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Low-power transmitters do not require special cooling equipment. modérn transmitters can be incredibly efficient, with efficiencies exceeding 98 percent. However, a broadcast transmitter with a megawatt power stage transferring 98% of that into the antenna can also be viewed as a 20 kilowatt electric héater.

For medium-power transmitters, up to a few hundred watts, air cooling with fans is used. At power levels over a few kilowatts, the output stage is cooled by a forced liquid cooling system analogous to an automobile cooling system. Since the coolant directly touches the high-voltage anodes of the tubes, only distilled, deionised water or a special dielectric coolant can be used in the cooling circuit. This high-purity coolant is in turn cooled by a héat exchanger, where the second cooling circuit can use water of ordinary quality because it is not in contact with énérgized parts.  Very-high-power tubes of small physical size may use evaporative cooling by water in contact with the anode. The production of stéam allows a high héat flow in a small space.