In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Q: Background: Drainage systems and its role in sanitation related outbreaks are evident but still occluded once it has been installed. This current review evaluates if drainage systems can cause infections and thus be of clinical concern. Method: A review of the literature was analyzed. Papers, guidelines, and quality management systems have been considered. Results: Adequate sanitation is fundamental and a prerequisite for safe life and productivity. In contrast, malfunctioning sanitation has been reported to cause outbreaks all over the world. In areas with no sanitation, diarrheal mortality is high and has been shown to decrease by 36% after interventions to improve sanitation. Often, infections are faeces associated and when present in wastewater and sewage sludge poses a high risk of infection upon exposure. Hence, there are working safety guidelines and in industries where infection reduction is essential strict quality assurance systems, i.e. HACCP (hazard analysis critical control points) and GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) must be complied. Healthcare has recently taken interest in the HACCP system in their efforts to reduce healthcare associated infections as a response to increasing number of ineffective antibiotics and the threat of mortality rate like the pre-antibiotic era. The last few years have called for immediate action to contain the emergence of increasing resistant microorganisms. Resistance is obtained as a result of overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both healthcare and agriculture. Also, by the discharge of antibiotics from manufacturers, healthcare and society. One mechanism of development of novel resistant pathogens has been shown to be by effortless sharing of genetic mobile elements coding for resistance from microbes in the environment to human microbes. These pathogens have been sampled from the drainage systems. These were noticed owing to their possession of an unusual antibiotic resistance profile linking them to the outbreak. Often the cause of sanitation related outbreaks is due to inadequate sanitation and maintenance. However, in general these infections probably go unnoticed. Conclusion: Drainage systems and its maintenance, if neglected, could pose a threat in both community and healthcare causing infections as well as emergence of multi-resistant bacteria that could cause unpredictable clinical manifestations.

A: Drainage systems, an occluded source of sanitation related outbreaks
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Q: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the ability of Echinacea purpurea to prevent infection with rhinovirus type 39 (RV-39). Forty-eight previously healthy adults received echinacea or placebo, 2.5 mL 3 times per day, for 7 days before and 7 days after intranasal inoculation with RV-39. Symptoms were assessed to evaluate clinical illness. Viral culture and serologic studies were performed to evaluate the presence of rhinovirus infection. A total of 92% of echinacea recipients and 95% of placebo recipients were infected. Colds developed in 58% of echinacea recipients and 82% of placebo recipients ( , by Fisher's exact test). Administration of echinacea before and after exposure to rhinovirus did not P p .114 decrease the rate of infection; however, because of the small sample size, statistical hypothesis testing had relatively poor power to detect statistically significant differences in the frequency and severity of illness. Colds are the most common acute infectious illnesses in humans. Prevention of the common cold with immunization is not practical because of the antigenic diversity of the many viruses causing colds. For example, rhinoviruses, which account for ∼40% of adult colds, have 1100 antigenic serotypes. Viruses of different and distinct families, such as coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and metapneumovirus, also cause colds. Products derived from Echinacea purpurea, the purple coneflower, are among the most popular herbal remedies in the United States. It is estimated that Americans spend more than $300 million/year on these products [1], which are commonly self-administered for the prevention and treatment of the common cold. The 3

A: Echinacea purpurea for Prevention of Experimental Rhinovirus Colds
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Q: A Actual pension amount (APA), 1732e1733 and artificial income concept, 1733e1734 old-age dependency ratio, 1743 for specific year, 1733 Adjustment factor (AF), 1746e1747 ADLI. See Agriculture development led-industrialization AEEI. See Autonomous energy efficiency improvement AEZ. See Agro-ecological zone AF. See Adjustment factor AGE analysis, global. See Global applied general equilibrium analysis Agent-based modeling, 1378 AgLU model, 860e861 Agricultural incentives, distortions to, 903e904 national NRAs, 904e906 nominal rates of assistance, 906f, 907e908, 907f RRA calculation, 904 RRA mapped on income, 905f Agricultural price distortions, 880e881 Agriculture development led-industrialization (ADLI), 935e936 Agriculture towards 2050, 960 baseline robustness agricultural growth importance, 977 agricultural price elasticity, 976t, 977 distributional assumptions, 976, 976t ENVISAGE and LEITAP, 971e972, 971t ENVISAGE land supply function, 970 LEITAP model, 970 nested CET function, 970e971 price variability across crops, 974t, 975 sensitivity analysis, 972e973, 973t demand-side assumptions, 965e967 global implications agricultural growth in baseline, 969e970 average global producer price, 967e968, 967f land supply and price growth, 969, 969t productivity growth, 968e969, 968f global stock-to-use ratios, 961e962, 962f multiple structural factors, 961, 961f supply-side assumptions average productivity increase, 964t, 965 LEI group, 963 segments land, 963, 963t

A:
INDEX-VOLUME 1B
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