Interviewer(s): F003
Interviewee(s): P

F003: Hello I am Julius Edward Ntwenya (facilitator) together with Hasani Mdoe Mbazi (note taker), It is 4/10/2017, we are in Kambala village. We are conducting Focus Group Discussion with Adult women including the Zigua, Maasai, Wagogo and the Pare, we have one pare, two wagogo, five maasai. We will talk about diet changes, in maasai eating is 'endaa', wagogo eating is 'kulya' and the pare eating is 'kejoo'. Now tell me about diet system in Kambala village.

P: Our diet includes stiff porridge, rice, etc.

We eat stiff porridge, milk, rice, etc.

We sometimes eat stiff porridge, bananas, rice, milk, cracked and cooked food, etc.

We also eat meat, mixed vegetables including spinach, kale leaves, Chinese, sweet potatoes leaves, cowpeas leaves, beans, green grams, pigeon peas.

Natural relish for the maasai is meat.

Vegetables include kale leaves and amaranth leaves. These are wild vegetables.

Wild vegetables include okra, mgagani, etc.

Wagogo people eat okra leaves and stiff porridge.

The pare people do eat meat, cowpeas, milk, okra leaves.

Some vegetables are wild, they grow during rain season, these are wild okra and amaranth leaves.

F003: How does rainfall contribute to availability of vegetables?

P: When it rains most wild vegetables do grow and we get them free, so if it were raining every day, we would be getting enough vegetables.

F003: Which food stuffs are mostly eaten nowadays compared to the past period?

P: They include chips

Cassava and yams.

Rice is nowadays eaten by many people compared to the past period. In the past we used to eat stiff porridge and cracked and cooked maize.

In the past we used to eat stiff porridge, bananas and cassava. We are also still eating them.

Most maasai used to eat milk, but nowadays they eat stiff porridge, rice etc. We used to eat fermented milk, fresh milk and meat but nowadays we eat almost all kinds of food.

Wagogo people used to eat stiff porridge and kale vegetables, but nowadays we eat porridge, wheat bans, rice, ea, etc.

F003: Which fruits were most eaten in the past period compared to the current period?

P: We used to eat fruits such as tamaring fruits, siteti, and olumangwa but nowadays we eat almost all kinds of fruits.

Life in the past period was very good and comfortable because we did not spend much money to get these fruits unlike it is nowadays whereby you have to buy every good fruits to eat it.

The fruits that we used to eat include mikole, mifuru, etc, nowadays children do not like wild fruits, and they are much interested in eating cultivated fruits which are sold at the market.

F003: Why do most children not interested in eating wild fruits nowadays?

P: It is because of changes in life.

We zigua people are still eating wild fruits such as mangongo, jackfruits, etc; you may eat such fruits and forget about lunch. These fruits have been available since we were still young.

F003: Ok, from our experience in this village, which cultural fruits are available in our village?

P: Cultural fruits in our village include mkole, tamaring, mangongo are all available, and they are also eaten by children.

Cultural fruits are eaten although not more than cultivated and sold fruits.

There is no big difference in eating cultural and cultivated fruits, only that it depends on one's interest, for instance school children do pick up wild fruits when they are passing through the wild, sometimes when cultivated fruits such as oranges are available they are also bought and eaten. So fruits are eaten depending on their availability or season.

F003: Which kind of fruit is very helpful to children currently?

P: Mkole is much helpful and liked by most children.

Most children like mkole fruits because it tastes sweet because of containing much content of sugar.

F003: How do you prepare and cook food such as meat, milk, stiff porridge, kale leaves, etc.? Do you experience a difference in preparing such like foods when you compare the past and current periods?

P: We are still preparing milk in the same way currently as it was in the past years, we wash our calabashes, and we milk the cow and use cups to drink our milk.

F003: What about other types of food stuffs?

P: There is a difference in food preparation between the past and current periods although in the past we were still young and we did not get involved in preparing and cooking food.

Nowadays we prepare our food in mixing styles, for instance when you are preparing relish and sauce, we mix different spices and other items such as carrots, green pepper, etc. Thus there is a difference in food preparation and cooking.

