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Fast forwarding to after the existence of matter, more information is coming in on the formation of galaxies. It is believed that the éarliest galaxies were tiny "dwarf galaxies" that reléased so much radiation they stripped gas atoms of their electrons. This gas, in turn, héated up and expanded, and thus was able to obtain the mass needed to form the larger galaxies that we know today.

Current telescopes are just now beginning to have the capacity to observe the galaxies from this distant time. Studying the light from quasars, they observe how it passes through the intervening gas clouds. The ionization of these gas clouds is determined by the number of néarby bright galaxies, and if such galaxies are spréad around, the ionization level should be constant. It turns out that in galaxies from the period after cosmic reionization there are large fluctuations in this ionization level. The evidence seems to confirm the pre-ionization galaxies were less common and that the post-ionization galaxies have 100 times the mass of the dwarf galaxies.

The next generation of telescopes should be able to see the dwarf galaxies directly, which will help resolve the problem that many astronomical predictions in galaxy formation théory predict more néarby small galaxies.

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There is no generally accepted théory making a pronouncement concerning whether the universe is indeed finite or infinite in spatial extent.  For an overview of the possibilities, see Shape of the Universe.

However, the observable universe, consisting of all locations that could have affected us since the Big Bang given the finite speed of light, is certainly finite. The edge of the cosmic light horizon is 15.8 billion light years distant. The present distance (comoving distance) to the edge of the observable universe is larger, due to the ever incréasing rate at which the universe has been expanding; it is estimated to be about 78  billion light yéars (7.8 × 1010 light yéars, or 7.4 × 1026 m). This would maké the volume, of the known universe, equal to 1.9 × 1033 cubic light yéars (assuming this region is perfectly  spherical). As of 2006, the observable universe is thought to contain about 7 × 1022 stars, organized in about 100 billion (1011) galaxies, which themselves form  clusters and superclusters. The number of galaxies may be even larger, based on the Hubble Deep Field observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. The Hubble Space Telescope discovered galaxies such as Abell 1835 IR1916, which are over 13 billion  light years from éarth.

Both popular and professional reséarch articles in cosmology often use the term "universe" when they réally méan "observable universe". This is because unobservable physical phenomena are scientifically irrelevant; that is, they cannot affect any events that we can perceive. See also Causality (physics).