In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

This composer's Second String Quartet depicts four men who "converse, discuss, argue...fight, shake hands, shut up  then walk up the mountainside to view the firmament!" One of this composer's song texts posits a "place in the soul all made of tunes," a phrase which titles J. Peter Burkholder's authoritative study on this composer's use of musical borrowing. This composer theorized a dichotomy between musical "substance" and "manner" in the Epilogue to his Essays Before a Sonata. The dissonances of one movement by this composer were supposedly inspired by the sound of two different (*) marching bands playing simultaneously, and he wrote a piano piece that features optional flute and viola parts. That piece contains a "human faith" melody that is thematically related to quotations of the "Fate" motif from Beethoven's Fifth. For 10 points, name this composer who depicted figures like Emerson and Thoreau in his Concord Sonata.
Fine Arts

Lawrence Kohlberg championed the "descriptive" variety of this study by examining the stages of child development. Simone de Beauvoir argued for "an original solution" in a book titled this of Ambiguity. Peter Singer wrote about the "Practical" form of it, and Aristotle claimed the ultimate goal in life is to achieve (*) happiness in a work titled after this concept. Another important book for this discipline contained sections titled "Of God" and "Of Human Bondage", and was "demonstrated in geometrical order." For ten points, identify this branch of philosophy, a tract in which was written for Nicomachus and which titles a work by Spinoza.
Social Science

The Hansen parameters are used to predict this property of a substance. Cerium sulfate is anomalous in that this property decreases as its temperature increases. The common ion effect is a decrease in this property for certain ionic compounds. Henry's law states that for a gas, this quantity is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. Supersaturation occurs when the value for this quantity under normal conditions has been exceeded. For 10 points, give this measure of the amount of a substance that can dissolve in another substance.

Science