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When the Jews heard that "Aram has allied itself with Ephraim" God is said to have told them:

It will not take place, it will not happen... Within sixty-five years Ephraim will be too shattered to be a people. ()

According to  God delivered the king of the Jews, Ahaz, into the hands of the king of Syria, who carried away a great multitude of them captives to Damascus. And he was also delivered into the hand of the king of Israel, who smote him with a great slaughter.In  the prophet says clearly that a prerequisite for the fulfillment of the prophecy is that Ahaz stands firm in his faith. This means that he should trust God and not seek military help in the Assyrians which Ahaz nevertheless did.

The Book of Isaiah also foretold;

Babylon would be overthrown by the Medes. () Babylonian palaces will be taken over by wild animals.()

Christian apologists state that the prophecy in Isaiah chapter 13 and 21 could possibly have been directed originally against Assyria whose capital Ninive was defeated 612 BC by a combined onslaught of the Medes and Babylonians. According to this explanation the prophecy was later updated and referred to Babylon not recognizing the rising power of Persia. On the other hand it can be mentioned that the Persian king Cyrus after overthrowing Media in 550 BC did not treat the Medes as a subject nation.

Instead of treating the Medes as a beaten foe and a subject nation, he had himself installed as king of Media and governed Media and Persia as a dual monarchy, each part of which enjoyed equal rights.

Damascus will become a "heap of ruins. Her towns will be deserted forever and they will be places for flocks". ()

The prophecy may date from 735 BC when Damascus and Israel were allied against Judah. Tiglath-Pileser took Damascus in 732, which some apologists point to as a fulfillment of this prophecy, but this campaign never reduced the city to rubble. Rather, the campaign temporarily forced the inhabitants to flee for a few days before returning. The city remained intact. Damascus has never become a heap of ruins and is the oldest standing city in the world.

The passage is consistent with , which states that Assyria defeated the city and exiled the civilians to Kir.

The river of Ancient Egypt (identified as the Nile in RSV) shall dry up.(19:5).

"The land of Judah shall be a terror unto Egypt."()

"There shall be five cities in Ancient Egypt that speak the Canaanite language.()"

"In that day there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria. The Assyrians will go to Egypt and the Egyptians to Assyria. The Egyptians and Assyrians will worship together. 24 In that day Israel will be the third, along with Egypt and Assyria, a blessing on the earth. 25 The LORD Almighty will bless them, saying, 'Blessed be Egypt my people, Assyria my handiwork, and Israel my inheritance.'"()

Some theologians argue the statement that the "land of Judah" will terrify the Egyptians is not a reference to a large army from Judah attacking Egypt but a circumlocution for the place where God lives. They argue it is God and his plans that will cause Egypt to be terrified. They go on to argue the second "in that day" message from verse 18 announces the beginning of a deeper relationship between God and Egypt which leads to Egypt's conversion and worshiping God (verses 19-21). They say the last "in that day" prophecy (verses 23-25) speaks about Israel, Assyria and Egypt as God's special people, thus, describing eschatological events.

The generals of Astyages, the last king of the Medes, mutinied  at Pasargadae and the empire surrendered to the Persian Empire, which conquered Babylon in 539 BC under Cyrus the Great. The unknown second prophet (See Deutero-Isaiah) predicts the coming of Cyrus, (, ) who will liberate the Jews from their Babylonian exile and bring them to the promised land. The second Isaiah, 40-55, comes from the late exilic period, about 540 BC. Some scholars believe the reference to Cyrus is a vaticinium ex eventu or "prophecy from the event".

There are many scholars, however, who point out that the prophet himself spoke of Cyrus arguing that Deutero-Isaiah interpreted Cyrus' victorious entry into Babylon in 539 BC as evidence of divine commission to benefit Israel. The main argument against the idols in these chapters is that they cannot declare the future, whereas God does tell future events like the Cyrus predictions.