Interviewer(s): F003
Interviewee(s): P

F003: Hello I am Julius Edward Ntwenya (facilitator) together with Hasani Mdoe Mbazi (note taker), it is 26/9/2017, and we are in Kibaya village in Handeni District. We are conducting Focus Group Discussion with Zigua Adult men. We will talk about diet changes, environmental and weather changes, male, female and children responsibilities as well as general life system. Let us now talk about weather changes in general.

P: Weather condition is not bad; it is a bit good, we thank God.

Weather condition is not so bad, but nowadays due to alarming deforestation, the weather condition is changing and losing its goodness.

When we cut trees, we cause weather condition to change, but if we plant enough trees we create good and conducive environment and general weather conditions. If we plant enough trees, we will receive enough rainfall, we will keep well our creatures such as livestock, chickens, etc.

Deforestation is not good because it causes bad weather condition, for instance trees are wind breakers so if there are no trees then wind will destroy many things because it is not prevented.

Weather condition is not good because there has been an alarming deforestation, so weather has changed; we no longer receive enough rains, etc.

F003: We were told that there is weather change in this place, is it true or not?

P: It is true

F003: Have these weather changes taken place within five or ten years passed?

P: Weather changes have taken place within two past years, because in the last year there was severe sunshine which dried most of the flora in our place, these changes led to decreased number of livestock, for instance if someone had 80 goats, he would find himself remaining with 20 goats. We thank God that we have relief this year

F003: Which changes have you witnessed?

P: Changes which have taken place include availability of pasture for livestock and we have availability of food unlike it was in the past year.

F003: Which exact weather changes have we experienced within the two passed years?

P: We still have scarcity of water due to weather changes.

I think deforestation which happened few years ago is what led to severe weather changes, but this year we have obtained some foods and pasture for our livestock because deforestation has gone down.

F003: Which things happened during aridity season?

P: Aridity became typical from 2008 to date; the aridity was accelerated by poor land use and environmental degradation. Before aridity we used to obtain a lot of crops because we did not cut trees so as to grow crops, but when deforestation came in, and then aridity became typical. The land became bare, water became very scarce, etc and these were changes which we experienced due to deforestation

F003: Which other changes did you experience due to weather changes?

P: I request the government to help us and bring water to our village, because we have shortage of water in out village.

F003: What are the changes in female and male duties right from 2008 to date? What are the major challenges?

P: Right from 2008, we have scarcity of water; human beings do share the same source of water with livestock. We have also experienced severe deforestation which has led to scarcity of rainfalls, we have requested the government leaders to drill some boreholes and dams, but until now we have not succeeded.

F003: Do you have dams in this village?

P: There is no any dam in this village; the dam is very far from our village. In our village we share the same water with livestock.

F003: Who is responsible to fetch water in this community?

P: Women used to fetch water in our community because water points were just nearby our homes, but due to aridity many water sources have dried and now we fetch water from far sources, for that case men have become responsible to fetch water because women cannot go too far sources to collect water.

Most men currently do fetch water in our village because water sources are now found at far places.

We have a severe problem of water in Kibaya village because most water wells and bore holes have dried up due to aridity.

In our homes, people with clean water are very few and they use motorcycles to go to the well to fetch water because wells with clean water are found very far from here, they spend almost two hours by a motorcycle or bicycle. Village with clean water is known as kimbubwe.

F003: Tell me in 100 people, how many of them doo follow clean water from the far villages?

P: I think it is all people who go to fetch clean water for drinking.

Most people do fetch water from wells in our villages, some of them with motorcycles and bicycles do decide to follow clean water from the far villages. Out of ten people almost three or five do follow clean water from a far village.

F003: How do weather changes affect the availability of food and pasture in our community?

P: Weather changes have mostly affected the availability of pasture for livestock because a large piece of land is cultivated for crops, for instance if the Arusha people hire or buy five acres of land, he will cultivate it all and grow crops, he does not leave any piece of land for grazing animals. If you have ten acres and cultivate five of them, and leave five of them as grazing land, it eventually becomes bare because the piece of land is small but it accommodates a lot of number of livestock which lead to shortage of pasture.

