In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.

Q: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Preservation of Antibiotics for 
Medical Treatment Act of 2011''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    The Congress finds the following:
            (1) In January 2001, a Federal interagency task force--
                    (A) released an action plan to address the 
                continuing decline in effectiveness of antibiotics 
                against common bacterial infections, referred to as 
                antibiotic resistance;
                    (B) determined that antibiotic resistance is a 
                growing menace to all people and poses a serious threat 
                to public health; and
                    (C) cautioned that if current trends continue, 
                treatments for common infections will become 
                increasingly limited and expensive, and, in some cases, 
                nonexistent.
            (2) Antibiotic resistance, resulting in a reduced number of 
        effective antibiotics, may significantly impair the ability of 
        the United States to respond to terrorist attacks involving 
        bacterial infections or a large influx of hospitalized 
        patients.
            (3)(A) Any overuse or misuse of antibiotics contributes to 
        the spread of antibiotic resistance, whether in human medicine 
        or in agriculture.
            (B) Recognizing the public health threat caused by 
        antibiotic resistance, Congress took several steps to curb 
        antibiotic overuse in human medicine through amendments to the 
        Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 201 et seq.) made by 
        section 102 of the Public Health Threats and Emergencies Act 
        (Public Law 106-505, title I; 114 Stat. 2315), but has not yet 
        addressed antibiotic overuse in agriculture.
            (4) In a March 2003 report, the National Academy of 
        Sciences stated that--
                    (A) a decrease in antimicrobial use in human 
                medicine alone will have little effect on the current 
                situation; and
                    (B) substantial efforts must be made to decrease 
                inappropriate overuse in animals and agriculture.
            (5) In 2010, the FDA determined that--
                    (A) 13.1 million kilograms of antibacterial drugs 
                were sold for use on food animals in the United States 
                in 2009;
                    (B) 3.3 million kilograms of antibacterial drugs 
                were used for human health in 2009; and
                    (C) therefore, 80 percent of antibacterial drugs 
                disseminated in the United States in 2009 were sold for 
                use on food animals, rather than being used for human 
                health.
            (6)(A) Large-scale, voluntary surveys by the Department of 
        Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service in 
        1999, 2001, and 2006 revealed that--
                    (i) 84 percent of grower-finisher swine farms, 83 
                percent of cattle feedlots, and 84 percent of sheep 
                farms administer antimicrobials in the feed or water 
                for health or growth promotion reasons; and
                    (ii) many of the antimicrobials identified are 
                identical or closely related to drugs used in human 
                medicine, including tetracyclines, macrolides, 
                Bacitracin, penicillins, and sulfonamides; and
            (B) these drugs are used in people to treat serious 
        diseases such as pneumonia, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, 
        venereal disease, skin infections, and even pandemics like 
        malaria and plague, as well as bioterrorism agents like 
        smallpox and anthrax.
            (7) Many scientific studies confirm that the nontherapeutic 
        use of antibiotics in agricultural animals contributes to the 
        development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections in 
        people.
            (8) The periodical entitled ``Clinical Infectious 
        Diseases'' published a report in June 2002, that--
                    (A) was based on a 2-year review by experts in 
                human and veterinary medicine, public health, 
                microbiology, biostatistics, and risk analysis, of more 
                than 500 scientific studies on the human health impacts 
                of antimicrobial use in agriculture; and
                    (B) recommended that antimicrobial agents should no 
                longer be used in agriculture in the absence of 
                disease, but should be limited to therapy for diseased 
                individual animals and prophylaxis when disease is 
                documented in a herd or flock.
            (9) The United States Geological Survey reported in March 
        2002 that--
                    (A) antibiotics were present in 48 percent of the 
                streams tested nationwide; and
                    (B) almost half of the tested streams were 
                downstream from agricultural operations.
