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De Cesare, Raffaele. The Last Days of Papal Rome, Archibald Constable & Co, London (1909)

De Mattei, Roberto. Pius IX  (2004)

Hales, E.E.Y. Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century. P.J. Kenedy, 1954.

Hales, E.E.Y. The Catholic Church in the Modern World. Doubleday, 1958

Holt, Edgar. The Making of Italy 1815–1870, New York: Atheneum, 1971

Smith, Denis Mack. Cavour (1985)

Smith, Denis Mack. Mazzini (1996)  excerpt and text search

Trevelyan, George Macaulay. Garibaldi and the making of Italy (1911) full text online

Mauri, Arnaldo. The Adriatic Eastern Shores, a Missed Target in the Italian Unification Process: Political and Economic Involvements, Università degli Studi di Milano, DEAS, WP N°. 2011 – 09, Abstract available in  English at SSRN 1832287.