Before 2008, Kibaya had low human population while the land was very large and extensive, but in 2005 the immigrants started coming and settling to our village, they bought pieces of land for settlements and crop cultivation, we came to forget that we are both livestock keepers and crop cultivators, but we found ourselves basing much on crop cultivation and the whole land got full of crops, so we started experiencing shortage of pasture for our livestock.

F003: What do you do to overcome the shortage of pasture for livestock?

P: We persuade every person to control his livestock, but we also persuade people to agree to one another and use the same piece of land for grazing. The land accommodates both crops and livestock, for that case we mobilize people and educate them to leave some pieces of land for grazing their livestock and not to till the whole land.

I think one of the best way is to reduce the number of livestock so that they can be accommodated by small pieces of land which are available. We welcomed the Arusha people and sold land to them but if he finds you collecting firewood or picking some vegetables in his land, he will take you to the village government office and accuse you because he claims that everything found in his land, they are his own properties.

I think the government should allocate the piece of land specifically for animal grazing, apart from this we will still have the problem of grazing land.

The government is not able to allocate piece of land for grazing because almost the whole part of Kibaya land is owned by individuals. I support the idea of the previous speaker that we should reduce the number of livestock so that we can be able to accommodate them. The government has now set a specific amount of fine when livestock are found in someone's crop farm, it is 100000 shillings. This has enabled most of our crop fields to have vegetables and other crops all the time. We thank the government for this action.

F003: Which current opportunities do you have which you did not have in the past years?

P: In the past years most people's plans and objectives were becoming successful but nowadays they are not successful, they prove failure because the situation has changed

F003: Why people's plans and objectives do not become successful nowadays?

P: They do not become successful because, more especially plans on crop cultivation do fail because of aridity and shortage of rains, you may cultivate ten acres, you end up harvesting a single land rover, if you cultivate three acres, you end harvesting single sack of maize, The situation has become very tough and the season for growing crops has changed.

F003: You said the crop cultivation has changed.

P: Yes

F003: When did you used to grow crops?

P: We used to grow crops from March onwards

But nowadays we start growing crops in February.

F003: Has this change affected the availability of food and milk?

P: Yes

F003: How? Explain more.

P: Last year we started the season early April but around late April, rains stopped and most crops dried up and got destroyed in our farm fields.

There is great change and difference when we compare the current and past seasons, for instance nowadays if you use a hand hoe to till the land you will not get enough crops. For the last year we experienced severe aridity almost all over the country, and nowadays we are forced to hire a tractor to till the land, this is very expensive. In the past someone would till the land with a hand hoe and harvest enough crops but nowadays we hire tractors to till small pieces of land and we end up harvesting little crops. One of the reasons for little crops is due to land infertility, we till the land with tractors but lands are no longer fertile and most of farm fields do not have terracing technique to keep rain waters. Currently we have some challenges and opportunities among the farmers, for instance when a farmer harvests his crops, he sells them on the spot and in the same areas; this is an opportunity for farmers development.

F003: What do farmers do to overcome the bad weather changes in crop cultivation?

P: Currently we have any other option to overcome the challenges of bad weather; this is because we have become responsible even for the duties which women used to perform.

In order to overcome weather challenges in crop cultivation, we use much costs in tilling the land, we use tractors to till the land, we also use modern seeds part from our traditional seeds. The modern seeds are said to last for few months until harvest. This helps much.

The use of modern seeds helps us much, but we have to keep and store the harvested crops by using insecticides to keep the grains safe. But if you do not buy enough insecticides you may find all grains destroyed and not fit for human consumption.

I f the weather is good and you may saw both modern and traditional seeds and harvest enough crops, the challenge is on storage, the crops harvested from modern storage need to be stored using insecticides unlike it is for the traditional seeds. The modern seeds also need not to be stored for a long time. So you find that some farmers are forced to sell their crops after few days and you may find him having no enough food.

F003: Who is more affected by weather changes?

P: It is a crop farmer.

F003: Is male, females or children?

P: Nowadays all family members do suffer.

In the family who is more affected is the man because he is the one who works hard and performs a lot of activities as far as farm preparation is concerned, for instance looking for money to hire a tractor, uprooting the tasks, etc. Weeding is also much done by men.

