Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: It is a matter of debate whether or not ordinary heading of the ball in soccer causes injury to brain tissue.', 'To analyse concentrations of the biochemical markers of brain tissue damage S-100B and neurone specific enolase (NSE) in serum of female elite soccer players in association with a competitive game.', 'Venous blood samples were obtained from 44 female soccer players before and after a competitive game for analysis. The number of headers and trauma events (falls, collisions, etc) was assessed from videotape recordings for each player.', 'Concentrations of both brain damage markers were increased after the game (S-100B, 0.18 (0.11) v 0.11 (0.05) microg/l (p = 0.000); NSE, 10.14 (1.74) v 9.05 (1.59) microg/l (p = 0.001)). There was a significant correlation between changes in S-100B concentrations and both the number of headers (r = 0.430, p = 0.004) and the number of other trauma events (r = 0.517, p < 0.001).
[EX A]: Are serum concentrations of two biochemical markers of brain tissue damage S-100B and neurone specific enolase increased in elite female soccer players after a competitive game?

[EX Q]: The Tonnis radiographic classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has been used as a prognostic indicator for patients with walking-age DDH. The International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) classification, a new radiographic classification system, has been proposed to be more reliable by its creators. We sought to validate its reliability using independent observers, to compare it to the Tonnis method, and to assess its prognostic significance in a large cohort of patients.', 'A consecutive series of walking-age DDH patients were examined radiographically and classified by the Tonnis and IHDI schemes by 3 independent observers. Interobserver agreement was determined using the Kappa method. Clinical data were collected on patients with regard to success of closed reduction, need for later pelvic osteotomy, and presence of subsequent radiographic avascular necrosis (AVN). The prognostic value of the Tonnis and IHDI classifications to predict these clinical outcomes was determined.', 'A total of 287 hips were available for analysis of the classification schemes. In total, 235 hips underwent attempted closed reduction and were eligible for analysis of successful closed reduction, and 131 hips had >4-year follow-up and were utilized for analysis of late pelvic osteotomy and AVN. Both classifications showed excellent interobserver reliability and in general, there was nonstatistically significant better reliability for the IHDI versus the Tonnis classification. In multivariate analysis, both IHDI and Tonnis classifications were found to be predictive of successful closed reduction and need for late pelvic osteotomy. Both methods showed trends toward being predictive of AVN rate, without statistical significance.
[EX A]: Is a New Radiographic Classification System for Developmental Hip Dysplasia Reliable and Predictive of Successful Closed Reduction and Late Pelvic Osteotomy?

[EX Q]: We examined whether heparin-coated (HC) circuits can improve the operative results in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.', 'Elective cardiac surgery was performed in 24 patients with a serum creatinine (Cr) level of at least 1.5 mg/dl. Uncoated circuits were used in 12 patients, and HC circuits were used in 12 patients. The results of surgery were compared between the two groups.', 'The mean preoperative Cr concentration was significantly higher in the HC group (2.3 vs 1.8 mg/dl). The heparin doses, protamine dose, and activated clotting times were significantly lower in the HC group. The mean blood loss was also less, although this difference was not significant. The postoperative increase in the Cr level was small in the HC group (2.3-->2.5 mg/dl) compared to that in the noncoated group (1.8-->2.3 mg/dl). Postoperative dialysis was not required in the 5 patients in the HC group with a preoperative Cr clearance less than 20 ml/min.
[EX A]:
Do heparin-coated circuits prevent renal dysfunction after open heart surgery?