Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: Chagas heart disease (CHD) patients may have a reduced functional capacity (FC). Field tests, as the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT), can estimate peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). However, the relationship between the ISWT and the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET), the gold standard in the assessment of FC, is not well established in CHD patients.', 'This study aimed to evaluate the FC of CHD patients by ISWT with direct measurement of VO2 peak and to compare these findings with data obtained from CPET. A secondary goal was to derive a regression equation to calculate the VO2 peak by ISWT.', 'Cross-sectional and correlative study.', 'Research laboratory setting.', 'Thirty-two CHD patients (58.8±9.0 years, 81.3% women) participated in this study.', 'Eligible patients underwent clinical evaluation, echocardiography, CPET by ramp protocol and ISWT according to current guidelines.', 'The distance walked in ISWT showed a positive correlation with VO2 peak from CPET and ISWT (r=0.456, P=0.009 and r=0.869, P<0.001, respectively). In the agreement analysis, the values of the differences between VO2 peak from CPET and ISWT showed absence of bias (mean bias ±95% CI and mean -1.29±5.09 mL.kg.min). Based in real values of VO2 obtained from ISWT, one equation including sex, functional class and distance walked was provided to predict the VO2 values in this test.

A: 1
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Q: We recently showed that intracerebroventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y (NPY) hampers inhibition of endogenous glucose production (EGP) by insulin in mice. The downstream mechanisms responsible for these effects of NPY remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish whether intracerebroventricular NPY administration modulates the suppressive action of insulin on EGP via hepatic sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation.', 'The effects of a continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of NPY on glucose turnover were determined in rats during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Either rats were sham operated, or the liver was sympathetically (hepatic sympathectomy) or parasympathetically (hepatic parasympathectomy) denervated.', 'Sympathectomy or parasympathectomy did not affect the capacity of insulin to suppress EGP in intracerebroventricular vehicle-infused animals (50 +/- 8 vs. 49 +/- 6 vs. 55 +/- 6%, in hepatic sympathectomy vs. hepatic parasympathectomy vs. sham, respectively). Intracerebroventricular infusion of NPY significantly hampered the suppression of EGP by insulin in sham-denervated animals (29 +/- 9 vs. 55 +/- 6% for NPY/sham vs. vehicle/sham, respectively, P = 0.038). Selective sympathetic denervation of the liver completely blocked the effect of intracerebroventricular NPY administration on insulin action to suppress EGP (NPY/hepatic sympathectomy, 57 +/- 7%), whereas selective parasympathetic denervation had no effect (NPY/hepatic parasympathectomy, 29 +/- 7%).

A: 1
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Q: MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. We reported that levels of microRNA (miR)-29 family are decreased in corneas of patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). The miR-29 family regulates the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Accumulation of ECM proteins in Descemet membrane is an important pathologic change in FECD. In this study, we transfected miR-29b into human corneal endothelial cells and tissues and evaluated ECM protein expression levels.', 'An immortalized Fuchs human corneal endothelial cell line (iFECD) was established by infection of corneal endothelial cells from patients with FECD with hTERT lentivirus. MiR-29b was transfected into iFECD, and the expression levels of ECMs collagen type 1 alpha 1 (COL1A1), collagen type 4 alpha 1 (COL4A1), and laminin gamma 1 (LAMC1) were evaluated with quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Expression level of LAMC1 protein in miR-29b-transfected donor corneal endothelium was also evaluated by Western blot.', 'Compared with control, miR-29b expression level after transfection of iFECD was increased to 335.6% (±91.0%), and ECM expression levels were significantly decreased. Compared with control, qRT-PCR demonstrated reduction of ECM to the following levels: COL1A1: 1.9% (±0.4%); COL4A1: 7.1% (±1.7%); and LAMC1: 21.5% (±2.7%). Western blot showed reduced protein expression: COL1A1: 4.8% (±3.2%); COL4A1: 42.5% (±25.0%); and LAMC1: 44.8% (±3.1%). In miR-29b-transfected corneal tissue, LAMC1 protein expression level was decreased to 14.4% (±20.5%).

A:
1
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