Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS) are crucial enzymes in DNA synthesis. In alveolata both enzymes are expressed as one bifunctional enzyme.', "Loss of this essential enzyme activities after successful allelic assortment of knock out alleles yields an auxotrophic marker in ciliates. Here the cloning, characterisation and functional analysis of Tetrahymena thermophila's DHFR-TS is presented. A first aspect of the presented work relates to destruction of DHFR-TS enzyme function in an alveolate thereby causing an auxotrophy for thymidine. A second aspect is to knock in an expression cassette encoding for a foreign gene with subsequent expression of the target protein.

Output: Does the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase thymidylate synthase of Tetrahymena thermophila provide a tool for molecular and biotechnology applications?


Input: Consider Input: Hyponatraemia is a common, potentially life-threatening, complication of thiazide diuretics. The mechanism of thiazide-induced hyponatraemia is incompletely understood. Previous experiments have suggested a direct effect of thiazide diuretics on the plasma membrane expression of aquaporin (AQP)2.', 'We examined the effects of a single re-exposure to hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 50\u200amg on water balance, renal sodium handling and osmoregulation in 15 elderly hypertensive patients with a history of thiazide-induced hyponatraemia and 15 matched hypertensive controls using thiazide diuretics without previous hyponatraemia.', 'Patients with thiazide-induced hyponatraemia had significantly lower body weight and lower plasma sodium and osmolality at baseline. After HCTZ administration, plasma sodium and osmolality significantly decreased and remained lower in patients compared with controls (P\u200a<\u200a0.001). Plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and urine AQP2 were low or suppressed in patients, whereas solute and electrolyte-free water clearance was significantly increased compared with controls. Ad libitum water intake was significantly higher in patients (2543\u200a±\u200a925\u200aml) than in controls (1828\u200a±\u200a624\u200aml, P\u200a<\u200a0.05), whereas urinary sodium excretion did not differ. In contrast, urea excretion remained significantly lower in patients (263\u200a±\u200a69\u200ammol per 24\u200ah) compared with controls (333\u200a±\u200a97\u200ammol per 24\u200ah, P\u200a<\u200a0.05) and predicted the decrease in plasma sodium following HCTZ administration.

Output: Is thiazide-induced hyponatraemia associated with increased water intake and impaired urea-mediated water excretion at low plasma antidiuretic hormone and urine aquaporin-2?


Input: Consider Input: Data on antimicrobial prophylaxis for open fractures is limited, with many protocols based on expert recommendations. These protocols include aminoglycosides (AGs) for fractures with significant soft tissue injury, but these drugs are associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in other settings; this risk has not been defined for open fracture prophylaxis.', 'We performed a retrospective study from May 2012 to October 2014 at our Level 1 trauma center. Patients with open fractures were evaluated for demographics, location/type of fracture, injury severity, and receipt of an AG. Outcomes included rates of AKI, infection, and mortality.', 'There were 167 patients with open fractures during the study period (119 males, mean age 42\u2009±\u200917 [standard deviation] years), with 80 (48%) receiving prophylactic gentamicin (AG+ group). The AG+ and AG- patients had similar fracture sites and Injury Severity Scores (ISSs) (12.6\u2009±\u20099.9 AG+ vs. 15.9\u2009±\u200913.2 AG-) but were more likely to have sustained blunt trauma (96% AG+ vs. 77%; p\u2009<\u20090.001) or received intravenous contrast medium ≤48\u2009h from admission (75% AG+ vs. 56% AG-; p\u2009=\u20090.01). Gentamicin was not associated with AKI (odds ratio [OR] 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.020-2.44; p\u2009=\u20090.22), whereas hypotension on admission (OR 10.7; 95% CI 1.42-80.93; p\u2009=\u20090.02) and ISS (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.01-1.20; p\u2009=\u20090.02) were both associated with AKI. Only four fracture site infections were identified, three in the AG+ group and one in the AG- group (3.8% vs. 1.1%; p\u2009=\u20090.27). The mortality rate was greater in the AG- group (3.8% vs. 12.6%; p\u2009=\u20090.04).


Output: Is prophylactic Gentamicin Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Open Fractures?