Jabarkan Tipologi Ullmann (1957, 1962) dari Perubahan makna

Ullmann membedakan antara hakikat dan konsekuensi perubahan makna:

Metafora: perubahan karena keserupaan makna

Metonimia: perubahan karena persentuhan makna

Etimologi rakyat: perubahan karena keserupaan nama

Elipsis: perubahan karena persentuhan nama

Perluasan makna: peningkatan kuantitas makna

Penyempitan makna: penurunan kantitas makna

Ameliorasi makna: peningkatan kualitas makna

Peyorasi makna: penurunan kualitas makna

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