In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Q: Context: Progress in the management of patients with medically intractable epilepsy is impeded because we do not fully understand why pharmacoresistance happens and how it can be predicted. The presence of multiple seizures prior to medical treatment has been suggested as a potential predictor of poor outcome. In the present study, we used an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy to investigate whether pharmacoresistant rats differ in seizure frequency from pharmacoresponsive animals.', 'Epilepsy with spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) was induced by status epilepticus. Frequency of SRS was determined by video/EEG (electroencephalography) monitoring in a total of 33 epileptic rats before onset of treatment with phenobarbital (PB).', 'Thirteen (39%) rats did not respond to treatment with PB. Before treatment with PB, average seizure frequency in PB nonresponders was significantly higher than seizure frequency in responders, which, however, was due to six nonresponders that exhibited > 3 seizures per day. Such high seizure frequency was not observed in responders, demonstrating that high seizure frequency predicts pharmacoresistance in this model, but does not occur in all nonresponders.\Question: Is high seizure frequency prior to antiepileptic treatment a predictor of pharmacoresistant epilepsy in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy?

A: The data from this study are in line with clinical experience that the frequency of seizures in the early phase of epilepsy is a dominant risk factor that predicts refractoriness. However, resistance to treatment also occurred in rats that did not differ in seizure frequency from responders, indicating that disease severity alone is not sufficient to explain antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance. These data provide further evidence that epilepsy models are useful in the search for predictors and mechanisms of pharmacoresistance.
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Q: Context: To investigate whether intracavitary physiotherapy is superior to endometrial scratching in patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) after in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection- embryo transfer (IVF/ICSI-ET) cycles.', 'According to the inclusion criteria defined by our hospital, 63 patients with RIF were included in the retrospective study. 20 patients who received intracavitary physiotherapy were classified into Group A, 8 patients with both intracavitary physiotherapy and endometrial scratching were into Group B, and 35 patients who underwent endometrial scratching were into Group C. The primary outcome measures were implantation and clinical pregnancy rates. The secondary outcome measure was pregnancy outcome.', 'There were no statistical differences in implantation and clinical pregnancy rates between Groups A and C (29.41 vs 35.59 %, 45.00 vs 48.57 % respectively, P > 0.05), Groups B and C (36.36 vs 35.59 %, 50.00 vs 48.57 % respectively, P > 0.05). In addition, no statistical differences were discovered in pregnancy outcomes between Groups A and C (P > 0.05), Groups B and C (P > 0.05).\Question: Is intracavitary physiotherapy inferior to endometrial scratching in patients with recurrent implantation failure?

A: Intracavitary physiotherapy is not inferior to endometrial scratching on improving implantation and clinical pregnancy rates in patients with RIF after IVF/ICSI cycles.
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Q: Context: Antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) have typically been detected by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). A chemiluminescence assay (CA) for anti-HCV is now commercially available.', 'We compared the positive rate for a CA in a HCV screening program for veterans with historical rates obtained with EIA. We also compared results in 2824 samples tested by both methods and assessed the significance of low signal-to-cutoff (S/C) ratios.', 'The frequency of CA-positive results was significantly lower than with EIA (12.6% vs 16.0%; P <0.0001). The frequency of low S/C ratios was also significantly lower with CA (11.5% vs 20.0%; P <0.0001). Among low-positive values, samples positive by CA were significantly less likely to be recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA)-negative (64% vs 84%; P <0.0005). In parallel testing, results for 111 samples (3.9%) were discrepant between the two assays; all but 6 had low S/C ratios, and confirmatory testing was performed on all but 8 samples. Of 56 EIA-positive, CA-negative samples tested by RIBA, only 1 was positive. Of 24 CA-positive, EIA-negative samples, 62% were RIBA-negative. Using a negative RIBA result as an indication of false-positive anti-HCV results, the positive predictive value of EIA was 93% compared with 98% with CA. HCV RNA was positive in 90% of samples high-positive by both CA and EIA. Only 2 of 30 (7%) low-positive CA samples were RNA-positive.\Question: Does chemiluminescence assay improve specificity of hepatitis C antibody detection?

A:
CA produces fewer false-positive and fewer low-positive results that require confirmatory RIBA testing. The S/C ratio remains useful for characterizing positive results.
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