Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: The aim of the current study was to test the impact of dentin powder on the antimicrobial efficacy of bioactive glass S53P4 (BAG).', 'BAG was suspended (preincubated) in saline at 37 degrees C for different time periods with or without human dentin powder, hydroxylapatite, or decalcified dentin. Subsequently, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 cells were added to these suspensions and bacterial recovery measured with and without the use of gentle sonication. Furthermore, survival of bacteria in test and control suspensions was assessed over time. Supernatants of suspensions were analyzed for their element contents using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The effects of pH, silica, and osmolarity on E faecalis viability were assessed using specifically prepared solutions.', 'BAG preincubated with dentin powder caused a significant (P < .05) decrease in viability compared to pure BAG suspensions. This was not based on adherence of bacteria to solid particles or agglutination of the cells, because sonication did not increase bacterial yields. Hydroxylapatite and decalcified dentin did not increase BAG killing efficacy. The additive effect of BAG + dentin powder was dose dependent, occurred only with solids in suspension, and increased with suspension time. An augmented dissolution of glass components, especially silicon, was measured in BAG + dentin powder compared to pure BAG suspensions or counterparts containing hydroxylapatite or decalcified dentin. High osmolarity per se did not affect E faecalis viability, whereas high pH and silica levels did.
Answer: The observed phenomenon was related to an increased BAG dissolution triggered by dentin powder, causing elevated local pH and silica levels.
[A]: Does dentin enhance the effectiveness of bioactive glass S53P4 against a strain of Enterococcus faecalis?


[Q]: Context: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD).', 'To determine the relationship between resolution of NASH and dyslipidemia.', 'Individuals in the Pioglitazone vs. Vitamin E vs. Placebo for the Treatment of Nondiabetic Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (PIVENS) trial with paired liver biopsies and fasting lipid levels were included (N = 222). In the PIVENS trial individuals were randomised to pioglitazone 30 mg, vitamin E 800 IU or placebo for 96 weeks. Change in lipid levels at 96 weeks was compared between those with and without NASH resolution.', 'Dyslipidemia at baseline was frequent, with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (<40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women) in 63%, hypertriglyceridaemia (≥150 mg/dL) in 46%, hypercholesterolaemia (≥200 mg/dL) in 47% and triglycerides (TG)/HDL >5.0 in 25%. Low-density lipoprotein (LD) ≥160 mg/dL was found in 16% and elevated non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (≥130 mg/dL) in 73%. HDL increased with NASH resolution but decreased in those without resolution (2.9 mg/dL vs. -2.5 mg/dL, P < 0.001). NASH resolution was associated with significant decreases in TG and TG/HDL ratio compared to those without resolution (TG: -21.1 vs. -2.3 mg/dL, P = 0.03 and TG/HDL: -0.7 vs. 0.1, P = 0.003). Non-HDL-C, LDL and cholesterol decreased over 96 weeks in both groups, but there was no significant difference between groups. Treatment group did not impact lipids.
Answer: NASH resolution is associated with improvements in TG and HDL but not in other cardiovascular disease risk factors including LDL and non-HDL-C levels. Individuals with resolution of NASH may still be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00063622.
[A]: Is nASH resolution associated with improvements in HDL and triglyceride levels but not improvement in LDL or non-HDL-C levels?


[Q]: Context: Use of enriched environment (EE) housing has been shown to promote recovery from cerebral ischaemic injury but the underlying mechanisms of their beneficial effects remains unclear. Here we examined whether the beneficial effects of EE housing on ischaemia-induced neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment are associated with increased insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signalling in the hippocampus.', 'Forty-two adult male Wistar rats were included in the study and received either ischaemia or sham surgery. Rats in each group were further randomized to either: EE or standard laboratory cage housing (control). Rats were placed in their assigned housing condition immediately after recovery from anaesthesia. Behavioural testing in the cued learning and discrimination learning tasks were conducted 2\u2009weeks after ischaemia. Rats were euthanized after behavioural testing and the hippocampus was analysed for IGF-1 level, IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) activation, protein kinase B (Akt) pathway activation, neurone loss and caspase 3 expression.', 'Our data showed that EE housing: (1) mitigated ischaemia-induced neuronal loss; (2) attenuated ischaemia-induced increase in caspase 3 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus; (3) ameliorated ischaemia-induced cognitive impairments; and (4) increased IGF-1R activation and signalling through the Akt pathway after ischaemic injury.
Answer: Ultimately, these findings suggest the possibility that IGF-1 signalling may be one of the underlying mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of EE in optimizing recovery following cerebral ischaemic injury.
[A]:
Are neuroprotective effects of enriched environment housing after transient global cerebral ischaemia associated with the upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling?