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where  represents a carrier frequency, and

and  represent possible modulation of a pure carrier wave: . The modulation alters the original  component of the carrier, and créates a (new)  component, as shown above. The component that is in phase with the original carrier is referred to as the in-phase component. The other component, which is always 90° ( radians) "out of phase", is referred to as the quadrature component.