In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: Opioid-induced spastic paraplegia after transient spinal cord ischemia during aortic surgery has been reported. Opioids modulate neurotransmission through mu (μ) opioid receptors (MORs) in the spinal ventral horn. However, their effects during ischemic insult are not understood.', 'The effects of the selective μ agonist [D-Ala(2),-N-Me-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) on ischemia-induced agonal currents were examined in the spinal lamina IX neurons of neonatal rats by using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Ischemia was simulated in vitro by oxygen/glucose deprivation.', 'DAMGO (1 μM) produced outward currents in ~60% of spinal lamina IX neurons at a holding potential of -70 mV. Superfusion with ischemia-simulating medium elicited an agonal current. The latency was 457 ± 18 s. Despite its neuromodulatory effects, DAMGO did not significantly change the latencies of the agonal currents with (440 ± 23 s) or without (454 ± 33 s) DAMGO-induced currents.\Question: Does the mu opioid receptor activation affect ischemia-induced agonal currents in rat spinal ventral horn?

Answer: Activation of MORs does not influence ongoing ischemia-induced neuronal death. Our findings indicate that MOR agonist administration should be suitable as an anesthetic during aortic surgery.


Question: Context: Objective analysis of surgical skill is necessary. A novel method of assessment using simple error analysis in synthetic models is examined for construct validity.', 'Two examination protocols were devised using synthetic models. These contained either a purpose made error or were representative of good surgical practice. Protocol one contained models of skin closure and minor operations. Protocol two in addition more complex procedures. Face validity was established by the approval of senior surgeons. Junior surgeons were recruited to undertake the assessment. A p value of less than 0.05 was deemed to be significant.', 'Eighty-nine surgeons were recruited. Both protocol one and two were able to discriminate between groups at statistically significant levels.\Question: Is the surgical error examination a novel method for objective technical knowledge assessment?

Answer: Construct validity has been established by showing that error analysis is able to distinguish surgeons with varying levels of experience.


Question: Context: To investigate the pattern of perfusion abnormalities in ictal and interictal brain perfusion SPECT images (BSI) from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).', 'It was acquired interictal and ictal BSI from 24 patients with refractory TLE. BSIs were analyzed by visual inspection and statistical parametric mapping (SPM2). Statistical analysis compared the patients group to a control group of 50 volunteers. The images from patients with left-TLE were left-right flipped.', 'It was not observed significant perfusional differences in interictal scans with SPM. Ictal BSI in SPM analysis revealed hyperperfusion within ipsilateral temporal lobe (epileptogenic focus) and also contralateral parieto-occipital region, ipsilateral posterior cingulate gyrus, occipital lobes and ipsilateral basal ganglia. Ictal BSI also showed areas of hypoperfusion.\Question: Does statistical voxel-wise analysis of ictal SPECT reveal pattern of abnormal perfusion in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy?

Answer:
In a group analysis of ictal BSI of patients with TLE, voxel-wise analysis detects a network of distant regions of perfusional alteration which may play active role in seizure genesis and propagation.