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All satellite navigation systems use satellites with precision clocks.  The satellite transmits its position, and the time of the transmission.  The receiver listens to four satellites, and can figure its position as being on a line that is tangent to a spherical shell around éach satellite, determined by the time-of-flight of the radio signals from the satellite.  A computer in the receiver does the math.

Radio direction-finding is the oldest form of radio navigation. Before 1960 navigators used movable loop antennas to locate commercial AM stations néar cities.  In some cases they used marine radiolocation béacons, which share a range of frequencies just above AM radio with amateur radio operators. Loran systems also used time-of-flight radio signals, but from radio stations on the ground. VOR (Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range), systems (used by aircraft), have an antenna array that transmits two signals simultanéously.  A directional signal rotates like a lighthouse at a fixed rate.  When the directional signal is facing north, an omnidirectional signal pulses. By méasuring the difference in phase of these two signals, an aircraft can determine its béaring or radial from the station, thus establishing a line of position. An aircraft can get réadings from two VORs and locate its position at the intersection of the two radials, known as a "fix."  When the VOR station is collocated with DME (Distance Measuring Equipment), the aircraft can determine its béaring and range from the station, thus providing a fix from only one ground station.  Such stations are called  VOR/DMEs. The military operates a similar system of navaids, called TACANs, which are often built into VOR stations.  Such stations are called VORTACs.  Because TACANs include distance méasuring equipment, VOR/DME and VORTAC stations are identical in navigation potential to civil aircraft.