            (10) An April 1999 study by the General Accounting Office 
        concluded that resistant strains of 3 microorganisms that cause 
        food-borne illness or disease in humans (Salmonella, 
        Campylobacter, and E. coli) are linked to the use of 
        antibiotics in animals.
            (11) Epidemiological research has shown that resistant 
        Salmonella and Campylobacter infections are associated with 
        increased numbers of ill patients and bloodstream infections, 
        and increased death.
            (12) In 2010, the peer-reviewed journal Molecular Cell 
        published a study demonstrating that low-dosage use of 
        antibiotics causes a dramatic increase in genetic mutation, 
        raising new concerns about the agricultural practice of using 
        low-dosage antibiotics in order to stimulate growth promotion 
        and routinely prevent disease in unhealthy conditions.
            (13)(A) In January 2003, Consumer Reports published test 
        results on poultry products bought in grocery stores nationwide 
        showing disturbingly high levels of Campylobacter and 
        Salmonella bacteria that were resistant to the antibiotics used 
        to treat food-borne illnesses.
            (B) The Food and Drug Administration's National 
        Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System routinely finds that 
        retail meat products are contaminated with bacteria (including 
        the foodborne pathogens Campylobacter and Salmonella) that are 
        resistant to antibiotics important in human medicine.
            (C) In December 2007, the USDA issued a fact sheet on the 
        recently recognized link between antimicrobial drug use in 
        animals and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureas (MRSA) 
        infections in humans.
            (14) In October 2001, the New England Journal of Medicine 
        published an editorial urging a ban on nontherapeutic use of 
        medically important antibiotics in animals.
            (15)(A) In 1998, the National Academy of Sciences noted 
        that antibiotic-resistant bacteria generate a minimum of 
        $4,000,000,000 to $5,000,000,000 in costs to United States 
        society and individuals yearly.
            (B) In 2009, Cook County Hospital and the Alliance for 
        Prudent Use of Antibiotics estimated that the total health care 
        cost of antibiotic resistant infections in the United States 
        was between $16,600,000,000 and $26,000,000,000 annually.
            (16) The American Medical Association, the American Public 
        Health Association, the National Association of County and City 
        Health Officials, and the National Campaign for Sustainable 
        Agriculture are among the more than 300 organizations 
        representing health, consumer, agricultural, environmental, 
        humane, and other interests that have supported enactment of 
        legislation to phase out nontherapeutic use in farm animals of 
        medically important antibiotics.
            (17) In 2010, the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration 
        testified that the Danish ban of the non-therapeutic use of 
        antibiotics in food animal production resulted in a marked 
        reduction in antimicrobial resistance in multiple bacterial 
        species, including Campylobacter and Enterococci.
            (18) In 2009, the Congressional Research Service concluded 
        that restrictions overseas on the use of antimicrobial drugs in 
        the production of livestock could impact U.S. export markets 
        for livestock and poultry.
            (19) The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 
        301 et seq.)--
                    (A) requires that all drugs be shown to be safe 
                before the drugs are approved; and
                    (B) places the burden on manufacturers to account 
                for health consequences and prove safety.
            (20)(A) The Food and Drug Administration recently modified 
        the drug approval process for antibiotics to recognize the 
        development of resistant bacteria as an important aspect of 
        safety, but most antibiotics currently used in animal 
        production systems for nontherapeutic purposes were approved 
        before the Food and Drug Administration began considering 
        resistance during the drug-approval process.
            (B) The Food and Drug Administration has not established a 
        schedule for reviewing those existing approvals.
            (21) Certain non-routine uses of antibiotics in animal 
        agriculture are legitimate to prevent animal disease.
            (22) An April 2004 study by the General Accounting Office--
                    (A) concluded that Federal agencies do not collect 
                the critical data on antibiotic use in animals that 
                they need to support research on human health risks; 
                and
                    (B) recommends that the Department of Agriculture 
                and the Department of Health and Human Services develop 
                and implement a plan to collect data on antibiotic use 
                in animals.

