樽裝水

樽裝水係用樽裝住嘅食水，通常係膠樽或者玻璃樽，有細細支方便攜帶嘅，亦有飲水機專用大樽嘅。食水嘅來源可以係水喉水、井水、礦泉水、蒸餾水等，星加坡甚至會用經常處理嘅污水，稱為「NEWater」意思即係「新生水」。

全球銷量
近排呢幾十年，樽裝水嘅銷量急劇上升。喺1990年至2005年呢短短15年間，樽裝水嘅消耗已經上升咗超過4倍。去到2006年，銷量已經上升到600億美元，容量達1.15億立方米。據估計，全球每年消耗約2000億樽樽裝水。

儲存
樽裝水通常儲存為自然災難發生時嘅緊急儲備。災害管理專家建議為每人儲備3.8公升嘅水，呢個數包括咗飲用、煮食、洗手、洗碗同埋個人衛生所用嘅水。由工廠封好咗嘅水只要冇開過或者損毀，可以擺幾耐都得，至於樽上所印嘅到期日指出嘅只係喺嗰個日期之前樽水仍然新鮮，而唔係話過咗期之後就唔乾淨或者唔安全。

關於樽裝水嘅爭議

對健康嘅影響
美國國家環境保護局規定，飲用水最多只可以含有九十種污染物，而只有十五種就更好。

1950年代開始，水喉水通常加入咗氟化物嚟防止爛牙。因為樽裝水通過蒸餾或者反滲透嘅處理，相對天然地下水，樽裝水含有少啲氟離子，所以長期飲樽裝水，會易啲爛牙。

德國法蘭克褔大學研究指出，有好多用膠樽裝嘅樽裝水，都染咗雌激素化合物。雖然有啲用玻璃樽裝嘅水亦都有污染，但係研究者仍然認為污染物係嚟膠樽。膠樽暴露喺太凍或者太熱嘅地方都可能會導致啲化合物溶喺樽裝水入面。

樽裝水同埋水喉水
喺香港，一樽500毫升嘅樽裝水大概賣4至5港元，而同量嘅水喉水就只需0.00000208港元。通常大於九成嘅樽裝水嘅售價都唔係用喺樽水本身，而係用喺包裝、運輸、營銷、零售等等嘅雜費，同埋盈利。

另外，因為樽裝水冇經過用嚟泵水嘅金屬水管，所以相對於水喉水，樽裝水含有較少嘅銅、鉛等等金屬污染物。

一個比較五十七個樽裝水同水喉水樣本嘅研究發現，所有水喉水樣本嘅細菌含量係低於 3 CFUs/mL，而樽裝水樣本嘅細菌含量就由 0.01 - 4900 CFU/mL 不等，當中雖然有十五個樣本有多達 6 - 4900 CFUs/mL，大部份嘅樣本都得少過 1 CFU/mL。但係喺美國亞拉巴馬州，有一個測試廿五個唔同牌子樽裝水嘅研究就發現，大部份樣本嘅汞、鉈同埋釷嘅含量都超過美國國家環境保護局訂定嘅上限 。

大部份發展嘅國家，水會加入氯氣來消毒。如果啲水存在有機物，就會產生有 jaam 味因為氯氣氧化有機物之後會產生 trihalomethanes 同 haloacetic acids  (If the water contains organic matter, this may produce other byproducts in the water such as) trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, resulting in off-smell or taste. ) The level of residual chlorine found at around 0.0002 g per litre, which is too small to cause any health problems directly. The chlorine concentration recommended by World Health Organization is between 0.0005 and 0.0002 g/L.

The Natural Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, and World Wildlife Fund have urged their supporters to consume less bottled water. Anti-bottled-water-campaigns and organizations, such as Corporate Accountability International, typically argue that bottled water is no better than tap water, and emphasize the detrimental environmental side-effects of disposable plastic bottles.

The Showtime series Penn & Teller: Bullshit! demonstrated, in a 2003 episode, that in a controlled setting, those diners could not discern between bottled water and water from a garden hose behind the restaurant.

