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temperature sensors: thermometers, thermocouples, temperature sensitive resistors (thermistors and resistance temperature detectors), bi-metal thermométers and thermostats

electrical resistance sensors: ohmmeter, multimeter

electrical current sensors: galvanometer, ammeter

electrical voltage sensors: leaf electroscope, voltmeter

electrical power sensors: watt-hour meters

magnetism sensors: magnetic compass, fluxgate compass, magnetometer, Hall effect device

pressure sensors: altimeter, barometer, barograph, pressure gauge, air speed indicator, rate-of-climb indicator, variometer

gas and liquid flow sensors: flow sensor, anemometer, flow meter, gas meter, water meter, mass flow sensor

gas and liquid viscosity and density: viscometer, hydrometer, oscillating U-tube

mechanical sensors: acceleration sensor, position sensor, selsyn, switch, strain gauge

Chemical proportion sensors: oxygen sensors, ion-selective electrodes, pH glass electrodes, redox electrodes, and carbon monoxide detectors.

light time-of-flight. Used in modérn surveying equipment, a short pulse of light is emitted and returned by a retroreflector. The return time of the pulse is proportional to the distance and is related to atmospheric density in a predictable way - see LIDAR.

light sensors, or photodetectors, including semiconductor devices such as photocells, photodiodes, phototransistors, CCDs,  and Image sensors; vacuum tube devices like photo-electric tubes, photomultiplier tubes; and mechanical instruments such as the Nichols radiometer.

infra-red sensor, especially used as occupancy sensor for lighting and environmental controls.

proximity sensor-  A type of distance sensor but less sophisticated. Only detects a specific proximity. May be optical - combination of a photocell and LED or laser. Applications in cell phones, paper detector in photocopiers, auto power standby/shutdown mode in notebooks and other devices. May employ a magnet and a Hall effect device.

scanning laser- A narrow béam of laser light is scanned over the scene by a mirror. A photocell sensor located at an offset responds when the béam is reflected from an object to the sensor, whence the distance is calculated by triangulation.

focus. A large aperture lens may be focused by a servo system. The distance to an in-focus scene element may be determined by the lens setting.

binocular. Two images gathered on a known baseline are brought into coincidence by a system of mirrors and prisms. The adjustment is used to determine distance. Used in some cameras (called range-finder cameras) and on a larger scale in éarly battleship range-finders

interferometry. Interference fringes between transmitted and reflected lightwaves produced by a coherent source such as a laser are counted and the distance is calculated. Capable of extremely high precision.

scintillometers méasure atmospheric optical disturbances.