SEC. 3. PURPOSE.

    The purpose of this Act is to preserve the effectiveness of 
medically important antibiotics used in the treatment of human and 
animal diseases by reviewing the safety of certain antibiotics for 
nontherapeutic purposes in food-producing animals.

SEC. 4. PROOF OF SAFETY OF CRITICAL ANTIMICROBIAL ANIMAL DRUGS.

    (a) Definitions.--Section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and 
Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321) is amended by adding at the end the 
following:
    ``(ss) Critical Antimicrobial Animal Drug.--The term `critical 
antimicrobial animal drug' means a drug that--
            ``(1) is intended for use in food-producing animals; and
            ``(2) is composed wholly or partly of--
                    ``(A) any kind of penicillin, tetracycline, 
                macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin, aminoglycoside, 
                or sulfonamide; or
                    ``(B) any other drug or derivative of a drug that 
                is used in humans or intended for use in humans to 
                treat or prevent disease or infection caused by 
                microorganisms.
    ``(tt) Nontherapeutic Use.--The term `nontherapeutic use', with 
respect to a critical antimicrobial animal drug, means any use of the 
drug as a feed or water additive for an animal in the absence of any 
clinical sign of disease in the animal for growth promotion, feed 
efficiency, weight gain, routine disease prevention, or other routine 
purpose.''.
    (b) Applications Pending or Submitted After Enactment.--Section 
512(d)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 
360b(d)(1)) is amended--
            (1) in the first sentence--
                    (A) in subparagraph (H), by striking ``or'' at the 
                end;
                    (B) in subparagraph (I), by inserting ``or'' at the 
                end; and
                    (C) by inserting after subparagraph (I) the 
                following:
                    ``(J) with respect to a critical antimicrobial 
                animal drug or a drug of the same chemical class as a 
                critical antimicrobial animal drug, the applicant has 
                failed to demonstrate that there is a reasonable 
                certainty of no harm to human health due to the 
                development of antimicrobial resistance that is 
                attributable, in whole or in part, to the 
                nontherapeutic use of the drug; or''; and
            (2) in the second sentence, by striking ``(A) through (I)'' 
        and inserting ``(A) through (J)''.
    (c) Phased Elimination of Nontherapeutic Use in Animals of Critical 
Antimicrobial Animal Drugs Important for Human Health.--Section 512 of 
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 360b) is amended by 
adding at the end the following:
    ``(q) Phased Elimination of Nontherapeutic Use in Animals of 
Critical Antimicrobial Animal Drugs Important for Human Health.--
            ``(1) Applicability.--This subsection applies to the 
        nontherapeutic use in a food-producing animal of a drug--
                    ``(A)(i) that is a critical antimicrobial animal 
                drug; or
                    ``(ii) that is of the same chemical class as a 
                critical antimicrobial animal drug; and
                    ``(B)(i) for which there is in effect an approval 
                of an application or an exemption under subsection (b), 
                (i), or (j) of section 505; or
                    ``(ii) that is otherwise marketed for use.
            ``(2) Withdrawal.--The Secretary shall withdraw the 
        approval of a nontherapeutic use in food-producing animals 
        described in paragraph (1) on the date that is 2 years after 
        the date of enactment of this subsection unless--
                    ``(A) before the date that is 2 years after the 
                date of the enactment of this subsection, the Secretary 
                makes a final written determination that the holder of 
                the approved application has demonstrated that there is 
                a reasonable certainty of no harm to human health due 
                to the development of antimicrobial resistance that is 
                attributable in whole or in part to the nontherapeutic 
                use of the drug; or
                    ``(B) before the date specified in subparagraph 
                (A), the Secretary makes a final written determination 
                under this subsection, with respect to a risk analysis 
                of the drug conducted by the Secretary and other 
                relevant information, that there is a reasonable 
                certainty of no harm to human health due to the 
                development of antimicrobial resistance that is 
                attributable in whole or in part to the nontherapeutic 
                use of the drug.
            ``(3) Exemptions.--Except as provided in paragraph (5), if 
        the Secretary grants an exemption under section 505(i) for a 
        drug that is a critical antimicrobial animal drug, the 
        Secretary shall rescind each approval of a nontherapeutic use 
        in a food-producing animal of the critical antimicrobial animal 
        drug, or of a drug in the same chemical class as the critical 
        antimicrobial animal drug, as of the date that is 2 years after 
        the date on which the Secretary grants the exemption.
            ``(4) Approvals.--Except as provided in paragraph (5), if 
        an application for a drug that is a critical antimicrobial 
        animal drug is submitted to the Secretary under section 505(b), 
        the Secretary shall rescind each approval of a nontherapeutic 
        use in a food-producing animal of the critical antimicrobial 
        animal drug, or of a drug in the same chemical class as the 
        critical antimicrobial animal drug, as of the date that is 2 
        years after the date on which the application is submitted to 
        the Secretary.
            ``(5) Exception.--Paragraph (3) or (4), as the case may be, 
        shall not apply if--
                    ``(A) before the date on which approval would be 
                rescinded under that paragraph, the Secretary makes a 
                final written determination that the holder of the 
                application for the approved nontherapeutic use has 
                demonstrated that there is a reasonable certainty of no 
                harm to human health due to the development of 
                antimicrobial resistance that is attributable in whole 
                or in part to the nontherapeutic use in the food-
                producing animal of the critical antimicrobial animal 
                drug; or
                    ``(B) before the date specified in subparagraph 
                (A), the Secretary makes a final written determination 
                under this subsection, with respect to a risk analysis 
                of the critical antimicrobial animal drug conducted by 
                the Secretary and any other relevant information, that 
                there is a reasonable certainty of no harm to human 
                health due to the development of antimicrobial 
                resistance that is attributable in whole or in part to 
                the nontherapeutic use of the drug.''.

