Урок 31. The Merchant of Venice
Предмет: Английский язык, 9 класс

Урок 31

The Merchant of the Venice

In this lesson:

You will read and talk about Shakespeare and his life;
You will practice asking and answering questions about facts in a famous man’s biography.

Ключевые слова: playwright, record, title, make a fortune, acting company, prominent, coat of arms, purchase, preserve, manuscript, regard, borrow, plot, adaptation, merchant,

phrasal verbs: set apart, pay back, give away, buy up

Речевой материал:

Грамматика

1.Infinitive

Инфинитив с частицей to употребляется:

для выражения цели: She went to the shop market to buy milk.
в структурах sb to do sth. после глаголов, обозначающих отношение к будущему действию другого лица (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse, want etc.)

I want you to be here.

после would like, would prefer, would love и т.д.

I would love to come too.

после прилагательных, обозначающих чувства и эмоции (happy, glad, sad etc.), выражающих готовность/неготовность (eager, reluctant, willing etc.), описывающих черты характера человека (clever, kind etc.) и прилагательных lucky и fortunate, по отношению к какому-либо действию или событию.

I was sad to hear you were not feeling well.

!!! С прилагательными, описывающими характер, также используются безличные конструкции it + be + adjective/noun.

It was kind of you to lend me your computer.

после too/enough. She’s smart enough to understand it.
после конструкции be + the first/second/next/last etc.

She was the first person to come to the station.

после глаголов ask, decide, explain, find out, learn, want, want to know etc., когда за ними следует вопросительное слово.

She asked me where to buy the tickets.

в устойчивых выражениях to tell you the truth, to be honest, to sum up, to begin with, etc.
после некоторых существительных: honour, goal, way etc.

It’s an honour to take part in this project.

с so + adjective + as.

Would you be so kind as to help me with the door?

c only, выражающим неудовлетворительный результат.

She drove to the supermarket one hour only to find it was closed.

в конструкциях for + noun/pronoun + to -inf.

It was very unusual for Sam to speak so politely.

!!! Dare в значении ‘осмелиться сделать что-либо’ употребляется с инфинитивом с to или без частицы to. I don’t dare (to) tell him the truth.

Dare, обозначающее угрозу, предупреждение или злобу, употребляется без частицы to.

Don’t you dare read the letter again.

Dare, обозначающее вызов, употребляется с инфинитивом с частицей to.

I dare you to ride that moody horse.

Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется:

после модальных глаголов.

I can speak Portuguese.

в глагольных выражениях let, make, see, hear, watch, notice и feel + smb (Complex Object).

Tara lets him travel on his own.

НО:

с be made, be heard, be seen в страдательном залоге употребляется инфинитив с частицей to.

She was seen to cross the road at midnight.

!!! Когда после see, hear и watch следует -ing форма глагола, в страдательном залоге их форма не изменяется.

I heard them crying.

после had better и would rather.

You had better put a jacket on.

!!! Help can be followed by either the to-infinitive or the infinitive without to.

She helped me (to) carry the bags.

2. ing-form

-ing-форма глагола употребляется:

в роли подлежащего.

Jogging is good for your health.

после глаголов: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, deny, fancy, go (for activities), imagine, mind, miss, practise, prevent, quit, save, suggest.

You should avoid eating processed food.

после глаголов love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate для выражения общего предпочтения.

I prefer walking alone.

после выражений: be busy, it’s no use, it’s no good, it’s (not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help, there’s no point (in), can’t stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble etc.

I can’t stand travelling on my own.

после глаголов spend, waste, lose (time, money etc.).

He wastes time doing nothing.

c такими глаголами и выражениями, как: think of, apologise for, object to, look forward to, be used to, in addition to.

I was thinking of calling you.

после глагола prefer для выражения конкретного предпочтения.

She prefers walking to work.

после глаголов hear, listen to, notice, see, watch и feel для обозначения незавершенного действия.

I saw Paul waiting for the bus. (Я видел только часть действия.)

НО:

Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется с hear, listen to, notice, see, watch и feel для обозначения завершенного действия.

I didn’t see Paul get on the bus. (Действие было

завершено.)

!!! be/get used to + -ing form

I’m used to working very hard.

НО:

I used to work very hard.

3.Разница в значении между инфинитивом с частицей to и ing-формой глагола

После некоторых глаголов может употребляться как инфинитив с частицей to, так и ing-форма глагола с разницей в значениях.

forget + инфинитив с частицей to — забыть.

She forgot to drop on her parents.

forget + -ing-форма глагола — забывать (о чем-либо в прошлом), не помнить.

I’ll never forget visiting Paris for the first time.

remember + инфинитив с частицей to — помнить, не забывать.

Did you remember to call granny?

remember + -ing-форма глагола — помнить о событии в прошлом.

