Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[Q]: Large mega base-pair genomic regions show robust alterations in DNA methylation levels in multiple cancers. A vast majority of these regions are hypomethylated in cancers. These regions are generally enriched for CpG islands, Lamin Associated Domains and Large organized chromatin lysine modification domains, and are associated with stochastic variability in gene expression. Given the size and consistency of hypomethylated blocks (HMB) across cancer types, we hypothesized that the immediate causes of methylation instability are likely to be encoded in the genomic region near HMB boundaries, in terms of specific genomic or epigenomic signatures. However, a detailed characterization of the HMB boundaries has not been reported.', 'Here, we focused on ~13 k HMBs, encompassing approximately half of the genome, identified in colon cancer. We modeled the genomic features of HMB boundaries by Random Forest to identify their salient features, in terms of transcription factor (TF) binding motifs. Additionally we analyzed various epigenomic marks, and chromatin structural features of HMB boundaries relative to the non-HMB genomic regions.', 'We found that the classical promoter epigenomic mark--H3K4me3, is highly enriched at HMB boundaries, as are CTCF bound sites. HMB boundaries harbor distinct combinations of TF motifs. Our Random Forest model based on TF motifs can accurately distinguish boundaries not only from regions inside and outside HMBs, but surprisingly, from active promoters as well. Interestingly, the distinguishing TFs and their interacting proteins are involved in chromatin modification. Finally, HMB boundaries significantly coincide with the boundaries of Topologically Associating Domains of the chromatin.
[A]: 0


[Q]: Virus-induced wheezing episodes in infancy often precede the development of asthma. Whether infections with specific viral pathogens confer differential future asthma risk is incompletely understood.', 'To define the relationship between specific viral illnesses and early childhood asthma development.', 'A total of 259 children were followed prospectively from birth to 6 years of age. The etiology and timing of specific viral wheezing respiratory illnesses during early childhood were assessed using nasal lavage, culture, and multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The relationships of these virus-specific wheezing illnesses and other risk factors to the development of asthma were analyzed.', 'Viral etiologies were identified in 90% of wheezing illnesses. From birth to age 3 years, wheezing with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (odds ratio [OR], 2.6), rhinovirus (RV) (OR, 9.8), or both RV and RSV (OR , 10) was associated with increased asthma risk at age 6 years. In Year 1, both RV wheezing (OR, 2.8) and aeroallergen sensitization (OR, 3.6) independently increased asthma risk at age 6 years. By age 3 years, wheezing with RV (OR, 25.6) was more strongly associated with asthma at age 6 years than aeroallergen sensitization (OR, 3.4). Nearly 90% (26 of 30) of children who wheezed with RV in Year 3 had asthma at 6 years of age.
[A]: 1


[Q]: Cisplatin (CDDP) is one of the major chemotherapeutic drugs, but tumor cells' acquired resistance to CDDP limits its therapeutic potentials. One of the main reasons of resistance is reduced drug accumulation. The mechanism by which tumor cells accumulate reduced CDDP is not well elucidated yet. The aim of this study was to investigate what regulates intracellular CDDP accumulation.", 'Six different types of oral squamous carcinoma cells were used in this study. Assessment of CDDP sensitivity was determined by measuring the ATP level of the cells. Intracellular CDDP and copper (Cu) accumulation were measured and CDDP efflux study was conducted. Assessment of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase alpha and beta subunits, ATP7A and ATP7B was done by western blotting. Specific activities of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and copper-transporting P-type ATPase (Cu(2+)-ATPase) were detected and a role of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor in intracellular CDDP accumulation was examined.', 'Among the cells HSC-3 and BHY cells were found most CDDP-sensitive and CDDP-resistant, respectively. The most CDDP-sensitive HSC-3 cells exhibited an increased intracellular cisplatin accumulation, high Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity and over-expressed Na(+),K(+)-ATPase alpha and beta subunits, ATP7A and ATP7B, compared to the most CDDP-resistant BHY cells, but there were no such differences between the two in the CDDP efflux level or Cu(2+)-ATPase activity. Moreover, pretreatment with Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor markedly reduced intracellular cisplatin accumulation.
[A]:
1