Jelaskan Europe dari Hidroterapi dalam bahasa melayu

List as at 1840 by Claridge, with additional citations. Geographical names per that era.

Graefenberg (Priessnitz's establishment), Graefenberg, Silesia (c.1829~?).

Dr Joseph Weiss' hydro, Freiwaldau, Silesia (1831~1841).

Karlsbrunn (between Freiwaldau, Jagerndorf & Feidenthal). Dr Malik

Weidenau, on the slopes of the Sudates. Dr Frolich.

Dr Wilhelm Winternitz's establishment, Kaltenleutgeben, Austria (June 1865-?).

Laale, near Kaltenleutgeben. Dr. Granichstadten, author of Hydriasiologia.

Dr Johan Emmel's Priesnitz Establishment, Kaltenleutgeben, Wienerwald, Austria (1835-?).

Elisenbad, Near Chrudin. Dr. Weidenhoffer.

Dobrawitz, near Jungbunzlau. Dr. Schmidt.

Kuechelbad, near Prague. Dr. Kanzler.

Gross Ullersdorf, near Olmutz. Dr. Gross

Peterwardein (director unknown to Claridge)

Oedenburg (director unknown to Claridge)

Hermanstadt (director unknown to Claridge)

Muhlan, near Inspruck, in the Tyrol. Dr. Fritz

Oberrigk, near Trebnitz & Breslau. Dr. Lehman

Alt Scheitnig, near Breslau. Dr. Burkner.

Berlin. Directed by Major Plehwe, partner Dr. Beck.

Bendler Strosse, No. 8, Berlin. Dr. Moser. Plus 3rd Berlin establishment

Koethen, near Berlin. Mr Falkenstein, author of The wonderful cures of Graefenberg.

Gorhrishowo, near Bromberg, in Grand Duchy of Posen. Dr. Barschewitz.

Kunzendorf, near Neurode, in province of Glatz. Mr Niederfuhr.

Marienberg, near Boppard around Coblentz. Dr. Schmitz, editor of the Journal on Hydropathy.

Alexandersbad Hydropathic Establishment, near Wunsiedel. Dr. Fickentscher/Fikenher. (pre-1840-1860s+).

Streitberg, between Erlangen and Baireuth

Schafllarn, near Munich. Dr. Horner

Lake Starnberg. Dr. Schnitzlein, also author of a work on Hydropathy.

Schallersdorf, near Erlangen. Professor Dr. Fleischmann.

Dr. Muller, in Swiss Saxony, near Pirna in Bila valley.

Kreischa, near Dresden. Dr. Stecher.

Muldenthal, near Frieberg. Mr. Munde, author of a hydropathic work.

Elgersburg. Dr. Piutti, appointed by Duke of Saxe Coburg Gotha in 1838

Ilmenau hydropathic establishment (Drs Schwabe, Fitzler, Baumbach, Preller) (c.1841-1865+). (Claridge says "Dr Sitzler")

Another near Brussels. Practitioner unknown.

Dr Beni-Barden's establishment, Auteuil, near Paris.

Dr Fleury's hydropathic establishment, Bellevne, France (c.1860-?).

Tiefenau, near Elgg, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland, hydropathic establishment (Dr. Winkler) (c.1860s-?).

Dr J.H. Rausse's establishment, Mecklenburg, Germany (c.1837-?).

Stand Steadbury, Hertfordshire (founded by Weiss) (1841-?).

Grafenberg House, Malvern, (founder Dr James Wilson) (June 1842-c1867 - death of Wilson).

Tudor House, Malvern founder Dr James Manby Gully (October 1842-c1872 - retirement of Gully).

Sudbrook Park, Richmond, Surrey (founder, Weiss) (1844-?).

Ben Rhydding Hydro, Ilkley, Yorkshire. (1844–1939)

Smedley's Hydro, Matlock, Derbyshire  (1860s-1950s)

West of England Hydro, Limpley Stoke (1862~1899).

Scotland, 19th centuryAngusfield, Aberdeen (1850 - )

Athole,  Pithlocry (1880 - )

Cluny Hill, at Forres (1864~1874+)

Deeside, near Cults [1874 (Heathcote) and 1899 (Murtle)]

Dunblane (Philps?), at Dunblane (1870~1936?)

Edinburgh, now part of St. Dunstans

Gilmour Hill, Glasgow (c.1857 - )

Glenburn, Rothesay, Bute (1843 - )

Kyles of Bute, Port Bannantyne, Bute (1877 - )

Pitlochry, at Pithlochry (1879 - )

Seamill, near West Kilbride (1880 - )

St Helens and Waverly: Melrose (1869  )

Atholl Hotel Hydro, St. Andrews

Dr Curtin's Hydropathic Establishment, Glenbrook, County Cork (1858~1870s).

St Ann's Hydropathic Establishment, Blarney, Co.Cork. (Founder Dr Richard Barter

First known establishment at No. 63 Barclay St., New York. (1844-?). Proprietor David Campbell Physician Joel Shew.

New Lebanon Springs Water-Cure, Albany (2nd Dr Shew establishment), (May 1845-).

Brattleborough Hydropathic Establishment, aka Dr. Robert Wesselhoeft's water cure house (c.1844-1871). 3rd in U.S.A.

David Ruggles' water cure house, Florence, Massachusetts (c.1844-1849).

Oyster Bay water cure, Long Island (3rd Dr Shew estab.), (1847-).

Dr. E.E. Denniston's Round Hill Water-Cure, Northhampton, Massachusetts (1847-1860+).

Cleveland Water Cure Establishment, Cleveland, Ohio (1848–1868).

Dr Munde's Florence Water Cure (c.1850 - ?).

Oswego Water Cure, Oswego, New York (c.1850s).

Dr. Henry Foster's Clifton Springs Sanitarium (c.mid-to-late 19th century).

Battle Creek Sanitarium (1866-World War II).

Pennoyer's Kenosha Water Cure, Wisconsin (C.1870-1890).

Pennoyer Sanitarium (followed on from Kenosha Water Cure after fire: 1890-?).

a.  While the second sense, of water as a form of torture is documented back to at least the 15th century, the first use of the term Water cure as a torture is indirectly dated to around 1898, by U.S. soldiers in the Spanish-American war,  after the term had been introduced to America in the mid-19th century in the therapeutic sense, which was in widespread use. Indeed, while the torture sense of water cure was by 1900-1902 established in the American army, with a conscious sense of irony, this sense was not in widespread use. Webster's 1913 dictionary cited only the therapeutic sense, water cure being synonymous with hydropathy, the term by which hydrotherapy was known in the 19th century and early 20th century.

The late 19th century expropriation of the term water cure, already in use in the therapeutic sense, to denote the polar opposite of therapy, namely torture, has the hallmark of arising in the sense of irony. This would be in keeping with some of the reactions to water cure therapy and its promotion, which included not only criticism, but also parody and satire.