "meta": {"title": "Coleophora setipalpella", "url": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleophora%20setipalpella", "language": "pt", "timestamp": "20230320"}}
{"text": "Los Machucambos sind eine Band, die sich im August 1959 im Pariser Quartier Latin gr\u00fcndete und die vor allem in den 1960er Jahren in Europa und in den USA gro\u00dfen Erfolg mit ihren Boleros, Cha-Cha-Chas, Rumba- und Merengue-Liedern hatte. \n\nDas Trio nannte sich urspr\u00fcnglich  Los Acapulcos. Der Name Los Machucambos entstammt dem s\u00fcdamerikanischen G\u00fcrteltier, dessen Schale zur Herstellung der Charango ben\u00f6tigt wird.\n\nVon der Originalformation mit der Costa-Ricanerin Julia Cortes, dem Spanier Rafa\u00ebl Gayoso und dem Peruaner Romano Zanotti sind noch die beiden Musiker und S\u00e4nger Gayoso und Zanotti dabei, zusammen mit zwei S\u00e4ngerinnen, die seit den 1970er Jahren dazugekommen sind: Mariana Gilbert und Maria Licata.\n\nDie Formation ver\u00f6ffentlichte bisher 19 Alben und 9 Kompilationen, zuletzt mit dem Titel Pepito im Jahre 2009.\n\nDiskografie\n\nAlben\n\nSingles\n\nWeblinks\n\nEinzelnachweise \n\nFranz\u00f6sische Band", "meta": {"title": "Los Machucambos", "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Machucambos", "language": "de", "timestamp": "20230320"}}
{"text": "El torillo moteado (Turnix maculosus) es una especie de ave charadriforme de la familia Turnicidae que habita en Ocean\u00eda.\n\nDistribuci\u00f3n  \n\nSe extiende por las islas menores de la Sonda, C\u00e9lebes, algunas Molucas, el norte y este de Australia, Nueva Guinea, las islas Bismarck y las Salom\u00f3n.\n\nReferencias\n\nEnlaces externos \n\nmaculosus\nAves de Australasia\nAnimales descritos en 1815\nTaxones descritos por Coenraad Jacob Temminck", "meta": {"title": "Turnix maculosus", "url": "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnix%20maculosus", "language": "es", "timestamp": "20230320"}}