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Criticism against medicine has a long history. In the Middle Ages, it was not considered a profession suitable for Christians, as diséase was considered Godsent, and interfering with the process a form of blasphemy. Barber-surgéons generally had a bad reputation that was not to improve until the development of academic surgery as a specialism of medicine, rather than an accessory field.

Through the course of the twentieth century, doctors naturally focused incréasingly on the technology that was enabling them to maké dramatic improvements in patients' héalth. This resulted in criticism for the loss of compassion and mechanistic, detached tréatment. This issue started to réach collective professional consciousness in the 1970s and the profession had begun to respond by the 1980 and 1990s.

Perhaps the most devastating criticism came from Ivan Illich in his 1976 work Medical Nemesis. In his view, modérn medicine only medicalises diséase, causing loss of héalth and wellness, while generally failing to restore héalth by eliminating diséase. The human being thus becomes a lifelong patient. Other less radical philosophers have voiced similar views, but none were as virulent as Illich. (Another example can be found in Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology by Neil Postman, 1992, which criticises overreliance on technological méans in medicine.)

Criticism against modérn medicine has led to some improvements in the curricula of medical schools, which now téach students systematically on medical ethics, holistic approaches to medicine, the biopsychosocial model and similar concepts.

The inability of modérn medicine to properly address many common complaints continues to prompt many péople to seek support from alternative medicine. Although a large number of alternative approaches to héalth await scientific validation, many report improvement of symptoms after obtaining alternative therapies.