SEC. 5. COMMITTEE HEARINGS ON IMPLEMENTATION.

    (a) In General.--The Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House 
of Representatives and the Committee on Energy of the Senate shall each 
hold a hearing on the implementation by the Commissioner of Food and 
Drugs of section 512(q) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as 
added by section 4 of this Act.
    (b) Exercise of Rulemaking Authority.--Subsection (a) is enacted--
            (1) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the House of 
        Representatives and Senate, and, as such, they shall be 
        considered as part of the rules of the House or Senate (as the 
        case may be), and such rules shall supersede any other rule of 
        the House or Senate only to the extent that rule is 
        inconsistent therewith; and
            (2) with full recognition of the constitutional right of 
        either House to change such rules (so far as relating to the 
        procedure in such House) at any time, in the same manner, and 
        to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of the 
        House or Senate.

A: Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act of 2011 - Amends the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to require the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to deny an application for a new animal drug that is a critical antimicrobial animal drug unless the applicant demonstrates that there is a reasonably certainty of no harm to human health due to the development of antimicrobial resistance attributable to the nontherapeutic use of the drug. Defines "critical antimicrobial animal drug" as a drug intended for use in food-producing animals that contains specified antibiotics or other drugs used in humans to treat or prevent disease or infection caused by microorganisms.

Requires the Secretary to withdraw approval of a nontherapeutic use of such drugs in food-producing animals two years after the date of enactment of this Act unless certain safety requirements are met. Directs specified congressional committees to hold hearings on the implementation of such a withdrawal of approval.
****
Q: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Space Tourism Promotion Act of 
2001''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    The Congress finds that--
            (1) humans have long had a yearning to travel in space and 
        experience conditions beyond Earth's atmosphere;
            (2) forty years of human space flight experience have 
        demonstrated the feasibility of safe travel to and from space 
        as well as the ability of humans to live and work in space;
            (3) the Nation's human space flight program has developed 
        technologies and operational procedures that the private sector 
        could make use of to enable American citizens to experience 
        space travel;
            (4) space tourism has the potential to become a significant 
        industry and a powerful stimulus for advances in space 
        transportation;
            (5) the Federal Government could play an important role in 
        stimulating the development of space tourism by means of 
        guaranteed loans, tax credits, expeditious establishment of a 
        straightforward and predictable regulatory structure, and 
        research and development in technologies that may enable the 
        private sector to develop operational passenger-carrying space 
        transportation systems and on-orbit habitations;
            (6) as the agency of the Federal Government primarily 
        responsible for the development of America's commercial sector, 
        the Department of Commerce, and in particular its Office of 
        Space Commercialization, should have the lead role in 
        encouraging the growth of space tourism;
            (7) as the agency of the Federal Government currently 
        responsible for regulating America's commercial space 
        transportation industry, the Federal Aviation Administration, 
        and in particular its Office of Commercial Space 
        Transportation, should have the lead role in establishing the 
        regulatory structure necessary to ensure the safety of United 
        States space tourism;
            (8) as the agency of the Federal Government responsible for 
        carrying out the major share of the Nation's civil space 
        activities, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 
        should continue its traditional role of conducting research and 
        development related to new space technologies and systems and 
        facilitating their transfer to the private sector;
            (9) it is an appropriate role for the Federal Government to 
        undertake measures to encourage the development of space 
        tourism in the United States; and
            (10) at the same time, it is an inappropriate role and a 
        misallocation of taxpayer-provided resources for the Federal 
        Government to compete with the private sector in the provision 
        of transportation vehicles or facilities for space tourism.

