TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a set of context paragraphs, some supporting facts and an answer of a question. Your task is to generate question for given answer based on set of context paragraphs, supporting facts and an answer.
PROBLEM: Context_1 : The Bureau des Longitudes (] ) is a French scientific institution, founded by decree of 25 June 1795 and charged with the improvement of nautical navigation, standardisation of time-keeping, geodesy and astronomical observation. During the 19th century, it was responsible for synchronizing clocks across the world. It was headed during this time by François Arago and Henri Poincaré. The Bureau now functions as an academy and still meets monthly to discuss topics related to astronomy. Context_2 : Massachusetts was the first colony in New England with slave ownership and was a center for the slave trade throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. No legislation was passed that abolished slavery until the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 was ratified by the state. Instead, the practice of slavery was ended through case law; and as an institution it died out in the late 18th century through judicial actions litigated on behalf of slaves seeking manumission. These court cases, starting in 1781, heard arguments contending that slavery was a violation of Christian principles and also a violation of the constitution of the commonwealth. 1783 saw additional high-profile court cases that began a general trend of slaves winning their emancipation on a case-by-case basis through lawsuit. As slavery dwindled in the last decade of the 18th century in Massachusetts, many of the instances where it remained, the slaveholders sometimes applied semantics of a name change to indentured servitude to maintain their property. The 1790 federal census, however, listed no slaves. Massachusetts was a center for the abolition movement in the 19th century. Context_3 : The Andover Public Library is located on Church Street in Andover, Maine, United States. Although a private library funded by subscription was founded in the town in 1795, it was not until the establishment of the Andover Public Library Association in 1891 that movement to a publicly-funded library began. It was originally quartered in a room of the Andover Town Hall, until 1943, when its present building was purchased from a Universalist church organization. The building is one of only two octagonal religious buildings known to have been built anywhere in Maine, and was probably the last building in the state built with inspiration from Orson Squire Fowler's promotion of octagonal buildings in the 19th century. On January 27, 1981, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Context_4 : Spidertown was a small, agricultural supply and services based community in southwestern Ontario, Canada that existed in the last half of the 19th and the early 20th century. The site of the former hamlet is located at the present intersection of Mount Carmel Drive, Blackbush Line and Salem Road, on the boundary between the current municipality of North Middlesex and the municipality of South Huron. Little is currently known of Spidertown's founding, nor the origin of its name. The hamlet is described in one source as consisting, at one point in time, of "taverns on both corners" and "four homes". It is known, that in the latter 19th century a general store was operated in the community by Alexander Todd, presumably the same individual who operated two other general stores during the period at Maguire and Moray as well. A medical doctor, T. L. Flaherty, maintained a practice in a corner house in the hamlet in the latter 19th century, but is known to have moved his office to Mount Carmel, 2 km to the east, before 1898. It is believed that Spidertown began to go into decline because of its inability to compete economically with the nearby hamlet of Mount Carmel. Spidertown is recorded as having disappeared by 1914. Context_5 : The Luxembourg Commission was a labor commission in the 19th century. It was introduced by the Provisional Government of France which formed on 25 February 1848, following the abdication of Louis-Philippe. The establishment of the Luxembourg Commission, an assembly of workers' delegates headed by Louis Blanc, was charged with the task of surveying social problems and suggesting solutions; an elegant gesture from the Provisional government. It was discontinued later the same year. Context_6 : The historical records for the Shroud of Turin can be separated into two time periods: before 1390 and from 1390 to the present. The period until 1390 is subject to debate and controversy among historians. Prior to the 14th century there are some allegedly congruent but controversial references such as the Pray Codex. It is often mentioned that the first certain historical record dates from 1353 or 1357. However the presence of the Turin Shroud in Lirey, France, is only undoubtedly attested in 1390 when Bishop Pierre d'Arcis wrote a memorandum where he charged that the Shroud was a forgery. The history from the 15th century to the present is well documented. In 1453 Margaret de Charny deeded the Shroud to the House of Savoy. As of the 17th century the shroud has been displayed (e.g. in the chapel built for that purpose by Guarino Guarini) and in the 19th century it was first photographed during a public exhibition. Context_7 : The Divan-ı Hümâyûn, in English the Imperial Council, was the "de facto" cabinet of the Ottoman Empire for most of its history. Initially an informal gathering of the senior