Interviewer(s): I007
Interviewee(s): KI053

I007: My name is Mbaba Malaki, am in kambala village interviewing a woman by name [KI053]

KI053: Hello

I007: Mama I would like to know for how long have u been living in this village?

KI053: Since I got married in this village?

I007: Yes

KI053: It is a long time ago, since 1986.

I007: Since 86?

KI053: So up to now it is 31 years

I007: How have you been able to be a leader or famous in this village?

KI053: I have been able to be a leader through our small groups, for example there are our small groups of selling milk and other small groups for getting our small needs and been able to be in VICOBA

I007: Were you chosen to be a leader?

KI053: For the first time I was a leader as a chairperson but due to the eyes problems and heart problem I failed to be leader

I007: Mama what bad things have been happening since February up to now in this year?

KI053: Since February?

I007: Yes

KI053: I have not seen anything bad happening, I only face hardship in life specifically in earning money, in business and maybe death of animals

I007: what’s the number of rich families in this village? And does it increase or decrease?

KI053: I can say it depends on the family itself, there is a year it increases and there is a year it decreases because a family can get visitors to live in such family since they do not afford their lives from where they came from. So, in that situation the family has increased

On the side of richness?

I007: Since when you arrived here, does the number of rich families increase or decrease?

KI053: I have not seen yet but the only thing I see in my family the riches have decreased

I007: what is the number of poor families since you arrived in this area? Does it increase or decreases?

KI053: I see some were poor but now they are well of, some are poor and the situation mostly continues to be bad, they become poorer.

I007: What do you think the source of those changes?

KI053: I think the source may depend on such family for example One may have five cows but they die of draught and the families remain with nothing. Since the cows do not produce milk again.

I007: What is the major reason for that?

KI053: The problem is the sun damaging the animals because others cannot do farming, they depend on animals. Others practice animal husbandry and farming so they can get crops when their animals die.

I007: How do these changes affect the society?

KI053: They have affected the society at large, for example a person has lost the animals and having the children who depend on her/ him, so it is a problem because he / she lacks money even for sending a child to the hospital, hence she/ he should go to the neighbor begging for the help even two hundred Tanzania shilling to send their children to the hospital and if at all you have, one decides to help. Truly there are societies which are affected like that.

I007: How have these changes affected the nutrition area?

KI053: It is hard to know on the nutrition side because I donot know on the side of other people since others depend to get their nutrition at the market and he/ she does not have an income for him/ her to go to the market, it is hard for them at least to me who know where I can hustle and get little money

I007: Which calamities have you seen lately?

KI053: These current days?

I007: Yes in the interval of Two years, one year, five years

KI053: The calamities that I have seen for the last years are those of people fighting

I007: What are they?

KI053: The animals going to the people farms but I do not see any other.

I007: Are there calamities which you have seen concerning unavailability of enough food?

KI053: I have seen the adequate of food last year because of the drought, we bought the bag of flour of 25 kilograms at forty-three thousand Tanzania shilling. Hence we got that calamity

I007: How about lack of market?

KI053: There is no a market in this area, we depend the market in the neighboring village where there is a market but in this village we can sell food to each other for example if u have cultivated crops and you need to sell to the neighbor who needs them but if they do not need you may sell them to the people from far. But currently we have been selling them to each other within the village.

I007: what about lack of enough firewood for cooking?

KI053: We collect the firewood within the village, but the one who is capable of using the paraffin stove or use charcoal they usually use depending on one’s income.

I007: do you think the problem of lack of enough water and starvation has contributed to the unavailability of enough food in this society?

KI053: If there is no rainfall you may not get food since cultivation depends on the availability of enough rainfall, lack of rainfall causes crops to die but if there is enough rainfall one may get enough food since the crops grow well

I007: Don’t you have the problem of lack of water?

KI053: There is water problem since it is drought season and we depend on tapes, and our well, water is pumped, we buy diesel so we are distributed water by using tapes but rivers are far away from here

I007: do you think lack of water and firewood for cooking may be the source of lack of food?

