In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: High arginase-1 (Arg) expression by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) is known to inhibit antitumor T-cell responses through depletion of l-arginine. We have previously shown that nitric oxide (NO), an immune mediator produced from l-arginine, is a potent radiosensitizer of hypoxic tumor cells. This study therefore examines whether Arg(+) overexpressing MDSC may confer radioresistance through depleting the substrate for NO synthesis.', 'MDSC and Arg expression were studied in preclinical mouse CT26 and 4T1 tumor models and further validated in rectal cancer patients in comparison with healthy donors. The radioprotective effect of MDSC was analyzed in hypoxic tumor cells with regard to l-arginine depletion.', 'In both mouse tumors and cancer patients, MDSC expansion was associated with Arg activation causing accelerated l-arginine consumption. l-Arginine depletion in turn profoundly suppressed the capacity of classically activated macrophages to synthesize NO resulting in impaired tumor cell radiosensitivity. In advanced cT3-4 rectal cancer, circulating neutrophils revealed Arg overexpression approaching that in MDSC, therefore mounting a protumor compartment wherein Arg(+) neutrophils increased from 17% to over 90%.\Question: Do myeloid-derived suppressor cells reveal radioprotective properties through arginase-induced l-arginine depletion?

Output: Protumor Arg(+) MDSC reveal a unique ability to radioprotect tumor cells through l-arginine depletion, a common mechanism behind both T-cell and macrophage inhibition.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Contralateral groin exploration in children with unilateral inguinal hernia is still controversial, particularly in infants. The patency rate of processus vaginalis is highest in infants but there are few data on the subsequent risk of contralateral hernia development in infants. In this retrospective study, we aimed to find out the incidence of contralateral inguinal hernia following unilateral inguinal herniotomy in infants aged less than one year.', 'All infants who underwent a unilateral Inguinal herniotomy between January 1990 and December 1998 were studied retrospectively. Infants with bilateral hernia (n = 7) were excluded from the study.', 'One hundred and one infants (93 boys and 8 girls) were studied. Median age at operation was 23 (range 2-52) weeks. The herniotomy was right-sided in 75% of the infants. Follow-up ranged from three and a half years to 11 years. A contralateral hernia developed in nine infants (9.0%). One of the initial hernias was incarcerated. Median time from operation to occurrence of contralateral hernia was 18 (range 2-60) months. None of the contralateral hernia was incarcerated. Age, sex, incarceration and side of initial hernia did not influence the development of contralateral hernia.\Question: Is contralateral groin exploration justified in infants with a unilateral inguinal hernia?

Output: The low incidence and benign nature of contralateral hernia development in infants undergoing a unilateral inguinal herniotomy does not justify routine contralateral groin exploration.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Our prior studies show that intravenous (IV) total parenteral nutrition (TPN) produces atrophy of the small intestine-related gut-associated lymphoid tissue and significant decreases in intestinal IgA levels, the major system of mucosal immunity. Others have noted increased small intestinal permeability, bacterial adherence and translocation, and decreased IgA levels in TPN-fed animals. Bombesin, a neuropeptide, may play a regulatory role in mucosal immunity. It is not clear whether bombesin attenuates the TPN-associated gut-associated lymphoid tissue atrophy.', 'To examine the effect of bombesin on gut-associated lymphoid tissue integrity and function during IV TPN feeding.', 'Randomized animal study.', 'A university laboratory.', "Male ICR mice weighing 25 to 30 g were randomized to chow plus IV saline solution (n = 12), IV TPN (n = 12), or IV TPN plus bombesin (15 micrograms/kg, administered intramuscularly three times a day) (n = 12). Animals were killed after 5 days of receiving the experimental diet. Total small intestinal IgA level was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lymphocytes were isolated from Peyer's patches, intraepithelial spaces, and lamina propria and were stained with specific antibodies for B and T cells and for T-cell expression of CD4 and CD8 by flow cytometric analysis. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance.", "Bombesin prevented the IV TPN decreases in (1) total cell yield and B-cell yield from the Peyer's patches, intraepithelial spaces, and lamina propria; (2) T-cell yield in the intraepithelial spaces and lamina propria; and (3) small intestinal IgA levels. Bombesin also reversed IV TPN decreases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the intraepithelial spaces and Peyer's patches and prevented the decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio in the lamina propria.\Question: Does bombesin affect mucosal immunity and gut-associated lymphoid tissue in intravenously fed mice?


Output: Bombesin prevents the TPN-associated atrophy and dysfunction of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, supporting the concept of close neuroimmunologic interaction.