Biochip itu apa sih?

Dalam biologi molekuler, biochips dasarnya miniatur laboratorium yang dapat melakukan ratusan atau ribuan reaksi biokimia simultan. Biochip memungkinkan para peneliti untuk cepat layar sejumlah besar analit biologi untuk berbagai tujuan, dari diagnosis penyakit untuk mendeteksi agen bioterorisme.

Vahid Bemanian, Frøydis D. Blystad, Live Bruseth, Gunn A. Hildrestrand, Lise Holden, Endre Kjærland, Pål Puntervoll, Hanne Ravneberg and Morten Ruud, "What is Bioethics?" Dec 1998.

M. Burnham, R. Mitchell, " Bioethics — An Introduction" 1992.

L. C. Clark, Jr., “Monitor and control of blood tissue O2 tensions,” Transactions of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 2, pp. 41–84, 1956.

L. C. Clark, Jr. and C. Lyons, “Electrode system for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 148, pp. 133–153, 1962.

S. P. Fodor, J. L. Read, M. C. Pirrung, L. Stryer, A. T. Lu, and D. Solas, “Light-directed, spatially addressable parallel chemical analysis,” Science 251, pp. 767–773, 1991.

P. Fortina, D. Graves, C. Stoeckert, Jr., S. McKenzie, and S. Surrey in Biochip Technology, J. Cheng and L. J. Kricka, eds., ch. Technology Options and Applications of DNA Microarrays, pp. 185–216, Harwood Academic Publishers, Philadelphia, 2001.

K. L. Gunderson, S. Kruglyak, M. S. Graige, F. Garcia, B. G. Kermani, C. Zhao, D. Che, T. Dickinson, E. Wickham, J. Bierle, D. Doucet, M. Milewski, R. Yang, C. Siegmund, J. Haas, L. Zhou, A. Oliphant, J.-B. Fan, S. Barnard, and M. S. Chee, “Decoding randomly ordered DNA arrays,” Genome Research 14(5), pp. 870–877, 2004.

W. S. Hughes, “The potential difference between glass and electrolytes in contact with water,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 44, pp. 2860–2866, 1922.

A. M. Maxam and W. Gilbert, “A new method for sequencing DNA,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 74, pp. 560–564, 1977.

G. MacBeath, A. N. Koehler, and S. L. Schreiber, “Printing small molecules as microarrays and detecting protein-ligand interactions en masse,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, pp. 7967–7968, 1999.

K. L. Michael, L. C. Taylor, S. L. Schultz, and D. R. Walt, “Randomly ordered addressable high-density optical sensor arrays,” Analytical Chemistry 70, pp. 1242–1248, 1998.

D. L. Nelson and M. M. Cox, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Worth Publishers, New York, 2000.

A. C. Pease, D. Solas, E. J. Sullivan, M. T. Cronin, C. P. Holmes, and S. P. Fodor, “Light-generated oligonucleotide arrays for rapid DNA sequence analysis,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, pp. 5022–5026, 1994.

C. Roberts, C. S. Chen, M. Mrksich, V. Martichonok, D. E. Ingber, and G. M. Whitesides, “Using mixed self-assembled monolayers presenting RGD and (EG)3OH groups to characterize long-term attachment of bovine capillary endothelial cells to surfaces,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, pp. 6548–6555, 1998.

F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson, “DNA sequencing with chainterminating inhibitors,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 74, pp. 5463–5467, 1977.

M. Schena, D. Shalon, R. W. Davis, and P. O. Brown, “Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray,” Science 270, pp. 467–470, 1995.

H. Schmeck, "Blazing the Genetic Trail." Bethesda, MD: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1991.

J. S. Schultz and R. F. Taylor in Handbook of Chemical and Biological Sensors, J. S. Schultz and R. F. Taylor, eds., ch. Introduction to Chemical and Biological Sensors, pp. 1–10, Institute of Physics Publishing, Philadelphia, 1996.

L. M. Smith, J. Z. Sanders, R. J. Kaiser, P. Hughes, C. Dodd, C. R. Connell, C. Heiner, S. B. H. Kent, and L. E. Hood, “Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis,” Nature 321, pp. 61–67, 1986.

F. J. Steemers, J. A. Ferguson, and D. R. Walt, “Screening unlabeled DNA targets with randomly-ordered fiber-optic gene arrays,” Nature Biotechnology 18, pp. 91–94, 2000.

The Future of Genetic Research

Interview of A. Caplan, "Should We or Shouldn't We?"