Tolong jelaskan mengenai 6. Teknik Elektroforesis dari Keracunan kerang paralitik

Teknik elektroforesis terdiri dari elektroforesis kapiler dan elektroforesis slab. Teknik elektoforesis kapiler menggunakan kapiler silika (-100 mm) sebagai pengganti elektroforesis gel. Sebelum digunakan untuk menjembatani dua reservoir penyangga, sampel dimasukkan ke dalam ujung kolom. Toksin akan bermigrasi melalui kolom dan dideteksi ketika melewati UV atau sel flouresensi. Sedangkan elektroforesis slab merupakan metode penyaringan toksin PSP secara cepat dalam sejumlah sampel menggunakan UV dan semprotan peroksida.

Alvarez, G. et al. 2019. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Surf Clams Mesodesma donacium during a Large Bloom of Alexandrium catenella Dinoflagellates Associated to an Intense Shellfish Mass Mortality. Toxins. 11. (188). 1-18.  doi:10.3390/toxins11040188.

Amanhir, R. et al. 2017. Weekly Occurrence of Gymnodinium catenatum and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in the Mediterranean Shore of Morocco. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review. 17. (2). 1-11.  Article no.IJBCRR.14413 ISSN: 2231-086X, NLM ID: 101654445.

Arnich, N. et al. 2018. Dose-Response Modelling of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Humans. Toxins. 10. (141). 1-20.  doi: 10.3390/toksin10040141.

Ben-Gigirey, B. et al. 2020. First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain. Toxins. (12). 1-12. doi:10.3390/toxins12110723.

Costa, A. et al. 2020. Algal blooms of Alexandrium spp. and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning toxicity events in mussels farmed in Sicily. Italian Journal of Food Safety. (10). 1-7. doi:10.4081/ijfs.2021.9062.

Deng, Y. et al. 2019. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Detection Based On Cell-Based Sensor and Non-Linear Signal Processing Model. International Journal Of Food Properties. 22. (1). 890-897. ISSN: 1094-2912 (Print) 1532-2386 (Online).

Eangoor, P. et al. 2017. Rapid and Sensitive ELISA Screening Assay for Several Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Human Urine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. (41). 755–759. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkx072.

Eangoor, P. et al. 2017. Rapid and Sensitive ELISA Screening Assay For Several Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Human Urine. Journal Of Analytical Toxicology. (41). 755-759. doi. 10.1093/Jat/Bkx072.

Edwards, L.J. et al. 2018. An Outbreak of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Tasmania. Communicable Diseases Intellegence. (42). 1-7.  (PII: S2209-6051(18)00004-0).

Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations Rome. (2004). Marine Biotoxins. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.fao.org/3/y5486e/y5486e00.htm#Contens. [3 Juni 2021].

Han, J. et al. 2020. Effects of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin-producing dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum on the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicas. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 163. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111937.

Kadiri, M.O. et al. 2018. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Nigerian Coast, Gulf of Guinea. Frontiers in Marine Science. 481. (5). 1-6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00481.

Kartika, I. W. D. 2019. Karakteristik Fisikokimia Dan Potensi Aplikasi Toksin Spirolides Dari Mikroalga Alexandrium Ostenfeldii. Universitas Udayana. : Badung.

Kusnoputranto, H. et al. 2014. Akumulasi dan Depurasi Toksin PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) oleh Kerang Hijau. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan. 19. (1). 27-34.

Ley-Quinonez, C.P. et al. 2020. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) as a Cause of Sea Turtle Mortality in Puerto Vallarta. Herpetological Review. 51. (3). 489–494.

Li, H. et al. 2018. A Dual Function Cardiomyocyte-Based Hybrid-Biosensor For The Detection of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins. Analytical sciences. (38). 893-900.

Li, J. et al. 2020. Quick detection method for paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) monitoring in freshwater - A review. Chemosphere. (265). 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128591.

Lopes, I. et al. 2019. Paralytic shellfish poisoning due to ingestion of contaminated mussels: A 2018 case report in Caparica (Portugal). Toxicon. 10.  (2). 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2019.100017.

Panggabean, L.M.G. 2006. Toksin Alami Dari Mikroalgae. Jurnal Oseana. 31. (3). 1-12.

Qiu, J. et al. 2020. Semiquantitation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Sp. Toxins 2020. (12). 2-16. doi:10.3390/toxins12060398.

Raposo, M. et al. 2020. A Carbamoylase-Based Bioassay for the Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins. Sensors. 20. (507). 1-14.  doi:10.3390/s20020507.

Raposo, M.I.C. et al. 2020. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review. Toxins. 12. (344). 1-20. doi:10.3390/toxins12050344.

Shin, H.H. et al. 2017. Which species, Alexandrium catenella (Group I) or A. pacificum (Group IV), is really responsible for past paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea?. Harmful algae. 68. 31-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.07.006.

Smith, Z.J. et al. 2020. Limnological Differences in a Two-Basin Lake Help to Explain the Occurrence of Anatoxin-a, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, and Microcystins. Toxins. 12. (559). 1-26.  doi:10.3390/toxins12090559.

Sudarmiati, S.  et al.  2007. Mekanisme Keracunan Saraf Akibat Konsumsi Kerang-kerangan yang Terkontaminasi Dinoflagellata Beracun (Studi Literatur). 1. (1).  1-5.

Suleiman, M. et al. 2017. Case Report: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Sabah, Malaysia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.  97. (6). 1731-1736. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0589.

Tobin, E.D. et al. 2019. Environmental drivers of paralytic shellfish toxin producing Alexandrium catenella blooms in a fjord system of northern Southeast Alaska. Harmful Algae. (88). 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.101659.

Turner, A.D. et al. 2020. Application of Six Detection Methods for Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Shellfish from Four Regions within Latin America. Marine Drugs. (18). 1-30.  doi:10.3390/md18120616.

Villalobos, L.G. et al. 2019. Spatiotemporal distribution of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish from Argentine Patagonian coast. Heliyon. 5. 1- 9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01979.

Wharton, R.E. et al. 2017. Quantification of Saxitoxin in Human Blood by ELISA. Toxicon. (133). 110-115. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.05.009.