Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
--------
Question: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is prognosti- cally important in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Since PH only weakly correlates with hypoxemia, other factors must play a role.', 'To investigate whether polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (5HTT), serotonin-2a receptor (5HTR2a) and endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS) are related to PH in COPD.', 'In 59 COPD patients who underwent right heart catheterization, 6-min walking distance, NYHA functional class, pulmonary function tests, blood gases and 5HTT, 5HTR2a and eNOS (4ab and T298C) polymorphisms were determined.', 'Forty-nine COPD patients in NYHA functional class III-IV were included. Ten were excluded due to comorbid causes of PH (mainly chronic thromboembolic). PH (mPAP > or =25 mm Hg) was present in 55% and usually mild, but out of proportion (mPAP > or =40 mm Hg) in 12%. Patients with PH had significantly higher frequencies of the 5HTT-L-allele (52%) compared to individuals without PH (36%), and LL homozygote patients had more severe PH. In patients with out-of-proportion PH, the L-allelic frequency was even 75%. We found no association of 5HTR2a and eNOS polymorphism with PH in COPD.

Answer: 1


Question: To analyze whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ2) rs1801282 (Pro12Ala) polymorphism is associated with the response to pegylated-interferon-alpha plus ribavirin treatment in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients, and whether it is able to predict the outcome of HCV treatment.', 'Retrospective follow-up study.', 'Two hundred eighty-five naive patients, who started HCV-treatment, were genotyped for PPARγ2 and interleukin 28B polymorphisms. Genetic data were analyzed under dominant inheritance model. Sustained virological response (SVR) was defined as undetectable HCV viremia through 24 weeks after the end of HCV treatment.', 'The variables significantly associated with SVR in a multivariate analysis were HCV-genotype (GT) 3 {adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 7.66 [95% of confidence interval (95% CI): 3.96 to 14.81] P < 0.001}, HCV-viremia <500,000 IU/mL [aOR = 2.20 (95% CI: 1.16 to 4.15] P = 0.015), no/mild liver fibrosis (F < 2) [aOR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.08 to 3.42) P = 0.026], IL28B rs12980275 AA genotype [aOR = 2.70 (95% CI: 1.54 to 4.71) P < 0.001], and PPARγ2 rs1801282 CG/GG genotype [aOR = 2.93 (95% CI: 1.27 to 6.72) P = 0.011]. When PPARγ2 rs1801282 genotype was included in a decision tree analysis, HCV-GT3 patients with CG/GG genotype had increased SVR from 80.3% to 100%. In GT1/4 patients, rs12980275 AA carriers had increased SVR from 58.7% to 78.6%, and rs12980275 AG/GG carriers had increased SVR from 28.7% to 35.7%. The overall percentage of patients correctly classified was 71.6% and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.766 ± 0.028.

Answer: 1


Question: Constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) protein has been observed in a wide variety of tumors, including breast cancer, and contributes to oncogenesis at least in part by prevention of apoptosis. In a study of 45 patients with high-risk breast cancer enrolled in a phase II neoadjuvant chemotherapy trial with docetaxel and doxorubicin, we evaluated the levels of Stat3 activation and potentially associated molecular biomarkers in invasive breast carcinoma compared with matched nonneoplastic tissues.', 'Using immunohistochemistry and image analysis, we quantified the levels of phospho-Stat3 (pY-Stat3), phospho-Src (pY-Src), epidermal growth factor receptor, HER2/neu, Ki-67, estrogen receptor, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Survivin, and apoptosis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from invasive carcinomas and their paired nonneoplastic parenchyma. The levels of molecular biomarkers in nonneoplastic and tumor tissues were analyzed as continuous variables for statistically significant correlations.', 'Levels of activated pY-Stat3 and pY-Src measured by immunohistochemistry were significantly higher in invasive carcinoma than in nonneoplastic tissue (P < 0.001). In tumors, elevated levels of pY-Stat3 correlated with those of pY-Src and Survivin. Levels of pY-Stat3 were higher in partial pathologic responders than in complete pathologic responders. In partial pathologic responders, pY-Stat3 levels correlated with Survivin expression.

Answer:
1