TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a set of context paragraph and some supporting facts to answer a question. Your task is to generate answer for given question based on set of context paragraphs and supporting facts.
PROBLEM: Context_1 : The Incoterms rules or International Commercial Terms are a series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) relating to international commercial law. They are widely used in International commercial transactions or procurement processes as the use in international sales is encouraged by trade councils, courts and international lawyers. A series of three-letter trade terms related to common contractual sales practices, the Incoterms rules are intended primarily to clearly communicate the tasks, costs, and risks associated with the transportation and delivery of goods. Incoterms inform sales contract defining respective obligations, costs, and risks involved in the delivery of goods from the seller to the buyer. However, it does not constitute contract or govern law. Also it does not define where titles transfer and does not address the price payable, currency or credit items. Context_2 : In business or commerce, an order is a stated intention, either spoken or written, to engage in a commercial transaction for specific products or services. From a buyer's point of view it expresses the intention to buy and is called a purchase order. From a seller's point of view it expresses the intention to sell and is referred to as a sales order. When the purchase order of the buyer and the sales order of the seller agree, the orders become a contract between the buyer and seller. Context_3 : A land contract — often described by other terminology listed below — is a contract between the buyer and seller of real property in which the seller provides the buyer financing in the purchase, and the buyer repays the resulting loan in installments. Under a land contract, the seller retains the legal title to the property, while permitting the buyer to take possession of it for most purposes other than legal ownership. The sale price is typically paid in periodic installments, often with a balloon payment at the end to make the timelength of payments shorter than in the corresponding fully amortized loan (i.e., a loan without a final balloon payment). When the full purchase price has been paid including any interest, the seller is obligated to convey (to the buyer) legal title to the property. An initial down payment from the buyer to the seller is usually also required. Context_4 : The point of total assumption (PTA) is a point on the cost line of the profit-cost curve determined by the contract elements associated with a fixed price plus incentive-Firm Target (FPI) contract above which the seller effectively bears all the costs of a cost overrun. The seller bears all of the cost risk at PTA and beyond, due to a dollar for dollar decrease in profit beyond the costs at the PTA. In addition, once the costs on an FPI contract reach PTA, the maximum amount the buyer will pay is the ceiling price. Note, however, that between the cost at PTA and when the cost equals the ceiling price, the seller is still in a profitable position; only after costs exceed the ceiling price is the seller in a loss position. Context_5 : In commodities transactions, formula pricing is an arrangement where a buyer and seller agree in advance on the price to be paid for a product delivered in the future, based upon a pre-determined calculation. For example, a packer might agree to pay a hog producer the average cash market price on the day the hogs will be delivered, plus a 2-cent per-pound premium. Context_6 : Lost volume seller is a legal term in the law of contracts. Such a seller is a special case in contract law. Ordinarily, a seller whose buyer breaches a contract and refuses to purchase the goods can recover from the breaching buyer only the difference between the contract price and the price for which the seller ultimately sells the goods to another buyer (plus, under some circumstances, incidental damages). Context_7 : A call option, often simply labeled a "call", is a financial contract between two parties, the buyer and the seller of this type of option. The buyer of the call option has the "right, but not the obligation", to buy an agreed quantity of a particular commodity or financial instrument (the underlying) from the seller of the option at a certain time (the expiration date) for a certain price (the strike price). The seller (or "writer") is obligated to sell the commodity or financial instrument to the buyer if the buyer so decides. The buyer pays a fee (called a premium) for this right. The term "call" comes from the fact that the owner has the right to "call the stock away" from the seller. Context_8 : Murabaḥah, murabaḥa or murâbaḥah (Arabic: مرابحة‎ ‎ , derived from "ribh" Arabic: ربح‎ ‎ , meaning profit) is a term of "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence) for a sales