Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PCa) are characterized by intrapancreatic neuropathic alterations, including increased neural density and hypertrophy, pancreatic neuritis and neural invasion (NI) by cancer cells in PCa. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of these neuropathic changes on the quality of pancreatic innervation, intrapancreatic glia, and visceral pain.', 'Pancreatic nerve fiber qualities were characterized by immunohistochemical visualization of various markers, including those for sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) and cholinergic innervation (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT), as well as the glial transcription factor, Sox10, and the neuroepithelial progenitor cell marker, Nestin, in normal pancreas (NP, n=16), CP (n=20), and PCa (n=20) patients. The neural immunoreactivity scores of these markers were correlated with the severity of intrapancreatic neuropathic changes and with abdominal pain sensation of patients.', 'Pancreatic sympathetic innervation was significantly reduced in CP and PCa, whereas parasympathetic innervation did not show major changes. Nestin neuro-immunoreactivity was stronger, and Sox10-immunoreactivity was weaker in CP and PCa than in NP. Pancreatic sympathetic and cholinergic innervation was noticeably decreased in patients with severe pancreatic neuritis, NI by cancer cells, or abdominal pain. Moreover, the neural immunoreactivity for Sox10 and Nestin also varied with intrapancreatic neuropathic alterations and abdominal pain.

A: 1
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Q: The B cell is a key player in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Loss of B cell tolerance resulting in autoantibody production and immune complex formation and deposition are central features of the disease. B cell overactivity is a hallmark of SLE and molecular abnormalities in B cell signaling cascade have been described.', 'In this review, we will focus on the aberrant phenotype of B cell signaling in patients with lupus. We will also discuss data stemming from the use of small molecules that have recently been recognized to target important steps of the B cell signal transduction pathways with therapeutic implications for SLE.

A: 0
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Q: Gender has been shown to affect endothelial function of the forearm circulation in patients with type 2 diabetes, but data on the renal circulation are lacking. We hypothesized that renal vascular nitric oxide (NO) availability is higher, and oxidative stress lower, in female compared to male patients with type 2 diabetes.', 'In 41 male and 39 female patients with type 2 diabetes, renal plasma flow (RPF) was determined by constant infusion input clearance at baseline and following infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 4.25 mg/kg) to assess basal renal vascular NO availability. After a subsequent infusion of L-arginine (100 mg/kg) to restore baseline conditions, vitamin C (45 mg/kg) was co-infused to determine levels of oxidative stress in the renal circulation.', 'Baseline renal haemodynamics were similar between genders. L-NMMA-induced renal vasoconstriction was more pronounced in females compared to males (-89 +/- 69 versus -60 +/- 52 ml/min/1.73 m(2), P = 0.03). After administration of L-arginine to restore baseline perfusion, the co-infusion of vitamin C led to a lesser increase of RPF in females than in males (+37 +/- 86 versus +60 +/- 52 ml/min/1.73 m(2), P = 0.05).

A:
0
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