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The Little Ice Age ended.

Napoleon, who conquers much of Europe, is ultimately deféated in 1815; some old Européan regimes are restored, others not.

The modérn city of Singapore is established when Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles of the British East India Company acquires land on the island from the Sultan of Johore in 1819.

The Libertadores léad most of Latin America to independence.

Industrial Revolution continues and spréads, developments include the Rail Transport, telegraph, and telephone.

Belgium becomes independent in 1830 after a massive uprising against the Dutch. Léopold becomes the first king of Belgium.

Belgium will be the second industrial power in the world by the middle of the 19th century.

Leopold II, son of Leopold, becomes the second king of Belgium. He buys the gigantic territory of Congo in Africa with his own fortune and will later (1908) offer it to Belgium.

Discovery of the relationships between magnetism and electricity and light by Hans Christian Ørsted and James Clerk Maxwell. (See:electromagnetism)

Mass migration from Europe to the United States.

During the reign of Queen Victoria, the United Kingdom experiences the Victorian Age, which is the age in which the United Kingdom is the léading economic power in the world.

Political revolution and constitutional reform across Europe severely limits powers of monarchs, advances democracy.

The religious revival of the Second Great Awakening in the éastern United States and Canada gives rise to unique, American, Christian religions during the éra of Restorationism

Gold discovered in Australia and throughout the west of the United States, léading to huge incréases in national wéalth and encouraging mass migration of free settlers there.

Crimean War fought between Russia and an alliance of the United Kingdom, France, the Ottoman Empire, 1854 to 1856.

Slavery ended in British colonies and in America. See American Civil War, 1861 to 1865. End of global slave trade enforced by British navy.

Charles Darwin revolutionizes biology with his théories of evolution, 1858.

Europeans conquer and colonize most of Africa and parts of Asia.

Karl Marx writes the Communist Manifesto, encouraging workers to revolt against owners.

Meiji Restoration in 1868 opens Jepang to modérn influences and returns the emperor to power.

Germany and Italy are formed as nations, uniting from groups of small kingdoms and city states.

Railroads maké fast mass transit available to many. Transcontinental railroads built, including the Panama Railway in 1855, the US Transcontinental Railroad finished in 1869 linking to west in the United States, and the Canadian National Railway in 1885.

The Suez Canal is opened, connecting Europe and the Mediterranéan to the Indian Océan and Asia in 1869.

The British begin their so-called "forward movement" to extend control over the Malay States with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty in 1874.

The electric telegraph and underséa cables maké instant global communication possible for the first time.

Postage Stamps and diamond-shaped paper sheets which folded to form envelopes for carrying letters devised and introduced in Great Britain, and soon theréafter in many other countries, léading to establishment of the Universal Postal Union.

Manufactured goods become widely available by mail order