Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO)-induced autophagy in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway.', "The MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in HDPCs. Apoptosis was detected by means of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and apoptosis- or autophagy-related signal molecules were observed by Western blot analysis. Acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles were stained with acridine orange to detect autophagy in the presence of 3-methyladenine (3MA) used to inhibit autophagy. To explore the mechanism underlying autophagy and its protective role against apoptosis, compound C, the chemical AMPK inhibitor, was used. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05).", 'SNP decreased viability of the HDPCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Exposing the HDPCs to SNP increased the levels of p62 and LC3-II, the typical markers of autophagy, and increased the number of acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles, indicating the appearance of autophagy as detected by acridine orange staining (p<0.05). Pretreatment with 3MA decreased cell viability but increased cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3, apoptosis indicators, in the SNP-treated HDPCs (p<0.05). SNP activated AMPK/ULK signaling, while the inhibition of AMPK by compound C enhanced apoptotic cell death induced by SNP in the HDPCs (p<0.05).

A: Do nitric oxide-induced autophagy and the activation of AMPK pathway protect against apoptosis in human dental pulp cells?
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Q: Testicular germ cell tumours are the most common malignancies in young males. Molecular biology studies of these tumours are often contradictory. Two histological groups, seminoma and non-seminoma, differ both morphologically and in malignant behaviour. Although a common cytogenetic feature is seen, namely the amplification of the 12p chromosomal region, the development mechanisms of less aggressive seminomas and more aggressive non-seminomas are unknown.', 'Occurrence of structural genetic alterations was analyzed in 18 seminomas and 22 non-seminomas for genes involved in the malignant tumour phenotype: cadherin 1, Type 1, E-cadherin (Epithelial), CDH1; adenomatous polyposis coli, APC; NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1, NME1; tumour protein P53, TP53; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, CDKN2A; retinoblastoma 1, RB1; RAD51 recombinase, RAD51; mutS homolog 2, MSH2; MutL homolog 1, MLH1; breast cancer 1, early onset, BRCA1; BCL2-Associated X Protein, BAX; ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family G (WHITE), Member 2, ABCG2. Genetic alterations, loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability, were analyzed using restriction fragment or microsatellite repeat length polymorphisms.', 'A difference in genetic alteration occurrence between seminomas and non-seminomas was observed.

A: Do histological groups of human postpubertal testicular germ cell tumours harbour different genetic alterations?
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Q: To assess the effect of newborn circumcision on the incidence and medical costs of urinary tract infection (UTI) during the first year of life for patients in a large health maintenance organization.', 'Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California (KPNC).', 'The population consisted of members of KPNC. The study group consisted of a cohort of 28 812 infants delivered during 1996 at KPNC hospitals; of the 14 893 male infants in the group, 9668 (64.9%) were circumcised. A second cohort of 20 587 infants born in 1997 and monitored for 12 months was analyzed to determine incidence rates.', 'Retrospective study of all infants consecutively delivered at 12 facilities.', 'Diagnosis of UTI was determined from the KPNC computerized database using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for inpatients and KPNC Outpatient Summary Clinical Record codes for outpatients. A sample of 52 patient charts was reviewed to confirm the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and KPNC Outpatient Summary Clinical Record codes and provide additional data.', 'Infants <1 year old who were born in 1996 had 446 UTIs (292 in females; 154 in males); 132 (86%) of the UTIs in males occurred in uncircumcised boys. The mean total cost of managing UTI was 2 times as high in males ($1111) as in females ($542). This higher total cost reflected the higher rate of hospital admission in uncircumcised males with UTIs (27.3%) compared with females (7.5%); mean age at hospitalization for UTI was 2.5 months old for uncircumcised boys and 6.5 months old for girls. In 1996, total cost of managing UTI in uncircumcised males ($155 628) was 10 times higher than for circumcised males ($15 466) despite the fact that uncircumcised males made up only 35.1% of the male patient base in 1996, reflecting the more frequent occurrence of UTI in uncircumcised males (132 episodes) than in circumcised males (22 episodes), and the larger number of hospital admissions in uncircumcised males (38) than in circumcised males (4). The incidence of UTI in the first year of life was 1:47 (2.15%) in uncircumcised males, 1:455 (.22%) in circumcised males, and 1:49 (2. 05%) in females. The odds ratio of UTI in uncircumcised:circumcised males was 9.1:1.

A:
Does newborn circumcision decrease incidence and costs of urinary tract infections during the first year of life?
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