instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of low-energy femoral insufficiency fractures in elderly patients.', 'The study retrospectively evaluated the clinical course of 4 patients with low-energy femoral shaft and subtrochanteric fractures admitted to our department between 2009 and 2011. Three patients had prior long-term alendronate therapy and one had prior glucocorticoid therapy.', 'There were 5 femoral shaft fractures, 2 incomplete shaft fractures, 2 subtrochanteric and 1 intertrochanteric fractures. All femoral shaft fractures had characteristic fracture patterns with thickened lateral cortices at the proximal fragment. Six femurs had excessive medial femoral bowing, which complicated intramedullary nailing. Additional fractures were seen on both femurs of one patient who had been primarily treated with short implants. A bifocal femoral fracture was seen in one femur. Union was achieved in all patients. Two patients were able to walk independently, one with a cane and one with double crutches.
answer:
1


question:
Oxidative stress often occurs in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. The objective of our study was to investigate the interrelationship between oxidative stress and the degree of renal anemia.', 'In 107 consecutive HD patients, serum concentrations of two major aldehydic lipid peroxidation (LPO) products, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and of protein carbonyls were analyzed as parameters of oxidative stress and related to the degree of renal anemia. Additionally, in 76 patients treated with epoetin long-term changes in the serum levels of aldehydic LPO products were observed.', 'In HD patients, serum levels of HNE, MDA, and protein carbonyls are increased in comparison to controls. The lower the hemoglobin, i.e. the stronger the degree of renal anemia, the higher the serum concentrations of HNE, MDA, and protein carbonyls. The HNE and MDA levels decreased during HD. Long-term studies on the correction of renal anemia by epoetin demonstrated a mitigation of oxidative stress during this therapy. During periods of 1 and 2 years, it was observed that the serum levels of HNE and MDA could be reduced.
answer:
1


question:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various local anesthetics on chondrocyte viability in articular cartilage by use of a bovine disk model.', 'Full-thickness bovine cartilage disks were isolated from the condylar surfaces of the radial-carpal joint by use of a 4-mm biopsy punch and were incubated in various concentrations of local anesthetics (e.g., bupivacaine) for varying amounts of time and stained for membrane integrity by use of ethidium bromide and SYTO 13 stain (Molecular Probes, Carlsbad, CA). Cell and nuclear morphology was assessed by transmission electron microscopy.', 'The addition of local anesthetics (i.e., 0.25% bupivacaine, 1% lidocaine, and 0.5% ropivacaine) to bovine articular cartilage disks had a negative effect on chondrocyte viability. Culturing bovine articular cartilage disks for increasing periods of time decreased chondrocyte viability for each of the local anesthetics, with significant negative correlations being shown between time of exposure to the drug and chondrocyte viability. These effects were also affected by the presence or absence of epinephrine in local anesthetic preparations.
answer:

1