I remember meeting him in Malaga.

mean + инфинитив с частицей to — намереваться, собираться.

I apologise. I didn’t mean to upset you.

mean + -ing-форма глагола — подразумевать, предполагать.

Being a good doctor means devoting your life to helping people.

regret + инфинитив с частицей to — сожалеть о том, что приходится сообщать что-либо неприятное (обычно употребляется в Present Simple с такими глаголами, как say, tell, inform, announce).

I regret to inform you that your appeal has been rejected.

regret + -ing-форма глагола — сожалеть о чем-либо.

I regret making you feel sad.

try + инфинитив с частицей to — стараться делать все возможное.

I tried to convince Peter that we’ll do it.

try + -ing-форма глагола — делать что-то в качестве эксперимента.

Try adding salt to you chocolate.

stop + инфинитив с частицей to — остановиться с целью что-либо сделать.

We usually stop to buy a sandwich on our way to the country.

stop + -ing-форма глагола — прекратить делать что-либо.

She stopped eating sweets a year ago.

go on + инфинитив с частицей to — закончить действие и приступить к новому действию.

She did the ironing, then went on to tidy up the flat.

go on + -ing-форма глагола — продолжать делать что-либо.

She went on watching soap operas for hours.

want + инфинитив с частицей to — желать, хотеть что-либо сделать.

I want to travel to Australia.

want + -ing-форма глагола — что-либо требует какого-либо действия (каузатив).

The bush wants cutting.

be sorry + инфинитив с частицей to — сочувствовать.

I was sorry to hear you haven’t been feeling well.

be sorry for + -ing-форма глагола — извиняться за что-либо.

I’m sorry for being so rude.

hate + инфинитив с частицей to — испытывать неудовольствие по поводу предстоящего действия.

I hate to upset you but we’re not going to Spain.

hate + -ing-форма глагола — не любить то, что приходится делать.

I hate troubling you, but could look at this?

be afraid + инфинитив с частицей to —сомневаться, колебаться.

She was afraid to go there on her own.

be afraid of + -ing form — бояться, что может случиться какое-либо действие.

In the gym I’m always afraid of injuring my back.

4. Глаголы с инфинитивом с частицей to и ing-формой глагола без разницы в значении

begin, continue, intend, start. При этом две ing-формы глагола не могут следовать друг за другом.

She began washing/to wash the car.

advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + дополнение + инфинитив с частицей to.

He allowed me to stay indoors.

advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + -ing-форма глагола.

He advised taking two pills a day.

need, require, want + инфинитив с частицей to/-ing-форма глагола/инфинитив в форме страдательного залога.

You need to wash the car.

The car needs washing. The car needs to be washed.

be advised, be allowed, be encouraged, be permitted, be required + инфинитив с частицей to.

С этими пассивными конструкциями употребляется только инфинитив с частицей to.

I was advised to take two pills a day.

Read William Shakespeare’s biography and answer the questions below.

William Shakespeare is often called the English national poet and considered to be the greatest playwright of all time.

Surprisingly for the world's greatest playwright, we know very little about Shakespeare's life. The few details we have come from church records, land titles and the written opinions of others. Very little is known about young Shakespeare.

We know that Shakespeare was baptized on April 26, 1564 and it is supposed that he was born on April 23, 1564. We also know that in 1582 at age eighteen, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway. Four years later Shakespeare left Stratford-upon-Avon for London to make his fortune.

By 1595, Shakespeare was named as one of the more senior members of the Lord Chamberlain's men. It was an acting company that performed frequently. This prominent theatre company later became the royal company called the King's Men, making Shakespeare an official playwright to the King of England.

By 1596, Shakespeare was so successful as a playwright that his family was finally granted a coat of arms which among other things allowed Shakespeare to call himself a "gentleman". Shakespeare's fortunes were also improving during this time; in 1597 he purchased the second largest house in Stratford which he called New Place and began buying up land around Stratford. One year later, Shakespeare became a ten percent owner of the new theatre in London, the famous Globe Theatre where so many of his plays would later be performed. By 1611, Shakespeare retired returning to Stratford and in 1616 he died.

The Shakespeare we read today comes from The First Folio of 1623 written by actors John Heminge and Henry Condell to preserve Shakespeare's works. Surprisingly, no original manuscripts survive reflecting the fact that many of these manuscripts were written purely for performance and were not regarded as pieces of literary work. There is also no general agreement on when all the plays were first performed. It might surprise readers to know that many of Shakespeare's plays, especially in the experimental period were hardly original, borrowing plot features from earlier plays. However borrowing plots was quite common in Shakespeare's time. It is his skill for language, imagery and his creative adaptation of history have set Shakespeare apart as probably the greatest playwright of all time.