The United Church of Christ, United Church of Canada, National Council of Churches, National Coalition of American Nuns, and Presbyterians for Restoring Creation are among some of the religious organizations that have raised questions about whether or not the "privatization" of water is ethical. They regard the industrial purchase and repackaging at a much higher resale price of a basic resource as an unethical trend.

The recent documentary Tapped argues against the bottled water industry, asserting that tap water is healthier, more environmentally sustainable, and more ecologically sound  than bottled water. The film focuses on the bottled water industry in the United States. The film has received largely positive reviews, and has spawned college campus groups such as Beyond the Bottle.

Environment
In February 2012, the Grand Canyon National Park Service has approved a plan that would eliminate the sale of bottled water within 30 days. Visitors can use $290,000 water stations to refill their own water bottles, which they can tote in from the outside, concerns that empty plastic bottled scaterred around the park are spoiling views of the natural wonder.

Bottled water in the marketplace
The Beverage Marketing Corporation defines the bottled water market segment as "retail PET, retail bulk, home and office delivery, vending, domestic sparkling and imports", but excluding "flavored and enhanced water."
The Plastics Symbol no. 7 is a recent concern worldwide on discovery that large numbers of no.7 plastics are made with Polycarbonate plastic which, experimentally were found to leach bisphenol A. This chemical is a known hormonal disruptor causing miscarriages and birth defects, according to a study conducted by Case Western Reserve scientists. “Synthetic xenoestrogens,” one of which is Bisphenol A or BPA “are linked to breast cancer and uterine cancer in women, decreased testosterone levels in men, and are particularly devastating to babies and young children. BPA has even been linked to insulin resistance and Type 2 Diabetes.” Responsible baby bottle industries are producing BPA-free bottles that are clearly marked.

Purified water vending machines 

A number of cities and companies worldwide have vending machines that dispense purified water into customer's own containers. All dispensers filter the location's tap water.  In North America, these machines are typically located outside of supermarkets.

Of all the water vending companies, Glacier Water is by far the largest.  Since its inception in 1983, Glacier Water has experienced significant growth in machine placements and has created an extensive network of approximately 17,000 water vending machines (year 2010) located throughout the United States and Canada.

Water devices and containers available
Many plumbers install final purification devices into the homes and businesses of customers. Several methods of treatment are offered, ranging from carbon filtration to reverse osmosis and the degree of filtration ranges from making the tap water more palatable to removal of specific minerals and contaminants. Counter-top filtration systems also are sold in grocery and department stores that make tap water more palatable.

Similar in principle to traditional canteens that have been used for generations, stainless steel containers for carrying one's personal water supply (drawn from the home or public supply) now are being marketed, however, they are built to resemble contemporary water bottles. Whether that is intended symbolically or as an attempt to fit so many products designed for soda cans or plastic bottles, is uncertain. Similar to glass, stainless steel has been proven as a safe container for water or food for generations because they do not leach any contaminants into its contents.

Reverse osmosis water purification systems can remove up to 90% or more of certain inorganic chemicals.  These inorganic chemicals include: fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, iron, copper, lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, silver and zinc. Reverse osmosis can even remove some microbiological contaminants, including Giardia cysts.  However unless equipped with an activated charcoal post-filter, reverse osmosis by itself does not remove dissolved gases and organic chemicals such as radon and trihalomethanes,<http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/water/az9419.pdf>.

Bottled water service 

It is not uncommon for business or individuals to subscribe to a bottled water service. These services deliver water either monthly or weekly, sometimes even daily. Traditionally, water in glass bottles (jugs) was provided to electric coolers in areas of businesses without plumbing. Plastic containers have replaced those glass jugs, however, dispensers at businesses now may stand alongside of existing water taps or fountains.

Bottled water by region

Australia
The Australasian Bottled Water Institute is a regional member of the International Council of Bottled Water Associations. The bottled water industry in Australia is worth approximately $400 million per year,

An upmarket restaurant in Sydney has stopped selling bottled water and started using a machine costing A$5000 to filter, chill and carbonate tap water to get the same quality water.