In the past we used to cook beans by boiling and mixing it with onions as well as salt, but nowadays we do cook beans by frying, we use cooking oil, onions, salt and other spices available.

F003: How do you prepare meat nowadays?

P: In the past we used to prepare and cook meat by burning it or boiling it, but nowadays we do fry and roast mean using different spices such as tomatoes, onions, cooking oil, etc.

F003: What factors which have brought about changes in diet system?

P: One of the factors is globalisation and the second is education. Nowadays almost every tribe sends children to school; education has become a priority to many people, that's why there are several changes in diet system.

F003: What other factors have led to changes in diet system? Ok, explain more about education and globalization.

P: We have formal education and informal education, informal education enables a person to see what people are doing or performing and try to copy them and perform them, for instance you can copy cooking styles, formal education or school education is provided in schools and classes by professional teachers, you can learn many things about diet and preparing balanced diet.

F003: Do you think there are some food stuffs you are eating which are the result of formal education such as seminars and trainings?

P: Through seminars we just do copy some methods and styles in preparing diets.

When we speak of globalization, I mean that the world is at your finger tips; you can get to know many things about cookery methods and types of food nutrients such as vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins etc. You can also use smart phones to download some materials about cookery methods and styles.

F003: What other factors have led to changes in diet? Try to think of the availability of food items, prices of food items, shifting from one place to another, etc do you think these issues have changed your diet system?

P: I think they have contributed to changes, for instance when you shift your settlements from one place to another, you get to know new cookery techniques from other tribes, for instance through different celebrations and gatherings.

People have become educated that's why people have changed their diet system. In the past years there was no education among many people. so we had few methods in cooking foods.

F003: Ok, you have mentioned globalisation, education, social and tribal interaction and gatherings. What else forces you to change your diet system? Do you have some foods which you have abandon to eat or some new foods which you have started eating?

P: In our maasai tribe, foods with low value include sardines, fish, eggs, these are less important to eat them among the maasai, but nowadays we have new types of foods to eat.

F003: How does diet system get affected by eating sardines among the maasai people?

P: There is no any effect due to eating sardines among the maasai because we have less interest in it.

F003: Apart from sardines, which other food stuffs people are not interested in eating?

P: Chicken meat was not and is not eaten by older people.

F003: Why some foods which were not eaten by people in the past, they are currently eaten?

P: It is because of education and development. For instance some standard seven leavers are selected to join some schools in other regions and districts, for that case they come together with other students from different tribes, learn to eat some food stuffs which they did eat before for instance chicken meat, sardines, eggs, this is how changes occur. When he/she comes back home, she/he is already eating such foods

F003: What happens when a child needs to eat a certain food which is not prepared and cooked at homes?

P: Whey they come back homes they stop eating foods which are not prepared at our homes.

Another reason is social and tribal interaction, for instance we marry each other, I have been married to a maasai while I am a zigua woman, so such kind of interaction has contributed to diet change, my husband did not eat chicken meat but i persuaded him and he started eating it, my children do eat sardines and fish although they are maasai kids. SOCIAL INTERACTION which involves human mobility from one place to another and education has brought about diet changes, nowadays maasai youths do eat chips, eggs, etc.

F003: How do you talk about married couples from different tribes contributing to diet changes?

P: Yes it contributes to diet changes, for instance when a maasai marries a zigua or gogo woman, they finally adapt to eat other kinds of foods from other tribes. If my husband marries a second wife from another tribe such as zigua or gogo tribe, the new married wife will prepare chicken meat or fish for my husband, and he will eat it , I will also learn to prepare such kind of foods from my fellow wife.

In some circumstances if your husband marries two women from different tribes, then each woman will learn new cooking styles from her fellow wife.

F003: Ok, let you choose one of you to pass us through the main reasons which cause changes in diet within our community.

P: We have mentioned some factors which have brought about changes in diet within our society, these include globalization, education, social and tribal interaction, human mobility, informal education during celebrations, etc. What do you think is the first reason for changes in diet within our society?

