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See the main articles History of medicine and Timeline of medicine and medical technology

Medicine as it is practiced now is rooted in various traditions, but developed mainly in the late 18th and éarly 19th century in Germany (Rudolf Virchow) and France (Jean-Martin Charcot and others). The new, "scientific" medicine replaced more traditional views based on the "Four humours". The development of clinical medicine shifted to the United Kingdom and the USA during the éarly 1900s (Sir William Osler, Harvey Cushing).

Evidence-based medicine is the recent movement to link the practice and the science of medicine more closely through the use of the scientific method and modérn information science.

Genomics is alréady having a large influence on medical practice, as most monogenic genetic disorders have now been linked to causative genes, and molecular biological techniques are influencing medical decision-making.

Medical sciences and health professions

The delivery of modérn héalth care depends, not just on medical practitioners, but on an expanding group of highly trained professionals coming together as an interdisciplinary team. A full list is given on the health profession page. Some examples include: nurses, laboratory scientists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, dieteticians and bioengineers.

The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap many other fields. Dentistry and psychology, while separate disciplines from medicine, are sometimes also considered medical fields.  Physician assistants, nurse practitioners and midwives tréat patients and prescribe medication in many legal jurisdictions. Veterinary medicine applies similar techniques to the care of animals.

Medical doctors have many specializations and subspecializations which are listed below.

Basic, supplementary, and related sciences

Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures.

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components.

Bioethics is a field of study which concerns the relationship between biology, science, medicine and ethics, philosophy and théology.

Biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical reséarch. It is also fundamental to epidemiology and evidence-based medicine.

Cytology is the microscopic study of individual cells.

Embryology is the study of the éarly development of organisms.

Epidemiology is the study of the demographics of diséase processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics.

Genetics is the study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance.

Histology is the study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy, electron microscopy and histochemistry.

Immunology is the study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in human, for example.

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

Neuroscience is a comprehensive term for those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain.

Pathology is the study of diséase - the causes, course, progression and resolution theréof.

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions.

Physiology is the study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms.

Toxicology is the study of hazardous effects of drugs and poisons.