Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: To fully understand the cytotoxicity of after-degradation QDs, we synthesized CdS QDs and investigated its toxicity mechanism.', 'Biomimetic method was proposed to synthesize cadmium sulfide (CdS) QDs. Thereafter MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was conducted to evaluate their cytotoxicity. To investigate the toxicity mechanism, we subsequently conducted intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement with DCFH-DA, glutathione (GSH) measurement with DTNB, and cellular cadmium assay using atomic absorption spectrometer. Microsized CdS were simultaneously tested as a comparison.', "MTT assay results indicated that CdS QDs are more toxic than microsized CdS especially at concentrations below 40 microg/ml. While microsized CdS did not trigger ROS elevation, CdS QDs increase ROS by 20-30% over control levels. However, they both deplete cellular GSH significantly at the medium concentration of 20 microg/ml. In the presence of NAC, cells are partially protected from CdS QDs, but not from microsized particles. Additionally, nearly 20% of cadmium was released from CdS nanoparticles within 24h, which also accounts for QDs' toxicity.

Answer: Do intracellular oxidative stress and cadmium ions release induce cytotoxicity of unmodified cadmium sulfide quantum dots?


Question: Effective therapeutic interventions for chronic, idiopathic lung diseases remain elusive. Normalized T-cell function is an important contributor to spontaneous resolution of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Up-regulation of inhibitor receptors, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, are important inhibitors of T-cell function.', 'To determine the effects of PD-1 pathway blockade on sarcoidosis CD4(+) T-cell proliferative capacity.', 'Gene expression profiles of sarcoidosis and healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed at baseline and follow-up. Flow cytometry was used to measure ex vivo expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 on systemic and bronchoalveolar lavage-derived cells of subjects with sarcoidosis and control subjects, as well as the effects of PD-1 pathway blockade on cellular proliferation after T-cell receptor stimulation. Immunohistochemistry analysis for PD-1/PD-L1 expression was conducted on sarcoidosis, malignant, and healthy control lung specimens.', 'Microarray analysis demonstrates longitudinal increase in PDCD1 gene expression in sarcoidosis peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed increased PD-L1 expression within sarcoidosis granulomas and lung malignancy, but this was absent in healthy lungs. Increased numbers of sarcoidosis PD-1(+) CD4(+) T cells are present systemically, compared with healthy control subjects (P < 0.0001). Lymphocytes with reduced proliferative capacity exhibited increased proliferation with PD-1 pathway blockade. Longitudinal analysis of subjects with sarcoidosis revealed reduced PD-1(+) CD4(+) T cells with spontaneous clinical resolution but not with disease progression.

Answer: Does blockade of the programmed death-1 pathway restore sarcoidosis CD4 ( + ) T-cell proliferative capacity?


Question: We previously demonstrated that even a low dose of bone marrow cells (BMCs) established donor-specific tolerance if mixed with splenocytes (SPLCs). In this study, T-cell subsets CD4 (CD4SP) and CD8 (CD8SP) of donor SPLCs were investigated for their contribution to the enhancement of BMC engraftment leading to donor-specific tolerance in sublethally irradiated mice.', 'Sublethally irradiated C57BL/6 recipient mice were intravenously injected BMCs mixing with CD4SP or CD8SP harvested from BALB/c donor mice. The degree of chimerism in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and in the SPLCs was analyzed using FACS, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and skin graft transplantation 3 months after injection.', 'Recipients injected with 3 x 10(6) donor BMCs admixed with 10 x 10(6) donor CD8SP established chimerism. However, recipients injected with the same dose of BMCs admixed with 5 x 10(6) CD4SP, 10 x 10(6) CD4SP, and 5 x 10(6) CD8SP did not established chimerism. CD8SP contained 44% of Ly6A/E (Stem Cell Antigen-1 (Sca-1))-positive cells based on FACS analysis, whereas only 6% of CD4SP were positive for Ly6A/E. MLR supernates of donor SPLCs chimeric mice using admixture with CD8SP dominated by Th2 cytokines. In contrast, mixting with MLR supernates from failed chimera showed dominant Th1 cytokines.

Answer:
Is cD8 T cell of donor splenocyte mixed with bone marrow cells more effective than CD4 T cell for induction of donor-specific tolerance in sublethally irradiated mice?