In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
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Question: Viral infection induces innate immunity and apoptosis. Apoptosis is an effective means to sacrifice virus-infected host cells and therefore restrict the spread of pathogens. However, the underlying mechanisms of this process are still poorly understood. Here, we show that the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS/VISA/Cardif/IPS-1) is critical for SeV (Sendai virus)-induced apoptosis. MAVS specifically activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) but not other MAP kinases. Jnk22/2 cells, but not Jnk12/2 cells, are unable to initiate virus-induced apoptosis and SeV further fails to trigger apoptosis in MAPK kinase 7 (MKK7) knockout (Mkk72/2) cells. Mechanistically, MAVS recruits MKK7 onto mitochondria via its 3D domain, which subsequently phosphorylates JNK2 and thus activates the apoptosis pathway. Consistently, Jnk22/2 mice, but not Jnk12/2 mice, display marked inflammatory injury in lung and liver after viral challenge. Collectively, we have identified a novel signaling pathway, involving MAVS-MKK7-JNK2, which mediates virus-induced apoptosis and highlights the indispensable role of mitochondrial outer membrane in host defenses.

Answer: MAVS-MKK7-JNK2 Defines a Novel Apoptotic Signaling Pathway during Viral Infection


Question: . Rapid detection of viral-specific antibodies by ELISA. Vet. I~unol. Immunopathol., 17: 453-464. The development of three separate rapid ELISAs for detecting antibodies in host serum to three different viruses is described. These include: 1. A direct antigen assay using enzyme labelled anti-canine Ig for detecting antibodies to canine parvovirus, 2. A competitive ELISA using a feline infectious peritonitis virus-specific monoclonal antibody labelled with enzyme, and 3. A competitive ELISA using an equine infectious anemia virus-specific monoclonal antibody and enzyme labelled antigen, p. 26. The utility and benefits of each of the three approaches is emphasized.

Answer: Rapid detection of viral-specific antibodies by ELISA


Question: Supplementary Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree for complete genomes of 91 representative IOL CHIKV strains constructed using the maximum likelihood method. Bootstrap values and sl1-4-specific substitutions are indicated. The SL07 strain used as a genetic background for all in vivo experiments is highlighted with an asterisk. The purple arrow highlights strain LK(EH)CH18608 with the E2-K233E substitution. The blue diamond highlights the Thailand-2009_CK11/53 strain of sl1 used in competition experiment (see Supplementary Fig. 2) . The bar indicates 0.2% nucleotide sequence divergence. (a) Schematic representation of the experimental design. Table shows genetic differences between the competing viruses. A 1:1 ratio (based on pfu) of wt (SL07-226V_Apa) and mut (contains one of the sl2-specific mutations) viruses was presented to Thai colony A.

Answer:
Supplementary information