1. Where do the details we know about Shakespeare come from?

2. What was the acting company Lord Chamberlain's men famous for?

3. What allowed Shakespeare to call himself a "gentleman"?

4. Were there found any of Shakespeare’s original manuscripts? Why not?

Основное содержание текста:

The Merchant of Venice

by William Shakespeare

SHORT BACKGROUND

Antonio is a merchant from Venice. His friend Bassanio wants to borrow some money which will allow him to marry Portia, a rich heiress. Antonio’s money is invested in his trade ships that are at sea so he suggests that Bassanio borrows the money from Shylock, a moneylender, in Antonio’s name. Shylock does not like Antonio. He offers to lend Bassanio the money under condition that if he cannot pay it back, Shylock gets a pound of Antonio’s flesh. Bassanio doesn’t like it, but Antonio agrees. Bassanio goes to Belmont and gets married to Portia. Later, he learns that Antonio has lost his ships, and that Shylock wants payment. He goes to Venice to help Antonio. At the trial, a legal expert arrives to decide what should be done. Portia is disguised as a young lawyer …

FRAGMENT FROM THE PLAY

PORTIA (dressed like a lawyer)

A pound of the merchant’s flesh is yours.

The court awards it and the law authorises it.

SHYLOCK

What a righteous judge!

PORTIA

And you must cut this flesh from his chest.

The law allows it, and the court awards it.

SHYLOCK

What a wise judge! Come on, get ready.

PORTIA

Wait a moment, there is something else.

This contract does not give you any blood.

The exact words are ‘a pound of flesh’.

So take your penalty of a pound of flesh.

But while you are cutting it, if you spill

One drop of blood, you will die and everything you own

According to the laws of Venice will be confiscated

By the state of Venice.

BASSANIO

What an upright judge! Pay attention! What a smart judge.

SHYLOCK

Is that the law?

PORTIA

You can see for yourself.

For as you asked for justice, rest assured,

You’ll have more justice than you want.

BASSANIO

What a wise judge! Pay attention to a wise judge!

SHYLOCK

I’ll take their offer of two times the loan, then.

And let the merchant go.

BASSANIO

Here is the money.

PORTIA

Wait!

The man will have justice. Wait! Don’t rush!

He’ll have nothing except the penalty.

BASSANIO

O! An upright judge, a wise judge!

PORTIA

So, get ready to cut off the flesh.

Don’t spill any blood or cut any more or less

Than a pound of flesh. If you cut any more

Or less than exactly a pound, even as much

To make the weight lighter or heavier

By a fraction of a twentieth

of an ounce, no, even if the scale turns

By as much as a hair,

You will die and all your property will be confiscated.

THE END

Portia tells Shylock he is now guilty of threatening the life of a man, which means he must give his property away: half to the state and half to Antonio. The judge tells Shylock that ne only wants him to pay a penalty and not give the state his property. Antonio also tells Shylock that he doesn’t want his property now, but that he must give it to his daughter and her husband when he dies. Shylock agrees to everything. Antonio and his friends leave the court satisfied. They return to Belmont and learn that the smart lawyer that saved Antonio’s life was Bassanio’s wife, Portia. In the end they all celebrate a happy ending.

Match the worlds in bold from the text with their meaning:

make sth legal

a punishment for breaking a rule or law

take away

be sure

an amount of money that a person borrows

things, especially valuable, that belong to sb

a woman who has inherited a lot of money

to make something look or seem like something else

Тренировочные упражнения

Упражнение 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the to-infinitive or -ing form.

1. Why don't you try (do) …… some of the tasks right now?

2. Mary finished (type) …… the essay and went on (revise) …… for her Spanish test.

3. Why don't we stop (ask) …… that man for directions to the hotel? I’m tired of (ramble) …… about the streets.

4. The children aren’t allowed (go) …… out on their own.

5. I don’t understand why the Peters complained about the noise. I remember (tell) …… them about the party a week ago.

Упражнение 2

Match the words with their meanings.

borrow

a person who writes plays

adaptation

to become rich

make a fortune

to receive and use something that belongs to someone else, and promise to give it back to them later

coat of arms

a process of changing something so that it can be used for a different purpose

playwright

a special design that a family, organization, or place uses as its own sign

Упражнение 3

Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive without to or -ing form.

1 I can hear Stella (shout) …… at Jim. Now, what are they arguing about?

2 You say you saw him (break) …… the vase. Why didn’t you tell mum?

3 Have you heard Mr Khan (sing) …… ? He has a terrible squeaky voice!

4 Miranda felt something (touch) …… her foot for a second. It was cold and soft like a jelly-fish.

Упражнение 4

Use the words and phrases to complete the dialogue: heiress, coat of arms, playwright, loan, property.

