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Geary James W. We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (1991).

Geary James W. "Civil War Conscription in the North: A Historiographical Review." Civil War History 32 (September 1986): 208–228.

Hams, Emily J. "Sons and Soldiers: Deerfield, Massachusetts, and the Civil War," Civil War History 30 (June 1984): 157–71

Hess, Earl J. "The 12th Missouri Infantry: A Socio-Military Profile of a Union Regiment," Missouri Historical Review 76 (October 1981): 53–77.

Cimbala, Paul A. and Randall M. Miller, eds. Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments. (2002)

Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. "Cowards and heroes: Group loyalty in the American Civil War." Quarterly Journal of Economics 118.2 (2003): 519-548. Statistical study based on sample of 32,000 Union soldiers. online

McPherson, James. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1998), based on letters and diaries

Miller, William J. Training of an Army: Camp Curtin and the North's Civil War (1990)

Mitchell; Reid. The Vacant Chair. The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (1993).

Rorabaugh, William J. "Who Fought for the North in the Civil War? Concord, Massachusetts, Enlistments," Journal of American History 73 (December 1986): 695–701 in JSTOR

Roseboom, Eugene H. The Civil War Era, 1850–1873 (1944), Ohio

Scott, Sean A. "'Earth Has No Sorrow That Heaven Cannot Cure': Northern Civilian Perspectives on Death and Eternity during the Civil War," Journal of Social History (2008) 41:843–866

Wiley, Bell I. The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (1952)