F003: Which other activities are performed by people apart from crop cultivation?

P: Apart from crop cultivation and livestock keeping, there is no any other activity performed by many people. In the past we used to sell some vegetables but nowadays we have scarcity of vegetables. Maybe we should request a government to establish a factory in our place?

In our community most, people are engaged in crop cultivation and after harvest we simply end up selling our crops to sustain the family and obtain other domestic needs.

F003: What is the position of goats in your daily life?

P: I go back to the point about allocating some pieces of land for livestock grazing, we farmers do not bank money, and our money accounts are livestock because we solve many problems using livestock including modern house construction, when I talk of livestock I mean chickens, goats and cows. In the past years many people kept large numbers of livestock, but they did not have clear and constructive plans, they did not construct good houses, etc but nowadays we keep small numbers of cows but with enough targets and we finally improve our life standards. So, most livestock keepers will sell cows and buy food as well meet other basic human requirements.

F003: When people decide to construct modern houses, who are most involved in construction activities?

P: People involved in house construction, men are much involved.

F003: Sometimes you depended much on livestock keeping, but nowadays you have invested much in crop cultivation. Apart from weather changes, what else has caused you to invest in crop cultivation?

P: One of the reasons is that maize has become very valuable that's why we sometimes invest much of our resources in crop cultivation, for instance last year a goat was sold at 15000 but a kilo of maize was sold at 2500 shillings, whereby you would sell some few kilos of maize to cover the price of goats.

F003: Does life change or remain static?

P: Life is dynamic unlike it was in the past, our parents had enough resources, but they did not use them effectively but nowadays we use our available resources effectively and with many benefits.

Weather is said to be changing because we have harvested enough crops this year, but when sunshine come, it becomes very hot.

F003: Apart from weather changes, what causes you to have the current living style?

P: Most people nowadays have been educated and exposed to different things, for instance social and tribal interaction has been one of the reasons because when people of different tribes come together, they share different skills and experiences, as a result the society improves.

F003: Let us discuss the social interaction, strategic planning and education among the people.

P: Nowadays people sell maize with certain purpose, some also till the land with specific purposes. In the past years there was enough rainfall, but nowadays rains have become very scarce, so many people have become very economical in spending their stored food. Moreover, farmers do make careful decisions on how to use their resources, for instance if a farmer does not have enough crops to sell, then he will sell goats, or cows or chickens depending on the available demand.

F003: You have talked about social interaction and environmental changes and education have contributed to life system changes?

P: In the past years, a person would own almost fifty cows, but he does not own a house to live, but nowadays most people own different numbers of cows, but they do construct modern houses for their families.

In the past years, a famer would harvest for instance twenty sacks of maize and keep them until the next farming season but nowadays when a farmer harvests may be thirty sacks of maize, he decides to sell half of the sacks and buy iron sheets for his house and leaves few sacks for domestic food.

F003: What has caused such changes among the people?

P: The main reason for socio-economic changes among the people is education, many people have been educated through social interaction, and some have copied new and good habits from other people, for that case the whole community has changed. This informal education has helped many people to improve their living standards

F003: Why did your parents in the past years not construct good houses for their families?

P: I think they were not educated and had no social exposure from other people.

F003: What is the role of the social and tribal interaction in our community?

P: I think social and tribal interaction has been a good source for our improvements. In our community we had even refused the availability of churches, but when the new people from other tribes we have learned to use even tractors in tilling the land.

Immigrants from other tribes have also educated us to grow other crops such as green grams in maize farms, we also known how to use the bulls in the land preparation, so we have been very active and improved our living standards due to the coming of other people from other tribes.

We have also known how to practice mixed farming for instance a single farm we grow beans, green grams and cow peas, this was a great challenge to us.

In the past years, we used to till small pieces of land, but due to the coming of immigrants we have been able to till large pieces of land, we have also known how to practice mixed farming as well as ploughing methods.

I personally learned ploughing technique from the Arusha people, I decided to shift my bulls to the Arusha man's shed so as to train them to till the land, I have practiced ploughing for some years but nowadays I hire tractors for tilling the land.

F003: Which negative effects have been brought about by the coming of immigrants?