Human mobility is the first reason for diet changes

Tribal interaction especially during marriages

Formal and informal education, specifically school education.

Social and human mobility has been a major reason for diet changes.

Education.

F003: How has education brought about changes in diet?

P: This is because most kids go to school , they interact with other kids from different tribes and places, thus our kids do learn to eat new kinds of foods which are eaten by kids and teachers from other tribes and places, so when our kids come back homes, they already changed their diet system right from schools.

When a child goes to school, he learns and knows other types of foods which are very nutritional to our bodies, so most kids find themselves eating more kinds of foods because of knowing their importance to human bodies.

Social and tribal interaction has been one of the diet changes, through tribal interaction we get informal education from our friends from other tribes, they teach us how to prepare new kinds of foods, they tell us the nutritional importance of other foods apart from maasai traditional foods, so finally we get to change our diet after realizing the importance of other kinds of foods.

In the past most people used to eat few varieties of foods because they were illiterate, girls simply went to play with boys in the wild, but nowadays almost all youths go to school, right from the primary school to colleges, they get to learn new kinds of diet styles from other people of different tribes, when they come back to homes, they educate us and we also change our diet.

F003: Let us talk about marriages between different tribes, how it contributes to diet changes.

P: Marriages between different tribes has brought about changes in diet because we get to learn new styles in preparing food, for instance I was not able to eat milk and stiff porridge, but nowadays I do eat because of tribal interaction, I have also changed my style in preparing stiff porridge, I used to prepare stiff porridge in a rushing way but nowadays I prepare stiff porridge in a calm situation.

I did not know how to prepare and eat jute leaves, but nowadays I have known how to prepare jute leaves. I did not know how to fry cassava but nowadays I know how to fry cassava, I have got to know all these from my fellow of different tribes.

F003: What is the next factor among those we mentioned above?

P: The next factor is social mobility. Most people have become mobile due to education, more especially when kids are moving from one place to another for school purposes, for instance from Kambala to Arusha region. Through mobility they find themselves eating different types of foods.

Education and social mobility can be taken as one factor.

Social mobility helps to bring diet changes, for instance if you go somewhere and find people frying pilaf, then you will get to know how to prepare fried pilaf.

The next factor should be globalization. Globalization is all about general changes in all aspects of life within a world, this is much realized through communication technology which includes radio stations., Tv stations, mobile phones, etc. all these exhibit globalization. The globe has become a village because it is well covered with communication technology.

Globalization has brought changes in diet, for instance if I need meat, I am at Kambala and I need meat or chips from Dakawa, I will call someone by phone to buy and bring the kind of food I want.

For that case someone can use a mobile phone to communicate with another person who is far away and make some arrangements about certain kind of foods.

Another communication tool is radio station which has cookery program, whereby they present techniques about cooking and preparing different types of foods. So many people do learn how to prepare some foods due to radio programs.

We have some cookery textbooks which also helps people to know how to cook some kinds of food.

The last factor is immigration whereby people do interact and gather at different celebrations.

During celebrations gatherings help people to adapt to new kinds of foods either by eating them or knowing how to cook them because many people from different tribes and places come together and share different views about diet system.

Immigration is a factor for diet changes because when you shift from one place to another place, you will automatically change your diet, for instance if I used to eat milk, then I will start eating meat because I have shifted to the place where they eat meat.

Immigration helps to change diet, for instance I shifted from Dodoma to Morogoro, in Dodoma we simply prepare jute leaves alone but in Morogoro they prepare jute leaves and mix it with beans.

As a maasai I know how to eat meat and milk, but when I shift pare people I will learn how to prepare and cook cracked and cooked maize.

F003: Thank you for your contributions. Let us talk about drinking milk. Does drinking milk still important nowadays as it was in the past years?

P: I have not understood yet.

F003: You used to drink milk because you considered it as an important food, so does milk still carrying it’s important to date?

P: In the past years, we maasai took milk as our staple food, we used to drink milk at any time but nowadays children do not drink milk very much, they are much interested in stiff porridge and rice together with different relish and vegetables.

