Jabarkan Kehilangan pendengaran dari Gangguan bunyi bahasa

Bibir sumbing atau anomali fisik pada mulut

Gangguan saraf (misalnya lumpuh otak)

Bauman-Waengler, Jacqueline (2004). Articulatory and Phonological Impairments: A Clinical Focus (2cd ed). Pearson (Boston). ISBN 0-205-40248-8.

Secord, Wayne A., Boyce, Suzanne E., Donahue, JoAnn S., Fox, Robert A., and Shine, Rchiard E. (2007). Eliciting Sounds: Techniques and Strategies for Clinicians (2cd ed). Thompson Delmar Learning. ISBN 1-4018-9725-8.

Justice, Laura M. (2006). Communication Science and Disorders: An Introduction. Pearson Merril Printice Hall. ISBN 0-12-113518-X .

Shriberg, Lawrence D., and Kent, Raymond D. (2003). Clinical Phonetics (3rd ed). Allyn and Bacon (Boston). ISBN 0-205-36883-6 .