P: The problem with these immigrants is that they till all the land and do not leave some piece of land for grazing, so they finally come to graze their livestock to our left pieces of land. This brings some misunderstandings.

The Arusha people bought land from us very peacefully, but they do not like to see us even collecting firewood or picking vegetables from their pieces of land.

F003: Which other conflicts do happen within this community, more especially between livestock keepers and crop cultivators.

P: In most cases the livestock keepers are very arrogant, they just leave their livestock to invade crop farms and consume some crops, in such situation some livestock keepers and crop farmer do settle the issue just friendly and compensate each other. But in some cases, the crop owners do insult the livestock keepers and eventually cause misunderstandings. As a result, they go to the village office and make charges to us.

F003: How have women changed their life styles due to general changes in your community?

P: Women are currently not so busy like they were in the past, in the past they used to collect firewood, fetch water, prepare and cook food and all domestic activities were performed by women, but nowadays their duties have been taken by men such as collecting firewood and fetching water.

Most of women duties have been reduced.

F003: Do women deal with small business nowadays compared to the past years?

P: Yes, women nowadays do deal with some business, maybe if a woman is forbidden by her husband to do so. Women have gone to the extent of taking loans from financial institutions even without their husbands to know.

Most women do deal with business and have become very successful in their small business.

F003: Which business are women dealing with and why men have decided to perform other women duties?

P: Women do sell vegetables,

F003: How is the situation among the youths after changes in living standards?

P: Some youths, who want to job, they look for jobs and get jobs, some who are idle they end up begging for money from other people so that they can smoke cigarettes.

Youths are also very important in our community, for instance our parents used to maintain their youths at their homes and youths were to graze livestock and participate in crop cultivation. When a youth came to the stage of getting married, then his parents gave him a wife and let him be free with his own life. Nowadays youths are free to go to study for any profession more especially technical professions some also engage themselves in crop cultivation and make their lives.

F003: What are the effects of these changes to diet system in your community?

P: In the past diet system was different with the current diet system, when a child sees his fellow eating certain kind of food, then he will also ask for money from his parents and go to buy that type of food.

When a youth wants to eat some kind of food, he will have to face his fellow youth and request for some money so that he can buy the food he likes.

F003: How do your daily responsibilities affect your diet system?

P: This year we have good diet system, unlike it was in the last year when we had very tight budget for diet because we had very shortage of food.

Nowadays we have good diet system compared to the last years, in our young ages we used to take porridge in the morning or 'togwa' or 'usiga' the left overs, but nowadays you cannot give kids porridge and let them go to school, they do not like.

F003: Let us talk about changes brought by immigrants to this village? What can you tell about the coming and going of different people from different societies?

P: In this village we experience the coming and leaving of different people from different tribes such as arusha and Sukuma people,

F003: When do you receive businessmen and from where?

P: We receive many businessmen from different places, for instance people who come to buy maize.

F003: Why do other people come and leave this village?

P: Most visitors are maize businessmen; they come and go depending on what they come to do.

The most people who come to Kibaya are the Arusha people who have really decided to settle in Kibaya, some visitors ate the government employees such as school teachers who come and leave depending on the government arrangements.

F003: Who always leave this village and go to live somewhere else? Tell me about their socio-economic status.

P: The most leaving people are the Maasai; they just leave the place because of their livestock keeping nature. When a Maasai stays somewhere and finds his livestock dying and decreasing in number, then he will automatically shift to another village.

F003: Let us talk about the zigua people who shift from this village to other places, what is their socio-economic status?

P: Some of the zigua people who shift from this village to another place are educated and some are still students, so they go to towns to look for jobs so that they can help their parents. Some male parents have abandon their families and deiced to run away from this village.

F003: Who always practice temporal shifting?

P: The livestock keepers are the ones who shift temporarily from this village to other places and come back, they always shift livestock and go to look where there is enough pasture and water, after some few months they come back. For instance last year almost, all livestock were shifted to other places where there was enough pasture and water.

F003: What are the changes in diet system due to temporal shifting?

P: Those who shift temporarily from this village and come back, they always come with new kinds of foods, more especially fruits which can survive during summer season.

Most of the people who shift temporarily are the Maasai but the arusha people do not shift at all.

