Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating muscle disease caused by a mutation in DMD encoding dystrophin. Oxidative stress accounts for dystrophic muscle pathologies in DMD. We examined the effects of molecular hydrogen in mdx mice, a model animal for DMD.', 'The pregnant mother started to take supersaturated hydrogen water (>5\u2005ppm) ad libitum from E15.5 up to weaning of the offspring. The mdx mice took supersaturated hydrogen water from weaning until age 10 or 24 weeks when they were sacrificed.', 'Hydrogen water prevented abnormal body mass gain that is commonly observed in mdx mice. Hydrogen improved the spontaneous running distance that was estimated by a counter-equipped running-wheel, and extended the duration on the rota-rod. Plasma creatine kinase activities were decreased by hydrogen at ages 10 and 24 weeks. Hydrogen also decreased the number of central nuclei of muscle fibers at ages 10 and 24 weeks, and immunostaining for nitrotyrosine in gastrocnemius muscle at age 24 weeks. Additionally, hydrogen tended to increase protein expressions of antioxidant glutathione peroxidase 1, as well as anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, in skeletal muscle at age 10 weeks.
Answer: Although molecular mechanisms of the diverse effects of hydrogen remain to be elucidated, hydrogen potentially improves muscular dystrophy in DMD patients.

Output: Does molecular hydrogen alleviate motor deficits and muscle degeneration in mdx mice?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Several studies have shown excess mortality among hip fracture patients compared with the normal population of the same age. Finnish guidelines for medical treatment of hip fracture patients recommend anti-osteoporosis medication and the daily concomitant use of prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements. However, whether post-fracture use of calcium and vitamin D supplements is associated with survival in such patients has not been evaluated.', "To study the association between survival in hip fracture patients and patients' sex and age, pre-fracture vitamin D status, American Society of Anesthesiologists - Physical Status (ASA-PS) class, type of fracture and post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D and anti-osteoporotic medication.", "The study population was 221 hip fracture patients primarily treated in acute care for a new hip fracture in 2003-4 in two Finnish hospitals. After a median of 27.5 months from the fracture, a questionnaire was sent to all patients who were still alive at the time (n = 137). The patients were queried about their use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and of anti-osteoporotic drugs. The follow-up time for use of anti-osteoporotic medication and prescribed calcium and vitamin D was 19.5-36 months (median 27.5 months). Data on the use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and anti-osteoporotic drugs were checked against information on reimbursement of drug prescriptions held by the Finnish Social Insurance Institution. A total of 4 years' (48 months') survival data for all patients in the study population was also obtained, with the dates of patient deaths being checked against Official National and Regional population statistics. Patient survival was analysed using both the Bayesian multivariate analysis and the life table method.", 'In the multivariate analysis, the combination of variables that best explained post-fracture survival was as follows: age <80 years; ASA-PS class 1-2 (ASA-PS class 1 and 2 data were combined in calculations); post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplements concomitantly with anti-osteoporotic drugs; post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplements; post-fracture use of anti-osteoporotic drugs only; and type of fracture (femoral neck or subtrochanteric). This model correctly predicted 74% of cases. At 36 months, we observed a 36% reduction in deaths in females who used prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and a corresponding 43% reduction in males. Survival of females who used anti-osteoporotic drugs concomitantly was even greater (43% reduction in deaths) over the entire follow-up period. Excess mortality was highest in females and males who used neither anti-osteoporotic drugs nor prescribed calcium and vitamin D.
Answer: Our results indicate a potential relationship between reduced mortality and post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and, in females, concomitant use of anti-osteoporotic drugs. However, further investigations are needed to understand the reason for the reduction in the risk of death. Population-based, randomized, placebo-controlled trials with total mortality as the main endpoint should be conducted to verify our results.

Output: Is post-fracture prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements alone or , in females , with concomitant anti-osteoporotic drugs associated with lower mortality in elderly hip fracture patients : a prospective analysis?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Cytotechnologists and pathologists often perform onsite evaluations of thyroid fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) to provide immediate feedback regarding whether adequate material has been obtained for cytologic diagnosis. The current study was designed to determine whether onsite adequacy assessment results in a significant decrease in nondiagnostic specimens between ultrasound (US)-guided FNAs of the thyroid and those performed by palpation alone.', 'A search was performed to identify in-house thyroid FNAs performed between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2003 that were obtained under US guidance or by palpation only. It was then recorded whether an onsite adequacy assessment was performed. The submitting physician and final diagnosis also were recorded for each case. Contingency tables were constructed and evaluated using chi-square analysis.', 'Of 1502 in-house thyroid FNAs included in the current study, 981 (65.3%) were performed under US guidance and 521 (34.7%) were performed with palpation alone. Onsite adequacy assessment of the aspirated material was performed in 323 cases (21.5%), whereas 1179 cases (78.5%) were performed without onsite evaluation. Of the 418 palpation-guided FNAs that were performed without adequacy assessment, 70 (16.7%) were reported to be nondiagnostic, whereas of the 103 palpation-guided FNAs with immediate evaluation, only 7 (6.8%) were determined to be inadequate for diagnosis. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.025). Of 761 US-guided FNAs without immediate adequacy assessment, 54 (7.1%) were nondiagnostic, which was not statistically different from the nondiagnostic rate of 4.5% (10 of 220 cases) for US-guided FNAs with onsite evaluation. However, when these US-guided FNAs were divided further into 2 groups based on the experience of the radiologist performing the FNA, the nondiagnostic rate in the group of experienced radiologists was only 5.4% (or 32 of 592 US-guided FNAs), even though onsite evaluation was not performed. Among radiologists with less experience, adequacy assessment significantly reduced the nondiagnostic rate from 13.0% (22 of 169 FNAs without adequacy assessment) to 4.5% (10 of 220 FNAs with adequacy assessment) (P < 0.01).
Answer: The results of the current study demonstrate that onsite adequacy assessment of thyroid FNAs significantly reduces the number of nondiagnostic aspirates. However, the benefit of onsite evaluation, at least for US-guided FNAs, depends on the experience of the radiologist. In the current study, experienced radiologists with a relatively low nondiagnostic rate did not benefit from onsite adequacy assessment. This finding confirms the importance of experience in the performance of FNA, but suggests that onsite adequacy assessment may assist the less experienced operator.


Output: Is the value of onsite adequacy assessment of thyroid fine-needle aspirations a function of operator experience?