In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

In one work, this thinker consults with a monk to better understand the concept of proximate power. This thinker divided hypotheses into three categories depending on what absurdities would be implied by accepting the hypothesis as true or false. This man participated in the Formulary Controversy with a series of letters in which he attacked Antonio Escobar's use of casuistry and lambasted the moral lapses of the Jesuits. After a carriage accident and a subsequent religious vision, he published his Memorial, which led to him taking up the cause of the Jansenists. He is the namesake of an idea that suggests that the belief in God represents the possibility of infinite gain while only imposing a finite loss. For 10 points, name this author of the Provincial Letters and Pensees, a French philosopher who is the namesake of a "wager" and a mathematical triangle.
Social Science

In a biography added to a 1640 edition of his works, Izaak Walton calls this writer another "Picus Mirandola. " His own prose includes a satirical atack on the Jesuits, Ignatius his Conclave, a defense of "self-homicide,"  Biathanatos, and the Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions. He also penned such lines as "Go and Catch a Falling Star," and it is for poems such as "The Sun Rising," "The Canonization", and "The Flea"  for which he's best known. FTP identify this metaphysical poet of the Holy Sonnets and "A Valediction Forbidding Mourning. "
Literature

The Treaty of Tngsberg secured concessions for it from the Norwegian king Eric II Priest-hater, while the relocation of a Kontor to Dordrecht induced Philip the Bold to renew its privileges. Piracy by the Victualler Brethren was long a threat to it, especially during the slow break up of the Union of Calmar. The Treaty of Straslund with Waldemar IV of Denmark marked its apex. Before that pact, Waldemar had sacked one member, Visby in Gotland, though by the time of its demise 300 years later, only Bremen, Hamburg, and Lbeck remained as major centers. FTP, name this medieval trade organization, which dominated commerce throughout most of Northern Europe.

History