contract where the buyer and seller agree on the markup (profit) or "cost-plus" price for the item(s) being sold. In recent decades it has become a term for a very common form of Islamic (i.e. "shariah compliant") financing, where the price is marked-up in exchange for allowing the buyer to defer payment (a contract with deferred payment being known as "bai-muajjal"). "Murabaha" financing is similar to a rent-to-own arrangement in the non-Muslim world, with the intermediary (i.e. the lending bank) retaining ownership of the item being sold until the loan is paid in full. There are also Islamic investment funds and sukuk (Islamic bonds) that use "murabahah" contracts. Context_9 : Markup is the ratio between the cost of a good or service and its selling price. It is expressed as a percentage over the cost. A markup is added onto the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to cover the costs of doing business and create a profit. The total cost reflects the total amount of both fixed and variable expenses to produce and distribute a product. Markup can be expressed as a fixed amount or as a percentage of the total cost or selling price. Retail markup is commonly calculated as the difference between wholesale price and retail price, as a percentage of wholesale. Other methods are also used. Context_10 : As is is a legal term used to disclaim some implied warranties for an item being sold. Certain types of implied warranties must be specifically disclaimed, such as the implied warranty of title. "As is" denotes that the seller is selling, and the buyer is buying an item in whatever condition it presently exists, and that the buyer is accepting the item "with all faults", whether or not immediately apparent. This is the classic "buyer beware" situation, where the careful buyer should take the time to examine the item before accepting it, or obtain expert advice. fact_1 : Murabaḥah, murabaḥa or murâbaḥah (Arabic: مرابحة‎ ‎ , derived from "ribh" Arabic: ربح‎ ‎ , meaning profit) is a term of "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence) for a sales contract where the buyer and seller agree on the markup (profit) or "cost-plus" price for the item(s) being sold. fact_2 : Markup is the ratio between the cost of a good or service and its selling price. fact_3 :  A markup is added onto the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to cover the costs of doing business and create a profit. Question: Murabaḥah is a term for a sales contract where the buyer and seller agree on the markup (profit) or "cost-plus" price for the item(s) being sold, which covers the cost of what?

SOLUTION: doing business

PROBLEM: Context_1 : In mathematics, Fesenko groups are certain subgroups of the wild automorphism groups of local fields of positive characteristic (i.e. the Nottingham group), studied by Ivan Fesenko (). Context_2 : The Chartered Institute of Trade Mark Attorneys (CITMA) was founded in 1934 as the British professional body for trade mark attorneys. It received a Royal Charter in 2016 which saw its name change from ITMA. CITMA is a professional membership organisation with the power to shape law and practice – nationally and internationally, as well as supporting and promoting the trade mark attorney profession. It has legal responsibility for regulating the profession, which is delegated to the Intellectual Property Regulation Board (IPReg). Context_3 : In probability theory, the Markov–Krein theorem gives the best upper and lower bounds on the expected values of certain functions of a random variable where only the first moments of the random variable are known. The result is named after Andrey Markov and Mark Krein. Context_4 : Mark Grigorievich Krein (Ukrainian: Марко Григорович Крейн , Russian: Марк Григо́рьевич Крейн ; 3 April 1907 – 17 October 1989) was a Soviet Jewish mathematician, one of the major figures of the Soviet school of functional analysis. He is known for works in operator theory (in close connection with concrete problems coming from mathematical physics), the problem of moments, classical analysis and representation theory. Context_5 : Ivan Fesenko (Russian: Иван Борисович Фесенко ; born 1962) is a mathematician working in number theory and other areas of modern mathematics. Context_6 : Horace Ezra Bixby (May 8, 1826 - August 1, 1912) was a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi-Missouri-Ohio river system from the late 1840s until his death in 1912. Bixby is notable in his own right for his high standing in his profession, for his technical contributions to it, and for his service in the American Civil War. However, he is best known for having had as his "cub pilot" (that is, apprentice or trainee) the young man known to him as Sam Clemens, later to become famous under his pen name as American author Mark Twain. Twain's descriptions of Bixby's character and pedagogic style form a good part of his memoir "Life on the Mississippi", and it was through this medium that Bixby—much