KI053: no, Firewood cannot be the source of inadequate food since they are collected and if he food is there you can cook, about water u can send someone to the far tapes to bring them for you

I007: How do the families address the problem of inadequate food supply in this society?

KI053: Other families are not capable in engaging in agriculture, so that family fails to know where to start to learn it becomes hard to learn and be able to cultivate

I007: Which tactics do you use to make sure that a family has enough food?

KI053: The only means in finding food is by engaging in agriculture, doing business and buying food in the market, everyone design their ways so as the children are satisfied

I007: are there any other means?

KI053: I only know that one that you think which way you will use so as you can eat so a person should find food for the children to eat and get satisfied

I007: How about selling the animals?

KI053: The large percent is the men who sell their animals, me as a woman is not easy to sell my animal since a father is a main person who own the animals

I007: How do men spend the money when they sell their animals?

KI053: Buying food, when there is no food they buy food, buy clothes for their children, caring for his family and if he is the farmer he can farm by using that money

I007: And how about slaughtering the animals?

KI053: Slaughtering for eating?

I007: Yes, slaughtering for selling so as to get money

KI053: to my side, they never slaughter to get meat for selling so as to earn money, they slaughter for eating or they sell the animal when there is a problem at home

I007: What kinds of people are mostly affected when there is inadequate food supply?

KI053: It is women and children

I007: How?

KI053: Father is the one to go out and find food while mother remain home with children while at the moment she has to find a way out for the children to eat until father comes back

I007: what means do you use to reduce or remove the problem of hunger in the village?

KI053: people save what they have harvested, the food kept in stock should be used well to cover the whole time until when they cultivate again, and one should budget.

I007: how can water reduce the problem of lack of enough food?

KI053: presence of enough water leads to availability of food, water is directly proportion to enough food

I007: are there any changes on the climate?

KI053: there always changes in whether the rainy season may begin earlier or delays, for example in this year last month we had rain for two days unlike other years there is usually no rain in September, usually it is raining in December and April mostly

I007: are there any major changes in the weather conditions in the society?

KI053: there are changes, example last year we were lazy and did not invest in farming but this year its different most of us have cultivated and the weather is good

I007: can you compare the availability of rain for the current years?

KI053: last year there were less rain unlike this year where by it has been raining a lot and people harvested a lot.

I007: what about sunny season? Has it been too hot?

KI053: unlike last year, this year the weather is good it’s not too hot like the previous years.

I007: how have the changes affected the society?

KI053: due to the sunny season many people got sick they had to go for treatment in the hospital.

I007: how did it affect feeding areas for cattle?

KI053: cattle’s experienced a lot of hardship since there was no enough grass that being the fact they ate until soil and this affected their health hence there was loss of cattle.

I007: what about the availability of water and food?

KI053: food is available in the market

I007: what about source of water, how have the changes affected sources of water?

KI053: there is no change in the sources of water

I007: What kinds of jobs are done by members of the family? That is what does the father do and mother too?

KI053: every family has its own way of doing things, in some families the head of the family that is father involve himself in business of selling cattle, at times the business may be bad it leads to mothers to participate in selling chapatti and buns to assist in covering expenses of the family.

I007: what do people cultivate when the weather is not conducive?

KI053: it depends with the season, it maybe maize, rice they only consider the right season.

I007: apart from livestock keeping, what do people do?

KI053: they involve themselves with small business, or help other people and earn some income. They help them with activities like collecting firewood, washing dishes and even washing clothes. They get paid by doing those activities.

I007: are there people who go to town to look for jobs?

KI053: yes people usually go to town to look for jobs for example the youth

I007: are there other people who go apart from the youth?

KI053: women usually go too, they go to work as waiters in bar

I007: do people involve themselves in small business?

KI053: yes they do, some sell onions, tomatoes, buns, chapatti, soda

I007: where do people get food if there is scarcity of food?

KI053: people get their food in the market; one should have cash to buy the items. They get the cash through business or working for other people.