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act--
            (1) terms that are defined in the Federal Credit Reform Act 
        of 1990 have the meaning given those terms in that Act; and
            (2) the term ``space tourism'' means travel to, from, or 
        within outer space, or to the surface of a body in space other 
        than Earth, or habitation in outer space, for the purpose of 
        recreation.

SEC. 4. LOAN GUARANTEES.

    (a) Authority.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary of Commerce may guarantee up 
        to 85 percent of the value of loans for the purpose of 
        developing transportation systems, habitation facilities, or 
        other infrastructure required for space tourism.
            (2) Limitation.--The maximum aggregate amount of loan 
        commitments that may be guaranteed under this section by the 
        Secretary of Commerce at any one time shall be $2,000,000,000.
            (3) Administrative fee.--The Secretary of Commerce is 
        authorized to collect from any borrower, and to the extent 
        provided for in advance in appropriations Acts to use, an 
        amount not to exceed 0.5 percent of the amount borrowed, for 
        covering the administrative expenses and other annual costs to 
        the Department of Commerce of the loan guarantee.
    (b) Terms and Conditions.--A loan guaranteed under this section 
shall be on such terms and conditions as the Secretary of Commerce may 
prescribe.
    (c) Term of Loans.--Loans guaranteed under this section shall be 
for a term of not to exceed 20 years, or 100 percent of the useful life 
of the substantial portion of the physical assets to be financed by the 
loans, whichever is shorter, as determined by the Secretary of 
Commerce.
    (d) Lien on Interests in Assets.--Upon providing a loan guarantee 
to a borrower under this section, the Secretary of Commerce shall have 
liens which shall be superior to all other liens on assets of the 
borrower equal to 85 percent of the unpaid balance of the loan subject 
to the guarantee.
    (e) Protection.--No loan shall be guaranteed under this section 
unless the Secretary of Commerce determines that the borrower is 
responsible and that adequate provision is made for servicing the loan 
on reasonable terms and for protecting the interests of the United 
States.
    (f) Validity.--A loan guarantee under this section shall be 
conclusive evidence that such guarantee has been properly obtained, and 
that the underlying loan qualifies for such guarantee. In an action for 
fraud or material misrepresentation by the holder of a loan guaranteed 
under this section, such guarantee shall be presumed to be valid, 
legal, and enforceable.
    (g) Forbearance.--The Secretary of Commerce may approve an 
agreement, between the parties to a loan guaranteed under this section, 
that provides for forbearance for the benefit of the borrower if the 
forbearance will result in no cost to the Federal Government.
    (h) Administration and Oversight Responsibility.--The Office of 
Space Commercialization shall be responsible for the administration and 
oversight of this section on behalf of the Department of Commerce.

SEC. 5. CAPITAL GAINS EXCLUSION.

    (a) In General.--Part I of subchapter P of chapter 1 of the 
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to items specifically excluded 
from gross income) is amended by adding at the end the following new 
section:

``SEC. 1203. EXCLUSION OF GAINS FOR QUALIFIED SPACE TOURISM 
              CORPORATIONS.

