internlm/SWE-Fixer-Train-110K huggingface dataset:
Repository: quantumlib/Cirq

Issue:
`dev_tools/modules.py` fails with a confusing error if invoked without argument
**Description of the issue**

The program `dev_tools/modules.py` exits with a confusing and user-unfriendly error message if it is invoked without any arguments. At the same time, it is not obvious (or at least, I haven't found it mentioned in the docs) that _not_ passing any arguments to it is unsupported. 

**How to reproduce the issue**

In a shell, with the current directory being the top level of the Cirq source code repo cloned from GitHub, run the following command:

```
python dev_tools/modules.py
```

<details>

```
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/mhucka/project-files/quantum/repos/Cirq/dev_tools/modules.py", line 317, in <module>
    main(sys.argv[1:])  # coverage: ignore
  File "/Users/mhucka/project-files/quantum/repos/Cirq/dev_tools/modules.py", line 309, in main
    f = args.func
AttributeError: 'Namespace' object has no attribute 'func'
```

</details>

**Cirq version**

0.16.0.dev

**Additional comments**

A user coming to Cirq might reasonably try to run `python dev_tools/modules.py`, not knowing ahead of time what arguments are valid. IMHO, it would be more user-friendly if `modules.py` would at least print a help message if invoked without arguments.



Discussion:

Resolving patch:
diff --git a/dev_tools/modules.py b/dev_tools/modules.py
--- a/dev_tools/modules.py
+++ b/dev_tools/modules.py
@@ -303,6 +303,9 @@ def parse(args):
 
 
 def main(argv: List[str]):
+    if argv == []:
+        # If no arguments are given, print the help/usage info.
+        argv = ['--help']
     args = parse(argv)
     # args.func is where we store the function to be called for a given subparser
     # e.g. it is list_modules for the `list` subcommand


Test patch:
Repository: quantumlib/Cirq

Issue:
Qasm output decomposes single qubit MatrixGate into multiple operations instead of one u3 operation
```
import cirq

c = cirq.Circuit(
    cirq.MatrixGate(cirq.unitary(cirq.H) @ cirq.unitary(cirq.T)).on(cirq.LineQubit(0)),
)
print(c.to_qasm())
```

Outputs:

```
OPENQASM 2.0;
include "qelib1.inc";


// Qubits: [q(0)]
qreg q[1];


// Gate: [[ 0.707+0.j   0.5  +0.5j]
 // [ 0.707+0.j  -0.5  -0.5j]]
rz(pi*0.75) q[0];
sx q[0];
s q[0];
```

But should output:

```
// Generated from Cirq v0.15.0

OPENQASM 2.0;
include "qelib1.inc";


// Qubits: [q(0)]
qreg q[1];


u3(pi*1.5,pi*1.0,pi*0.25) q[0];
```

Which I got by using `cirq.PhasedXZGate.from_matrix(...)` and turning that into qasm.


Discussion:

Resolving patch:
diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/ops/matrix_gates.py b/cirq-core/cirq/ops/matrix_gates.py
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/ops/matrix_gates.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/ops/matrix_gates.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 from cirq import linalg, protocols, _import
 from cirq._compat import proper_repr
-from cirq.ops import raw_types
+from cirq.ops import raw_types, phased_x_z_gate
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import cirq
@@ -166,6 +166,14 @@ def _circuit_diagram_info_(
         rest = [f'#{i+1}' for i in range(1, n_qubits)]
         return protocols.CircuitDiagramInfo(wire_symbols=[main, *rest])
 
+    def _qasm_(self, args: 'cirq.QasmArgs', qubits: Tuple['cirq.Qid', ...]) -> Optional[str]:
+        args.validate_version('2.0')
+        if self._qid_shape == (2,):
+            return protocols.qasm(
+                phased_x_z_gate.PhasedXZGate.from_matrix(self._matrix), args=args, qubits=qubits
+            )
+        return None
+
     def __hash__(self) -> int:
         vals = tuple(v for _, v in np.ndenumerate(self._matrix))
         return hash((MatrixGate, vals))


