Jelaskan Kritik Spiral Keheningan dari Spiral keheningan

Charles Salmon dan rekan (1985) menyatakan bahwa  bahwa teori spiral keheningan gagal mengakomodir keterlibatan ego seseorang dalam sebuah isu. Kadang-kadang, orang mungkin bersedia untuk berbicara karena setiap keinginan mereka terlibat dalam topik (misalnya, jika promosi di tempat kerja tergantung pada ketegasan). Carroll Glynn,dan rekan (1997) mengangkat isu berbagai proses selektivitas, seperti disonansi kognitif. Individu akan menghindari topik yang bertentangan dengan pandangan mereka sendiri. Hanya sedikit dukungan empiris untuk permohonan atas hak mereka bahwa orang-orang berbicara hanya karena mereka memandang dukungan untuk pandangan mereka. J.David Kennamer (1990) mendukung kritik ini: "Cukup sulit untuk membayangkan mana yang pro dengan kehidupan atau sisi yang mendukung tentang memilih sebuah isu untuk menyerah dalam pertarungan karena mereka menganggap diri mereka berada dalam minoritas". Carroll Glynn dan rekan (1985) mencatat dua kekurangan tentang teori spiral keheningan. Pertama, mereka percaya bahwa ketakutan akan keterbatasan mungkin tidak dapat memotivasi orang untuk mengekspresikan pendapat mereka. Mereka mengklaim bahwa Noelle-Neumann tidak secara empiris menguji asumsi bahwa keterbatasan mendorong orang untuk berbicara. Kedua, mereka berpendapat bahwa Noelle-Neumann tidak mengakui pengaruh kepada masyarakat dan kelompok sebagai referensi terhadap pendapat mereka. Mereka percaya bahwa ia berfokus terlalu banyak pada media. Seiring dengan kekhawatiran tersebut, fakta bahwa perkembangan Spiral keheningan bergantung pada kondisi media pada tahun 1985 di Jerman Barat. Keraguan tentang karakteristik media (ubikuitas, kumulatif dan konsonan) menurut teori spiral keheningan dalam diterapkan pada kondisi saat ini atau tidak. Mereka tidak mempertanyakan ikatan yang relatif intim di dalam media Jerman, tetapi mereka bertanya apakah teori ini dapat diaplikasikan atau di dalam kebudayaan yang sempit seperti di Amerika Serikat. Pada akhirnya teori ini memiliki kekurangan. Jika seseorang yang mempunyai pendirian yang sangat kuat, orang tersebug tidak akan mudah mengikuti opini mayoritas yang ada disekitarnya misalnya jika opini ini menyangkut kepercayaan.

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