F003: What else do you gain from the zigua person who shifted to another place and came back?

P: Some of them do face difficulties after coming back because they seem to be new to our environments and living styles.

F003: Which new and good styles in diet system do the students come with when they come back from schools?

P: Some of them do come with new and good things which are very beneficial to us.

F003: Let us talk about school children, which new and good styles in diet system do the students come with when they come back from schools?

P: When school children come back from schools, they first eat food and tell us what the teachers have demanded from them.

F003: Tell us about the students who have been at school from standard seven to colleges, and maybe they happen to find jobs somewhere else, so what do we learn from them about diet system?

P: Most of these students do not provide anything new to us, they simply ignore us.

When they come back they just demand what their tutors require from them, for instance beans, maize and pocket money, more especially for boarding schools.

F003: What do we learn about diet system from the immigrants who come to our village?

P: So far, we have not learned anything new about diets from the immigrants because we differ from them in terms of diets, for instance they eat losholoo while we do not eat it.

We do not share much about diet because their diet system is a bit different from ours, for instance they take tea with little sugar, they can even take tea in the afternoon, we cannot do that.

In general, we have a big difference in diet system between the zigua and Maasai as well as Arusha people. For instance, a Maasai can take tea without sugar and cannot tale stiff porridge as lunch instead they drink milk only, so we cannot survive through their diet system. That's why we have failed to match with them in terms of diets.

F003: Have you got to know some new types of foods which you either eat or grow?

P: We have got to know how to grow green gram because we used to grow only maize in large quantities, beans and cow peas in small scale.

I think we have no much difference in diet system between us and the new coming tribes.

F003: You have said that the difference is much realized in traditional foods among different tribes. One of you said that if you are in the jungle you taste some new foods, what did you mean?

P: I f you are in the jungle you does not only taste but rather you eat.

For instance, I happened to eat losholoo when I was looking for my cows in the jungle, I requested for drinking water but I missed it and instead I was given losholoo.

F003: Do you realize changes among women and children due to social and tribal interaction?

P: Yes, there are some changes, if you are working in farms and you happen to have your farms neighboring, then it is very possible for the Zigua children to eat Arusha food and the Arusha children to eat Zigua food.

F003: Apart from tilling the land, how do you obtain food?

P: We always get food from our neighboring regions; the businessmen do import foods from the neighboring regions and districts.

I f I have maize in the store, I will just prepare them and have food.

If we have no some kinds of food, we just go the market to buy some foods.

F003: Where are markets located?

P: Markets are located up there, it will be there tomorrow.

F003: Do you have food kiosk?

P: Yes, food kiosk is available.

F003: Who always go to buy items from the market?

P: It depends on the availability of money.

In most cases, women do go to market to buy different items, especially relish items.

F003: Do men go to markets sometimes?

P: Yes, sometimes men do go to markets to buy some items more especially when the market place is far away from the village.

F003: How many times a week do men go to market?

P: In most cases, the market is available once a week, otherwise we end up going to food kiosk.

F003: How many times does a man go to food kiosk per week?

P: When a man or woman goes to market he/she may buy items which can last for the whole week, but still some men or women do go to the kiosk depending on the size of the family, he/she may go to the kiosk three times a day or once a day depending on the household needs.

F003: Which food items do men buy in most cases?

P: Men do buy rice, flour, sugar, cooking oil, pasta, beans, potatoes

Most men do buy maize flour and relish such as sardines or fish

Some men do buy food items in case of emergency, for instance if a man is going back home from his work, he may decide to buy relish such as sardines as well as flour and rice, he buys such items so as to help his wife because the kiosk is very far from homes.

Some women are not economic, they do spend money extravagantly, they don't make budget that is why men do decide to buy food items and other domestic needs by themselves.

F003: Is it true?

P: Yes

Sometimes it depends on the nature of the woman.

F003: What else forces a man to buy domestic items?

P: I think men do buy domestic needs because of some emergencies, for instance when a man is going back from his work and passing by the kiosk or market

F003: Just compare the past and the current years about men going to the market to purchase some domestic needs?

P: In the past year, only women were to go to the market to buy domestic needs and not men.