to his annoyance—became well-known beyond the circles of his family, friends and profession. Context_7 : Prior to the Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Social Courage, the Georgia Institute of Technology's Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts had awarded the Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Progress & Service. Awarded annually from 2001-2010, the Prize honored individuals who had contributed to the progress of American civilization through his or her service to a field or profession associated with the academic disciplines taught in the Ivan Allen College. Context_8 : Samuel Manetoali (born January 24, 1969) is a member of the National Parliament of the Solomon Islands. He represents the Gao/Bugotu constituency in Isabel Province. He attended Lepi Primary School and then went on to do his secondary education at the prestigious King George Sixth National School in Honiara. He attended law school at the University of Papua New Guinea and graduated with an LLB degree and further unspecified qualifications from the University of Tasmania and University of South Australia. Prior to entering politics he worked in the country's Public Solicitors Office, then he worked as a private lawyer and a legal adviser to the Isabel Provincial Government. He first entered parliament in the 2006 general election and re-elected in the 2010 general election.. He served as the Solomon Islands' Minister of Police, National Security and Correctional Services in Prime Minister Derek Sikua's Cabinet until May 2009, when he was transferred to the position of Minister for Lands, Survey, and Housing. Following the 2010 general election, he remained in Cabinet, under new Prime Minister Danny Philip, as Minister for Tourism and Culture. In this year's (2014) general election which was held on the 19th November, he was voted in again for the third term with a landslide victory. . He contested as an independent candidate in last week's election.. As a lawyer, many people had expected more from him seeing that many world leaders including Barack Obama and Tony Abott are lawyers by profession and he appears to be a potential candidate for the prime minister's post given his experience as a politician (3 terms including the current term) and his noble profession. His current success in the recent election could be attributed to projects such as mini-fisheries projects that he established in the various villages in his constituency. He also helped the villages and communities by giving handouts such as roofing irons, outboard motor engines, fiber boats, solar panels, cash money and other form of support as a way to maintain and broaden his support. He also supported local tourism in his constituency by giving financial help to tourism operators such as on Sigana Island,albeit, tourism is still at its infant stage in his constituency. His other elixir to maintain his popularity and support is through facilitating and sending Bamboo Bands/groups notably the Hageulu bamboo band overseas for the promotion of tourism and culture for the country and he managed to do that in his capacity as the minister of Tourism and Culture in the Lilo-led government. He was also instrumental in establishing the Gao-Bugotu Cultural Festival initially held in Huali Village in Gao and in Sepi/Lepi Villages in Bugotu. Context_9 : In mathematics, Tannaka–Krein duality theory concerns the interaction of a compact topological group and its category of linear representations. It is a natural extension of Pontryagin duality, between compact and discrete commutative topological groups, to groups that are compact but noncommutative. The theory is named for two men, the Soviet mathematician Mark Grigorievich Krein, and the Japanese Tadao Tannaka. In contrast to the case of commutative groups considered by Lev Pontryagin, the notion dual to a noncommutative compact group is not a group, but a category Π("G") with some additional structures, formed by the finite-dimensional representations of "G". Context_10 : Ivan Vasilievich Changes Profession (Russian: Иван Васильевич меняет профессию , "Ivan Vasilyevich menyayet professiyu " ) is a Soviet comic science fiction film directed by Leonid Gaidai in 1973. In the United States the film has sometimes been sold under the title Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future. This film is based on the play "" by Mikhail Bulgakov and was one of the most attended movies in the Soviet Union in 1973 with more than 60 million tickets sold. fact_1 : Mark Grigorievich Krein (Ukrainian: Марко Григорович Крейн , Russian: Марк Григо́рьевич Крейн ; 3 April 1907 – 17 October 1989) was a Soviet Jewish mathematician, one of the major figures of the Soviet school of functional analysis. fact_2 : Ivan Fesenko (Russian: Иван Борисович Фесенко ; born 1962) is a mathematician working in number theory and other areas of modern mathematics. Question: What profession has both Ivan Fesenko and Mark Krein held?