Test patch:
diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/circuits/qasm_output_test.py b/cirq-core/cirq/circuits/qasm_output_test.py
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/circuits/qasm_output_test.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/circuits/qasm_output_test.py
@@ -297,6 +297,7 @@ def __repr__(self):
         cirq.Rz(rads=np.pi)(q0),
         cirq.Rz(rads=np.pi / 2)(q0),
         cirq.Rz(rads=np.pi / 4)(q0),
+        cirq.MatrixGate(cirq.unitary(cirq.H) @ cirq.unitary(cirq.T)).on(q0),
         cirq.CZ(q0, q1),
         cirq.CZ(q0, q1) ** 0.25,  # Requires 2-qubit decomposition
         cirq.CNOT(q0, q1),
@@ -403,6 +404,7 @@ def filter_unpredictable_numbers(text):
 rz(pi*1.0) q[0];
 rz(pi*0.5) q[0];
 rz(pi*0.25) q[0];
+u3(pi*1.5,pi*1.0,pi*0.25) q[0];
 cz q[0],q[1];
 
 // Gate: CZ**0.25
Repository: quantumlib/Cirq

Issue:
YPowGate has no dimension
Follow-up to #4782: we added a dimension property for X and Z, but Y remains locked to qubits. This seems like an oversight - can we finish out the pauli trio by adding dimensions to YPowGate?


Discussion:
CC @daxfohl
When this is implemented we'll also need to update its docstring, as seen in #5648.
X and Z have standard generalizations to higher dimensions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalizations_of_Pauli_matrices#Construction:_The_clock_and_shift_matrices

I wasn't able to find a standard for Y. Probably the relation `Y**k = X**0.5 * Z**k * X**-0.5` (or something like that) holds in higher dimensions? If so, we could define Y in higher dimensions via decomposition. (Unless someone with more linear algebra background than me can figure out the actual eigencomponents).
Yeah I don't think there is a canonical definition of a higher order Y operator.  Consider for example`X Z` and `X**(-1)Z`.  In d=2 these are the same, but in d>2 they are different.  So which one are we to chose?  
(Except in other contexts where Y is _the_ canonical higher order operator https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_combinator#Fixed-point_combinators_in_lambda_calculus) :) 

Resolving patch:
diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/ops/common_gates.py b/cirq-core/cirq/ops/common_gates.py
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/ops/common_gates.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/ops/common_gates.py
@@ -389,6 +389,16 @@ class YPowGate(eigen_gate.EigenGate):
     parameter when initializing.
 
     `cirq.Y`, the Pauli Y gate, is an instance of this gate at `exponent=1`.
+
+    Unlike `cirq.XPowGate` and `cirq.ZPowGate`, this gate has no generalization
+    to qudits and hence does not take the dimension argument. Ignoring the
+    global phase all generalized Pauli operators on a d-level system may be
+    written as X**a Z**b for a,b=0,1,...,d-1. For a qubit, there is only one
+    "mixed" operator: XZ, conventionally denoted -iY. However, when d > 2 there
+    are (d-1)*(d-1) > 1 such "mixed" operators (still ignoring the global phase).
+    Due to this ambiguity, qudit Y gate is not well defined. The "mixed" operators
+    for qudits are generally not referred to by name, but instead are specified in
+    terms of X and Z.
     """
 
     def _num_qubits_(self) -> int:


Test patch:
Repository: quantumlib/Cirq

Issue:
Add binary literal example to compute_amplitudes_sweep and compute_amplitudes methods of SimulatesAmplitudes class.
The signature of compute_amplitudes_sweep and compute_amplitudes requires bitstrings to be a list of int's. Because of the semantics in python3 of not allowing leading zeros for int's (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36386346/syntaxerror-invalid-token) this can be confusing.

For eg: if I want to measure a bitstring 0010, I need to provide 10 as input to the bitstring which is confusing to the user.

I propose to change the type of bitstrings to Sequence[str].


Discussion:
I think the way to do this in python is to use the binary prefix: `0b0010` or `0B0010`.  I'm going to change this to adding binary as example usage.  

