In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

[EX Q]: This philosopher advocated the adoption of a federal system in Considerations on the Government of Poland. He contrasted the natural and physical types of the title concept in his Discourse on Inequality. He also wrote an epistolary novel subtitled The New Heloise, and a treatise dealing with the education of the titular boy, Emile. His most famous work discusses a society controlled by the general will of its people and asserts that man is born free, but is everywhere in chains. For 10 points, name this French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract.
[EX A]: Social Science

[EX Q]: One reactant for this reaction is best prepared by an S N 2 nucleophilic addition of a triphenyl compound, followed by elimination of the hydrogen halide by an organolithium reagent. This reaction itself proceeds through a rather unique intermediate formed when the pi electron from the reagents carbon-oxygen double bond migrates to the positively charged pole of one reactant; this intermediate is called a an oxaphosphetane, from which a triphenyl oxide is eliminated to complete the reaction. The aforementioned positively charged pole is on phosphorous because the aforementioned prepared reactant is a phosphorous ylide. For ten points, name this reaction that produces selectively double-bonded alkenes from aldehydes and phosphorous ylides and that is named for the German 1979 Chemistry Nobel winner.
[EX A]: Science

[EX Q]: method to measure this property uses spring plates which are vibrated at uniform amplitude and frequency. The energy input is then measured. The classical method to measure this quantity uses a capillary tube, and is named after (*) Stokes. This quantity is almost independent of pressure and density in gases, but increases with temperature; in liquids, however, it decreases as temperature increases. This quantity can be calculated using Newton's equation describing fluid motion, and its kinematic version is equal to the dynamic version divided by the density. It is given by the ratio of shear stress to the velocity gradient. For 10 points, name this property of a fluid measured in units of poise, the resistance of a fluid to flow.
[EX A]:
Science