Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Because of greater recognition and improved imaging capabilities, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are being diagnosed with increasing frequency. IPMNs of the main pancreatic duct cause symptoms and lead to pancreatitis. Side-branch (SB) IPMNs are thought to cause symptoms less frequently, and their association with pancreatitis is not well defined.', 'Our purpose was to ascertain whether an association exists between SB-IPMN and pancreatitis.', 'Single-center, retrospective study.', 'Academic medical center.', 'A total of 305 patients underwent EUS examinations between October 2002 and October 2006 for pancreatic cystic lesions.', 'The main outcome measure was the frequency of acute or chronic pancreatitis that was not procedurally related.', 'Thirty-two patients had SB-IPMNs, and 11 (34%) had pancreatitis. Three patients reported a single episode, and 8 patients reported having recurrent episodes of pancreatitis. Overall, 17 (53%) patients had symptoms possibly attributable to SB-IPMN. Female sex (73% vs 38%) and multiple pancreatic lesions (54% vs 24%) were more commonly seen in those with pancreatitis, but were not statistically significant factors. Larger cyst size or cyst fluid marker levels did not appear associated with pancreatitis occurrence. EUS-FNA demonstrated communication with the pancreatic duct in 94% and thick, mucinous fluid in 84%.

Output: Is pancreatitis frequent among patients with side-branch intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia diagnosed by EUS?


Input: Consider Input: Beta defensins are secreted from ovine oviduct epithelial cells (OOECs) in response to microbial infection, and are potential alternatives to antibiotic agents in the treatment of microorganism infection, particularly given the abuse of antibiotic agents and the increasing number of drug-resistant bacteria. The aberrant expression of defensins may result in disorders involving organ and oviduct inflammation, such as salpingitis.', 'In the present study, we investigated the effects of LPS on the mRNA expression levels of sheep β-defensin-1 (SBD-1) in ovine oviduct epithelial cells. The OOECs in vitro culturing system were established and treated with different concentrations of LPS for indicated time. In addition, MAPK inhibitors and TLR4 antibodies were pretreated to investigate the potential mechanism which involves in LPS regulating SBD-1 expression.', 'LPS markedly upregulated SBD-1 expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with 100\xa0ng/mL LPS resulted in the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and P38 MAPK. Interestingly, the LPS stimulated SBD-1 expression was attenuated by pretreatment with the P38 MAPK inhibitors SB203580 and SB202190 but not the JNK inhibitor SP600125, while the ERK inhibitor PD98059 had a minor effect. Furthermore, treatment with a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) neutralizing antibody significantly decreased P38 MAPK phosphorylation and LPS induced SBD-1 expression.

Output: Does lipopolysaccharide induce SBD-1 expression via the P38 MAPK signaling pathway in ovine oviduct epithelial cells?


Input: Consider Input: Inflammation within paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), a key circulatory control center in the hypothalamus, is an important pathology of sympathetic hyperactivity. Brain inflammation is mainly mediated by microglia, innate immune cells in the brain. Activated microglia produce inflammatory cytokines with alteration of their morphology. Increase in inflammatory cytokines synthesis coincides with activation of microglia within PVN of angiotensin II-induced hypertensive model and myocardial infarction-induced heart failure model. Although the increase in inflammatory cytokines and the microglial activation within PVN were also seen in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the model of essential hypertension, their involvement in blood pressure regulation has still be fully clarified. In the present study, we examined whether activated microglia within PVN were involved in maintenance of established severe hypertension with sympathoexcitation.', 'Minocycline (25mg/kg/day), an inhibitor of microglial activation, or vehicle were orally administered to stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats for 2 weeks from 15-weeks-old, the age of established hypertension.', 'Systolic blood pressure was comparable between minocycline treated-SHRSP and vehicle treated-SHRSP, whereas morphological analysis of microglia revealed smaller cell size in minocycline treated-SHRSP than vehicle treated-SHRSP, implying that minocycline deactivated microglia within PVN.


Output: Is activation of microglia within paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus involved in maintenance of established hypertension?