In most cases women are given money and allowed to go to markets to buy children clothes, food relish, etc because in our society a man cannot choose type of clothes for his grown-up children, this is a duty left for women.

F003: Which relish do women buy in most cases?

P: She may buy some beans, fish, African eggplant, sardines and potatoes depending on the available amount of money and the demand in the household.

A woman will buy a type of relish and other food items depending on the available money, for instance she will either buy a kilo of sardines, half a kilo of beans, quarter a kilo of cooking oil, half a kilo of maize.

The family budget depends on your decision about what to buy for domestic uses, for instance you may buy some sardines, fish, fish, etc sometimes men do go to buy meat because the butcher sellers do ruin women and sometimes they may sell little amount of meat to women or they may sell bad meat to women, so men decide to do it themselves.

F003: Which foods do men wish to buy from the market but due to high cost, they fail to buy them?

P: Y es, for instance rice, sometimes it costs high prices up to 2000/= while a kilo of maize is sold at 300/=

Pasta is also sold at high prices; we sometimes fail to buy them.

Rice and pasta cost high price because we do not grow and produce them in our village, we import them from other regions.

F003: How much is pasta sold?

P: It is sold at 2000/= to 2500/= ##P# Rice is sold at 2000/=

Nowadays we buy maize in most cases, and a kilo of maize is sold at Tshs 500/=. We do not buy maize flour instead we buy maize grains.

F003: How do you practice barter system?

P: We do not practice barter system in our system.

We just sell what we have and buy what we don't have.

F003: We heard from some people that there is shifting of cows from one place to another?

P: Yes, this is done but you have to follow the village government protocol, you will have to request for the permit letter from your village and the village you are shifting to.

F003: Do you practice transhumance?

P: Yes

F003: Who do you always leave at homes when you shift your livestock?

P: We always leave our families at homes, for instance women and children; you may go to Lonjo and come back for some time because a man takes care of the family and the livestock which are in the jungle.

F003: How do you balance both sides simultaneously

P: We just try to balance duties on both sides; we take care of the family and the livestock at the same time.

Men always leave women and children at homes; you leave enough flour and relish, when you go to the jungle you also come back home very regularly so as to maintain family stability.

F003: Do you leave some cows at your homes?

P: We always shift all cows because this is always a difficult time; there is no water or pasture in our area that's why we decide to shift our livestock. You can also sell one bull so as to cover some domestic needs and charges which may be required on the village where we are shifting cows to, this is how we do it.

In most cases, children go become affected when cows are shifted to another place, so we sometimes decide to get some milk and bring it back home for the children to drink, this is somehow troublesome.

F003: What do you do you to make sure there is milk at homes even during dry season when cows have been shifted?

P: This is always a big challenge to children because most children do like milk, when they miss it for some couple of days, they really feel upset.

F003: How does a woman feel when food is finished, when children have no milk to drink?

P: In our place we are more than one tribe, we Zigua people are not like Maasai in milk consumption, we do not regard it as a serious challenge when our children miss milk for some days because before shifting cows, children are always pre-informed about lack of milk, so they get used earlier. What we consider much in our families is the availability of food in the family. So our children and family at large do not get upset in the scarcity of milk, unlike it is for Maasai society.

F003: Ok, which type of food is necessary to be available when a man has shifted cows? ##

P: It is maize and relish

It is maize, even if you buy and leave a sack of rice, the Zigua family will not be so happy as you leave a sack of maize.

F003: When did transhumance start in this society?

P: Transhumance started many years ago, and it happens that a family with enough livestock, it has also a large family, for that case the livestock attendants are available in the family.

F003: Did a man start leaving his family behind when shifting livestock to another place right from the past years or this is a current situation?

P: This habit has been there for many years. A man leaves his family behind when shifting livestock.

F003: Let us talk about conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers; do you experience any such kind of conflicts?

P: Livestock keepers do graze their livestock in crop fields and finally they cause conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers

Land conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers are available, but nowadays conflicts have seized to a large extent because most livestock died in the last year dry season and the number of livestock decreased.

It is almost four to five days since the returning of cows has been realized in our village, so there is a large group of livestock crowding to drink water at a single source of water. Moreover, most of these livestock keepers have found the notice about fines charged over livestock which invade crop fields. So many livestock keepers have become disciplined and calm.

F003: You talked about the natural spring, what is its importance?

P: The natural spring is used to supply water for people and livestock such as cows, goats, etc, it contains water throughout the year.

F003: How do you maintain the natural spring?

P: The village government always maintains the natural spring by preventing people from destroying such water resources, for instance some auxiliary security guards to guard and inspect the natural spring, sometimes the village government also charges some fines on people who seem to pollute the natural spring, this is how natural spring is maintained.

F003: How do you overcome the conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers?

P: You just settle the conflict peacefully by making some agreements or compensating each other, in most cases the livestock keeper compensate the crop farmer because it is the livestock which moves and not the crop farm. Sometimes the case is taken to the village office for more procedures, for instance compensation of 200000 or 100000 or below that can be charged from a livestock keeper.

When conflicts happen between livestock keeper and crop farmer, first the two starts negotiating and agreeing to each other, if consensus is not reached, then the case will be taken to the village office for more procedure.

F003: What happens to make a conflict and when do conflicts occur?

P: Conflicts do happen from February to July when maize is harvested and august when all maize has been harvested and only vegetables do remain in the farm.

In reality the land conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers have no specific months, they do happen at any time and any month.

These conflicts do happen any time because when you have harvested your crops, you are also not allowed to graze your livestock in the crop farms

F003: What do you consider so as to rename something as a conflict?

P: The conflict may happen between the plot boundaries, when someone tills the land and crosses the boundaries of his plot to another plot, sometimes there is land invasion just verbally by claiming that a particular farm was theirs or his father's, this is one of the sources for land conflicts. When livestock are grazed in someone else farm then conflicts also happens.

Some farmers are also very arrogant, they go to the extent of tilling the paths where cows are passing to the grazing fields, this also becomes a source of land conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers.

As I said the land plots do not move, only livestock move from one place to another, so in most cases livestock keepers do become arrogant and thus cause land conflicts because they just graze their livestock sometimes in some people's crop fields.

In most cases when cows feel hungry at night and it happens that the cow shed is just nearby the maize farm, cows will automatically jump out of the shed and go to consume maize plants, then conflicts do happen.

F003: What are the major sources among the above-mentioned sources?

P: The major source for land conflicts is lack of large grazing lands as well as shortage of pasture. Other reasons are just minor. If the grazing land was very large, it is very possible that the land conflicts would become very minimal.

F003: How does a crop farmer get affected due to land conflicts?

P: The crop farmer is much affected because a livestock keeper is rich.

F003: How does a livestock keeper get affected due to land conflicts?

P: The livestock keeper gets affected because of paying compensation to the farmer due to destruction of crops by livestock. In this case a livestock keeper loses.

F003: Which losses do livestock keepers and crop farmers get due to land conflicts?

P: A livestock keeper just get small loss because his cows are very expensive compared to crops in the farm such as maize, for that case a famer will get great loss compared to the livestock keeper.

a livestock keeper and crop farmer will never reconcile because if a person expects to harvest twenty-five sack of maize and you get paid and compensated five hundred thousand after crops have been consumed by livestock, this will always be a loss to the farmer.

F003: What are the roles of women and men in land conflicts?

P: When it happens, then I inform my wife, we go to meet our fellow whose crops have been consumed by our livestock, we can either settle it friendly or take it to the village office for more resolution.

In most cases the men are the ones who find resolution about land conflicts between crop farmers and livestock keepers; it is a bit difficult for man on one side to meet a married woman on the other side so as to settle the dispute between them, unless that woman is a widow or unmarried.

F003: How is food availability at homes during land conflicts?

P: We always reason out what to do, for the case of crop farmer will have to go and buy food using the money you have paid him, but for the case of livestock keeper he will sell some of his bulls and buy food for the household.

During land conflicts, we sometimes send our wives to look for food or we give her some money to go to buy food items, while the husband is trying to perform different activities to obtain other basic needs.

In land conflicts, you cannot escape losses; you will have to compensate the lost crops at the same time you will have to ensure the availability of food for the family. For instance, a livestock keeper will sell his cows to compensate the lost crops as well as ensuring the availability of food for his family.

