instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: To find sensitive and specific laboratory examination items for early diagnosing and monitoring liver transplantation reject reaction.', 'Randomly investigate 41 liver transplantation patients, among them there were 16 patients with reject reaction (including 12 with acute rejection, 4 with chronic rejection). Plasma soluble thrombomodulin (STM) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels were measured before operation and every other day after operation.', 'Plasma STM level increased significantly after operation, two days before rejection and after acute rejection (5.58 ng/ml +/- 0.42 ng/ml, 5.93 ng/ml +/- 0.45 ng/ml, and 7.88 ng/ml +/- 0.29 ng/ml, respectively), so did vWF level (101.2% +/- 4.68%, 104.3% +/- 5.78%, and 127.7% +/- 5.74%, respectively). STM level was much higher in acute rejection than that in chronic rejection (7.88 ng/ml +/- 0.29 ng/ml vs. 6.35 ng/ml +/- 0.54 ng/ml, t = 2.46, P < 0.05), in no reaction group after impacting therapy than in effective group (8.30 ng/ml +/- 0.19 ng/ml vs. 3.82 ng/ml +/- 0.22 ng/ml, t = 12.98, P < 0.01), and in dead group after treatment than in living group (7.98 ng/ml +/- 0.18 ng/ml vs. 6.51 ng/ml +/- 0.41 ng/ml, t = 3.39, P < 0.01).
Answer: Plasma STM and vWF can be taken as laboratory items for monitoring liver transplantation rejection. Plasma STM can act as not only an early prognosticating marker, but also suitable to distinguish acute from chronic reject reaction, and as a marker for monitoring impacting therapy effect and judging prognosis.
answer:
Do [ Values of soluble thrombomodulin and von Willebrand factor judging reject reaction in liver transplantation ]?


question:
Context: Disruptions to intermyocyte coupling have been implicated in arrhythmogenesis and development of conduction disturbances. At present, understanding of the relationship between the microscopic organization of intercellular coupling and the macroscopic spread of impulse in the normal and diseased heart is largely confined to theoretical analyses.', 'The abundance and arrangement of gap junctions, as well as conduction properties, were assessed in terminal crest preparations isolated from the atria of neonate, weanling, and adult rabbits. We report that the connexin composition of terminal crest was uncomplicated, with Cx43 being the most prominent isoform detectable by Western blotting and immunostaining. Terminal crest myocytes showed little change in total Cx43-gap junction per cell during postnatal growth as assessed by stereology. However, marked non-uniformities emerged in the sarcolemmal distribution of Cx43-gap junctions. Cx43-gap junction area at myocyte termini increased 3.5-fold from birth to adulthood. Correlated with this change in Cx43, impulse propagation velocity parallel to the myofiber axis, as assessed by multi-site optical mapping using voltage-sensitive dye (di-4-ANEPPS), increased 2.4-fold. Conversely, the amount of Cx43-gap junctions on myocyte sides, and the conduction velocity transverse to the myofiber axis, remained relatively invariant during maturation. Hence, the increasing electrical anisotropy of maturing terminal crest was wholly accounted for by increases in conductance velocity along the bundle. This increase in longitudinal conduction velocity was correlated with changes in the sarcolemmal pattern, but not the overall density, of Cx43-gap junctions.
Answer: This study provides the first correlative structure/function analysis of the relationship between the macroscopic conduction of impulse and the microscopic cellular organization of gap junctions in a differentiating cardiac bundle. Confirmation is provided for theoretical predictions which emphasize the importance of the cell-to-cell geometry of coupling in determining the spread and pattern of myocardial activation.
answer:
Are the rate and anisotropy of impulse propagation in the postnatal terminal crest correlated with remodeling of Cx43 gap junction pattern?


question:
Context: Little is known about the potentiating effect of propofol on neuromuscular blocking drugs. However, some animal studies indicate a dose-dependent increase of the potency of neuromuscular blocking drugs by propofol. This study compared mivacurium potency after five minutes and after 20 min of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol (TIVA propofol).', 'Twenty-eight patients were randomized into two groups, after approval of the Ethics Committee and written consent. Anesthesia was induced, in all patients, using remifentanil 0.5 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) for two minutes, after which: 3 mg.kg(-1) of propofol was injected; a laryngeal mask airway was inserted; and intermittent, positive pressure ventilation was initiated. Anesthesia was maintained using TIVA propofol (titrated using bispectral index monitoring to 40-45). Neuromuscular monitoring consisted of phonomyography at the adductor pollicis muscle. In Groups 5 min and 20 min, a tetanic stimulation of the ulnar nerve commenced after four minutes and after 19 min of TIVA, respectively, followed by controlled, single twitch stimulation at 1 Hz for one minute. Boli of 60, 30, 30, and 30 microg.kg(-1) mivacurium, respectively, were administered (each drug increment was administered after the effect of the previous dose had caused a stable response), and single twitch stimulation continued at 0.1 Hz. The dose-response curve was determined for both groups; potency was calculated using log-probit analysis. Data were presented as mean (SD) and were compared using two-sided analysis of variance, P < 0.05.', 'Patient characteristics were similar in the two groups. The corresponding ED(50) and ED(95) values were greater, at 76.7 +/- 12.4 microg.kg(-1) and 146.6 +/- 27.6 microg.kg(-1) for Group 5 min, vs 46.7 +/- 12.2 microg.kg(-1) and 101.1 +/- 20.2 microg.kg(-1) for Group 20 min, respectively.
Answer: After 20 min of TIVA propofol, the potency of mivacurium is approximately 50% greater than after five minutes of TIVA propofol. For clinical purposes, it is important, therefore, to consider the duration of TIVA propofol before determining the dose of neuromuscular blocking drug.
answer:

Does total intravenous anesthesia with propofol augment the potency of mivacurium?