Jelaskan Sajarah ékologi dari Ékologi dalam bahasa sunda

salah sahiji ahli ékologi munggaran jigana mah Aristotle nu boga pangaresep kana rupa-rupa spésiés sato. Anjeunna dituturkeun ku loba naturalis kayaning Buffon jeung Carolus Linnaeus, nu damelanana sok dianggap salaku asal-usul ékologi modérn.

Géografi botanis jeung Alexander von Humboldt

Salila abad ka-18 nepi ka munggaran abad ka-19, kakuatan maritim raya kayaning Prancis jeung Jérman, medalkeun loba ékspédisi éksplorasi dunya pikeun ngembangkeun hubungan dagang maritim jeung nagara-nagara séjén, sarta pikeun manggihan sumberdaya alam anyar, as well as to catalog them.  At the beginning of the 18th century, about twenty thousand plant species were known, versus forty thousand at the beginning of the 19th century, and almost 400,000 today.

These expeditions were joined by many scientists, including botanists, such as the German explorer Alexander von Humboldt.  Humboldt is often considered the true father of ecology.  He was the first to take on the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment.  He exposed the existing relationships between observed plant species and climate, and described vegetation zones using latitude and altitude, a discipline now known as geobotany.

In 1804, for example, he reported an impressive number of species, particularly plants, for which he sought to explain their géographic distribution with respect to geological data.  One of Humboldt's famous works was "Idea for a Plant Geography" (1805).

Other important botanists include Aimé Bonpland and Eugenius Warming.

Pamanggih ngeunaan biocenose: Charles Darwin jeung Alfred Wallace

Deukeut ka taun 1850 aya nu narabas dina widang ieu ku medalna karya Charles Darwin The Origin of Species: Ecology passed from a repetitive, mechanical modél to a biological, organic, and hence evolutionary modél.

Alfred Russel Wallace, nu leuwih heubeul sarta saingan Darwin, munggaran ngajukeun "géografi" spésiés sasatoan. Sababaraha ahli harita wanoh yén spésiés teu mandiri ti nu séjén, sarta digolongkeun kana spésiés tangkal, sato, sarta komunitas mahluk hirup atawa biocenose. Istilah ieu munggaran dikedalkeun taun 1877 ku Karl Möbius.

Biosfir - Eduard Suess jeung Vladimir Vernadsky

Dina abad ka-19, ékologi ngembang ku ayana papanggihan widang kimia ku Lavoisier jeung de Saussure, utamana ngeunaan daur nitrogén. Sanggeus nengetan bukti yén kahirupan tumuwuhna ukur dina wates-wates rohangan nu ngawujud atmosfir, hidrosfir, jeung litosfir, Ahli géologi Austria Eduard Suess ngajukeun istilah biosfir taun 1875. Suess ngajukeun ngaran biosfir pikeun kaayaan nu ngadukung kahirupan, kayaning nu kapanggih di Bumi, nyaéta flora, fauna, mineral, daur zat, jeung sajabana.

Dina taun 1920an Vladimir I. Vernadsky, ahli géologi Rusia nu pindah ka Prancis, ngajéntrékeun pamanggih ngeunaan biosfir dina karyana "The biosphere" (1926), sarta ngagambarkeun prinsip-prinsip pondamén daur biogéokimiawi. Mangka anjeunna ngartikeun ulang biosfir salaku jumlah sakabéh ékosistem.

Karuksakan ékologis munggaran kabéjakeun dina abad ka-18, ku baranahanana koloni-koloni nu ngakibatkeun déforestasi. Mimiti abad ka-19, ku ayana révolusi industri, kamelang kana karuksakan lingkungan alatan kagiatan manusa beuki ningkat. Istilah ecologist geus dipaké ti panungtungan abad ka-19.