1. Luxembourg's …… contains two crowned lions supporting a blue and white striped shield.

2. He was charged with receiving stolen …… .

3. The world's richest woman and …… to the L'Oreal cosmetics fortune Liliane Bettencourt, has died at the age of 94.

4. The famous …… is coming to town for the first night of his latest comedy.

5. Jim took out a …… to pay for his car.

Упражнение 5

Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings.

give away

to give sb the same amount of money that you borrowed from them

set apart

to provide sb with sth that you no longer want or need

pay back

to buy large amounts of sth or all of it that is available

buy up

to make sb or sth different and special

Упражнение 6

Fill in the gaps choosing the right tense forms for the verbs in brackets.

disguise, authorise, make a fortune, confiscate

1. He (make a fortune) …… by selling the best home-made pumpkin pies all over the USA. He is now the richest in the Smiths family.

2. They (authorise) …… they officer to carry a gun two years ago.

3. The soldiers (disguise) …… themselves as ordinary civilians.

4. Police (confiscate) …… their weapons last week.

Упражнение 7

Choose the right item.

1. Do you mind to get/getting off here? I need to go to the bank.

2. Dahlia avoids to shop/shopping in the new supermarket because it’s too expensive for her.

3. Phil was the first person to congratulate/congratulating me with the promotion.

4. It was nice of you to join/joining us that evening.

5. Try to jog/jogging every morning, you’ll be satisfied with the results.

Упражнение 8

Fill in the gaps choosing the right tense forms for the phrasal verbs in brackets.

1. I’ll be able to (pay back) …… you …… next week.

2. Anderson’s company commonly …… old theaters and cinemas and changes them into restaurants.

3. Ali’s natural athleticism (set apart) …… him …… from other boxers.

4. Idea! All the plants that are left I (give away) …… to the neighbours.

Контрольные задания

Вариант 1

Задание 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive with or without to or -ing form.

1. I expect the playwright (come) …… to the show on time.

2. I didn’t see him (get) …… off at Merch Street.

3. Teresa’s brother was made (break up) …… with Patty.

4. Mrs Perry thinks it’s no use (make) …… a fortune if you don’t have children.

5. The old staircase needs (repair) …… .

6. We stopped …… as the ceremony had begun.

Задание 2

Fill in the gaps with the phrasal verbs set apart, pay back, give away, buy up in the Present Simple, Future Simple or Past Perfect.

1. Camilla …… as soon as she gets the fee for the patient.

2. He …… the land before the crisis started.

3. I …… the dresses I don’t need, I promise.

4. His openness and kindness …… him …… from other volunteers. That’s what I like about him.

Задание 3

Read the text and fill in the gaps transforming the capitalized words.

In Elizabethan England going to the theatre was the (1)…… (2)…… of the masses. When the disease came to London, actors travelled across the English countryside, entertaining (3)…… .

There were also many days devoted to (4)…… , such as Mad Day and Midsummer Day, when people drank and made merry. Dances were popular, whether you lived in London or in a small town, and so was getting together at the local pub for singing. Games like chess, checkers, and tennis were (5)…… popular. (6)…… was also very popular, and (7)…… people could read their favourite books in more than one language.

The (8)…… classes engaged in tournaments of fencing and hunted for sport.

1. FAVOUR, 2. ACT

3. FARM

4. FEAST

5. EXTREME, 6. READ

7. EDUCATE

8. UP

Вариант 2

Задание 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive with or without to or -ing form.

1. Suzi lets her little brother (travel) …… on his own.

2. Mrs Newton can’t stand (cook) …… for one person.

3. I expect Mr Kerr (come) …… before lunch.

4. The old car needs (repair) …… .

5. I remember (meet) …… you at the party last Friday.

6. I I’m thinking of (go) …… to Italy this summer.

Задание 2

Fill in the gaps with the phrasal verbs set apart, pay back, give away, buy up in the Present Continuous, Future Simple, Past Simple or Past Perfect.

1.His openness and kindness …… him …… from other volunteers. That’s what I liked about him.

2. He …… the land at the moment. He has to harry before the crisis starts.

3. Camilla …… as soon as she gets the fee for the patient. 4. I …… the dresses I don’t need, I promise.

Задание 3

Read the text and fill in the gaps transforming the capitalized words.

In (1)…… England going to the theatre was the favourite (2)…… of the masses. When the disease came to London, actors travelled across the English countryside, entertaining (3)…… .

There were also many days devoted to feasting, such as Mad Day and Midsummer Day, when people drank and made merry. Dances were popular, whether you lived in London or in a small town, and so was getting together at the local pub for (4)…… . Games like chess, checkers, and tennis were (5)…… popular. (6) was also very popular, and educated people could read their favourite books in more than one language.

The (7)…… classes engaged in tournaments of (8) …… and hunted for sport.

1. ELIZABETH

2. ACT

3. FARM

4. SING

5. EXTREME, 6. READ

7. UP

8. FENCE