ministers presided over by the Sultan in person, in the mid-15th century the Council's composition and function became firmly regulated. The Grand Vizier, who became the Sultan's deputy as the head of government, assumed the role of chairing the Council, which comprised also the other viziers, charged with military and political affairs, the two "kadi'askers" or military judges, the "defterdars" in charge of finances, the "nişancı" in charge of the palace scribal service, and later the Kapudan Pasha, the head of the Ottoman Navy, and occasionally the "beylerbey" of Rumelia and the Agha of the Janissaries. The Council met in a dedicated building in the Second Courtyard of the Topkapi Palace, initially daily, then for four days a week by the 16th century. Its remit encompassed all matters of governance of the Empire, although the exact proceedings are no longer known. It was assisted by an extensive secretarial bureaucracy under the "reis ül-küttab" for the drafting of appropriate documents and the keeping of records. The Imperial Council remained the main executive organ of the Ottoman state until the mid-17th century, after which it lost most of its power to the office of the Grand Vizier. With the Tanzimat reforms of the early 19th century, it was eventually succeeded by a Western-style cabinet government. Context_8 : The Oxford Main Street Historic District is a national historic district encompassing the historic center of Oxford, Massachusetts. The 95 acre district extends along Main Street from Huguenot Street in the south to Front Street in the north. Its oldest buildings are residential houses built in the late 19th century, while most of the properties were built in the 19th century, with Greek Revival architecture predominating. The oldest commercial building, the John Wetherell Store, was built c. 1817, and now houses offices. The district includes four churches, including the 1793 Universalist church and 1829 First Congregational Church, and a number of municipal buildings, including the town hall, two schools, and the 1903 Classical Revival Charles Larned Memorial Library. Context_9 : Jules Henri Poincaré (] ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist" by Eric Temple Bell, since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime. Context_10 : The history of Tufts University, originally Tufts College, can be traced back to 1847 when the Universalist Church set up convention for the creation of a university for the parish. In 1852, the college was established when Boston businessman Charles Tufts donated 20 acres of land to the church to establish the college. It is the second oldest college that was founded in the Boston area. . During the 19th century the college grew. The official college seal, bearing the motto Pax et Lux (Peace and Light) was adopted in 1857. The school colors of brown and blue were selected in 1876. Tufts' mascot became Jumbo when P.T. Barnum gave a natural history museum to the university. fact_1 : The Bureau des Longitudes (] ) is a French scientific institution, founded by decree of 25 June 1795 and charged with the improvement of nautical navigation, standardisation of time-keeping, geodesy and astronomical observation. fact_2 :  During the 19th century, it was responsible for synchronizing clocks across the world. fact_3 :  He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist" by Eric Temple Bell, since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime. Answer: the improvement of nautical navigation

SOLUTION: What was the institution headed by The Last Universalist during the 19th century charged with?

PROBLEM: Context_1 : Founded in 2014 and headquartered in San Francisco, CA, USA, the Bay Ecotarium is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit dedicated to protecting, restoring and inspiring conservation of the San Francisco Bay, from the Sierra to the sea. Formerly known as bay.org, the Bay Ecotarium is an amalgam of six unique institutions located throughout the Bay area. These six institutions—the Aquarium of the Bay, the Sea Lion Center, the Bay Institute, the EcoCenter at Heron’s Head Park, the Bay Model Alliance and the Bay Academy—all focus on different aspects of San Francisco Bay and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta conservation. The Ecotarium is a Smithsonian Affiliate, accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Platinum LEED certified and designated a San Francisco Green Business. Context_2 : Robin McLaurin Williams (July 21, 1951 – August 11, 2014) was an American stand-up comedian and actor. Starting as a stand-up comedian in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the mid-1970s, he is credited with leading San Francisco's comedy renaissance. After rising to fame as Mork in "Mork & Mindy" (1978–82), Williams established a career in both stand-up comedy and feature film acting. He was known for his improvisational skills. Context_3 : Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian is a 2009 American adventure fantasy comedy film written by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon, produced (with Chris Columbus and Michael Barnathan) and directed by Shawn Levy, and starring Ben Stiller, Amy Adams, Owen Wilson, Hank Azaria, Christopher Guest, Alain Chabat, and Robin Williams. It is the second installment in the "Night at the Museum" trilogy, and a sequel to the 2006 film "Night at the Museum". It is also the last "Night at the Museum" film to feature Jake Cherry as Nick Daley. The film was released theatrically on May 22, 2009 by 20th Century Fox, being the film in the trilogy