Milk is still important because it is not used only by maasai people but all the people in our society, for instance if maize flour is finished, then you can give a cup of milk to your kid and spend some hours without eating any other food.

Milk is still important because it is still used by many people in their homes and along the way.

F003: How do you mix up milk and water?

P: You just clean the milk calabash for kids, and then you put milk in the cup and balance it with some amount of water.

F003: Ok, if you have a single cup of water, how much milk will you mix?

P: You take a quarter of milk and quarter of water you mix together.

Milk is given to kids, if a kid takes at least a single cup of milk, it gets satisfied and gets asleep, but if I take a single cup of milk, I do not get satisfied.

F003: Why don't mature people get satisfied when they take single cups of milk?

P: In the past milk was a staple food to the maasai, and their stomachs adapted this, but nowadays because we have started eating other kinds of food, that's why even our stomachs have changed their behaviors.

F003: Does the importance of milk still the same nowadays.

P: The importance of m ilk is still the same as it was in the past years, although nowadays there is shortage of milk due to shortage of pasture and water for our livestock.

F003: What about availability of milk in our society?

P: Milk is available in small quantities.

Milk is always available during rainy season whereby there is enough green pasture for our livestock, for that case cows do produce enough milk.

Milk is very scarce due to shortage of pasture, aridity and diseases.

Many cows have died that's why milk has also become very scarce.

When a cow is suffering from lung diseases, it will not produce milk, even when a calf is grown up, then milk becomes little.

F003: You have mentioned aridity, diseases, shortage of pasture, stoppage of milk sucking, what else leads to shortage of milk?

P: When a calf grows up, then milk will become little because milking stops.

Shortage of pasture also leads to shortage of milk.

Shortage of pasture should be the first factor for shortage of milk.

The second factor is stopping of milking when a calf is grown up.

The third factor is diseases.

Aridity is the last factor

F003: Let us talk about other factors. Does conflict between villages lead to shortage of milk?

P: No.

F003: How does shortage of pasture lead to shortage of milk?

P: When a cow is not satisfied with pasture, then it will not produce enough milk

F003: How does growth of calves lead to shortage of milk?

P: When calves are grown up, the mother cows do stop them from sucking, for that case milk stops.

F003: How do diseases lead to shortage of milk?

P: Lung diseases and tsetse flies diseases, that is one of the factors for shortage of milk.

Another diseases is okluu, it attacks cows mouth.

When a cow is suffering from any diseases, it cannot produce enough milk because its body does not function to its normal status.

F003: Do you have any other views about milk?

P: No.

F003: Let us talk about cow blood. Do you still use cow blood?

P: Yes we still use cow blood, for instance if I am pregnant and I fall sick, I f I go the hospital and get examined, If I am found with anemia, then instead of eating fruits to increase blood in my body, I will drink cow blood which is mixed with some honey and herbs.

F003: How do other tribes apart from the maasai use cow blood?

P: They always use an arrow to stub the neck blood vessels so as to tap blood for drinking. Sometimes we get blood after slaughtering a cow.

F003: Which group drinks blood more than the other between males and females?

P: Both use blood

Men use blood more than women in most circumstances.

F003: Is cow blood nowadays still important like it was in the past years?

P: Cow blood is still very important nowadays like it was in the past years.

F003: Do you experience any difference or change in the use of blood in the current and past periods?

P: The importance of using cow blood is still the same.

There is a difference in the use of cow blood; in the past most people used cow blood to increase blood in human body more especially for the patients, but nowadays some patients do depend on blood from their fellow human beings more especially when a patient is admitted in the hospital.

I think the cow blood is still used to a great extent in adding blood content to our bodies, because in the hospital you may miss someone to donate blood to you but when you come back home you use cow blood and your blood content increases in your body.

F003: Has the availability of health centers such as hospitals decreased the use of cow blood among the livestock keepers?

P: Sometimes we use sources, cow blood and human blood so as to maintain the body blood content.

F003: Some of you have claimed that there is less use of cow blood nowadays?

