instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Women diagnosed with pregnancy-associated breast cancer postpartum have a worse prognosis, stage for stage, than other women with breast cancer. The time of breast involution is tumor promotional. The extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C is upregulated during involution in animal models and promotes breast cancer progression. It interacts with transforming growth factor (TGF)β, which also is involved in breast involution and breast cancer progression. Little is known about the expression of tenascin-C during human breast involution, nor its relationship to TGFβ. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of tenascin-C throughout lactation, as well as its relationship to TGFβ1 and TGFβ2.', 'Three milk samples from 25 lactating women (transitional, whole, and wean) were collected, separated into components (cells, fat, and skim), and the skim fraction analyzed for total protein, tenascin-C, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2. Tenascin-C, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2 were detectable in all milk samples.', 'Highest tenascin-C levels on average were found in whole milk, whereas highest mean TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 levels were in wean milk. Wean samples on average had higher levels of both TGFβ1 (26%) and TGFβ2 (>500%) than matched transitional milk samples. Tenascin-C levels in wean milk were associated with nursing length (p = 0.048). Combining all three milk collection time points, tenascin-C exhibited a weak inverse correlation with TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 (p < 0.1). The inverse correlation at the wean time point was stronger for TGFβ2 than -1 (-0.37 versus -0.25). Tenascin-C, a protein known to promote breast cancer progression, is expressed throughout lactation.
Answer: The inverse correlation with TGFβ2 in wean milk suggests a possible interaction during breast involution, which should be further investigated.
answer:
Does expression of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Tenascin-C vary During Lactation?


question:
Context: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with that of medical treatment, based on data from the Japan Stroke Registry Study.', 'From 1999 to 2001, 1010 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were registered in the Japan Standard Stroke Registry Study from 45 stroke center hospitals in Japan. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Japan Stroke Scale (JSS), and modified Rankin Scale scores were used to compare severity and improvement in patients given surgical and medical treatment.
Answer: Surgically treated patients, especially those with cerebellar hemorrhage, had significantly greater improvement in NIHSS or JSS score compared with medically treated patients. Our findings indicated that the patients who underwent surgery appeared to have better outcomes. But, because the study was not randomized, this observation cannot be interpreted as indicating that surgery is advantageous.
answer:
Does surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage have greater remedial value than conservative therapy?


question:
Context: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an intra-aortic filter on postoperative outcomes in high-risk cardiac surgical patients.', 'An intra-aortic filter was used in 316 (4.9%) of 6442 cardiac surgical cases from 2003 to 2013. A retrospective analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) registry data was performed for 204 patients with filter placement who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (n = 89), valve replacement (n = 63) or combined CABG and valve replacement (n = 52), matched with 1224 patients without filter placement by STS mortality scores based on propensity scores. Generalized linear modelling was used to compare rates of complications as well as the length of stay and time in the intensive care unit (ICU). A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.', 'Overall, patients with filters before matching had a significantly higher risk of death than did the patients without filters: 12.0% of patients with filters had an STS mortality risk score ≥4 vs 7.7% of patients without filters (P = 0.027). After analysis of the composite end-point of all STS major morbidities, the matched filter group had fewer overall complications (6.8 vs 13.2%, P = 0.02). The rate of postoperative respiratory failure was lower in the filter group (2.5 vs 7.0%, P = 0.01). Rates of stroke and new-onset haemodialysis, while not statistically different, were almost 50% lower in the filter group. Length of stay in the hospital and in the ICU was not significantly different; however, in patients with postoperative complications, time in the ICU (163 vs 189 h, P = 0.02) was shorter for the filter patients.
Answer: The use of the intra-aortic filter reduces postoperative complications after cardiac surgery and should be considered for use in high-risk cases.
answer:

Does selective use of the intra-aortic filter in high-risk cardiac surgical patients lead to better postoperative outcomes?