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this holds for f equal to the identity function.

Mangka nilai average sampel dina waktu nyaéta sarua jeung nilai ekspektasi tina sebaran stationary.

the equivalence of averages also holds if f is the indicator function on some subset A of the state space.

where μπ is the méasure induced by π.

This makes it possible to approximate the stationary distribution by a histogram or other density estimate of a sequence of samples.

Markov chains dina ruang diskrit state

If the state space is finite,

the transition probability distribution can be represented as a matrix,