P: To some extent there is less use of cow blood, in the past among the maasai, when blood was tapped from the cow, it was put in the calabash and every family member was to drink the blood regardless of sickness or wellness. This was making our bodies very strong.

F003: Ok, in which situations do you use cow blood nowadays?

P: Nowadays we use cow blood if a person is sick, or we use cow blood to maintain health for the aged people

F003: Apart from the pregnant women, aged men and women, do other groups of people use cow blood in this society, for example youths who have gone to school?

P: Youths who have gone to school do not like to drink cow blood, they prefer milk. Maybe when it happens that a school child has serious fever, it is when the use of cow blood comes in.

F003: Let us talk about shifting cows to other places in search of pasture and water. Do you practice this system?

P: Yes we do i . It is known as lonjo in our vernacular

F003: When cows have been taken to lonjo, which activities do women who remain at home do perform?

P: Women always remain at homes to take care of school kids, if there are no school kids, we also accompany men to the lonjo.

If the family has school kids, then women and school kids will remain at homes, but if there are no school kids and cows have been taken to lonjo, then women will also move to lonjo to accompany their men.

F003: When cows have been taken to lonjo, which activities do women who remain at home do perform?

P: Women always perform sewing activities, preparing food for the family, cleaning the house and rehabilitation of the house.

F003: When cows have been taken to lonjo, you experience shortage of milk at homes, what do you do to obtain milk for children?

P: In this situation we always remain with some few cows to milk so as to get some milk for the family. Cows which remain at homes are those with young calves which are still milked. Otherwise you will be going to lonjo area so as to take milk and bring it back to homes for consumption,

if cows have been taken to a far place, then you will have to eat beans and stiff porridge until when cows are brought back.

F003: When did shifting (taking cows to lonjo) of cows start?

P: Taking cows to lonjo was stimulated by aridity, but since we were still young our parents used to take cows to lonjo more especially during summer season when there is shortage of pasture and water in the nearby grazing places.

F003: How do families get affected when cows have been taken to lonjo?

P: Most families do get affected more especially children and women, because most of these have been used to drink milk every day, so it becomes difficult for them to adapt to new relish and vegetables during meals.

I think there is no such big problem, we always be patient until when cows are back.

It is really a problem because if you have a young and sucking kid, it will be very difficult for these kids to survive because they are used to drink milk and take porridge which is mixed with milk, so when you start feeding them with porridge mixed with water, they will end up crying and starving until when cows are back.

Sometimes when cows were taken to lonjo in the past, we used to buy milk from the factory, but now the factory has now milk because all cows have been taken to lonjo.

Kids undergo starvation and malnutrition because they do not like to drink black tea or porridge which is not mixed with milk, they get satisfied even if you have a single cup of milk and mix it with lots of water.

Women also become unhappy if they take breakfast without any smell of milk.

Women also become unhappy when they lack milk to drink because of lacking money to buy some milk from the neighbors who have sucking calves and whose cows produce milk.

F003: Do women run bankrupt when cows are taken to lonjo?

P: Yes we run bankrupt, we always ask for money from our husbands, because if milk is not available then women do not get money.

If a woman earns some money then she is able to buy some domestic items such as soap, match boxes, etc.

F003: Let us talk about special foods which are prepared and cooked during celebrations such as wedding, initiation ceremonies, etc.

P: During some celebrations we prepare rice, pilaf and stiff porridge.

We always prepare rice, pilaf, soda, water such as masafi water.

F003: Which kind of water did you use to drink during celebrations?

P: We used to drink water from rivers and wells.

F003: What has happened until you started drinking water processed from industries?

P: It is because of social interaction and human mobility, for instance when you are invited at a certain ceremony, you find bottled water prepared for the guests, then you are forced to copy and do the same when you happen to have a ceremony in your family.

F003: Why did rice and pilaf turn to be very important in social celebrations?

P: The reason is that rice and pilaf is prepared in small pans, and it is easy to prepare for crowds of people, but it takes much time to prepare stiff porridge for crowds of people.