    ``(a) In General.--Gross income shall not include gain on the sale 
or exchange of any stock of a qualified space tourism corporation held 
for more than one year.
    ``(b) Qualified Space Tourism Corporation.--For purposes of 
subsection (a), the term `qualified space tourism corporation' means, 
with respect to any taxable year, a domestic corporation which is a C 
corporation if--
            ``(1) such corporation is organized exclusively for 
        providing to unrelated persons any service of space tourism (as 
        defined in section 3 of the Space Tourism Promotion Act of 
        2001), and
            ``(2) such corporation derives at least 75 percent of its 
        gross receipts from the active conduct of a trade or business 
        of providing a service described in paragraph (1).
    ``(c) Certain Purchases by Corporations of Its Own Stock.--For 
purposes of this section, rules similar to the rules of section 
1202(c)(3) shall apply.
    ``(d) Related Person.--Persons shall be treated as related to each 
other if such persons would be treated as a single employer under the 
regulations prescribed under section 52(b). In the case of a 
corporation which is a member of an affiliated group of corporations 
filing a consolidated return, such corporation shall be treated as 
providing services related to space tourism to an unrelated person if 
such services are provided to such a person by another member of such 
group.
    ``(e) Termination.--This section shall not apply to sales or 
exchanges after December 31, 2011.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections for part I of 
subchapter P of such Code is amended by adding at the end the following 
new item:

                              ``Sec. 1203. Exclusion of gains for 
                                        qualified space tourism 
                                        corporations.''
    (c) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall 
apply to sales and exchanges in taxable years beginning after December 
31, 2001.

SEC. 6. ESTABLISHMENT OF REGULATORY STANDARDS.

    (a) In General.--Not later than 2 years after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation shall issue 
regulations to govern--
            (1) activities necessary to ensure the safe operation of 
        passenger-carrying launch and reentry vehicles and spacecraft 
        for space tourism, to the extent to which regulatory procedures 
        have not previously been established by law; and
            (2) activities related to the provision of and safe 
        operation of habitable facilities in outer space for space 
        tourism purposes.
    (b) Orbital Debris Avoidance.--Not later than 2 years after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation 
shall issue regulations to prevent, to the extent practicable, the 
growth of orbital debris resulting from activities associated with 
space tourism.
    (c) Legal Regime.--Activities taking place on space tourism 
habitation facilities and passenger-carrying launch and reentry 
vehicles and spacecraft for space tourism licensed or otherwise 
regulated by the Secretary of Transportation shall be governed by the 
laws of the United States.

SEC. 7. USE OF FEDERAL FACILITIES.

    (a) Prohibition Against Certain Uses of Federal Facilities.--
            (1) In general.--Launch, reentry, and space travel vehicles 
        owned by the Federal Government shall not be used for the 
        transport of any individuals other than those engaged in or 
        supporting the conduct of official business of the United 
        States or the conduct of scientific or engineering research and 
        development, except in emergency situations.
            (2) International space station.--The United States portion 
        of the International Space Station shall not be visited or 
        occupied by any individuals other than those engaged in or 
        supporting the conduct of official business of the United 
        States or the conduct of scientific or engineering research and 
        development, and those authorized by relevant international 
        agreements, except in emergency situations.
    (b) Use of Other Federal Facilities.--The use of other Federal 
facilities and infrastructure, such as launch ranges and data relay 
satellites, shall be made available to commercial entities engaged in 
space tourism on a cost-reimbursable basis to the extent that excess 
capacity exists at the time the commercial entity requests the use of 
such facilities and infrastructure.

