Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[EX Q]: Inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) and inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) selectively dilate the pulmonary circulation in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) associated with pulmonary hypertension. PDE5 inhibitors administered at doses that decrease pulmonary artery pressures have been shown to worsen arterial oxygenation. We investigated the efficacy of doses of PDE5 inhibitors that do not reduce pulmonary artery pressure alone (subthreshold doses) to improve the response to inhaled NO in an animal model of ALI.', 'Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were pre-treated with 0.5 mg/kg Escherichia coli 0111:B4 endotoxin and 16 to 18 h later, their lungs were isolated perfused and ventilated. The thromboxane mimetic U46619 was used to induce pulmonary hypertension. After the determination of subthreshold doses of two different PDE5 inhibitors, either 50 microg zaprinast or 10 ng sildenafil was added to the perfusate and the decrease of pulmonary artery pressure measured in the presence and absence of inhaled NO.', 'In the presence of 4 or 10 ppm NO, zaprinast (-1.6 +/- 0.4 and -2.9 +/- 0.6 mmHg, respectively) and sildenafil (-1.9 +/- 0.4 and -2.4 + 0.3 mmHg, respectively) improved responsiveness to inhaled NO compared to lungs from rats treated with LPS only (0.7 +/- 0.1 and -1.0 +/- 0.1 mmHg, respectively; P<0.05). Neither zaprinast nor sildenafil prolonged the pulmonary vasodilatory response to inhaled NO.
[EX A]: 0

[EX Q]: Multidrug resistant (MDR) uropathogens are increasing in prevalence and may contribute to significant morbidity after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). We investigate the presence of MDR bacteriuria and occurrence of postoperative infectious complications in patients who underwent PCNL at our institution.', 'Retrospective review was performed of 81 patients undergoing PCNL by a single surgeon (RLS) between 2009 and 2013. Patient demographics, comorbidities, stone parameters on imaging, and microbial data were compiled. MDR organisms were defined as resistant to three or more of the American Urological Association Best Practice Statement antimicrobial classes for PCNL. Postoperative complications were graded by Clavien score and European Association of Urology infection grade. Univariate comparisons were analyzed between patients with and without a postoperative infectious complication. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine significant predictor variables for postoperative infectious complications.', 'Of the 81 patients undergoing PCNL, 41/81 (51%) had positive preoperative urine culture, 24/81 (30%) had positive MDR urine culture, and 16/81 (19%) had a postoperative infectious complication. Multivariate analysis revealed a positive preoperative MDR urine culture significantly increased the risk of postoperative infectious complication (odds ratio [OR]=4.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.134-17.8, P=0.016). The presence of more than one access tract during PCNL also predicted for infectious complications (OR=7.5, 95% CI 2.13-26.4, P=0.003) Of the 16 patients with a postoperative infection 3 (18%) had postoperative urine cultures discordant with the preoperative urine cultures.
[EX A]: 1

[EX Q]: The aim of this work was to study the influence of isolated biological therapy administered immediately before extended liver resection on liver function and regenerative capacity of future liver remnant (FLR) in a large-animal experiment.', 'Nineteen piglets were included in this study (10 in the control group and 9 in the experimental group). A port-a-cath was introduced into the superior caval vein. On days 11 and 4 before liver resection, cetuximab was administered via this port at 400 mg/m2 of piglet body surface. Physiological solution was applied to the control group. Resection of the left lateral, left medial and right medial hepatic lobes was followingly performed (reduction of 50-60% of liver parenchyma). Blood samples were collected at different times before the operation and after liver resection. Serum levels of bilirubin, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, cholinesterase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, C-reactive protein and transforming growth factor-β1 were assessed. The ultrasonographic examinations at different time points were performed pre-operatively and after liver resection in order to assess the liver volume. The biopsies from the liver parenchyma were examined for proliferative activity, binocluated hepatocytes, size of hepatocytes, and the length of the lobuli. The comparison of distribution of the studied parameters between the groups was carried out using the Wilcoxon test. The Spearman rank correlation co-efficient was used because of the non-Gaussian distribution of the parameter values. The whole development of the studied parameters over time was compared between the groups using ANOVA.', 'There were no important complications of administration of biologic therapy during the operation or throughout the peri-operative period. There was no statistically significant difference in the regeneration of FLR nor were any differences in biochemical, immunoanalytical and histological parameters detected.
[EX A]:
0