Some conflicts do last within hours, such conflicts have less losses because they last for few hours, but if the conflicts lasts for some couple of days, months and years, then losses will be very great, for instance a livestock may sell many cows and decrease his livestock in number, but the crop farmer will have sometimes be forced to sell crops or piece of land so as to pay for the case procedures, for that case long lasting conflicts do affect families and individuals compared to conflicts which last for hours.

F003: How do you get education about diet and nutrition issues?

P: In our society our diet is based on milk, stiff porridge, maize, porridge, potatoes, etc.

F003: Where do you get education about stiff porridge as food nutrients?

P: We have been educated by our parents and grandparents.

We are used to eating stiff porridge, for instance if rice is cooked and eaten twice a day, then the next day no child will eat rice, instead they will demand stiff porridge because it is our staple food.

In reality we have not changed in as far as diet is concerned, we still base on stiff porridge as our staple food.

F003: Where do you get to know, to hear or see any information about diet?

P: We have not attended any kind of seminars about diet.

F003: Someone mentioned about 'mtori', where did you hear about 'mtori'?

P: Everybody knows about 'mtori', it is a kind of diet prepared in our community; it is a mixture of bananas, small intestine meat and potatoes.

Most of the information about diet comes from town centers,

In our community, we have no seminars which offer education about diet, so even mtori is not much prepared in our community; most people do prepare chapati, wheat ban, etc

In order to know how to prepare certain kind of food, just buy items, take them to your wife and ask her to prepare that particular food.

F003: You mentioned that when you go to town you get to know many issues, including diet issues. What do you always experience from towns?

P: In town there are so many issues, you get to know much about different food preparation, thus you acquire some education about that diet. For that case when you go to town you get to learn about many issues which are very important to your daily life.

In order to know something about diet preparation, you have to be educated about it, for instance most children do get education about food preparation from their mothers. Moreover, food preparation depends on what you are used to, for instance many people in different communities know how to prepare their traditional, natural and staple food, if they want to know how to prepare other types of foods, and they have to get education from someone.

F003: How should men of Kibaya village be provided with education about diet system?

P: I propose the presence of seminars; this will help much in delivering the messages and general information about diet,

I think for the case of diet, we will have to get information from different places and we will educate our wives.

F003: What should we do so as to deliver the message about diet to men in Kibaya village?

P: We have some groups in our community; they can be used as focus points to deliver messages about diets.

I think a group should consist of seven to ten people, these groups will enable the message to be delivered to every person within a short time.

Delivering messages about diet through groups helps much because the message is delivered to many people at once.

F003: How should message and information about diet and nutrition be delivered to men in Kibaya village?

P: I think participatory method should be applied so as to deliver diet and nutrition information to the people, for instance as you have done to us, we also go to educate our fellows who are absent from here.

I also propose the use of focus group discussion in delivering diet and nutrition messages to people in Kibaya village.

F003: What is the position of publications, church, school, mosque, radio, health centers, video in delivering messages about diet and nutrition to the people?

P: Churches and mosques are not able to deliver information about diet and nutrition to the people.

It is not possible, moreover even if it is done through Television programs, we have no electricity in our community, so we will not be able to get it, the radio programs are well received in our community, but many people have no enough time to listen to radio programs.

F003: Why churches and mosques are not suitable to deliver information about diet and nutrition?

P: Mosques and churches are specifically for prayers and worship no other issues which are not relevant to worship.

F003: What about radio and health centers in delivering information about diet and nutrition?

P: Radio programs are very important and sometimes we get to know many things through radio programs, but you need enough time to listen to radio programs.

I propose health centers to be used as sources of diet and nutrition education to the people because whoever goes to the health center, he aims to do away with some health problems, and in as long as diet and nutrition is part and parcel of health issues, then diet and nutrition education should be delivered through health centers.

F003: Ok, do you have any other additional point about changes in diet, diet system, and diet education?

P: I think such like seminars and discussion should be offered to several times so that we can get to know more about diet and nutrition.

I also propose seminars about diet and nutrition to be offered to us.

The government should help us and solve the conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers.

F003: Thanks for your time and participation. This is the end of our discussion.