not to be released theatrically in December. Like its predecessor, it received mixed critical reception and a box office success by grossing over $413 million on a $150 million budget. Context_4 : Arthur Okamura (February 24, 1932 - July 10, 2009) was an American artist, working in screen printing, drawing and painting. He lived in the San Francisco Bay Area, and was Professor Emeritus at the California College of the Arts in San Francisco, California. His work is in the permanent collections at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., the Whitney Museum in New York, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. He is associated with the San Francisco Renaissance. He illustrated numerous works of literature and poetry, published a book on games and toys for children, and created illustrations for the TV movie "The People". Context_5 : The San Francisco Comedy Competition (sometimes referred to as the San Francisco International Comedy Competition or The San Francisco International Stand-Up Comedy Competition) is a stand-up comedy contest held each September in San Francisco, California, and neighboring areas of Northern California. Context_6 : The San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park is located in San Francisco, California, United States. The park includes a fleet of historic vessels, a visitor center, a maritime museum, and a library/research facility. The park is sometimes referred to as the San Francisco Maritime Museum, its former 1951 name that changed in 1978 when the collections were acquired by the National Park Service. Today's San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park was authorized in 1988; the maritime museum is among the park's many cultural resources. The park also incorporates the Aquatic Park Historic District, bounded by Van Ness Avenue, Polk Street, and Hyde Street. Context_7 : The Museum of Performance + Design, formerly the San Francisco Performing Arts Library & Museum, is located in the SoMa District of San Francisco, California at 893B Folsom Street. The Museum collects and makes accessible materials about the performing arts, with a special emphasis on documenting and preserving the San Francisco Bay Area’s rich and diverse performing arts heritage from the Gold Rush to the present. The museum produces public and educational programs, provides library services to researchers, and conservation and archival services to performing arts institutions.The Museum's collection includes personal papers of prominent artists, original costumes and design renderings, audio-visual recordings of live performances, original artwork, other artifacts and ephemera. The Museum also serves as the official archives for many local performing arts organizations including the San Francisco Ballet, San Francisco Opera, Stern Grove Festival, and the San Francisco Ethnic Dance Festival. Context_8 : Ronald Ralph "Ronnie" Schell (born December 23, 1931) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, and voice actor. He appeared on May 28, 1959, episode of the TV quiz program "You Bet Your Life", hosted by Groucho Marx. Schell demonstrated a comic barrage of beatnik jive talk. As a stand-up comedian, he first developed his act at the world-famous hungry-i nightclub in San Francisco, California. Schell is probably best known in his 1960s television role as Duke Slater in "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." Context_9 : Vignesh Karthick is an Indian film and television actor, Video jockey, Stand-up comedian Radio jockey and Film director. He started his career by acting and directing Short films and participating in reality shows, including the comedy game shows like "Athu Ithu Ethu" in STAR Vijay and Comedy Jodies in Zee Thamizh as a stand-up comedian. He later went on to host of those shows, especially the popular shows like "Suriya Vanakkam", "Thapal Petti En 8484" and many other shows in Sun TV and STAR Vijay respectively. In 2015, he started to work as Radio jockey with the radio station BIG FM 92.7. In 2016, he made his acting debut in films with "Natpadhigaram 79" and in television with "Pagal Nilavu". He will also making directorial debut in films with "Yenda Thalaila Yenna Vekkala". Context_10 : Loews Regency San Francisco, formerly the Mandarin Oriental, San Francisco, is a luxury hotel that occupies the top 11 floors of 48 story office tower of 345 California Center at 222 Sansome Street in the financial district of San Francisco, California. Initially planned as condominiums, the twin towers of hotel were situated at 45-degree angles relative to the rest of the building with several glass skybridges that offer views of the San Francisco Bay Area. In February 2015, the hotel was sold to Loews Hotels and renamed the Loews Regency San Francisco. As of February 2015 room rates begin at $695 per night, with the presidential suite at $8,000 per night. fact_1 : Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian is a 2009 American adventure fantasy comedy film written by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon, produced (with Chris Columbus and Michael Barnathan) and directed by Shawn Levy, and starring Ben Stiller, Amy Adams, Owen Wilson, Hank Azaria, Christopher Guest, Alain Chabat, and Robin Williams. fact_2 :  Starting as a stand-up comedian in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the mid-1970s, he is credited with leading San Francisco's comedy renaissance. Answer: Robin Williams

SOLUTION: What star of Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian started as a standup comedian in San Francisco?