A: Space Tourism Promotion Act of 2001 - Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to guarantee up to 85 percent of the value of loans for developing transportation systems, habitation facilities, or other infrastructure required for space tourism.Amends the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to exclude from gross income gain on the sale or exchange of any stock of a qualified space tourism corporation held for more than a year.Requires the Secretary of Transportation to issue regulations to: (1) govern activities necessary to ensure the safe operation of passenger-carrying launch and reentry vehicles and spacecraft for space tourism and activities related to the provision and safe operation of habitable facilities in outer space for space tourism; and (2) prevent the growth of orbital debris resulting from activities associated with space tourism.Prohibits: (1) the use of launch, reentry, and space travel vehicles owned by the Government for the transport of any individuals other than those engaged in or supporting the conduct of official business or scientific or engineering research and development (R&D), except in emergencies; and (2) the U.S. portion of the International Space Station from being visited or occupied by any individuals other than those engaged in or supporting the conduct of such business or R&D and those authorized by relevant international agreements, except in emergencies.Requires the use of other Federal facilities and infrastructure, such as launch ranges and data relay satellites, to be made available to commercial entities engaged in space tourism on a cost-reimbursable basis to the extent that excess capacity exists.
****
Q: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Smarter Approach to Nuclear 
Expenditures Act''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    Congress finds the following:
            (1) The Berlin Wall fell in 1989, the Soviet Union no 
        longer exists, and the Cold War is over. The nature of threats 
        to the national security and military interests of the United 
        States has changed. However, the United States continues to 
        maintain an enormous arsenal of nuclear weapons and delivery 
        systems that were devised with the Cold War in mind.
            (2) The current nuclear arsenal of the United States 
        includes approximately 5,000 total nuclear warheads, of which 
        approximately 2,000 are deployed with three delivery 
        components: long-range strategic bomber aircraft, land-based 
        intercontinental ballistic missiles, and submarine-launched 
        ballistic missiles. The bomber fleet of the United States 
        comprises 93 B-52 and 20 B-2 aircraft. The United States 
        maintains 450 intercontinental ballistic missiles. The United 
        States also maintains 14 Ohio-class submarines, up to 12 of 
        which are deployed at sea. Each of those submarines is armed 
        with up to 96 independently targetable nuclear warheads.
            (3) This Cold War-based approach to nuclear security comes 
        at significant cost. Over the next 10 years, the United States 
        will spend hundreds of billions of dollars maintaining its 
        nuclear force. A substantial decrease in spending on the 
        nuclear arsenal of the United States is prudent for both the 
        budget and national security.
            (4) The national security interests of the United States 
        can be well served by reducing the total number of deployed 
        nuclear warheads and their delivery systems, as stated by the 
        Department of Defense's June 2013 nuclear policy guidance 
        entitled, ``Report on Nuclear Employment Strategy of the United 
        States''. This guidance found that force levels under the 
        Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of 
        Strategic Offensive Arms, signed on April 8, 2010, and entered 
        into force on February 5, 2011, between the United States and 
        the Russian Federation (commonly known as the ``New START 
        Treaty'') ``are more than adequate for what the United States 
        needs to fulfill its national security objectives'' and that 
        the force can be reduced by up to \1/3\ below levels under the 
        New START Treaty to 1,000 to 1,100 warheads.
            (5) Even without additional reductions in deployed 
        strategic warheads, the United States can save tens of billions 
        of dollars by deploying those warheads more efficiently on 
        delivery systems and by deferring production of new delivery 
        systems until they are needed.
            (6) Economic security and national security are linked and 
        both will be well served by smart defense spending. Admiral 
        Mike Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, stated on 
        June 24, 2010, ``Our national debt is our biggest national 
        security threat'' and on August 2, 2011, stated, ``I haven't 
        changed my view that the continually increasing debt is the 
        biggest threat we have to our national security.''.
            (7) The Government Accountability Office has found that 
        there is significant waste in the construction of the nuclear 
        facilities of the National Nuclear Security Administration of 
        the Department of Energy.

SEC. 3. REDUCTION IN NUCLEAR FORCES.

