instruction:
In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and you have to write an answerable question based on the context. Your questions can be extractive, abstractive, or yes-no questions.
question:
The release of the FEVER fact extraction and verification dataset BIBREF0 provides a large-scale challenge that tests a combination of retrieval and textual entailment capabilities. To verify a claim in the dataset as supported, refuted, or undecided, a system must retrieve relevant articles and sentences from Wikipedia. Then it must decide whether each of those sentences, or some combination of them, entails or refutes the claim, which is an entailment problem. Systems are evaluated on the accuracy of the claim predictions, with credit only given when correct evidence is submitted. As entailment data, premises in FEVER data differ substantially from those in the image caption data used as the basis for the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) BIBREF1 dataset. Sentences are longer (31 compared to 14 words on average), vocabulary is more abstract, and the prevalence of named entities and out-of-vocabulary terms is higher. The retrieval aspect of FEVER is not straightforward either. A claim may have small word overlap with the relevant evidence, especially if the claim is refuted by the evidence.
answer:
What is the FEVER task?


question:
We first describe our models individually and then the ensembling technique that we employ. In the following, MN denotes Memory Networks to encode conversational history, RCNN signify R-CNN for object level representations of an image, Wt represents additional linear layer in the decoder, and LF a late fusion mechanism as defined in BIBREF0.

Models ::: LF-RCNN
Late fusion encoder BIBREF0 with concatenated history. We use two-layered LSTMs with 512 hidden units for embedding questions and history. The object-level features are weighed using only question embeddings. The word embeddings from Glove vectors are frozen and are not fine-tuned. Figure FIGREF6 gives an overview of the architecture.

Models ::: MN-RCNN
Memory network encoder BIBREF0 with bi-directional GRUs and word embeddings fine-tuned. Object-level features are weighed by question and caption embedding. The rest of the scheme is same as above. (Figure FIGREF6)

Models ::: MN-RCNN-Wt
Same as above but with an additional linear layer applied to the dot product of candidate answer and encoder output, and gated using tanh function. Compare Figure FIGREF6 with Figure FIGREF6
answer:
Which three discriminative models did they use?


question:
The competition is divided into five subtasks which involve standard classification, ordinal classification and distributional estimation. For a more detailed description see BIBREF0 .
answer:

What were the five English subtasks?