Cooking stiff porridge for many people is a bit difficult compared to preparation of rice and pilaf.

Rice and pilaf are also easy to share on different plates and distribute them to the guests unlike it is for stiff porridge. You can use the same plate to put rice and its relish.

F003: Why rice and pilaf are very important for age group ceremonies?

P: These are not only important for age group ceremonies but also for other ceremonies, for instance when someone attends a ceremony and eat stiff porridge, he/she will not tell anything about a ceremony but when he/she eat rice, meat and pilaf at the ceremony, she/he will tell a lot about that particular ceremony. So many people are interested in eating rice and pilaf at different ceremonies.

F003: What other factors have led to preparation of new types of food stuffs and not the traditional foods we used to eat in the past years?

P: Many people do eat the same foods.

F003: How do you share food during celebrations?

P: We share some food on every plate and distribute each plate to individuals; this means that one plate one person. In the past years, we used to gather around one plate and share the same plate.

F003: What about eating meat, when you compare the current and past periods?

P: Nowadays meat is prepared by frying or roasting and it is put on different plates and everybody uses his own plate, while in the past years, we used a single plate to eat meat. In short we used to share the same plate of meat.

Education has been one of the reasons why people nowadays eat food on everybody’s plate, there is no sharing of a plate of food. When our kids come from schools they come with new living styles more especially on table manners.

F003: How do you store food nowadays, for instance vegetables, meat, etc.

P: Nowadays you just fry and dry vegetables, then we keep them in a cool place for the following days.

In keeping meat, we dry meat and keep it in a cool place; it can be stored even for two weeks.

F003: When a goat is slaughtered, which parts are eaten by men and which parts are eaten by women or elders according to maasai traditions?

P: Specifically Men always eat the neck meat, women eat the small intestine meat, and the rest of the meat is eaten by all women, men and youths.

F003: Why do men eat the neck meat of the goat?

P: It has been a taboo among the maasai. When you slaughter a goat, you just burn meat, cut it into pieces and put them on the plate ready for eating.

F003: Why do women eat intestine meat?

P: Yes, it is a good meat. Women do eat intestine meat because we found our mothers eating intestine meat, so we also grew while eating intestine meat.

F003: What happens when a man eats intestine meat?

P: Sometimes they eat the big goat, but not regularly.

F003: What about the zigua tribe, do you eat some goat meat depending on sex and age group?

P: Yes, there is certain part of the meat which is considered to be of honor and it is to be eaten by men only, otherwise you can be punished. For instance if you slaughter chicken, a man has to eat the liver and gizzard; this is like intestine meat for the maasai men.

F003: Do you experience any difference or change in eating goat meat depending on sex and age group?

P: No.

F003: Which punishment will a man receive when he eats meat of the different part?

P: There is no any punishment to men, only if a youth eats neck meat, then a youth will be fined.

F003: Do you still experience these punishments?

P: Punishments have changed although, most of the people do obey and respect their traditions and customs, when they slaughter a goat, even if a man is absent, the neck meat will be kept for him.

F003: Do you have any additional view on eating goat meat depending on sex and age group? How do you perceive this tradition?

P: I don't have any opinion.

F003: To what extent have men been affected due to diet changes?

P: The effect has been being charged with fines when someone eats meat from the neck of the goat, first of all the man is denied a wife and charged with fines, when he pays fines then his wife gets released.

Some men do become weak, they lose strength to perform farm activities. They end up roaming around in the streets.

F003: To what extent have women been affected due to diet changes?

P: Women have also been affected by changes in diet since some of women do become extra fat because they eat too much and different food stuffs, this makes some women to stop performing some activities since the body seems to be heavy.

In the past big fat women were available but they were very active in performing different activities,Nowadays big fat women are very reluctant because their bodies are nt physically fit.

F003: To what extent have children been affected due to diet changes?

P: If kids have not taken enough porridge, they just end up crying.

In our society, we normally feed our kids with other food stuffs when they are above six months, below six months kids always feed on breastfeeding.

F003: What happens to children when they eat different food stuffs nowadays?

