Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected, nonrandomized radiographical data.', 'To examine the relationship between the presence of preoperative metabolically active facet arthropathy (FA) and the amount of indirect foraminal decompression gained after extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF).', 'Although evidence of significant radiographical indirect decompression after XLIF has been shown, the relationship between the extent of indirect decompression and the presence of potentially attenuating, FA is yet to be studied.', 'A prospective database of consecutive patients undergoing XLIF was retrospectively analyzed. Posterior disc height, foraminal height, and cross-sectional foraminal area were measured on computed tomographic scans obtained preoperatively and 2 days postoperatively. The selected radiographical parameters were examined with respect to the presence of FA based on preoperative computed tomographic and bone scans.', 'Fifty-two consecutive patients underwent 79 levels of XLIF without direct decompression. Average age was 66.4 years and 34 (65.4%) were females. Surgery resulted in significant increases in posterior disc height 3.0 to 5.7 mm (89.0% increase), P<0.0001; foraminal height 1.4 to 1.7 cm (38.0% increase), P<0.0001; and foraminal area 1.1 to 1.4 cm (45.1% increase), P<0.0001. These increases were independent of the presence of metabolically active arthropathy.

Ex Output:
Is indirect foraminal decompression independent of metabolically active facet arthropathy in extreme lateral interbody fusion?


Ex Input:
Obese persons have low circulating natriuretic peptide (NP) concentrations. It has been proposed that this 'natriuretic handicap' could play a role in obesity-related hypertension. The normal physiological response of the NP system to an increase in blood pressure (BP) is an increase in NP secretion with concomitant higher circulating NP concentrations. In this study, we investigated whether higher BP would also be related to higher circulating NP concentrations in obese men; furthermore, we verified that BP had affected the hearts of our study participants, by determining left ventricular mass (LVM).", 'We examined 103 obese healthy medication-free men. We measured 24-hour ambulatory BP (ABP). LVM was calculated using the Cornell voltage-duration product method. Fasting serum concentrations of midregional proatrial NP (MR-proANP), a surrogate for active ANP, were measured. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate age-adjusted standardised regression coefficients (β).', 'LVM and BP increased across systolic ABP quartiles (mean LVM±SD: 1599.1±387.2\u2005mm\u2005ms in first vs 2188.5±551.3\u2005mm\u2005ms in fourth quartile, p<0.001; mean systolic ABP±SD: 114.5±4.2\u2005mm\u2005Hg in first vs 149.0±7.7\u2005mm\u2005Hg in fourth quartile, p<0.001). Systolic ABP was robustly associated with LVM (ß=0.48, p<0.001). Despite evidence of BP-related increases in LVM, serum MR-proANP was negatively associated with systolic ABP (ß=-0.32, p=0.004) and with diastolic ABP (ß=-0.45, p<0.001).

Ex Output:
Does serum proatrial natriuretic peptide increase with higher systolic blood pressure in obese men?


Ex Input:
Knowledge of sepsis-related end-organ inflammation in\xa0vivo is limited. We investigated the cytokine response in skin and in serum in sepsis and its relation to multiorgan failure (MOF) and survival.', 'Cytokines were analysed in serum and in suction blister fluid of intact skin of 44 patients with severe sepsis and 15 healthy controls. Blister fluid and serum samples were collected within 48\xa0h of the first sepsis-induced organ failure. This is a substudy of a larger follow-up study on wound healing in sepsis.', 'Cytokine levels were higher in patients with sepsis vs. controls (interleukin [IL]-10, blisters: 65.9 vs. 4.3\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0<\xa00.001, serum: 25.7 vs. 4.5\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0=\xa00.004; IL-6, blisters: 41.9 vs. 0.03\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0<\xa00.001, serum: 45.5 vs. 2.1\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0<\xa00.001). Patients with MOF had higher levels of IL-10 (116.4 vs. 21.3\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0=\xa00.015), IL-4 (0.7 vs. 0.07\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0=\xa00.013) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (25.9 vs. 9.5\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0=\xa00.027) in blister fluid than patients without MOF. In blister fluid, survivors had lower levels of IL-10 (43.3 vs. 181.9\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0=\xa00.024) and bFGF (15.8 vs. 31.9\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0=\xa00.006) than non-survivors. In serum, survivors had higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (152.2 vs. 14.7\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0=\xa00.012) and lower levels of IL-6 (38.5 vs. 91.1\xa0pg/ml, P\xa0=\xa00.011) than non-survivors. The blister fluid levels of bFGF, TNF and VEGF did not correlate with the serum levels.

Ex Output:

Do blister fluid and serum cytokine levels in severe sepsis in humans reflect skin dysfunction?