Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Several studies have shown excess mortality among hip fracture patients compared with the normal population of the same age. Finnish guidelines for medical treatment of hip fracture patients recommend anti-osteoporosis medication and the daily concomitant use of prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements. However, whether post-fracture use of calcium and vitamin D supplements is associated with survival in such patients has not been evaluated.', "To study the association between survival in hip fracture patients and patients' sex and age, pre-fracture vitamin D status, American Society of Anesthesiologists - Physical Status (ASA-PS) class, type of fracture and post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D and anti-osteoporotic medication.", "The study population was 221 hip fracture patients primarily treated in acute care for a new hip fracture in 2003-4 in two Finnish hospitals. After a median of 27.5 months from the fracture, a questionnaire was sent to all patients who were still alive at the time (n = 137). The patients were queried about their use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and of anti-osteoporotic drugs. The follow-up time for use of anti-osteoporotic medication and prescribed calcium and vitamin D was 19.5-36 months (median 27.5 months). Data on the use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and anti-osteoporotic drugs were checked against information on reimbursement of drug prescriptions held by the Finnish Social Insurance Institution. A total of 4 years' (48 months') survival data for all patients in the study population was also obtained, with the dates of patient deaths being checked against Official National and Regional population statistics. Patient survival was analysed using both the Bayesian multivariate analysis and the life table method.", 'In the multivariate analysis, the combination of variables that best explained post-fracture survival was as follows: age <80 years; ASA-PS class 1-2 (ASA-PS class 1 and 2 data were combined in calculations); post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplements concomitantly with anti-osteoporotic drugs; post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplements; post-fracture use of anti-osteoporotic drugs only; and type of fracture (femoral neck or subtrochanteric). This model correctly predicted 74% of cases. At 36 months, we observed a 36% reduction in deaths in females who used prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and a corresponding 43% reduction in males. Survival of females who used anti-osteoporotic drugs concomitantly was even greater (43% reduction in deaths) over the entire follow-up period. Excess mortality was highest in females and males who used neither anti-osteoporotic drugs nor prescribed calcium and vitamin D.
Answer: Our results indicate a potential relationship between reduced mortality and post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and, in females, concomitant use of anti-osteoporotic drugs. However, further investigations are needed to understand the reason for the reduction in the risk of death. Population-based, randomized, placebo-controlled trials with total mortality as the main endpoint should be conducted to verify our results.
[A]: Is post-fracture prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements alone or , in females , with concomitant anti-osteoporotic drugs associated with lower mortality in elderly hip fracture patients : a prospective analysis?


[Q]: Context: To assess the accuracy of the clinically estimated blood loss (EBL) when compared with the actual blood loss (ABL) in replacement surgeries.', "This prospective study was done in Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre from April 2011 to April 2013. Altogether 140 patients undergoing total hip replacement or total knee replacement were included with the inclusion criteria being patients with haemoglobin higher than 100 g/ml and coagulation profile within normal limits. Exclusion criteria were intake of anti-platelet drug or anti-coagulant, bleeding disorders, thrombotic episode, and haematological disorders. There were 65 men and 75 women. In this study, the consultants were free to use any clinical method to estimate the blood loss, including counting the blood-soaked mops and gauze pieces (estimating the volume of blood carried in all the mops and gauzes), measuring blood lost to suction bottles and blood in and around the operative field. The ABL was calculated based on a modification of the Gross's formula using haematocrit values.", 'In 42 of the 140 cases, the EBL exceeded the ABL. These cases had a negative difference in blood loss (or DIFF-BL<0) and were included in the overestimation group, which accounted for 30% of the study population. Of the remaining 98 cases (70%), the ABL exceeded the EBL. Therefore they were put into the underestimation group who had a positive difference in blood loss (DIFF-BL>0). We found that when the average blood loss was small, the accuracy of estimation was high. But when the average blood loss exceeded 500 ml, the accuracy rate decreased significantly. This suggested that clinical estimation is inaccurate with the increase of blood loss.
Answer: This study has shown that using clinical estimation alone to guide blood transfusion is inadequate. In this study, 70% of patients had their blood loss underestimated, proving that surgeons often underestimate blood loss in replacement surgeries.
[A]: Do surgeons often underestimate the amount of blood loss in replacement surgeries?


[Q]: Context: Intestinal fibrosis is mainly associated with Crohn's disease and is defined as a progressive and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. No specific antifibrotic therapies are available. In this study, we evaluate the antifibrotic effect of a novel 5-ASA analog able to activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, named GED-0507-34 Levo.", 'Colonic fibrosis was induced in 110 C57BL/6 mice by 3 cycles of 2.5% (wt/vol) dextran sulfate sodium administration for 6 weeks. The preventive effects of oral daily GED (30 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)) administration were evaluated using a macroscopic and histological score and also through biological endpoints. Expression of main markers of myofibroblasts activation was determined in transforming growth factor (TGF-β)-stimulated intestinal fibroblasts and epithelial cells.', 'GED improved macroscopic and microscopic intestinal lesions in dextran sulfate sodium-treated animals and reduced the profibrotic gene expression of Acta2, COL1a1, and Fn1 by 1.48-folds (P < 0.05), 1.93-folds (P < 0.005), and 1.03-fold (P < 0.05), respectively. It reduced protein levels of main markers of fibrosis (α-SMA and Collagen I-II) and the main TGF-β/Smad pathway components. GED also decreased the interleukin-13 and connective tissue growth factor expression by 1.89-folds (P < 0.05) and 2.2-folds (P < 0.005), respectively. GED inhibited TGF-β-induced activation of both fibroblast and intestinal epithelial cell lines, by regulating mRNA expression of α-SMA and fibronectin, and restoring the TGF-β-induced loss of intestinal epithelial cell markers. GED treatment also reduced the TGF-β and ACTA1 expression in primary human intestinal fibroblasts from ulcerative colitis patients.
Answer: GED ameliorates intestinal fibrosis in dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis in mice and regulates major profibrotic cellular and molecular mechanisms.
[A]:
Does novel PPARγ Modulator GED-0507-34 Levo ameliorate Inflammation-driven Intestinal Fibrosis?