PROBLEM: Context_1 : In physical anthropology, post-orbital constriction is a narrowing of the cranium (skull) just behind the eye sockets (the orbits, hence the name), in primates — including primitive hominids. This constriction is very noticeable in non-human primates, slightly less so in Australopithecines, even less in Homo erectus and the most primitive Homo sapiens. It completely disappears in modern Homo sapiens. Thus, it is a useful, quantifiable measure of how far along the evolutionary path a hominid fossil might be placed. Context_2 : Michel Brunet (born on April 6, 1940) is a French paleontologist and a professor at the Collège de France. In 2001 Brunet announced the discovery in Central Africa of the skull and jaw remains of a late Miocene hominid nicknamed Toumaï. These remains are believed to predate the earliest previously known hominid remains, Lucy, by over three million years. Context_3 : The theory of out of Africa has predominated an entire floor of human evolution discussion for many decades. This is despite that fact that many evidences found in other parts of the world seem to suggest other thoughts and theories on how our ancestors might have migrated or ‘evolved’ outside Africa. Yet the recent aDNA and fossils evidence prove those possibilities are impossible or in questions The region of Southeast Asia is considered a possible place for the evidence of early hominid remains that could be found due to the pathway between Australia and mainland Southeast Asia that early hominid migration could occur. One of many evidences is of the early hominid found in central Java of Indonesia in the late 1800s by Eugene Dubois, and later in 1937 at Sangiran site by G.H.R. van Koenigswald. These skull and fossil materials are Homo Erectus or Dubois named "Pithecanthropus erectus," and "Meganthropus palaeojavanicus" by van Koenigswald. They were dated back to c. 1.88 and 1.66 Ma suggested by Swisher et al. from volcanic rocks dating method Context_4 : Fossil WLH-50 is a partial cranium fossil that was discovered in 1982, in the Willandra Lakes Region of Australia and was reconstructed by Alan Thorne. Speculation surrounds the exact age of this fossil hominid and a debate concerning its ancestry in relation to other late Pleistocene hominids, as well as, Ngandong hominids due to their close resemblance to one another. Context_5 : Gen Suwa (born 1954) is a Japanese paleoanthropologist. He is known for his contributions to the understanding of the evolution of early hominids, including the discovery of a tooth from a hominid that was more than one million years older than the oldest previously known hominid. The discovery changed scientific opinion regarding the ancestral splits between humans, chimps and gorillas. Context_6 : Lucy is the common name of AL 288-1, several hundred pieces of bone fossils representing 40 percent of the skeleton of a female of the hominin species "Australopithecus afarensis". In Ethiopia, the assembly is also known as Dinkinesh, which means "you are marvelous" in the Amharic language. Lucy was discovered in 1974 in Africa, near the village Hadar in the Awash Valley of the Afar Triangle in Ethiopia, by paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Context_7 : Garniss H. Curtis, (born May 27, 1919 – died December 19, 2012) was a professor emeritus of geology at the University of California, Berkeley, geochronologist, volcanologist, geophysicist, and founder of the Berkeley Geochronology Center. In 1960, Curtis and fellow UC Berkeley geophysicist Jack Evernden used potassium-argon dating methods developed by UC Berkeley physicist John Reynolds on minerals found in tephra deposits collected by Evernden to date Mary Leakey's 1959 Olduvai Gorge Bed I hominin "Zinjanthropus" ("Paranthropus boisei") to 1.89 to 1.57 Mya. The great age of the fossil hominid and associated stone tools in the bed pushed back the then accepted age of the Pleistocene another million years, causing a stir in the geology community. The dating of these fossil finds is considered a starting point for the collaboration of paleoanthropology and geochronology. Context_8 : Phillip Vallentine Tobias FRS (14 October 1925 – 7 June 2012) was a South African palaeoanthropologist and Professor Emeritus at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. He was best known for his work at South Africa's hominid fossil sites. He was also an activist for the eradication of apartheid and gave numerous anti-apartheid speeches at protest rallies and also to academic audiences. Context_9 : Tom Gray is an archaeologist that aided in the discovery of the hominid fossil Lucy, alongside Donald Johanson. During their expedition, Gray, then a graduate student, prompted Johanson to return to a previously explored dig site where Johanson then discovered the fossilized remains of Lucy. Context_10 : Andre Werner Keyser (8 March 1938, Pretoria – 15 August 2010, Pretoria), was a South African palaeontologist and geologist noted for his discovery of the Drimolen hominid site and of numerous hominid remains. fact_1 : Tom Gray is an archaeologist that aided in the discovery of the hominid fossil Lucy, alongside Donald Johanson. fact_2 :  Lucy was discovered in 1974 in Africa, near the village Hadar in the Awash Valley of the Afar Triangle in Ethiopia, by paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Answer: 1974

SOLUTION:
In which year did Tom Gray aid in the discovery of a hominid fossil