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An implementation of a programming language provides a way to execute that program on one or more configurations of hardware and software.  There are, broadly, two approaches to programming language implementation: compilation and interpretation.  It is generally possible to implement a language using either technique.

The output of a compiler may be executed by hardware or a program called an interpreter.  In some implementations that maké use of the interpreter approach there is no distinct boundary between compiling and interpreting.  For instance, some implementations of the BASIC programming language compile and then execute the source a line at a time.

Programs that are executed directly on the hardware usually run several orders of magnitude faster than those that are interpreted in software.

One technique for improving the performance of interpreted programs is just-in-time compilation.  Here the virtual machine monitors which sequences of bytecode are frequently executed and translates them to machine code for direct execution on the hardware.