Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: Anemia is an established adverse risk factor in cardiovascular disease. However, the effect of preoperative anemia is not well defined in heart surgery. This study evaluates the effect of preoperative anemia on early clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.', 'A retrospective, observational, cohort study of prospectively collected data was undertaken on 7,738 consecutive patients undergoing heart surgery between April 2003 and February 2009. Of these, 1,856 patients with preoperative anemia were compared to 5,882 patients without anemia (control group). According to the World Health Organization, anemia was defined as hemoglobin level\u2009<\u200913 g/dl for men and <12 g/dl for women. Selection bias not controlled by multivariable methods was assessed with propensity-adjustment method.', 'Overall mortality was 2.1%. Preoperative anemia was associated with tripling in the risk of death (4.6% vs 1.5%, p\u2009<\u20090.0001) and postoperative renal dysfunction (18.5% vs 6.5%, p\u2009<\u20090.0001). There was also a significant difference between the anemic and non-anemic group in the risk of postoperative stroke (1.9% vs 1.1%, p\u2009=\u20090.008), atrial fibrillation (36.7% vs 33%, p\u2009=\u20090.003) and length of hospital stay\u2009>\u20097 days (54% vs 36.7%, p\u2009<\u20090.0001). In propensity-adjusted, multivariable logistic regression, preoperative anemia was an independent predictor of mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 2.03), postoperative renal dysfunction (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.1) and length of hospital stay\u2009>\u20097 days (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.47).
Answer: In patients undergoing heart surgery, preoperative anemia is associated with an increased risk of mortality and postoperative morbidity.

Answer: Does preoperative anemia increase mortality and postoperative morbidity after cardiac surgery?


Question: Context: To investigate the effects of quercetin, an herbal flavonoid, on LPS-induced delay in spontaneous apoptosis, adhesion molecules (CD62L, CD11b/CD18) expression of neutrophils, and superoxide (O(2)(-)) generation by LPS-primed fMLP-induced human neutrophils.', 'Neutrophils were incubated in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a final concentration of 1 microg/ml for 24 hours. Some wells with neutrophils were pre-treated with quecetin at the final concentration ranging from 0-100 microM for 30 min and then 1 microg/ml LPS was added into the cultures for 24 hours. The apoptosis of neutrophils was evaluated by flowcytometry analysis of propidum iodide (PI)-staining of the nuclei and annexin V staining of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the cell membrane. Agarose gel electrophoresis of low molecular weight DNA was performed to analyze DNA fragmentation. The effects of quercetin on adhesion molecules were detected by using flowcytometry analysis. The generation of O(2) (-) by LPS-primed fMLP-induced neutrophils was determined by reduced cytochrome c assay.', 'LPS markedly inhibited the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils, but the inhibitory effect was abrogated after the pre-treatment of neutrophils with quercetin (approximately 40 microM) for 30 min. Quercetin (40 microM) also prevented LPS-induced down-regulation of CD62L expression, up-regulation of CD11b/CD18 expression, and O(2) (-) generation by fMLP-induced neutrophils.
Answer: As one of the pro-inflammatory factors, LPS aggravates inflammation through priming neutrophils to synthesize/release cytotoxic contents and prolonging functional lifespan of neutrophils by delaying the spontaneous apoptosis. Thus, our data suggest to us that quercetin might decrease the susceptibility of neutrophils to pro-inflammatory factors (e. g. LPS), which could partially explain the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of quercetin.

Answer: Does quercetin inhibit LPS-induced delay in spontaneous apoptosis and activation of neutrophils?


Question: Context: To use quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to test whether mediobasal hypothalamic (MBH) gliosis is associated with obesity and insulin resistance in humans.', 'Sixty-seven participants underwent a fasting blood draw and MRI. Cases with radiologic evidence of MBH gliosis (N\u2009=\u200922) were identified as the upper tertile of left MBH T2 relaxation time and were compared to controls (N\u2009=\u200923) from the lowest tertile. In a separate postmortem study, brain slices (N\u2009=\u200910) through the MBH were imaged by MRI and stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).', 'In all participants, longer T2 relaxation time in the left MBH was associated with higher BMI (P\u2009=\u20090.01). Compared with controls, cases had longer T2 relaxation times in the right MBH (P\u2009<\u20090.05), as well as higher BMI (P\u2009<\u20090.05), fasting insulin concentrations (P\u2009<\u20090.01), and HOMA-IR values (P\u2009<\u20090.01), adjusted for sex and age. Elevations in insulin and HOMA-IR were also independent of BMI. In the postmortem study, GFAP staining intensity was positively associated with MBH T2 relaxation time (P\u2009<\u20090.05), validating an MRI-based method for the detection of MBH gliosis in humans.
Answer: These findings link hypothalamic gliosis to insulin resistance in humans and suggest that the link is independent of the level of adiposity.

Answer:
Is radiologic evidence that hypothalamic gliosis associated with obesity and insulin resistance in humans?