Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: While the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among African-Americans (AAs) is increasing, there is limited understanding of phenotypic differences and outcomes by race.', 'To describe disease characteristics of AA patients compared to Caucasian (Ca) patients in a tertiary care population.', "We performed a cross-sectional review of the IBD registry at the University of Chicago from January 2008 to January 2013. Data regarding race, phenotype, disease onset, disease duration, medical therapy, and surgical treatment were abstracted from the database, then compared via Pearson's chi-square analysis, Kruskal-Wallis analysis, and logistic regression with a significance level of p < 0.05.", "A total of 1,235 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 541 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) included 108 AA CD patients and 28 AA UC patients. AA CD patients had an increased rate of IBD-related arthralgias (36.5 vs. 23.9 %, p < 0.01) and surgery (p < 0.01), less ileal involvement (57.8 vs. 71.0 %, p < 0.01), and no differences for other extraintestinal manifestations or disease locations compared to Ca CD patients. AA UC patients were older at diagnosis, had an increased rate of arthralgias (28.6 vs. 14.6 %, p = 0.047) and ankylosing spondylitis/sacroiliitis (7.1 vs. 1.6 %, p = 0.035), with no differences for disease extent or rate of IBD-related surgeries compared to Ca UC patients. There were no differences in medication usage by race for CD and UC patients.

A: Does clinical presentation and disease course of inflammatory bowel disease differ by race in a large tertiary care hospital?
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Q: The effects of exercise training on LV remodelling following large anterior myocardial infarction (MI) remains controversial. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system has been shown to prevent ventricular dilation and deleterious remodeling. We therefore tested, in a rat model of chronic MI, whether any potentially deleterious effects of exercise on post-MI remodelling could be ameliorated by angiotensin II receptor blockade.', 'Male Wistar rats underwent coronary ligation or sham operation. Treatment with losartan (10 mg/kg/day) began 1 week post-MI and moderate treadmill exercise (25 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/week) was initiated 2 weeks post-MI. Systolic and diastolic pressure-volume relationships were measured in isolated, red-cell perfused, isovolumically beating hearts 8 weeks post-MI. Morphometric measurements were performed in trichrome stained cross sections of the heart. Five groups of animals were compared: sham (n=13), control MI (MI; n=11), MI plus losartan (MI-Los; n=13), MI plus exercise (MI-Ex; n=10) and MI plus exercise and losartan (MI-Ex-Los; n=12).', 'Infarct size (% of left ventricle, LV) was similar among the infarcted groups [MI=43+/-4%, MI-Los=49+/-2%, MI-Ex=45+/-1%, MI-Ex-Los=48+/-2% (NS)]. Exercise, losartan and exercise+losartan treatments all attenuated LV dilation post-MI to a similar degree. Exercise training increased LV developed pressure in both untreated and losartan treated hearts (P<0.05 vs. other MI groups). In addition, exercise resulted in additional scar thinning in untreated hearts, while no additional scar thinning was seen in post-infarct hearts receiving both losartan and exercise.

A: Does angiotensin II receptor blockade attenuate the deleterious effects of exercise training on post-MI ventricular remodelling in rats?
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Q: Natriuretic peptide (NP) levels are routinely employed as useful diagnostic and prognostic tools in the evaluation of patients with heart failure (HF). As hospitalization is the major consumer of healthcare resources, the prognostic power of admission NPs with regard to the duration of hospitalization deserves further investigation.', 'We assessed retrospectively the association between NP values sampled shortly following unplanned admission and the duration of hospitalization in 2978 patients admitted to a cardiology department. Duration of hospitalization (hours) and survival were determined by interrogation of the electronic medical records system. Associations with peptide levels were estimated using regression models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The results demonstrate a significant positive relationship between NP levels and the duration of hospitalization, after adjusting for age (P < 0.001). The median duration of hospitalization for the lowest BNP and NT-proBNP quintiles were 80 and 97 h, respectively, vs. 224.5 and 236 h for the highest quintiles. Using cut-off levels of 115 pmol/L for BNP and 390 pmol/L for NT-proBNP, the peptides have a positive predictive value of 78% and 85% for a stay >4 days. During follow-up, NP levels were strongly predictive of all-cause mortality.

A:
Do natriuretic peptide levels taken following unplanned admission to a cardiology department predict the duration of hospitalization?
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