TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Diagnosis of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return is usually suspected by echocardiography and often confirmed by cardiac catheterization. Magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful non-invasive diagnostic tool that can give accurate insight on systemic and pulmonary veins, cardiac anatomy and physiopathology.', 'To test the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance in patient with suspected partial anomalous pulmonary venous return.', 'Twenty consecutive patients (10 male, mean age: 27+/-20 years) with suspected partial anomalous pulmonary venous return underwent a magnetic resonance study comprehensive of Gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography and phase-velocity-contrast in order to evaluate pulmonary and systemic venous anatomy and QP/QS. In 14 of them a cardiac catheterization was also performed. Anatomy findings and QP/QS result of both exams were compared. Sixteen patients underwent surgical correction. In the other four patients with QP/QS<1.5, surgical correction was not indicated according to the literature (1). Among patients who had both magnetic resonance and cardiac catheterization (14 patients) anatomical findings were concordant in 12 of them. In all operated patients, surgical findings were concordant with MRI report. There was a good correlation between magnetic resonance and cardiac catheterization QP/QS evaluation (mean value 2.23 and 2.4, respectively).
Answer: In patients with suspected anomalous pulmonary venous return, magnetic resonance provides a comprehensive evaluation of pulmonary venous return and the amount of shunt, overcoming most of the limitations of echocardiography. Therefore magnetic resonance is a powerful diagnostic tool for indicating therapeutic management and surgical strategies for this group of patients, and can be considered a non-invasive alternative to cardiac catheterization.

SOLUTION: Is magnetic resonance imaging the diagnostic tool of choice in the preoperative evaluation of patients with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return?

PROBLEM: Context: To test whether a brief mindfulness meditation training intervention buffers self-reported psychological and neuroendocrine responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in young adult volunteers. A second objective evaluates whether pre-existing levels of dispositional mindfulness moderate the effects of brief mindfulness meditation training on stress reactivity.', 'Sixty-six (N=66) participants were randomly assigned to either a brief 3-day (25-min per day) mindfulness meditation training or an analytic cognitive training control program. All participants completed a standardized laboratory social-evaluative stress challenge task (the TSST) following the third mindfulness meditation or cognitive training session. Measures of psychological (stress perceptions) and biological (salivary cortisol, blood pressure) stress reactivity were collected during the social evaluative stress-challenge session.', 'Brief mindfulness meditation training reduced self-reported psychological stress reactivity but increased salivary cortisol reactivity to the TSST, relative to the cognitive training comparison program. Participants who were low in pre-existing levels of dispositional mindfulness and then received mindfulness meditation training had the greatest cortisol reactivity to the TSST. No significant main or interactive effects were observed for systolic or diastolic blood pressure reactivity to the TSST.
Answer: The present study provides an initial indication that brief mindfulness meditation training buffers self-reported psychological stress reactivity, but also increases cortisol reactivity to social evaluative stress. This pattern may indicate that initially brief mindfulness meditation training fosters greater active coping efforts, resulting in reduced psychological stress appraisals and greater cortisol reactivity during social evaluative stressors.

SOLUTION: Does brief mindfulness meditation training alter psychological and neuroendocrine responses to social evaluative stress?

PROBLEM: Context: The assessment of body posture control can be time consuming and cumbersome due to the complexity and the multimodal influence of a multiply influenced system. Various types of equine paces, such as stepping, trotting or galloping, result in acceleration and deceleration forces of different magnitude. These forces induce, in the horseman, reflexes that mediate motor activity to sustain posture balance and counterbalance the gravitational pull. However, there is a paucity of real life data regarding the extent of the various postural subsystems that are recruited to control postural balance in specific equine disciplines, such as classical dressage, show jumping, or vaulting. This study was conducted to bridge that gap.', 'The aim of this explorative study was to identify the types of the postural subsystems involved in balance control and assess the magnitude of their activities during classical dressage, show jumping, vaulting, and versatility riding.', '144 horseback riders (8.1 % males) aged 17.3 +/- 2.9 years and 38 age matched controls (non riders) were investigated. The riders studied were competing in dressage, show jumping, vaulting, and versatility. In each individual, postural control was investigated by means of the "interactive balance system (IBS)" that enabled us to determine the spectral power in the following four standard frequency bands: F 1 (0.03 - 0.1 Hz), F 2 - 4 (0.1 - 0.5 Hz), F 5 - 6 (0.5 - 1.0 Hz), and F 7 - 8 (1.0 - 3.0 Hz). In addition, three motorical output indices were calculated: heel-to-toe-ratio (HTR), synchronization of feet (SYNC), and the global stability index of postural balance (STAB). Furthermore, each individual was interviewed regarding riding time, frequency and discipline and also about other sports activities and disorders of health.', 'The mean training period of the horseback riders was 122 +/- 45.8 months, and mean weekly frequency of training was 5.5 +/- 1.8 days per week. Balance control was most effective in dressage and vaulting riders and least effective in show jumping competitors: HTR was 51 +/- 8 % (dressage), 48 +/- 8 % (show jumping), 47 +/- 8 % (versatility), 51 +/- 7 % (vaulting); SYNC was 523 +/- 124a. i. (dressage), 497 +/- 156a. i. (show jumping), 468 +/- 155a. i. (versatility), 589 +/- 126a. i. (vaulting). Spectral analysis revealed significantly higher power in F 1, F 2 - 4, and F 7 - 8 in dressage competition than in the other equestrian disciplines but not compared with the controls. Significantly differences between riders versus non riders were only found in HTR (p = 0.045) und SYNC (p = 0.009).
Answer: Balance control was most effective in dressage and vaulting riders and least effective in the show jumping competitors. Thus, except for dressage and vaulting, our results do not suggest a positive effect of traditional riding styles on postural stability and control.

SOLUTION:
Are [ Specific riding styles associated with specific effects on bodily posture control ]?