In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

[Q]: Context: Various pathways involved in the pathogenesis of sJIA have been identified through gene expression profiling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), but not in neutrophils. Since neutrophils are important in tissue damage during inflammation, and are elevated as part of the acute phase response, we hypothesised that neutrophil pathways could also be important in the pathogenesis of sJIA. We therefore studied the gene profile in both PBMC and neutrophils of sJIA patients treated with tocilizumab.', 'We studied the transcriptomes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and neutrophils from eight paired samples obtained from 4 sJIA patients taken before and after treatment, selected on the basis that they achieved ACR90 responses within 12 weeks of therapy initiation with tocilizumab. RNA was extracted and gene expression profiling was performed using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 microarray platform. A longitudinal analysis using paired t-test (p\u2009<\u20090.05 and FC\u2009≥\u20091.5) was applied to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two time points followed by ingenuity pathway analysis. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and quantitative real-time PCR were then performed to verify the microarray results.', 'Gene ontology analysis in neutrophils revealed that response to tocilizumab significantly altered genes regulating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress (p\u2009=\u20094.6E-05). This was independently verified with GSEA, by identifying a set of oxidative genes whose expression correlated with response to tocilizumab. In PBMC, treatment of sJIA with tocilizumab appeared to affect genes in Oncostatin M signalling and B cell pathways.\Question: Are mitochondrial and oxidative stress genes differentially expressed in neutrophils of sJIA patients treated with tocilizumab : a pilot microarray study?
[A]: For the first time we demonstrate that neutrophils from sJIA patients responding to tocilizumab showed significantly different changes in gene expression. These data could highlight the importance of mitochondrial genes that modulate oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of sJIA.


[Q]: Context: Animal models for hepatic metastases can facilitate the investigation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell-based immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ccM4 antibody-targeted LAK cells in inhibiting hepatic micrometastases.', 'Hepatic micrometastases were generated after the intrasplenic injection of HM7 colon carcinoma cells. TAG72 expression was detected in these hepatic micrometastases using ccM4 antibody. The ccM4 antibody was conjugated onto LAK cells by treatment with 17.5% polyethylene glycol 8000. After the intrasplenic injection of HM7 cells, severe combined immunodeficient mice were randomized into five groups (i-v) and received either 10(7) ccM4-LAK cells plus 1000 U interleukin 2 (IL-2; group i), LAK cells plus 50 micrograms ccM4 and IL-2 (group ii), LAK cells plus IL-2 (group iii), IL-2 alone (group iv), or only phosphate-buffered saline (group v).', 'The ccM4-LAK cells retained cytolytic activity and acquired TAG72-binding reactivity. The results showed that group i had significantly fewer hepatic metastases compared with group ii or group iii (P < 0.05) and even fewer hepatic metastases compared with group iv or group v (P < 0.001).\Question: Do antibody-targeted lymphokine-activated killer cells inhibit liver micrometastases in severe combined immunodeficient mice?
[A]: These results show that ccM4 antibody-targeted LAK cells significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo; thus, they can be potentially useful in treatment of hepatic micrometastases.


[Q]: Context: Two-stage revision surgery for infected total hip arthroplasty (THA) is commonly advocated, but substantial morbidity and expense are associated with this technique. In certain cases of infected THA, treatment with one-stage revision surgery and intraarticular infusion of antibiotics may offer a reasonable alternative with the distinct advantage of providing a means of delivering the drug in high concentrations.', 'We describe a protocol for intraarticular delivery of antibiotics to the hip through an indwelling catheter combined with one-stage revision surgery and examine (1) the success as judged by eradication of infection at 1 year when treating chronically infected cemented stems; (2) success in treating late-onset acute infections in well-ingrown cementless stems; and (3) what complications were associated with this approach in a small case series.', "Between January 2002 and July 2013, 30 patients (30 hips) presented to the senior author for treatment of infected THA. Of those, 21 patients (21 hips) with infected cemented THAs underwent débridement and single-stage revision to cementless total hip implants followed by catheter infusion of intraarticular antibiotics. Nine patients (nine hips) with late-onset acute infections in cementless THA had bone-ingrown implants. These patients were all more than 2 years from their original surgery and had acute symptoms of infection for 4 to 9 days. Seven had their original THA elsewhere, and two were the author's patients. All were symptom-free until the onset of their infection, and none had postoperative wound complications, fever, or prolonged pain suggestive of a more chronic process. They were treated with débridement and head and liner exchange, again followed by catheter infusion of intraarticular antibiotics. During this time period, this represented all infected THAs treated by the senior author, and all were treated with this protocol; no patient underwent two-stage exchange during this time, and no patients were lost to followup. At the time of the surgery, two Hickman catheters were placed in each hip to begin intraarticular delivery of antibiotics in the early postoperative period. Antibiotics were infused daily into the hip for 6 weeks with the tubes used for infusion only. Eleven of the single-stage revisions and four of the hips treated with débridement had methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Patients were considered free of infection if they had no clinical signs of infection and had a normal C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at 1 year. Complications were ascertained by chart review.", 'Twenty of 21 (95%) infections in patients who had single-stage revision for chronically infected cemented THA were apparently free from infection and remained so at a mean followup of 63 months (range, 25-157 months). One case grew Candida albicans in the operative cultures and remained free of signs of infection after rerevision followed by infusion of fluconazole. The nine cementless THAs treated with débridement and head/liner exchange all remained free of signs of infection at a mean followup of 74 months (range, 62-121 months). Few complications were associated with the technique. Four patients had elevated serum levels of vancomycin without renal function changes and two patients had transient blood urea nitrogen/creatinine elevations with normal vancomycin levels that resolved with dosage adjustments. No patient had evidence of permanent renal damage. None of the patients in this study developed a chronic fistula or had significant drainage from the catheter site.\Question: Does one-stage Revision With Catheter Infusion of Intraarticular Antibiotics Successfully treat Infected THA?
[A]:
Single-stage revision for chronically infected cemented THA and débridement of bone-ingrown cementless THA with late-onset acute infection followed with indwelling catheter antibiotic infusion can result in infection eradication even when resistant organisms are involved. Larger study groups would better assess this technique and prospective comparisons to more traditional one- and two-stage revision techniques for infected THA will likely require multi-institutional approaches.