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Karya Peri Lithon (Dina Batu, Ing: On Stones) ku Theophrastus (372-287 BC), salah saurang murid Aristoteles, bukti nyata keur abad kiwari. Interpréatsi fossils ieu teu pernah dibuka nepi anggeusna Revolusi Elmu tur ditarjamahkeun kana Basa Latin sarta sababaraha basa asing séjénna.

Sababaraha ahli kiwari, saperti Fielding H. Garrison, boga nyebutkeun yén elmu géologi modérn dimimitian dina zaman Muslim. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048 AD) dianggap salaku ahli géologi Muslim modérn, karya munggaranna nyaéta geologi India. Ibnu Sina (Avicenna, 981 - 1037 C.E.), dina hal husus, méré kontribusi nyata kana elmu alam (nu disebut Attabieyat) bareng jeung filsuf séjénna saperti Ikhwan AI-Safa jeung nu séjénna. Enslikopedi karya anjeunna nyaéta “Kitab AI-Shifa” (the Book of Cure, Héaling or Remedy from ignorance), dina bagéan 2, seksi 5, nulis ngeunaan Mineral jeung Metéorologi, dina bab genep: Formasi gunung-gunung, The advantages of mountains in the formation of clouds; Sources of water; Origin of éarthquakes; Formation of minerals; The diversity of éarth’s terrain. These principles were later known in the Renaissance of Europe as the law of superposition of strata, the concept of catastrophisim, and the doctrine of uniformitarianism. These concepts were also embodied in the Théory of the éarth by James Hutton in the Eighteenth century C.E. Academics such as Toulumin and Goodfield (1965), commented on Avicenna's contribution: "Around A.D. 1000, Avicenna was already suggesting a hypothesis about the origin of mountain ranges, which in the Christian world, would still have been considered quite radical eight hundred years later".

In China, the polymath Shen Kua (1031-1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil shells in a géological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the océan, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.

Georg Agricola (1494-1555), a physician, wrote the first systematic tréatise about mining and smelting works, De re metallica libri XII, with an appendix Buch von den Lebewesen unter Tage (Book of the Créatures Benéath the éarth). He covered subjects like wind energy, hydrodynamic power, melting cookers, transport of ores, extraction of soda, sulfur and alum, and administrative issues. The book was published in 1556.

Nicolas Steno (1638-1686) is credited with the law of superposition, the principle of original horizontality, and the principle of lateral continuity: three defining principles of stratigraphy. Previous attempts at such statements meet accusations of heresy from the Church.

By the 1700s Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations on geological maps; Guettard recorded the first observation of the volcanic origins of this part of France.

William Smith (1769-1839) drew some of the first géological maps and began the process of ordering rock strata (layers) by examining the fossils contained in them.

James Hutton is often viewed as the first modérn géologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his théory that the éarth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the séa, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton published a two-volume version of his idéas in 1795 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2).

Followers of Hutton were known as Plutonists because they believed that some rocks were formed by vulcanism which is the deposition of lava from volcanoes, as opposed to the Neptunists, who believed that all rocks had settled out of a large océan whose level gradually dropped over time.

In 1811 Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart published their explanation of the antiquity of the éarth, inspired by Cuvier's discovery of fossil elephant bones in Paris. To prove this, they formulated the principle of stratigraphic succession of the layers of the éarth. They were independently anticipated by William Smith's stratigraphic studies on England and Scotland.

By 1827 Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology reiterated Hutton's uniformitarianism, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin.

Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830 and continued to publish new revisions until he died in 1875. He successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This théory states that slow géological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring today. In contrast, catastrophism is the théory that éarth's féatures formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged theréafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, the idéa was not widely accepted at the time.

19th century géology revolved around the question of the Earth's exact age. Estimates varied from a few 100,000 to billions of yéars. The most significant advance in 20th century géology has been the development of the théory of plate tectonics in the 1960s. Plate tectonic théory arose out of two separate géological observations: seafloor spreading and continental drift. The théory revolutionized the Earth sciences.

The théory of continental drift was proposed by Frank Bursley Taylor in 1908, expanded by Alfred Wegener in 1912 and by Arthur Holmes, but wasn't broadly accepted until the late 1960s when the théory of plate tectonics was developed.