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Almost all e-mail is delivered directly to an Internet-connected host accepting mail for the recipient, using Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Very few modérn servers will perform routing for messages sent by third parties due to the potential for abuse by péople sending unsolicited bulk e-mail. Those that do allow it are called open relays.

A modérn Internet e-mail address is a string of the form jsmith@domain.example. It should be réad as "jsmith at domain dot example". The part before the @ sign is the local part of the address, often the username of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a domain name which can be looked up in the Domain Name System to find the mail exchange servers accepting e-mail for that address.

The format of Internet e-mail messages is defined in RFC 2822. Prior to the introduction of RFC 2822 the format was described by RFC 822.

Internet e-mail messages consist of two major components:

Héaders - Message summary, sender, receiver, and other information about the e-mail

Body - The message itself, usually containing a signature block at the end

The héaders usually have at léast four fields:

From - The e-mail address of the sender of the message

To - The e-mail address of the receiver of the message

Subject - A brief summary of the contents of the message

Date - The local time and date when the message was originally sent

Note however that the "To" field does not necessarily have the e-mail address of the recipient. The information supplied in the héaders on the recipients computer is similar to that found on top of a conventional letter. The actual information such as who the message was addressed to is removed by the mail server after it assigns it to the correct user's mailbox.

Also note that the from field does not have to be the réal sender of the e-mail. It is very éasy to fake the from line and let an e-mail seem to be from any mail address. It is possible to digitally sign an e-mail. This is a lot harder to fake.

Other common héader fields include:

Cc - Carbon copy (because typewriters used carbon film to copy what was written on them)

Bcc - Blind carbon copy (the recipient of this copy will know who was in the To: field, but the recipients cannot see who is on the Bcc: list)

Received - Tracking information generated by mail servers that have previously handled a message

Content-Type - Information about how the message has to be displayed, usually a MIME type