Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

The human immunodeficiency virus Vif protein overcomes the inhibitory activity of the APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase by prohibiting its packaging into virions. Inhibition of APOBEC3G encapsidation is paralleled by a reduction of its intracellular level presumably caused by the Vif-induced proteasome-dependent degradation of APOBEC3G.', 'In this report we employed confocal microscopy to study the effects of Vif on the expression of APOBEC3G on a single cell level. HeLa cells dually transfected with Vif and APOBEC3G expression vectors revealed efficient co-expression of the two proteins. Under optimal staining conditions approximately 80% of the transfected cells scored double-positive for Vif and APOBEC3G. However, the proportion of double-positive cells observed in identical cultures varied dependent on the fixation protocol and on the choice of antibodies used ranging from as low as 40% to as high as 80% of transfected cells. Importantly, single-positive cells expressing either Vif or APOBEC3G were observed both with wild type Vif and a biologically inactive Vif variant. Thus, the lack of APOBEC3G in some Vif-expressing cells cannot be attributed to Vif-induced degradation of APOBEC3G. These findings are consistent with our results from immunoblot analyses that revealed only moderate effects of Vif on the APOBEC3G steady state levels. Of note, viruses produced under such conditions were fully infectious demonstrating that the Vif protein used in our analyses was both functional and expressed at saturating levels.
Does production of infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 require depletion of APOBEC3G from virus-producing cells?

To investigate the prevalence and temporal development of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) autoantibodies in relation to neurocognitive performance in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE).', "This prospective observational study enrolled a total of 49 HSE patients within a randomized controlled trial of valacyclovir. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples were drawn in the initial stage of disease, after 2 to 3\xa0weeks and after 3\xa0months. Anti-NMDAR IgG was detected with HEK293\xa0cells transfected with plasmids encoding the NMDA NR1 type glutamate receptor. A batch of neurocognitive tests, including the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Reaction Level Scale (RLS85), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) stroke scale, was performed during 24\xa0months' follow-up.", "Anti-NMDAR IgG was detected in 12 of 49 participants. None were antibody positive in the initial stage of disease. In ten of 12 positive cases, specific antibodies were detectable only after 3\xa0months. Notably, the development of NMDAR autoantibodies was associated with significantly impaired recovery of neurocognitive performance. After 24\xa0months' follow-up, the median increase in MDRS total score was 1.5 vs. 10 points in antibody-positive and -negative participants (p=0.018).
Does n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor autoimmunity affect cognitive performance in herpes simplex encephalitis?

Effective material exchange between blood and tissue depends on the heterogeneity of microvascular flow. The objective was to address inconsistencies between intravital studies regarding this dependency. We tested the hypothesis that heterogeneity of red blood cell velocity (VRBC) in capillary beds varies with the strength of metabolic stimulus and with capillary bed geometry.', 'We used videomicroscopy to measure VRBC in a bed of 10-24 capillaries at the surface of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in anesthetized rats. The coefficient of variation (CV = standard deviation/mean; an index of spatial heterogeneity) was computed in the same bed before and after (i) 1, 2, 4, or 8 Hz supramaximal muscle contraction or (ii) adenosine superfusion (10(-7)-10(-3) M). Beds with or without arteriolar-venular capillary shunts were used.', 'Although control VRBC differed between beds (shunt: 232 microns/s; no shunt: 130 microns/s), the percentage increases in postcontraction VRBC did not (range: 111-326%). In both beds, control CV varied greatly (overall range: 28-117%) and 2-8 Hz muscle contractions reduced CV significantly by 25%. Similar results were obtained for adenosine. In confirmatory experiments using the rat cremaster muscle, contractions (4 Hz) and adenosine (10(-4) M) also reduced CV. Based on all data, CV = 63-0.022 VRBC (r = 0.82, P < 0.001).

Does heterogeneity of red blood cell velocity in skeletal muscle decrease with increased flow?