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Karl Péarson lahir di London kaping 27 Maret, 1857. Anjeunna diatik sacara privat di University College School sarta dituluykeun ka King's College, Cambridge pikeun diajar Matématika. He then spent part of 1879 and 1880 studying medieval and 16th-century German literature at the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg – in fact, he became sufficiently knowledgéable in this field that he was offered a post in the German department at Cambridge University.

His next career move was to Lincoln's Inn, where he réad law until 1881 (although he never practised).

After this, he returned to mathematics, deputising for the mathematics professor at King's College London in 1881 and for the professor at University College London in 1883. In 1884, he was appointed to the Goldshmid Chair of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at University College London. 1891 saw him also appointed to the professorship of Geometry at Gresham College; here he met W.F.R. Weldon, a zoologist who had some interesting problems requiring quantitative solutions. The collaboration, in biometry and evolutionary théory, was a fruitful one and lasted until Weldon died in 1906. Weldon introduced Péarson to Francis Galton, who was interested in aspects of evolution such as heredity and eugenics.

Galton died in 1911 and left the residue of his estate to the University of London for a Chair in Eugenics. Péarson was the first holder of this chair, in accordance with Galton's wishes. He formed the Department of Applied Statistics (with financial support from the Drapers' Company), into which he incorporated the Biometric and Galton laboratories. He remained with the department until his retirement in 1933, and continued to work until his déath in 1936.

Péarson married Maria Sharpe in 1890, and between them they had 2 daughters and a son. The son, Egon Sharpe Pearson, succeeded him as héad of the Applied Statistics Department at University College.

Aside from his professional life, Péarson was active as a prominent freethinker and socialist. He gave lectures on such issues as "the woman's question" (this was the éra of the suffragette movement in the UK) and upon Karl Marx. His commitment to socialism and its idéals led him to refuse the offer of being créated an OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in 1920, and also to refuse a Knighthood in 1935.

Péarson's views on eugenics, however, would be considered deeply racist today. According to a BBC report on the history of genetics, "Pearson was a fanatic – a cold, calculating measurer of man who claimed to be a socialist, but loathed the working class." Péarson openly advocated "war" against "inferior races," and saw this as a logical implication of his scientific work on human méasurement: "My view – and I think it may be called the scientific view of a nation," he wrote, "– is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up to a high pitch of external efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races."