In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

[EX Q]: Context: Collagenous colitis (CC) is a major cause of chronic non-bloody diarrhoea, particularly in the elderly female population. The aetiology of CC is unknown, and still poor is the understanding of its pathogenesis. This possibly involves dysregulated inflammation and immune-mediated reactions in genetically predisposed individuals, but the contribution of genetic factors to CC is underinvestigated. We systematically tested immune-related genes known to impact the risk of several autoimmune diseases for their potential CC-predisposing role.', 'Three independent cohorts of histologically confirmed CC cases (N=314) and controls (N=4299) from Sweden and Germany were included in a 2-step association analysis. Immunochip and targeted single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data were produced, respectively, for discovery and replication purposes. Classical human leucocyte antigen (HLA) variants at 2-digit and 4-digit resolution were obtained via imputation from single marker genotypes. SNPs and HLA variants passing quality control filters were tested for association with CC with logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and country of origin.', 'Forty-two markers gave rise to genome-wide significant association signals, all contained within the HLA region on chromosome 6 (best p=4.2×10\Question: Does dense genotyping of immune-related loci identify HLA variants associated with increased risk of collagenous colitis?
[EX A]: HLA genotype associates with CC, thus implicating HLA-related immune mechanisms in its pathogenesis.

[EX Q]: Context: To ascertain the predictive role of longitudinally acquired biochemical measures of cartilage turnover in relation to X-ray defined knee osteoarthritis (OAK), knee pain and functioning.', "This is a feasibility study based on 72 enrollees of the Michigan site of Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a longitudinal, population-based cohort study with 11 annual visits to characterize health at the mid-life. At visits in 1996, 1998 and 2007, radiographs were evaluated for the presence of OAK [>or=2 on the Kellgren and Lawrence (K-L) scale]. Knee pain and stiffness were assessed by interview. Functioning was assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and Type II collagen telopeptides (CTX-II) were assayed in serum and urine samples collected on alternate years from 1997 to 2006. We related trajectories of the cartilage biochemical markers from these five time points to OAK severity (no OAK, K-L score<2; mild OAK, K-L score=2; moderate/severe OAK, K-L score=3 or 4), pain, stiffness, or functioning, using longitudinal non-linear mixed modeling.", 'The 2007 prevalence of X-ray defined OAK was 50% in these 72 women. Upward trajectories of COMP (P=0.02) and CTX-II (P=0.006) were associated with increased OAK severity and body size. COMP trajectories were associated with pain and stiffness, but not functioning. CTX-II trajectories were associated with stiffness scores, but not knee pain or functioning scores.\Question: Do longitudinal changes of serum COMP and urinary CTX-II predict X-ray defined knee osteoarthritis severity and stiffness in women?
[EX A]: Multiple, biennial measures of COMP or CTX-II taken over a 10-year period were predictive of subsequent OAK and knee stiffness.

[EX Q]: Context: Aging and chronic alcohol consumption are both modifiers of DNA methylation, but it is not yet known whether chronic alcohol consumption also alters DNA hydroxymethylation, a newly discovered epigenetic mark produced by oxidation of methylcytosine. Furthermore, it has not been tested whether aging and alcohol interact to modify this epigenetic phenomenon, thereby having an independent effect on gene expression.', 'Old (18\xa0months) and young (4\xa0months) male C57BL/6 mice were pair-fed either a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with alcohol (18% of energy) or an isocaloric Lieber-DeCarli control diet for 5\xa0weeks. Global DNA hydroxymethylation and DNA methylation were analyzed from hepatic DNA using a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Hepatic mRNA expression of the Tet enzymes were measured via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.', 'In young mice, mild chronic alcohol exposure significantly reduced global DNA hydroxymethylation compared with control mice (0.22\xa0±\xa00.01 vs. 0.29\xa0±\xa00.06%, p\xa0=\xa00.004). Alcohol did not significantly alter hydroxymethylcytosine levels in old mice. Old mice fed the control diet showed decreased global DNA hydroxymethylation compared with young mice fed the control diet (0.24\xa0±\xa00.02 vs. 0.29\xa0±\xa00.06%, p\xa0=\xa00.04). This model suggests an interaction between aging and alcohol in determining DNA hydroxymethylation (pinteraction \xa0=\xa00.009). Expression of Tet2 and Tet3 was decreased in the old mice relative to the young (p\xa0<\xa00.005).\Question: Do aging and alcohol interact to alter hepatic DNA hydroxymethylation?
[EX A]:
The observation that alcohol alters DNA hydroxymethylation indicates a new epigenetic effect of alcohol. This is the first study demonstrating the interactive effects of chronic alcohol consumption and aging on DNA hydroxymethylation.