I007: what about milk supply?

KI053: milk supply depends on the weather condition, during sunny season the supply is less unlike rainy season, animals produce a lot of milk since they are fed well.

I007: which group of people faces more challenges than the other in facing the changes? Is it men or women?

KI053: men usually face more challenges since they are the head of the family and that being the fact they have to provide for their families

I007: do the conflicts bring about scarcity of food?

KI053: I don’t think so since foods are found in the market, so I cannot say they do, they don’t it depends on where the food is found.

I007: do the conflicts between peasants and farmers increase or decreases?

KI053: in this village there is great understanding between farmers and peasants, I believe there are no conflicts between them peasants usually take their cattle to the river to drink water without any problem.

I007: you told me when the living conditions are bad men do more work which are hard compared to women, what type of works do they do?

KI053: there is no enough food in the family, no money still the family needs to eat; I may help in attaining the needs of the family though the father has to work more to provide for his family.

I007: is there time whereby you move your cattle from one area to the other?

KI053: yes

I007: who does the work of moving the cattle?

KI053: That depends on the family, the head of the family that is the father may move the cattle or if there are youth in the family they may move the cattle from one area to the other.

I007: where do people get food when they have moved their cattle to another area?

KI053: I think the head of the family provides for his family but I cannot comment on that since I have not moved my cattle.

I007: what about the society?

KI053: what I know is the father and his children may move but the father leaves enough food for the people remaining, and the father moves from one area to the other that is visits his home and the area he is keeping the cattle.

I007: what about the milk supply?

KI053: usually the moving cattle don’t produce enough milk, so there is poor supply of milk until when the cattle return home during its rainy season.

I007: what other activities do people do apart from farming and livestock keeping?

KI053: men or women?

I007: let’s start with men

KI053: Able men involve themselves in several activities; youth involve themselves in business of selling cattle

I007: any other activities

KI053: for us women we involve ourselves in sewing, selling accessories

I007: How about selling charcoal?

KI053: in our society majority do not involve themselves in that activity

I007: what about mining?

KI053: I have never seen that in this village maybe it’s done in other villages

I007: you told me that in this village people involve themselves in business, what do other do?

KI053: the ones who are able do business and the ones who are incapable they just stay at home. Their children take care of their old parents; they get profit from their business and add the number of their cattle

I007: what else?

KI053: they buy land and build houses

I007: are those the benefits of doing business?

KI053: yes

I007: what about disadvantages?

KI053: people who don’t involve themselves in doing anything usually get loss, no income

I007: I would like to know major problems in livestock keeping? And what about those who go to school, what do they do after school?

KI053: after finishing school some get employed, some are teachers, some are just at home. It depends on their educational level

I007: what about traditions?

KI053: do you mean in this village?

I007: yes

KI053: I have not seen

I007: do conflicts cause changes in the village

KI053: no, I don’t think so

I007: do visitors bring about any changes in the village that is development?

KI053: I have not seen any visitors here.

I007: I would like to know the activities done by women in different season and how these activities have affected a family as whole?

KI053: I usually come do the business after making sure all the necessary needs of the family are met, so my family is not affected in any way with what I do

I007: who looks after the cattle when you are not around?

KI053: my children usually look after the cattle with their wives, some take the cattle to be fed, and the remaining stay at home making sure they cook and serve the family

I007: what about in other societies?

KI053: we differ so it depends on each family, some leave for a week, they make sure the necessities are available to feed the family for the whole week.

I007: do people move to other village or do visitors come to stay?

KI053: some leave but only for a while the families are left behind.

I007: what group of people usually moves from one area to the other oftenely?

KI053: the ones who keep the cattle are the ones who move.

I007: are there people who move for good to a new area?

KI053: there are none, but in few cases if a family is not well-off they may decide to move or maybe the head of the family has passed away the relatives may decide to move the family to another area.

I007: are there people who move to other area to go study?

KI053: yes, children go to study other areas.

I007: what about men?

