Jabarkan Catatan dari Union Army

Glatthaar, Joseph T. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers. New York: Free Press, 1990. .

Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. .

McPherson, James M. What They Fought For, 1861–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994. .