Resolving patch:
diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py b/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator.py
@@ -156,7 +156,9 @@ def compute_amplitudes(
             bitstrings: The bitstrings whose amplitudes are desired, input
                 as an integer array where each integer is formed from measured
                 qubit values according to `qubit_order` from most to least
-                significant qubit, i.e. in big-endian ordering.
+                significant qubit, i.e. in big-endian ordering. If inputting
+                a binary literal add the prefix 0b or 0B.
+                For example: 0010 can be input as 0b0010, 0B0010, 2, 0x2, etc.
             param_resolver: Parameters to run with the program.
             qubit_order: Determines the canonical ordering of the qubits. This
                 is often used in specifying the initial state, i.e. the
@@ -214,7 +216,9 @@ def compute_amplitudes_sweep_iter(
             bitstrings: The bitstrings whose amplitudes are desired, input
                 as an integer array where each integer is formed from measured
                 qubit values according to `qubit_order` from most to least
-                significant qubit, i.e. in big-endian ordering.
+                significant qubit, i.e. in big-endian ordering. If inputting
+                a binary literal add the prefix 0b or 0B.
+                For example: 0010 can be input as 0b0010, 0B0010, 2, 0x2, etc.
             params: Parameters to run with the program.
             qubit_order: Determines the canonical ordering of the qubits. This
                 is often used in specifying the initial state, i.e. the


Test patch:
Repository: quantumlib/Cirq

Issue:
LaTeX typo in cirq.asymmetric_depolarize
**Description of the issue**
<img width="607" alt="image" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/3976048/207660635-fc94a32b-c14e-4de9-a804-ff815dfd96f7.png">


**How to reproduce the issue**
In this line of code: https://github.com/quantumlib/Cirq/blob/db863600f9375a926299eee3c3e73acb3b2c76df/cirq-core/cirq/ops/common_channels.py#L40

Fix is `Pi` --> `P_i`




Discussion:

Resolving patch:
diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/ops/common_channels.py b/cirq-core/cirq/ops/common_channels.py
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/ops/common_channels.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/ops/common_channels.py
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ class AsymmetricDepolarizingChannel(raw_types.Gate):
     This channel evolves a density matrix via
 
     $$
-        \sum_i p_i Pi \rho Pi
+    \sum_i p_i P_i \rho P_i
     $$
 
-    where i varies from 0 to $4^n-1$ and Pi represents n-qubit Pauli operator
+    where i varies from $0$ to $4^n-1$ and $P_i$ represents n-qubit Pauli operator
     (including identity). The input $\rho$ is the density matrix before the
     depolarization.
 
@@ -217,10 +217,10 @@ def asymmetric_depolarize(
     This channel evolves a density matrix via
 
     $$
-    \sum_i p_i Pi \rho Pi
+    \sum_i p_i P_i \rho P_i
     $$
 
-    where i varies from 0 to $4^n-1$ and Pi represents n-qubit Pauli operator
+    where i varies from $0$ to $4^n-1$ and $P_i$ represents n-qubit Pauli operator
     (including identity). The input $\rho$ is the density matrix before the
     depolarization.
 
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ class BitFlipChannel(raw_types.Gate):
     This channel evolves a density matrix via:
 
     $$
-        \rho \rightarrow M_0 \rho M_0^\dagger + M_1 \rho M_1^\dagger
+    \rho \rightarrow M_0 \rho M_0^\dagger + M_1 \rho M_1^\dagger
     $$
 
     With:


Test patch:
Repository: psf/black

Issue:
Can't use Black 19.3b0 from terminal
Howdy! Sorry you're having trouble. To expedite your experience,
provide some basics for me:

Operating system: Ubuntu 18.04
Python version: 3.6.7
*Black* version: 19.3b0
Does also happen on master: Did not try

I have installed Black through the command:
`
pip3 install black
`
And it resulted in the following output:

`
Collecting black
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/30/62/cf549544a5fe990bbaeca21e9c419501b2de7a701ab0afb377bc81676600/black-19.3b0-py36-none-any.whl
Collecting toml>=0.9.4 (from black)
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a2/12/ced7105d2de62fa7c8fb5fce92cc4ce66b57c95fb875e9318dba7f8c5db0/toml-0.10.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting appdirs (from black)
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/56/eb/810e700ed1349edde4cbdc1b2a21e28cdf115f9faf263f6bbf8447c1abf3/appdirs-1.4.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting attrs>=18.1.0 (from black)
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/23/96/d828354fa2dbdf216eaa7b7de0db692f12c234f7ef888cc14980ef40d1d2/attrs-19.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting click>=6.5 (from black)
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fa/37/45185cb5abbc30d7257104c434fe0b07e5a195a6847506c074527aa599ec/Click-7.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: toml, appdirs, attrs, click, black
Successfully installed appdirs-1.4.3 attrs-19.1.0 black-19.3b0 click-7.0 toml-0.10.0
`

But if I try to run it from the command line I get:

`
Command 'black' not found, did you mean:
  command 'slack' from snap slack (3.3.8)
  command 'slack' from deb slack
See 'snap info <snapname>' for additional versions.
`

I wish to install it in a way that will be available from the terminal and use it with Pycharm.

