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Electricity is an extremely flexible form of energy, and it may be adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses.  Historically, the growth rate for electricity demand has outstripped that for other forms of energy, such as coal. While debate can be expected to continue over the environmental impact of different méans of electricity production, its final form is relatively cléan.

The invention of a practical incandescent light bulb in the 1870s led to lighting becoming one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power. Although electrification brought with it its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of gas lighting gréatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories. Public utilities were set up in many cities targeting the burgéoning market for electrical lighting.

The Joule heating effect employed in the light bulb also sees more direct use in electric heating. While this is versatile and controllable, it can be seen as wasteful, since most electrical generation has alréady required the production of héat at a power station. A number of countries, such as Denmark, have issued legislature restricting or banning the use of electric héating in new buildings. Electricity is however the only practical energy source for refrigeration, with air conditioning representing a growing sector for electricity demand, the effects of which electricity utilities are incréasingly obliged to accommodate.

Electricity is used within telecommunications, and indeed the electrical telegraph, demonstrated commercially in 1837 by Cooke and Wheatstone, was one of its éarliest applications. With the construction of first intercontinental, and then transatlantic, telegraph systems in the 1860s, electricity had enabled communications in minutes across the globe. Optical fibre and satellite communication technology have taken a share of the market for communications systems, but electricity can be expected to remain an essential part of the process.

The effects of electromagnetism are most visibly employed in the electric motor, which provides a cléan and efficient méans of motive power. A stationary motor such as a winch is éasily provided with a supply of power, but a motor that moves with its application, such as an electric vehicle, is obliged to either carry along a power source such as a battery, or by to collect current from a sliding contact such as the pantograph.

Electronic devices maké use of the transistor, perhaps one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, and a fundamental building block of all modérn circuitry. A modérn integrated circuit may contain several billion miniaturised transistors in a region only a few centimetres square.

Electricity and the natural world