Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Changes of volume status can be readily inferred from variations in diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) measured by ultrasound. However the effect of IVC changes following acute blood loss are not fully established. In this study, three different approaches to measuring IVC variables were compared in healthy blood donors, as a model of acute volume depletion, in order to establish their relative ability to detect acute blood loss.', 'Inspiratory and expiratory IVC diameters were measured before and after blood donation in hepatic long axis, hepatic short axis and renal short axis views using a 2-5\xa0MHz curvilinear probe. All measurements were recorded and examined in real-time and post-processing sessions.', 'All windows performed satisfactorily but the renal window approach was feasible in only 30 out of 47 subjects. After blood donation, IVC diameters decreased in hepatic long axis, hepatic short axis and renal short axis (expiratory: -19.9, -18.0, -26.5\xa0%; CI 95\xa0%: 14.5-24.1; 13.1-22.9; 16.0-35.9, respectively) (inspiratory: -31.1, -31.6, -36.5\xa0%; CI 95\xa0%: 21.3-40.1; 18.8-45.2; 23.4-46.0, respectively), whereas the IVC collapsibility index increased by 21.6, 22.6 and 19.3\xa0% (CI 95\xa0%: 11.6-42.9; 18.5-39.5; 7.7-30.0). IVC diameters appeared to return to pre-donation values within 20\xa0min but this was only detected by the hepatic long axis view.

Ex Output:
Do inferior vena cava diameters and collapsibility index reveal early volume depletion in a blood donor model?


Ex Input:
The FAS/FASLG system has been proposed to play a key role in germ cell apoptosis. To elucidate the role of the genetic variants of cell death pathway genes in male infertility, we genotyped the polymorphisms of FAS, FASLG and caspase-8 (CASP8) genes and evaluated their effects on sperm apoptosis and semen quality in infertile men.', 'The genotypes of FAS, FASLG and CASP8 were determined in 620 infertile men. Sperm apoptosis rates were measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay, and the semen quality analysis was performed using computer assisted sperm analysis.', 'We found that polymorphisms of FAS-670A/G (rs1800682: A>G) and CASP8-652 6N ins/del (rs3834129: -/CTTACT) were associated with sperm apoptosis and semen quality. Individuals with FAS-670GG showed low apoptosis rate and decreased sperm concentration, compared with the FAS-670AA genotype. Similarly, in comparison with the CASP8-652 6N ins/ins genotype, the CASP8-652 6N (ins/del+del/del) genotypes also showed significantly decreased sperm apoptosis rate and poor sperm motility. Other polymorphisms investigated did not appear to affect sperm apoptosis and semen quality.

Ex Output:
Are polymorphisms in cell death pathway genes associated with altered sperm apoptosis and poor semen quality?


Ex Input:
Growing evidence shows cannabidiol (CBD) modulates some of the effects of Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). CBD is a constituent of some strains of recreational cannabis but its content is highly variable. High CBD strains may have less memory-impairing effects than low-CBD strains and CBD can reverse behavioural effects of THC in monkeys. CBD/THC interactions in rodents are more complicated as CBD can attenuate or exacerbate the effects of THC. This study was undertaken to determine if CBD could reverse hypothermia or hypolocomotor effects caused by THC in rats.', 'Male Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with radiotelemetry devices and then given doses of THC (10-30\u2009mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) with or without CBD. Experiments determined the effect of simultaneous or 30\u2009min pretreatment with CBD in a 1:1 ratio with THC, as well as the effect of CBD in a 3:1 ratio. Additional experiments determined the effects of pretreatment with the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 (rimonabant).', 'CBD did not attentuate THC-induced hypothermia or hypolocomotion but instead exaggerated these effects in some conditions. The antagonist SR141716 blocked hypolocomotor effects of THC for the first hour after injection and the hypothermia for 6\u2009h; thus validating the pharmacological model.

Ex Output:

Does cannabidiol fail to reverse hypothermia or locomotor suppression induced by Δ ( 9 ) -tetrahydrocannabinol in Sprague-Dawley rats?