Thank you!

To answer the last question, you have two options:
1. Use the online formatter at https://black.now.sh/?version=master, which will use the latest master branch.
2. Or run black on your machine:
    * create a new virtualenv (make sure it's the same Python version);
    * clone this repository;
    * run `pip install -e .`;
    * make sure it's sane by running `python setup.py test`; and
    * run `black` like you did last time.



Discussion:
this is likely because your `$PATH` is not set up correctly. in general i would advise you to use a `virtualenv`, or use a tool such as `pipsi`.
This isn't a Black-specific issue, but could be addressed in the docs. It's common with python binaries.

Resolving patch:
diff --git a/src/black/__main__.py b/src/black/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/black/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from black import patched_main
+
+patched_main()


Test patch:
Repository: psf/black

Issue:
Help view for "--config" argument is a little unclear 
The `help` view for `--config` argument is a little unclear.
For now it looks like:
```
...
--config FILE                   Read configuration from PATH.
...
```
It says that we pass `FILE` as argument value, but the configuration will be read from the `PATH`. 

Proposal: use `FILE` instead of `PATH` in `help` view fro this argument.
It will looks like:
```
...
--config FILE                   Read configuration from FILE.
...
```


Discussion:

Resolving patch:
diff --git a/src/black/__init__.py b/src/black/__init__.py
--- a/src/black/__init__.py
+++ b/src/black/__init__.py
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ def target_version_option_callback(
     ),
     is_eager=True,
     callback=read_pyproject_toml,
-    help="Read configuration from PATH.",
+    help="Read configuration from FILE path.",
 )
 @click.pass_context
 def main(


Test patch:
Repository: psf/black

Issue:
Blackd Packaging
**Describe the bug**

The [blackd documenation states](https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/blackd.html):
> blackd is not packaged alongside Black by default because it has additional dependencies. You will need to execute pip install black[d] to install it.

But `blackd` is included in [packages](https://github.com/psf/black/blob/master/setup.py#L65) for black.

**To Reproduce** Steps to reproduce the behavior:

```bash
$ python3 -m venv venv; source venv/bin/activate
$ pip install black
$ which blackd
/path/to/venv/bin/blackd
```

**Expected behavior**

No binary named `blackd` is installed because its webserver dependencies are not installed.

**Environment (please complete the following information):**

- Version: master
- OS and Python version: Linux

**Does this bug also happen on master?**
Yes, see above



Discussion:
Does anyone have suggestions here? I’m trying to read docs on how to do this and not finding many answers. I’ll keep digging. We do have ‘[d]’ in the console_scripts entry ...
I'm fairly sure this used to work as described in the docs. Has something changed in or around `pip`?
From [the python packaging guide](https://python-packaging-user-guide.readthedocs.io/specifications/entry-points/?highlight=extras#file-format):

> Using extras for an entry point is no longer recommended. Consumers should support parsing them from existing distributions, but may then ignore them. New publishing tools need not support specifying extras. The functionality of handling extras was tied to setuptools’ model of managing ‘egg’ packages, but newer tools such as pip and virtualenv use a different model.

It's unclear to me what this different model is, but we should probably use that.
I did see this too, but I can't work out what it is. I'll call in favors from friends to try work this out.
That was added to the guide in https://github.com/pypa/packaging.python.org/pull/390.

I've not read through it, but it also adds an "entry points specification", perhaps there's something useful in there? Could also ask someone from that PR?