SOLUTION: mathematician

PROBLEM: Context_1 : The 1890 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 1890 college football season. In just three games of the season, the Jayhawks offense scored 33 points while the defense allowed 52 points and ended with a record of one win and two losses. This was the first season for Kansas Jayhawks football and the first game against Baker marked the first time college football was played in the state of Kansas. The December 8 victory over Baker by a 14–12 score was the first victory in the program's history. Context_2 : The 1896 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Western Interstate University Football Association (WIUFA) during the 1896 college football season. In their third and final season under head coach Hector Cowan, the Jayhawks compiled a 7–3 record (2–1 against conference opponents), finished in second place in the WIUFA, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 136 to 40. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. B. D. Hamill was the team captain. Context_3 : The 1894 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Western Interstate University Football Association (WIUFA) during the 1894 college football season. In their first season under head coach Hector Cowan, the Jayhawks compiled a 2–3–1 record (1–2 against conference opponents), finished third in the conference, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 82 to 78. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. O. K. Williamson was the team captain. Context_4 : The 1897 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Western Interstate University Football Association during the 1897 college football season. In their first season under head coach Wylie G. Woodruff, the Jayhawks compiled an 8–2 record (2–1 against conference opponents), finished second in the conference, shut out seven of ten opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 253 to 16. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. A. R. Kennedy was the team captain. Context_5 : The 2007 Kansas Jayhawks football team (variously "Kansas", "KU", or the "Jayhawks") represented the University of Kansas in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Looking to improve on the previous season's 6–6 overall record (3–5 in the Big 12 Conference), the team finished the 2007 season with a 12–1 overall record (7–1 in their conference) and one of the best seasons in the school's 118 years of intercollegiate football. The twelve victories set a new record, and the defeat of the Virginia Tech Hokies in the Orange Bowl was the school's first and only Orange Bowl and BCS bowl game victory. Their only loss was versus a North Division rival, the Missouri Tigers, in their final regular season game which denied them the division title and a trip to the Big 12 Championship Game. For their achievements the team was awarded the Stanley Tools Breakthrough of the Year Award. Context_6 : The 1916 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1916 college football season. In their second season under head coach Herman Olcott, the Jayhawks compiled a 4–3–1 record (1–2–1 against conference opponents), finished in fifth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 72 to 68. The team's November 18 victory over Nebraska snapped a 34-game unbeaten streak for the Cornhuskers. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. Adrian Lindsey was the team captain. Context_7 : The 2008 Kansas Jayhawks football team (variously "Kansas", "KU", or the "Jayhawks") represented the University of Kansas in the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. It was the school's 119th year of intercollegiate football. The team was looking to continue the success of the prior season in which they lost only a single conference game and went on to win the Orange Bowl. In the ninth week, after defeating Kansas State 52–21, the Jayhawks became Bowl eligible for the fourth consecutive year, a school record. Also, for the first time in school history, Kansas made back-to-back appearances in a Bowl game after accepting the invitation to play in the Insight Bowl versus the Minnesota Golden Gophers. The team finished the regular season with a victory over their archrival, the Missouri Tigers (who was then ranked 13th in the BCS Poll), in the Border War. The Jayhawks concluded the season with an 8–5 overall record (4–4 in the Big 12 Conference). Context_8 : The 2008 Missouri Tigers football team represented the University of Missouri in the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Gary Pinkel, who returned in his eighth season with Mizzou, and played their home games at Faurot Field at Memorial Stadium. Context_9 : The Kansas Jayhawks football program is a college football team that represents the University of Kansas in the Big 12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The team has had 36 head coaches and one interim head coach since it started playing organized football in 1890 with the nickname "Jayhawks". They played their first season without a head coach. Kansas joined the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1907. After several changes, the conference eventually became the Big Eight Conference. The Jayhawks became a charter member of the Big 12 in 1996 when the Big Eight disbanded. The Jayhawks have played in 1,179 games during their 120 seasons. In those seasons, seven coaches have led Kansas to postseason bowl games: George Sauer, Jack Mitchell, Pepper Rodgers, Don Fambrough, Bud Moore, Glen Mason and Mark Mangino. Four coaches have won conference championships with the Jayhawks: A. R. Kennedy, Bill Hargiss, Sauer and Rodgers. Context_10 : The 1907 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1907 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach A. R. Kennedy, the Jayhawks compiled a 5–3 record (1–1 against conference opponents), finished in third place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 111 to 57. The Jayhawks played their home games at McCook Field in Lawrence, Kansas. Carl Rouse was the team captain. fact_1 :  The team finished the regular season with a victory over their archrival, the Missouri Tigers (who was then ranked 13th in the BCS Poll), in the Border War. fact_2 : The 2008 Missouri Tigers football team represented the University of Missouri in the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. fact_3 :  The team was coached by Gary Pinkel, who returned in his eighth season with Mizzou, and played their home games at Faurot Field at Memorial Stadium. Question: Who was the coach of the team that the 2008 Kansas Jayhawks football team finished the regular season with a victory over?

SOLUTION:
Gary Pinkel