Bottled water ban in Bundanoon
In 2009, the New South Wales town of Bundanoon voted to become the first town in the world to outlaw bottled water. Its citizens voluntarily chose to ban bottled water in response to a bottling company's desire to sell water from the town's local aquifer.  The initiative was proposed by local businessman Huw Kingston and carried out by the grassroots organization name Bundy On Tap (the name is a pun which refers to Bundaberg, an Australian brand of rum which is sometimes served as a pre-mixed draught). In a community meeting of 356 of the town's 2,500 residents, all but one voted in favor of the ban, prohibiting the selling or dispensing of bottled water within the town precinct.

Bundanoon's six stores have removed bottled water from their stock. The town now offers public drinking fountains and filtered water dispensers where people can fill up reusable water bottles and canteens. The reusable empty bottles are sold in place of full bottles in the local stores. Bundanoon's bold stand against bottled water's damaging effects on the environment and on communities has thrust it into a global spotlight. Bundanoon has caught the attention of many other cities around the world who soon could have similar policies.

The decision to ban bottled water came partly from opposition to the proposed bottling plant, and partly from opposition to the environmental and health impacts. There is skepticism that singling out bottled water is necessarily the best option, as there is a worry that soda will be purchased more frequently in place of bottled water because of the convenience the disposable bottle offers.

European Union
Directive 2009/54/EC deals with the marketing and exploitation of natural mineral waters in the European Union. The two main types of bottled water recognized are mineral water and spring water.

Broadly speaking, "mineral water" is groundwater that has emerged from the ground and flowed over rock. Treatment of mineral water is restricted to removal of unstable elements such as iron and sulfur compounds. Treatment for such minerals may extend only to filtration or decanting with oxygenation. Free carbon dioxide may be removed only by physical methods, and the regulations for introduction (or reintroduction) of CO2 are strictly defined. Disinfection of natural mineral water is completely prohibited, including the addition of any element that is likely to change bacterial colony counts. If natural mineral water is effervescent, it must be labelled accordingly, depending on the origin of the carbon dioxide: naturally carbonated natural mineral water (no introduction of CO2); natural mineral water fortified with gas from the spring (reintroduction of CO2); carbonated natural mineral water (CO2 added following strict guidelines).

Directive 2001/83/EC deals with bottled water that is considered a "medicinal product" and is thus excluded from the scope of the other regulation.

Lebanon
Water is the chief natural resource of Lebanon where the porous fractured limestone of the mountains, both the Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon ranges, create an excellent aquifer that are replenished over spring and early summer by the melting snow.  Lebanon has an advantageous position in the region as far as the amount of rainfall the country receives and water resources available where springs are abundant, due to the exceedingly “fractured geologic rocks,” and where streams amount to a length of 730 km.  Lebanon has one of the fastest growth rate of per capita consumption of bottled water.

Bottled water brands
Lebanon has seven major brands of bottled mineral water for local consumption and for exportation to the water-starved countries on the Arabian Peninsula and in the Persian Gulf: 

Almaha
Arz Water
Rim Natural Mineral Water
Sabil
Sannine
Sohat
Tannourine
Dawn Dew Drop (Xenith 3D)

紐西蘭
Bottled water in New Zealand is regulated by Food Standards Australia New Zealand and must comply with the Food Act 1981. From July 2009 fluoride was allowed to be present in bottled water as an additive or as a natural occurring mineral.

巴基斯坦
Due to contaminated water being widespread, in the mid-1990s urban families started installing filtration units at home. This later developed into companies providing mineral water delivery services at home. Use of these bottles that could be attached to a dispenser is still widespread.

Bottled water was made famous by one of the largest marketing campaigns in Pakistan history undertaken by Nestle. Eventually, other bottlers including dozens of local ones, Coca Cola, Pepsi,Dawn Dew Drop 3D, and other imported brands such as Evian began marketing in the country.

美國

The U.S. is the largest consumer market for bottled water in the world, followed by Mexico, China, and Brazil. In 2008, U.S. bottled water sales topped  for 28.9% of the U.S. liquid beverage market, exceeding sales of all other beverages except carbonated soft drinks, they are followed by fruit juices, and sports drinks. Americans drink  of bottled water per capita per year.

罐裝水

Mineral Waters of the World - a comprehensive list of bottled waters
International Bottled Water Association
British Bottled Water Producers

食水