    (a) Prohibition on New Long-Range Penetrating Bomber Aircraft.--
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds 
authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for any of 
fiscal years 2015 through 2024 for the Department of Defense may be 
obligated or expended for the research, development, test, and 
evaluation or procurement of a long-range penetrating bomber aircraft.
    (b) Prohibition on F-35 Nuclear Mission.--Notwithstanding any other 
provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated or 
otherwise made available for fiscal year 2015 or any fiscal year 
thereafter for the Department of Defense or the Department of Energy 
may be used to make the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter aircraft capable of 
carrying nuclear weapons.
    (c) Reduction in the B61 Life Extension Program.--Notwithstanding 
any other provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be 
appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal year 2015 or any 
fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense or the Department 
of Energy may be obligated or expended for the B61 life extension 
program until the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy 
jointly certify to Congress that the total cost of the B61 life 
extension program has been reduced to not more than $4,000,000,000.
    (d) Termination of W78 Life Extension Program.--Notwithstanding any 
other provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated 
or otherwise made available for fiscal year 2015 or any fiscal year 
thereafter for the Department of Defense or the Department of Energy 
may be obligated or expended for the W78 life extension program.
    (e) Reduction of Nuclear-Armed Submarines.--Notwithstanding any 
other provision of law, beginning in fiscal year 2021, the forces of 
the Navy shall include not more than eight ballistic-missile submarines 
available for deployment.
    (f) Limitation on SSBN-X Submarines.--Notwithstanding any other 
provision of law--
            (1) none of the funds authorized to be appropriated or 
        otherwise made available for any of fiscal years 2015 through 
        2024 for the Department of Defense may be obligated or expended 
        for the procurement of an SSBN-X submarine; and
            (2) none of the funds authorized to be appropriated or 
        otherwise made available for fiscal year 2025 or any fiscal 
        year thereafter for the Department of Defense may be obligated 
        or expended for the procurement of more than eight such 
        submarines.
    (g) Prohibition on New Intercontinental Ballistic Missile.--
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds 
authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for any of 
fiscal years 2015 through 2024 for the Department of Defense may be 
obligated or expended for the research, development, test, and 
evaluation or procurement of a new intercontinental ballistic missile.
    (h) Termination of Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility Project.--
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds 
authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal 
year 2015 or any fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense 
or the Department of Energy may be obligated or expended for the Mixed 
Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility project.
    (i) Termination of Uranium Processing Facility.--Notwithstanding 
any other provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be 
appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal year 2015 or any 
fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense or the Department 
of Energy may be obligated or expended for the Uranium Processing 
Facility located at the Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, 
Tennessee.
    (j) Prohibition on New Air Launched Cruise Missile.--
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds 
authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal 
year 2015 or any fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense 
or the Department of Energy may be obligated or expended for the 
research, development, test, and evaluation or procurement of a new 
air-launched cruise missile or for the W80 warhead life extension 
program.

SEC. 4. REPORTS REQUIRED.

    (a) Initial Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of 
Energy shall jointly submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a 
report outlining the plan of each Secretary to carry out section 3.
    (b) Annual Report.--Not later than March 1, 2016, and annually 
thereafter, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy shall 
jointly submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report 
outlining the plan of each Secretary to carry out section 3, including 
any updates to previously submitted reports.
    (c) Annual Nuclear Weapons Accounting.--Not later than September 
30, 2016, and annually thereafter, the President shall transmit to the 
appropriate committees of Congress a report containing a comprehensive 
accounting by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget of 
the amounts obligated and expended by the Federal Government for each 
nuclear weapon and related nuclear program during--
            (1) the fiscal year covered by the report; and
            (2) the life cycle of such weapon or program.
    (d) Appropriate Committees of Congress Defined.--In this section, 
the term ``appropriate committees of Congress'' means--
            (1) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on 
        Foreign Relations, the Committee on Appropriations, and the 
        Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate; and
            (2) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on 
        Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee 
        on Energy and Commerce, and the Committee on Natural Resources 
        of the House of Representatives.

A:
Smarter Approach to Nuclear Expenditures Act Prohibits the obligation or expenditure of funds authorized to be appropriated to the Department of Defense (DOD) for FY2015-FY2024: (1) for the research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&amp;E) or procurement of a long-range penetrating bomber aircraft; (2) to procure an SSBN-X submarine (and prohibits the use of such funds for FY2025 and thereafter to procure more than eight such submarines); or (3) for the RDT&amp;E or procurement of a new intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Prohibits the obligation or expenditure of funds authorized to be appropriated for FY2015 or thereafter for DOD or the Department of Energy: (1) to make the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter aircraft capable of carrying nuclear weapons; (2) until the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy jointly certify that the total cost of the B61 life extension program has been reduced to not more than $4 billion; (3) for the W78 life extension program; (4) for the mixed oxide fuel fabrication facility project; (5) for the uranium processing facility at the Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee; or (6) for RDT&amp;E of a new air-launched cruise missile or for the W80 warhead life extension program. Prohibits Navy forces, beginning in FY2021, from including more than eight operational ballistic-missile submarines available for deployment. Requires initial and annual reports from the Secretaries of Defense and Energy outlining their respective plans to carry out the requirements of this Act. Directs the President to submit to Congress an annual report containing a comprehensive accounting by the Office of Management and Budget of the amounts obligated or expended by the federal government for each nuclear weapon and related nuclear program during the fiscal year covered by the report for the life cycle of such weapon or program.
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