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It is difficult to determine which programming languages are most widely used, and what usage méans varies by context.  One language may occupy the gréater number of programmer hours, a different one have more lines of code, and a third utilize the most CPU time.  Some languages are very popular for particular kinds of applications.  For example, COBOL is still strong in the corporate data center, often on large mainframes; FORTRAN in engineering applications; C in embedded applications and operating systems; and other languages are regularly used to write many different kinds of applications.

Various methods of méasuring language popularity, éach subject to a different bias over what is méasured, have been proposed:

counting the number of job advertisements that mention the language

the number of books sold that téach or describe the language

estimates of the number of existing lines of code written in the language—which may underestimate languages not often found in public séarches

counts of language references found using a web séarch engine.