Civilian Conservation Corps itu apa sih?

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) adalah sebuah program pemulihan kerja publik yang beroperasi dari 1933 sampai 1942 di Amerika Serikat bagi pria lajang pengangguran dari keluarga-keluarga pemulihan sebagai bagian dari New Deal. Awalnya ditujukan kepada pemuda berusia 18-25 tahun, program tersebut kemudian diperluas menjadi ditujukan bagi pemuda berusia 17–28 tahun. Robert Fechner adalah direktur pertama dari agensi tersebut, yang digantikan oleh James McEntee setelah Fechner meninggal. CCC adalah bagian utama dari New Deal buatan Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt yang menyediakan pekerjaan buruh manual tak terampil yang berkaitan dengan konservasi dan pembangunan sumber daya alam di lahan pedesaan yang dimiliki oleh pemerintahan federal, negara bagian dan lokal. CCC dirancang untuk menyediakan pekerjaan bagi kaum muda, dan untuk memulihkan keluarga-keluarga yang memiliki kesulitan dalam menemukan pekerjaan saat Depresi Besar di Amerika Serikat. Pada saat yang sama, program tersebut mengimplementasikan program konservasi sumber daya alam umum di setiap negara bagian dan teritorial. Perputaran maksimum pada sekali waktu adalah 300,000. Sepanjang kursus sembilan tahunnya selama operasi, 3 juta pemuda ikut serta dalam CCC, yang menyediakan mereka dengan tempat tinggal, pakaian dan makanan, bersama dengan upah kecil sejumlah $30 (sekitar $547 pada 2015) sebulan ($25 dikirim ke keluarga mereka).

Bass, Melissa. The Politics and Civics of National Service: Lessons from the Civilian Conservation Corps, Vista, and AmeriCorps (Brookings Institution Press, 2013)

Brandimarte, Cynthia, and Angela Reed Brown. Texas State Parks and the CCC: The Legacy of the Civilian Conservation Corps (2013)

Clancy, Patrick. "Conserving the Youth: the Civilian Conservation Corps Experience in the Shenandoah National Park" The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Volume: 105. Issue: 4. 1997. p. 439ff. online

Colen, Olen Jr. The African-American Experience in the Civilian Conservation Corps (1999)

Heller, Charles E. "The US Army, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and Leadership for World War II, 1933—1942." Armed Forces & Society (2010) 36#3 pp: 439-453.

Helms, Douglas. "The Civilian Conservation Corps: Demonstrating the Value of Soil Conservation," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40 (March–April 1985): 184-188 online

Hendrickson Jr.; Kenneth E. "Replenishing the Soil and the Soul of Texas: The Civilian Conservation Corps in the Lone Star State as an Example of State-Federal Work Relief during the Great Depression" The Historian, Vol. 65, 2003

Hill, Edwin G. In the Shadow of the Mountain: The Spirit of the CCC. (1990).

Holland, Kenneth, and Frank Ernest Hill. Youth in the CCC (1938) detailed description of all major activities

Jolley, Harley E. "That Magnificent Army of Youth and Peace": The Civilian Conservation Corps in North Carolina, 1933-1942 (Raleigh: Office of Archives and History, 2007) 167pp.

Leighninger, Robert D., Jr. Long-Range Public Investment: The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal (2007), providing a context for American public works programs, and detailing major agencies of the New Deal: CCC, PWA, CWA, WPA, and TVA.

Maher, Neil M. Nature's New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement (2008). excerpt and text search

Mielnik, Tara Mitchell. New Deal, New Landscape: The Civilian Conservation Corps and South Carolina's State Parks (University of South Carolina Press; 2011) 201 pages; CCC built 16 state parks in SC between 1933 and 1942.

Otis, Alison T., William D. Honey, Thomas C. Hogg, and Kimberly K. Lakin The Forest Service and The Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933–42 (United States Forest Service FS-395, August 1986) online

Paige, John C. The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933–1942: An Administrative History. (National Park Service, 1985) online

Pasquill, Jr., Robert. The Civilian Conservation Corps in Alabama, 1933-1942: A Great and Lasting Good (University of Alabama Press, 2008) 242 pp, with cd of oral interviews

Patel, Kiran Klaus. Soldiers of Labor. Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933–1945, (2005), . online review

Salmond John A. The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933–1942: a New Deal case study. (1967), the scholarly history of the entire CCC complete text online

Salmond, John A. "The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Negro," The Journal of American History, Vol. 52, No. 1. (Jun. 1965), pp. 75–88. in JSTOR

Sherraden, Michael W. "Military Participation in a Youth Employment Program: The Civilian Conservation Corps," Armed Forces and Society, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 227–245, April 1981, pp. 227–245;  available online from SAGE Publications

Sommer, Barbara W. Hard Work and a Good Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota (2008).

Sommer, Barbara W. "' We Had This Opportunity': African Americans and the Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota" in The State We're In: Reflections on Minnesota History, Annette Atkins and Deborah L. Millers, eds. (2010) pp 134–157.

Steely, James W. "Parks for Texas: Enduring Landscapes of the New Deal" (1999), detailing the interaction of local, state and federal agencies in organizing and guiding CCC work.

Waller, Robert A. "The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Emergence of South Carolina's State Park System, 1933–1942*South Carolina Historical Magazine Volume: 104#2 2003, p. 101ff.

Wilson, James; "Community, Civility, and Citizenship: Theatre and Indoctrination in the Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s" Theatre History Studies, Vol. 23, 2003, pp. 77–92