TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: Considerable variation exists in the protocols used to induce hyperresponsiveness in murine models of allergic sensitisation. We examined the effect of varying the number of antigen exposures at challenge on the development of methacholine responsiveness in systemically sensitised mice.', 'BALB/c mice were sensitised with ovalbumin (OVA), challenged with 1, 3 or 6 OVA aerosols. Lung function was measured using low frequency forced oscillations and partitioned into components representing the airways (Raw) and lung parenchyma (tissue damping (G) and tissue elastance (H)). Responsiveness to inhaled methacholine (MCh), inflammatory cell profile and circulating IgE were assessed 24 and 48 hours after challenge. The threshold dose of MCh required to elicit a detectable response (sensitivity) and response to 30 mg x mL(-1) (maximal response) were determined for each compartment.', 'Sensitivity; All three OVA protocols resulted in an increased sensitivity to MCh in Raw but not in G or H. These responses where present at 24 and 48 hrs, except 1 OVA aerosol in which changes had resolved by 48 hrs. Maximal response; 1 OVA aerosol increased maximal responses in Raw, G and H at 24 hrs, which was gone by 48 hrs. Three OVA aerosols increased responses in H at 48 hrs only. Six OVA challenges caused increases in Raw, G and H at both 24 and 48 hrs. Eosinophils increased with increasing antigen challenges. IgE was elevated by OVA sensitisation but not boosted by OVA aerosol challenge.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is closely associated with the development of infection-induced deleterious pulmonary reactions. In this study, we investigated the enhancement effects of LPS on tachykinin-mediated plasma exudation in the lungs of guinea pigs. The role of oxidants was also explored.', 'Intravenous LPS (100 mu kg-1) or its vehicle was administered 0 to 3 hours prior to bilateral electrical or sham stimulation of the cervical vagus nerves in animals anesthetized with urethane and artificially ventilated. Plasma exudation into the lungs was assessed by measurement of extravasated 125I-albumin which had been intravenously administered before stimulation.', 'The plasma exudation in the lungs increased after bilateral cervical vagal stimulation. LPS alone did not induce significant plasma exudation. The vagally-mediated plasma exudation was enhanced by LPS with the peak effect 1 hour after LPS administration. LPS also enhanced exogenous substance P (10(-8) mol kg-1, i.v.)-induced plasma exudation. The vagally-induced plasma exudation was abolished by a specific neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist, L-732,138. The LPS-induced enhancement response was also attenuated by L-732,138. The vagally-induced plasma exudation was not affected by superoxide dismutase (SOD, 5000 U kg-1, i.p.) pretreatment. However, SOD significantly inhibited the LPS-enhanced neurogenic plasma leakage. The LPS-induced enhancement was not completely abolished by either L-732,138 or SOD pretreatment alone, but by a combination of both.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: We examined whether or not continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH), in the absence of renal failure, would improve either hemodynamic abnormalities or survival in a canine model of septic shock.', 'Escherichia coli 0111, as an intraperitoneal clot, was surgically implanted into 21 one- to two-year-old purpose-bred beagles. The dogs were randomized to no CAVH (control group, n = 7), sham CAVH (extracorporeal circulation without hemofiltration, n = 7), or true CAVH (hemofiltration with removal of 600 mL/hour of ultrafiltrate, n = 7). Hemofiltration began one hour after clot implantation and continued for six hours. All dogs received antibiotics and had serial hemodynamic and laboratory evaluations.', "During the first seven hours of the study, all dogs displayed a progressive, significant decrease in mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, left ventricular ejection fraction, and serum pH (all p < 0.05). Two of seven dogs in the control group, one of seven dogs in the sham CAVH group, and one of seven dogs in the true CAVH group survived seven days after clot implantation. True CAVH, which included fluid replacement with lactated Ringer's solution, significantly increased serum lactate and decreased serum bicarbonate levels after six hours (both p < 0.05). However, pH did not differ between the three treatment groups (p > 0.20). Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration therapy had no significant effect on cardiovascular abnormalities or survival.

SOLUTION:
0