KI053: only religious people go to study to become pastors

I007: what about women?

KI053: most women do not go in exception of a few who attend seminars

I007: what about youth?

KI053: most youth go to study and in some cases they usually say they are going to look for jobs rather the reason for them to leave is to go study.

I007: so they usually go and return?

KI053: yes they do

I007: what about livestock keepers?

KI053: as I said earlier during dry season they usually move their cattle in search for food.

I007: how have these changes affected the society when people move?

KI053: I have not seen how the society is affected

I007: what about people who come here?

KI053: lately I have not seen but a while ago visitors used to come, before when a woman or a girl is married and they separate with the husband they usually come visit or to stay, and some usually come to bury his husband or their parent and stay

I007: for those who visit, do they change the society?

KI053: changes are when they leave with health weakness and goes maybe after being taken good care by the family member and the weather was good in that place in that time

I007: how about nutrition?

KI053: it depends with the family, some take boiled milk some take raw, some take roasted meat some take boiled so it depends on every family

I007: what changes are brought by those who go to study away from home?

KI053: do you mean changes of the body, habit or health?

I007: all changes like habit

KI053: some children leave the society when they are considered they cannot cope with others but when they come back they behave well. They help the elders on the way, they greet the elders well

I007: when children come home how do you live?

KI053: we live well

I007: how do you adapt with change in number?

KI053: we live well children become happy with presence of every member

I007: when people are away what changes occur in the society?

KI053: when people are few in number, so the situation is not that good.

I007: what about nutrition?

KI053: also incase of nutrition people do not eat well.

I007: are there conflicts between farmers and livestock keepers?

KI053: lately there are no conflicts it just occurred once

I007: when was it?

KI053: two years ago

I007: Are there conflicts between visitors and people whore are born here?

KI053: There are none

I007: Are there any conflicts which you have observed?

KI053: It’s just that one between farmers and livestock keepers

I007: How do you solve such a conflict?

KI053: The government usually intervenes and solves the conflict

I007: When do these conflicts occur?

KI053: During dry season

I007: What causes these conflicts?

KI053: I think dry season causes this; if your cattle are at home and fed well you cannot move them to another area so people’s farms are safe. Conflicts occur when the cattle feed themselves on people’s farms.

I007: How have these conflicts affected livestock keepers?

KI053: The livestock keepers are affected, conflicts are not good.

I007: And what about the farmers

KI053: It has affected both sides a lot since these conflict causes the two sides to kill each other which is not a good thing.

I007: Are the feeding areas affected?

KI053: They are not affected

I007: How have these conflicts affected the responsibilities of men and women?

KI053: Yes it has affected as you can see

I007: How?

KI053: Due to the fact when people fight it’s not a good thing, it affects us.

I007: How do these conflicts affect the availability of food in different families?

KI053: Yes they affect a lot if the markets are within the range of areas of conflicts we cannot go there.

I007: What means do you use to avoid the conflicts?

KI053: The government does all of the work of solving the conflicts.

I007: Am almost winding up, I only have few questions left.

KI053: Continue

I007: I would like to know the areas where by people learn about nutrition?

KI053: Clinic, they teach how to feed children, we get a lot of knowledge there

I007: How do the knowledge been useful to them?

KI053: When one acquires the knowledge and uses it she looks at the outcome, which is the child’s health

I007: Is there any other area where they acquire the knowledge?

KI053: I only know at the clinic

I007: How have the information about food and health helped in our societies?

KI053: if you listen to what you’re told you will get the benefits.

I007: where would you love to be taught about all these information abot nutrition?

KI053: wherever necessary

I007: like where?

KI053: anywhere

I007: do you mean like in schools?

KI053: we would love to

I007: what about in church?

KI053: we would love to

I007: and health institution?

KI053: we would love to

I007: radio stations

KI053: we would love to

I007: who do you prefer to teach you?

KI053: anyone who has the ability and full of knowledge, people responsible

I007: thank you so much, we have reached the end of our conversation between me and [KI053], mama thank you so much.