TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: A complex network of putative molecular interactions underlies the architecture and function of cell-matrix adhesions. Most of these interactions are implicated from coimmunoprecipitation studies using expressed components, but few have been demonstrated or characterized functionally in living cells.', 'We introduce fluorescence fluctuation methods to determine, at high spatial and temporal resolution, "when" and "where" molecular complexes form and their stoichiometry in nascent adhesions (NAs). We focus on integrin-associated molecules implicated in integrin activation and in the integrin-actin linkage in NAs and show that these molecules form integrin-containing complexes hierarchically within the adhesion itself. Integrin and kindlin reside in a molecular complex as soon as adhesions are visible; talin, although also present early, associates with the integrin-kindlin complex only after NAs have formed and in response to myosin II activity. Furthermore, talin and vinculin association precedes the formation of the integrin-talin complex. Finally, α-actinin enters NAs periodically and in clusters that transiently associate with integrins. The absolute number and stoichiometry of these molecules varies among the molecules studied and changes as adhesions mature.
Answer: These observations suggest a working model for NA assembly whereby transient α-actinin-integrin complexes help nucleate NAs within the lamellipodium. Subsequently, integrin complexes containing kindlin, but not talin, emerge. Once NAs have formed, myosin II activity promotes talin association with the integrin-kindlin complex in a stoichiometry consistent with each talin molecule linking two integrin-kindlin complexes.

SOLUTION: Do integrin-associated complexes form hierarchically with variable stoichiometry in nascent adhesions?

PROBLEM: Context: This study had investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of a seed lectin (LAL) isolated from Lonchocarpus araripensis.', 'LAL was purified by affinity chromatography (chitin column) and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephacel). In vitro LAL was tested for hemagglutinating activity against rabbit erythrocytes. In vivo LAL was assessed for the anti-inflammatory activity via intravenous injection (i.v.) in Swiss mice (25-30 g; n = 6/group) in models of paw edema and peritonitis.', 'ANOVA (p < 0.05).', 'LAL revealed two bands of 30 and 60 kDa (SDS-PAGE) and exhibited hemagglutinating activity. LAL (10 mg/kg) inhibited the paw edema (77%) and vascular permeability (26%) induced by carrageenan, and the paw edema induced by serotonin (80%), bradykinin (49%), sodium nitroprusside (83%), TNF-α (75%) and PGE2 (64%). LAL also inhibited the neutrophil migration induced by fMLP (70%) or carrageenan (69%). The intravital microscopy showed that LAL inhibited rolling (83%) and adhesion (70%) of leukocytes. LAL anti-inflammatory effect was reversed by its association with N-acetyl-glucosamine. The nine-daily treatment with LAL (10 mg/kg; i.v.) showed no toxicity.
Answer: The novel N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-binding lectin isolated from L. araripensis seeds presents anti-inflammatory effect involving the lectin domain and the inhibition of 5-HT, BK, PGE2, NO, TNF-α and leukocyte rolling and adhesion.

SOLUTION: Does a novel N-acetyl-glucosamine lectin of Lonchocarpus araripensis attenuate acute cellular inflammation in mice?

PROBLEM: Context: Freezing of gait (FOG) is a major concern for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients because it is a leading cause of falls and is associated with poor quality of life. The pathophysiology is unknown but it is hypothesized that it relates to cognitive abnormalities; particularly executive and visuospatial dysfunction. However, prior results have been discrepant. Pharmacologic subtypes of FOG include those that are responsive and unresponsive to levodopa.", 'To determine whether executive and visuospatial dysfunction are associated specifically with the levodopa unresponsive subtype of FOG.', '135 PD subjects completed a single assessment included FOG questionnaire, UPDRS motor scale, comprehensive cognitive battery and measure of hallucinations. Analyses compared unresponsive (n\xa0=\xa016), responsive (n\xa0=\xa020) and no FOG (n\xa0=\xa099) subtypes.', 'The unresponsive subtype had a significantly older age of onset of PD than the responsive group (p\xa0=\xa0.03) and had worse motor scores (p\xa0=\xa0.003) than the no FOG group. Longer disease duration was associated with the responsive group compared to the no FOG group (p\xa0=\xa0.002). The unresponsive FOG group had significantly poorer visuospatial ability (p\xa0=\xa0.001) and executive functioning (p\xa0=\xa0.02) than both the no and responsive FOG subgroups. These latter groups were not significantly different. The responsive FOG group was associated with the presence of hallucinations.
Answer: Aside from pharmacological differences, unresponsive FOG is associated with executive and visuospatial dysfunction implicating frontostriatal pathways while responsive FOG is associated with hallucinations suggesting involvement of posterior cortical regions. Further study and treatment of FOG should include appropriate subtype classification.

SOLUTION:
Do freezing of gait subtypes have different cognitive correlates in Parkinson 's disease?