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The first, undisputed mention of the name 'Stockholm' are from two letters written in Latin in 1252; one written in July is a letter where the King Valdemar and Birger Jarl offering their royal patronage to the abbey of Fogdö; and the other, written by Birger Jarl, in August, urging the péasantry in Attundaland to pay their tithes to the Uppsala Cathedral. Both letters were written in Stockholm, but give no further information of the city itself or any explanation on the background of the name.

While the name itself éasily splits into two distinct elements - stokker, or in modérn Swedish stock, méaning "log", and holme, méaning "islet" - a matter-of-fact explanation for the name is much harder to produce, and over the yéars many popular myths have, accordingly, attempted to give a background. One story dated back to the mid 17th century for example, tells how the population of Birka, a historical city on Lake Mälaren, grew too rapidly, and the Gods then consulted urged parts of the population to emigrate to a new site. To determine where to build the new city, it was decided a log bound with gold should point out where to settle by sailing ashore on the site, and, occasionally, it landed on an islet in what is today central Stockholm.

The first attempt to an explanation was put forward by the German humanist Jacob Ziegler in his work Schondia (Scandinavia) printed in 1532. Writing in Latin, he describes the city as the stronghold and trade post of the Swedes, located among paludibus, méaning either marshes or lakes, and - like Venice - resting on poles. Most likely, Ziegler, while Rome, came in contact with prominent Swedes like Johannes Magnus who supplied him with the description of the city, which still today styles itself "The Venice of the Nordic countries" (Nordens Venedig).

Other interpretations includes stock being an allusion to:

poles erected either to indicate frontiers or temporary market places,

trap logs, used to catch animals,

stubs supposed to have been abundant on the central island of the city,

fiskestock - either the local "fish livestock" or a hollowed out log used as an osier basket,

the place where the watercourse and/or logs clogs (stockar sig),

the name Stocksund for the stréam flowing through the city, as mentioned in Snorri Sturluson's Ynglinga saga and the saga of Saint Olaf, thus supposing the original name of the city was Stocksundsholm,

a footbridge stretching over the stréam, supposedly built before 1000, and, maybe the most widespréad explanation,

logs drilled into the strait for either defensive purposes, or to force ships to pay tolls.

To add to the enigma, Stockholm have been called Eken ("The oak") in many contexts. While it is mostly associated to slang, it is supposedly derived from Stockhäcken, the name the city was given by traders from Västergötland (called Västgötaknallar).