Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[Q]: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-blocking agents, including etanercept and infliximab, has resulted in reductions in the radiographic progression of RA. However, the exact mechanism by which this protection occurs has not been determined. In order to add to such knowledge, we investigated the effect of anti-TNF therapy on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in synovial tissue.', "The expression of OPG and RANKL in synovial biopsy specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Serial synovial biopsy specimens were obtained from 18 patients with RA, before and after treatment with etanercept (9 patients) or infliximab (9 patients). Biopsy specimens were evaluated by double-blind semiquantitative analysis and image analysis. The in vitro effect of TNF antagonists on the RANKL/OPG expression in osteoblasts and endothelial cells was evaluated by Western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test, followed by the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons of paired samples. The results of in vitro experiments were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance, with Tukey's post hoc test.", 'Treatment with both infliximab and etanercept increased the expression of OPG in synovial tissue. After 8 weeks of treatment, neither infliximab nor etanercept influenced RANKL expression. In both groups of patients, the RANKL:OPG ratio decreased following therapy. In vitro, both of the TNF antagonists mimicked the in vivo effect, inducing a decrease in the RANKL:OPG ratio in TNF-primed osteoblasts and endothelial cells.
[A]: 1


[Q]: Transfusion of packed erythrocytes stored for a long duration is associated with increased pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular resistance. Prolonged storage decreases erythrocyte deformability, and older erythrocytes are rapidly removed from the circulation after transfusion. The authors studied whether treating stored packed ovine erythrocytes with NO before transfusion could prevent pulmonary vasoconstriction, enhance erythrocyte deformability, and prolong erythrocyte survival after transfusion.', 'Ovine leukoreduced packed erythrocytes were treated before transfusion with either NO gas or a short-lived NO donor. Sheep were transfused with autologous packed erythrocytes, which were stored at 4°C for either 2 ("fresh blood") or 40 days ("stored blood"). Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic parameters were monitored before, during, and after transfusion. Transfused erythrocytes were labeled with biotin to measure their circulating lifespan. Erythrocyte deformability was assessed before and after NO treatment using a microfluidic device.', 'NO treatment improved the deformability of stored erythrocytes and increased the number of stored erythrocytes circulating at 1 and 24\u2009h after transfusion. NO treatment prevented transfusion-associated pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary arterial pressure at 30\u2009min of 21\u2009±\u20091 vs. 15\u2009±\u20091 mmHg in control and NO-treated packed erythrocytes, P < 0.0001). Washing stored packed erythrocytes before transfusion did not prevent pulmonary hypertension.
[A]: 0


[Q]: Tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE) has been demonstrated to be involved in liver inflammation. However, the significance of TACE methylation in acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure (ACHBLF) has not been demonstrated. This study aims to evaluate TACE methylation status in ACHBLF and determine its predictive value for prognosis.', 'Forty-five patients with ACHBLF, 80 with chronic hepatitis\xa0B (CHB) and 54 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. The methylation status of TACE promoter was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The TACE mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The plasma levels of TACE, TNF-α, sTNFRI, sTNFRII were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.', 'TACE methylation was significantly lower in patients with ACHBLF than those with CHB (χ(2)=24.69, P<0.01) and HCs (χ(2)=35.93, P<0.01). Meanwhile, TACE methylation was significantly lower in CHB patients than HCs (χ(2)=4.03, P<0.05). TACE methylation was significantly inversely associated with its mRNA expression (r=-0.68; P<0.01). The plasma levels of TACE, TNF-α, sTNFRI, sTNFRII were significantly higher in patients with ACHBLF than those with CHB (P<0.05, respectively) and HCs (P<0.05, respectively). In patients with ACHBLF, significantly higher prothrombin activity, lower total bilirubin and MELD score were found in TACE methylated group than unmethylated group (P<0.05). ACHBLF patients with methylated TACE showed significantly better survival than those without (P<0.01).
[A]:
1