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Itô, K. editor (1986) "Rings." §368 dalam Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics, edisi ke-2., Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Israel Kleiner (1996) "The Genesis of the Abstract Ring Concept", American Mathematical Monthly 103: 417–424

Kleiner, I. (1998) "From numbers to rings: the early history of ring theory", Elemente der Mathematik 53: 18–35.

B. L. van der Waerden (1985) A History of Algebra, Springer-Verlag,