Jabarkan Balapan dari Persatuan Amerika

McPherson, James M. Marching Toward Freedom: The Negro's Civil War (1982); first edition was The Negro's Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union (1965),

Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the Civil War (1953), standard history excerpt and text search

Voegeli, V. Jacque. Free But Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War (1967).