Resolving patch:
diff --git a/src/blackd/__init__.py b/src/blackd/__init__.py
--- a/src/blackd/__init__.py
+++ b/src/blackd/__init__.py
@@ -1,13 +1,24 @@
 import asyncio
+import logging
+import sys
 from concurrent.futures import Executor, ProcessPoolExecutor
 from datetime import datetime
 from functools import partial
-import logging
 from multiprocessing import freeze_support
 from typing import Set, Tuple
 
-from aiohttp import web
-import aiohttp_cors
+try:
+    from aiohttp import web
+    import aiohttp_cors
+except ImportError as ie:
+    print(
+        f"aiohttp dependency is not installed: {ie}. "
+        + "Please re-install black with the '[d]' extra install "
+        + "to obtain aiohttp_cors: `pip install black[d]`",
+        file=sys.stderr,
+    )
+    sys.exit(-1)
+
 import black
 import click
 


Test patch:
Repository: psf/black

Issue:
Tweak docstring of format_str() method
**Describe the bug** I found docstring of `format_str()` is confusing

**As is**

```
    `mode` determines formatting options, such as how many characters per line are
    allowed.  Example:

    >>> import black
    >>> print(black.format_str("def f(arg:str='')->None:...", mode=Mode()))
    def f(arg: str = "") -> None:
        ...
```

**Issue** the above code causes `NameError`

```python
>>> import black
>>> print(black.format_str("def f(arg:str='')->None:...", mode=Mode()))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'Mode' is not defined
```

**To be** replace `Mode` to `black.Mode`

```
    `mode` determines formatting options, such as how many characters per line are
    allowed.  Example:

    >>> import black
    >>> print(black.format_str("def f(arg:str='')->None:...", mode=black.Mode()))
    def f(arg: str = "") -> None:
        ...
```

**Environment (please complete the following information):**

- Version: master (a522aa4)
- OS and Python version: macOS/Python 3.8.6

**Does this bug also happen on master?** No, this is about docstring (or about documentation)



Discussion:
Sure, I'm open to a PR as this is probably the most used function when Black is used as a library (and is effectively the public API).

Resolving patch:
diff --git a/src/black/__init__.py b/src/black/__init__.py
--- a/src/black/__init__.py
+++ b/src/black/__init__.py
@@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ def format_str(src_contents: str, *, mode: Mode) -> FileContent:
     allowed.  Example:
 
     >>> import black
-    >>> print(black.format_str("def f(arg:str='')->None:...", mode=Mode()))
+    >>> print(black.format_str("def f(arg:str='')->None:...", mode=black.Mode()))
     def f(arg: str = "") -> None:
         ...
 


Test patch:
Repository: psf/black

Issue:
In Python 3.9, it doesn't seem to pass the mypy check in pre-commit
**Describe the bug** According to the CONTRIBUTING.md,

>Development on the latest version of Python is preferred.  As of this writing it's 3.9.

But I ran the `pre-commit run -a` command and I was faced with mypy errors.

```
$ pre-commit run -a
black....................................................................Passed
flake8...................................................................Passed
mypy.....................................................................Failed
- hook id: mypy
- exit code: 2

src/black_primer/lib.py:37:12: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:38:22: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:42:10: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:44:10: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:45:10: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:46:6: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:111:38: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:155:21: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:159:6: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:188:38: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:213:6: error: syntax error in type comment
src/black_primer/lib.py:230:13: error: syntax error in type comment
Found 12 errors in 1 file (checked 14 source files)

prettier.................................................................Passed
```

**To Reproduce** The following commands:

```
# At the root of this repository
python3.9 -m venv env
. env/bin/activate
pip install -U pip
pip install pipenv
pipenv install --dev
pipenv shell
pre-commit install
pre-commit run -a
# See the above mypy errors
```

**Expected behavior** no mypy errors.

**Environment:**

- Version: master (a522aa4)
- OS and Python version: macOS/Python 3.9.0
- mypy version

```
$ mypy --version
mypy 0.790
$ pipenv run mypy --version
mypy 0.790
```

**Does this bug also happen on master?** Yes

**Additional context** 
I think others who want to contribute Black will have trouble.
As a temporary workaround, no error occurs in using Python **3.8**.


Discussion:

Resolving patch:
diff --git a/src/black_primer/lib.py b/src/black_primer/lib.py
--- a/src/black_primer/lib.py
+++ b/src/black_primer/lib.py
@@ -59,10 +59,12 @@ async def _gen_check_output(
         raise
 
     if process.returncode != 0:
+        returncode = process.returncode
+        if returncode is None:
+            returncode = 69
+
         cmd_str = " ".join(cmd)
-        raise CalledProcessError(
-            process.returncode, cmd_str, output=stdout, stderr=stderr
-        )
+        raise CalledProcessError(returncode, cmd_str, output=stdout, stderr=stderr)
 
     return (stdout, stderr)
 


Test patch: