TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) as a regulator of innate inflammatory response has been implicated in tumor progression of gliomas. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic significance and the ligand-receptor interaction of FPR1 in gastric cancer (GC).', 'FPR1 was immunohistochemically-analyzed in tissue sections originating from 116 GC patients. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for the assessment of interaction between FPR1 and the FPR1 ligand annexin A1 (AnxA1) in GC cells.', 'High FPR1 expression was significantly associated with stage IV disease, submucosal invasion, serosal invasion, and clinical outcome of GC. Multivariate analysis showed that high FPR1 expression was an independent risk factor of poor overall survival in GC patients. FPR1 expression increased significantly when AnxA1 overexpression was present in GC cells. A positive feedback regulation of FPR1 was involved in the AnxA1-FPR1 signal transduction.
Answer: FPR1 expression may be used as a novel indicator to predict outcome in GC patients after gastrectomy.

SOLUTION: Is formyl Peptide receptor 1 expression associated with tumor progression and survival in gastric cancer?

PROBLEM: Context: To test the hypothesis that pharmacological plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 inhibition protects against renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-induced cardiovascular injury, the effect of a novel orally active small-molecule PAI-1 inhibitor, PAI-039, was examined in a mouse model of angiotensin (Ang) II-induced vascular remodeling and cardiac fibrosis.', 'Uninephrectomized male C57BL/6J mice were randomized to vehicle subcutaneus, Ang II (1 mug/h) subcutaneous, vehicle+PAI-039 (1 mg/g chow), or Ang II+PAI-039 during high-salt intake for 8 weeks. Ang II caused significant medial, adventitial, and aortic wall thickening compared with vehicle. PAI-039 attenuated Ang II-induced aortic remodeling without altering the pressor response to Ang II. Ang II increased heart/body weight ratio and cardiac fibrosis. PAI-039 did not attenuate the effect of Ang II on cardiac hypertrophy and increased fibrosis. The effect of PAI-039 on Ang II/salt-induced aortic remodeling and cardiac fibrosis was comparable to the effect of genetic PAI-1 deficiency. Ang II increased aortic mRNA expression of PAI-1, collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, osteopontin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and F4/80; PAI-039 significantly decreased the Ang II-induced increase in aortic osteopontin expression at 8 weeks.
Answer: This study demonstrates that pharmacological inhibition of PAI-1 protects against Ang II-induced aortic remodeling. Future studies are needed to determine whether the interactive effect of Ang II/salt and reduced PAI-1 activity on cardiac fibrosis is species-specific. In this study, the effect of pharmacological PAI-1 inhibition in a mouse model of Ang II-induced vascular remodeling and cardiac fibrosis was examined. PAI-1 inhibition significantly attenuated Ang II-induced aortic medial and wall thickening, but not cardiac hypertrophy, and enhanced Ang II/salt-induced cardiac fibrosis.

SOLUTION: Does pharmacological inhibition and genetic deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 attenuate angiotensin II/salt-induced aortic remodeling?

PROBLEM: Context: Multidrug resistant (MDR) uropathogens are increasing in prevalence and may contribute to significant morbidity after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). We investigate the presence of MDR bacteriuria and occurrence of postoperative infectious complications in patients who underwent PCNL at our institution.', 'Retrospective review was performed of 81 patients undergoing PCNL by a single surgeon (RLS) between 2009 and 2013. Patient demographics, comorbidities, stone parameters on imaging, and microbial data were compiled. MDR organisms were defined as resistant to three or more of the American Urological Association Best Practice Statement antimicrobial classes for PCNL. Postoperative complications were graded by Clavien score and European Association of Urology infection grade. Univariate comparisons were analyzed between patients with and without a postoperative infectious complication. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine significant predictor variables for postoperative infectious complications.', 'Of the 81 patients undergoing PCNL, 41/81 (51%) had positive preoperative urine culture, 24/81 (30%) had positive MDR urine culture, and 16/81 (19%) had a postoperative infectious complication. Multivariate analysis revealed a positive preoperative MDR urine culture significantly increased the risk of postoperative infectious complication (odds ratio [OR]=4.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.134-17.8, P=0.016). The presence of more than one access tract during PCNL also predicted for infectious complications (OR=7.5, 95% CI 2.13-26.4, P=0.003) Of the 16 patients with a postoperative infection 3 (18%) had postoperative urine cultures discordant with the preoperative urine cultures.
Answer: Our institution demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of MDR bacteriuria in patients undergoing PCNL and that MDR is a significant risk factor for postoperative infectious complications despite appropriate preoperative antibiotics. Further investigations regarding prophylaxis modalities and infection prevention strategies are needed.

SOLUTION:
Does multidrug resistant bacteriuria before percutaneous nephrolithotomy predict for postoperative infectious complications?