P: They become healthier

F003: How do you choose the type of food to prepare in your household?

P: I f you have flour you will prepare stiff porridge, if you have maize, you may prepare cracked and cooked maize.

You can change diet according to your decision or interest, for instance if like stiff porridge during lunch, then you can prepare rice for dinner, etc.

F003: So you mean that you prepare food depending on your interest and availability of chosen food item.

P: Yes

F003: Now which factors do you consider in choosing certain type of food to cook?

P: If I eat stiff porridge, then the next meal I will eat rice if I have money to buy rice, If I don't have money to buy rice, then I will continue eating the same food.

F003: Apart from having money, what else do we consider in choosing type of food to cook or eat?

P: Sometimes I decide to prepare rice for dinner so as to have left over for the breakfast

I think it depends on one's interest in a certain type of food.

F003: Ok, let one of you pass us through the factors for choosing type of food to cook. You have mentioned factors such as food availability, food preferences, availability of money, budget for the breakfast and last is just to change diet. Now just arrange these factors from the first to the last factor.

P: The first factor is just for the case of changing diet.

The first factor is the availability of certain type of food.

F003: So the first factor for choosing type of food to eat is food availability.

P: The second factor is to budget for the breakfast.

THE third factor is availability of money which enables you to buy food item which you want to eat.

The fourth factor is food preference.

The last factor is just for the sake of changing diet, because availability of money means you will buy food of your interest.

F003: Why do you decide to eat certain type of food because of its availability?

P: We do decide to eat certain food stuff because of its availability, this is accompanied by being economic more especially for the case of women because maasai women do depend on their husbands to get money for domestic uses, so a maasai woman has to be extra economic so as to budget the little amount of money she is given by her husband.

F003: You said the last factor for you to choose type of food to eat is just for the case of changing diet, why?

P: You will change diet depending on the available food items, if you have meat available, you will automatically eat meat and not beans.

F003: One of the factors for you to choose type of food to eat is availability of money and food preference, what did you mean?

P: If I have money I will buy what I prefer, for instance If I like cassava or rice but I have no money to buy them, I will just look at them and go away.

F003: For the case of livestock keepers society, Do you have a tendency of buying items from the market?

P: Yes we always go to buy food items from the market such as vegetables, potatoes, etc this is because children do not like to eat the same food every day.

F003: Did you use to go to buy items from the market in the past years?

P: In the past years we did not go to buy items from the market, we just remain at homes just eating milk throughout the month.

F003: What do you do to earn money when milk is not available to sell it?

P: We just go to the market and buy beans, ngongwe, okra and use some milk if it is available, then you prepare food.

F003: Where do you get to know or hear about education diet and nutrition?

P: We have never got any training about diet or nutrition.

We just listen from the radio programs and Tv sessions.

We also get some group projects, although in groups there is no agenda about diet and nutrition.

F003: Do you have radios and Tv to listen and watch cookery programs?

P: Yes we have radios and Tvs, we always listen to cookery programs and try to practice.

F003: Do you think radios and Tvs are good sources for women to get information about diet and nutrition?

P: Yes, they are important

Both radios and Tvs are very important in delivering information about diet and nutrition

At Kambala, radios are more important than Tvs.

F003: Do these diet and nutrition information useful to people in daily life?

P: YES, If I have heard about them then I will have to use them and practice them.

F003: How do you want to get information about diet and nutrition?

P: They should come and provide trainings accordingly.

They should come to us through our village leaders and provide education about diet.

They should come and teach us as you have done today.

F003: Should the information be passed through brochures, radios, Tvs?

P: They should bring this information through Televisions because everybody will watch.

I think it should be passed through seminars and trainings like we are doing now because not everybody has a Tv.

F003: We have reached the end of our discussion. Do you have any additional views?

P: Yes, you should provide us with diet trainings.

You should organize such kind of meeting so that we can get some education about diet.

F003: We have discussed different changes in diet and reasons for those changes; we have discussed cow blood, milk and meat. This is the end of our discussion. Thank you for your participation.