Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: To fully understand the cytotoxicity of after-degradation QDs, we synthesized CdS QDs and investigated its toxicity mechanism.', 'Biomimetic method was proposed to synthesize cadmium sulfide (CdS) QDs. Thereafter MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was conducted to evaluate their cytotoxicity. To investigate the toxicity mechanism, we subsequently conducted intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement with DCFH-DA, glutathione (GSH) measurement with DTNB, and cellular cadmium assay using atomic absorption spectrometer. Microsized CdS were simultaneously tested as a comparison.', "MTT assay results indicated that CdS QDs are more toxic than microsized CdS especially at concentrations below 40 microg/ml. While microsized CdS did not trigger ROS elevation, CdS QDs increase ROS by 20-30% over control levels. However, they both deplete cellular GSH significantly at the medium concentration of 20 microg/ml. In the presence of NAC, cells are partially protected from CdS QDs, but not from microsized particles. Additionally, nearly 20% of cadmium was released from CdS nanoparticles within 24h, which also accounts for QDs' toxicity.

Output: Do intracellular oxidative stress and cadmium ions release induce cytotoxicity of unmodified cadmium sulfide quantum dots?


Input: Consider Input: So far the issue of patch tests with mite allergens in subjects not affected by atopic dermatitis (AD) has been poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and intensity of responses to atopy patch tests with Dermatophagoides in non-AD subjects, and to compare them to the ones observed in AD patients.', 'Patch tests were performed, employing a mixture of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and farinae at two different concentrations (20 and 40% pet.), on 75 non-AD subjects, including 33 patients with allergic rhinitis and 42 healthy volunteers, and on 210 AD patients, as controls.', 'Positive responses to 20% mite patch tests were observed in 17 non-AD subjects (23%) and in 102 AD ones (49%). The former showed a lower intensity of the responses, with a mean score of 1.4 compared with 2.1 in atopics.

Output: Are frequency and intensity of responses to mite patch tests lower in nonatopic subjects with respect to patients with atopic dermatitis?


Input: Consider Input: Hydrocelectomy and spermatocelectomy are routine scrotal surgeries. A\xa0significant number of the surgical specimens are sent for pathology analysis. However, to our knowledge no study has been done to examine outcomes and necessity, which results in significant potentially unnecessary costs to the patient and the health care system. We evaluated outcomes and surgical pathology analysis of hydroceles and spermatoceles.', 'We performed a retrospective, single institution chart review of all patients who underwent initial surgery for hydrocele or spermatocele between January 2000 and August 2013. We determined the number of cases in which a surgical specimen was sent for pathology examination. The cost for each specimen was estimated at the department of pathology.', 'A total of 264 routine scrotal cases were performed during the 14-year period. Surgical specimens were sent for pathology analysis in 102 hydrocelectomy cases (51%) and in 57 spermatocelectomy cases (90%). No pathology specimen showed any indication of malignancy. The estimated direct total cost of\xa0pathology analysis was $49,449 in this cohort.


Output: Is routine pathology evaluation of hydrocele and spermatocele specimens associated with significant costs and no identifiable benefit?