Jelaskan Tipologi Ullmann (1957, 1962) dari Perubahan makna

Ullmann membedakan antara hakikat dan konsekuensi perubahan makna:

Metafora: perubahan karena keserupaan makna

Metonimia: perubahan karena persentuhan makna

Etimologi rakyat: perubahan karena keserupaan nama

Elipsis: perubahan karena persentuhan nama

Perluasan makna: peningkatan kuantitas makna

Penyempitan makna: penurunan kantitas makna

Ameliorasi makna: peningkatan kualitas makna

Peyorasi makna: penurunan kualitas makna

Blank, Andreas (1997), Prinzipien des lexikalischen Bedeutungswandels am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 285), Tübingen: Niemeyer

Blank, Andreas (1999), "Why do new meanings occur? A cognitive typology of the motivations for lexical Semantic change", in Blank, Andreas; Koch, Peter, Historical Semantics and Cognition, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 61–90

Blank, Andreas; Koch, Peter (1999), "Introduction: Historical Semantics and Cognition", in Blank, Andreas; Koch, Peter, Historical Semantics and Cognition, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–16

Bloomfield, Leonard (1933), Language, New York: Allen & Unwin

Bréal, Michel (1899), Essai de sémantique (2nd ed.), Paris: Hachette

Coseriu, Eugenio (1964), "Pour une sémantique diachronique structurale", Travaux de Linguistique et de Littérature 2: 139–186

Darmesteter, Arsène (1887), La vie des mots, Paris: Delagrave

Fritz, Gerd (1974), Bedeutungswandel im Deutschen, Tübingen: Niemeyer

Geeraerts, Dirk (1983), "Reclassifying Semantic change", Quaderni di semantica 4: 217–240

Geeraerts, Dirk (1997), Diachronic prototype Semantics: a contribution to historical lexicology, Oxford: Clarendon

Grzega, Joachim (2004), Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie, Heidelberg: Winter

Grzega, Joachim; Schöner, Marion (2007), English and general historical lexicology: materials for onomasiology seminars (PDF), Eichstätt: Universität

Jeffers, Robert J.; Lehiste, Ilse (1979), Principles and methods for historical linguistics, MIT press, ISBN 0-262-60011-0

Paul, Hermann (1880), Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte, Tübingen: Niemeyer

Reisig, Karl (1839), "Semasiologie oder Bedeutungslehre", in Haase, Friedrich, Professor Karl Reisigs Vorlesungen über lateinische Sprachwissenschaft, Leipzig: Lehnhold

Stern, Gustaf (1931), Meaning andcChange of meaning with special reference to the English language, Göteborg: Elander

Traugott, Elizabeth Closs (1990), "From less to more situated in language: the unidirectionality of Semantic change", in Adamson, Silvia; Law, Vivian A.; Vincent, Nigel; Wright, Susan, Papers from the Fifth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 496–517

Trier, Jost (1931), Der deutsche Wortschatz im Sinnbezirk des Verstandes (dissertation)

Ullmann, Stephen (1957), Principles of Semantics (2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell

Ullmann, Stephen (1962), Semantics: An introduction to the science of meaning, Oxford: Blackwell

Vanhove, Martine (2008), From Polysemy to Semantic change: Towards a Typology of Lexical Semantic Associations, Studies in Language Companion Series 106, Amsterdam, New York: Benjamins.

Warren, Beatrice (1992), Sense Developments: A contrastive study of the development of slang senses and novel standard senses in English, [Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis 80], Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell

Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew . Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 140391723X.