Saya mau tau Tipologi Ullmann (1957, 1962) dari Perubahan makna

Ullmann membedakan antara hakikat dan konsekuensi perubahan makna:

Metafora: perubahan karena keserupaan makna

Metonimia: perubahan karena persentuhan makna

Etimologi rakyat: perubahan karena keserupaan nama

Elipsis: perubahan karena persentuhan nama

Perluasan makna: peningkatan kuantitas makna

Penyempitan makna: penurunan kantitas makna

Ameliorasi makna: peningkatan kualitas makna

Peyorasi makna: penurunan kualitas makna

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Blank, Andreas (1999), "Why do new meanings occur? A cognitive typology of the motivations for lexical Semantic change", in Blank, Andreas; Koch, Peter, Historical Semantics and Cognition, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 61–90

Blank, Andreas; Koch, Peter (1999), "Introduction: Historical Semantics and Cognition", in Blank, Andreas; Koch, Peter, Historical Semantics and Cognition, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–16

Bloomfield, Leonard (1933), Language, New York: Allen & Unwin

Bréal, Michel (1899), Essai de sémantique (2nd ed.), Paris: Hachette

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Fritz, Gerd (1974), Bedeutungswandel im Deutschen, Tübingen: Niemeyer

Geeraerts, Dirk (1983), "Reclassifying Semantic change", Quaderni di semantica 4: 217–240

Geeraerts, Dirk (1997), Diachronic prototype Semantics: a contribution to historical lexicology, Oxford: Clarendon

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Paul, Hermann (1880), Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte, Tübingen: Niemeyer

Reisig, Karl (1839), "Semasiologie oder Bedeutungslehre", in Haase, Friedrich, Professor Karl Reisigs Vorlesungen über lateinische Sprachwissenschaft, Leipzig: Lehnhold

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Trier, Jost (1931), Der deutsche Wortschatz im Sinnbezirk des Verstandes (dissertation)

Ullmann, Stephen (1957), Principles of Semantics (2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell

Ullmann, Stephen (1962), Semantics: An introduction to the science of meaning, Oxford: Blackwell

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