instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Preterm delivery and sub-optimal fetal growth are associated with each other and affect both mother and infant. Our aim was to determine (i) whether there are detectable differences in DNA methylation between early and late gestation and (ii) whether changes in DNA methylation from entry are associated with spontaneous preterm delivery with and without reduced fetal growth.', 'We conducted a case-control study nested within a large prospective cohort. Gene specific methylation was measured by Methyl-Profiler PCR Array in a Human Breast Cancer Signature Panel of 24 genes from maternal peripheral leukocytes genomic DNA at entry and 3', 'There was significantly decrease in DNA methylation in 15 of 24 genes during the 3
Answer: These data suggest that epigenetic modification is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous preterm delivery, spontaneous preterm delivery with reduced fetal growth in particular.
answer:
Is spontaneous Preterm Delivery , Particularly with Reduced Fetal Growth , Associated with DNA Hypomethylation of Tumor Related Genes?


question:
Context: To explore stakeholder views on cell-free DNA testing and highlight findings important for successful implementation and the provision of best practice in counseling.', 'Noninvasive tests based on the analysis of cell-free fetal DNA are now widely available in clinical practice and applications are expanding rapidly. It is essential that stakeholder views are considered in order to identify and address any ethical and social issues. We provide an overview of stakeholder viewpoints and then focus on the key issues of informed decision making, test uptake, service delivery and information sources.
Answer: Stakeholders are positive about the introduction of cell-free fetal DNA testing into clinical practice. They describe both practical and psychological benefits arising from tests that are safe and can potentially be performed earlier in pregnancy. Key concerns, which include the potential for these tests to have a negative impact on informed decision making and increased societal pressure to have testing, can be addressed through careful parent-directed counseling. As applications for these tests expand it is increasingly important to develop innovative approaches to facilitate good understanding for parents who are offered noninvasive prenatal testing.
answer:
Does stakeholder attitudes and need regarding cell-free fetal DNA testing?


question:
Context: HCV NS5A appears to play an important role in HCV resistance to IFN-alpha but the molecular mechanism is not fully elucidated. Most studies regarding the involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in inhibition of IFN-alpha signaling by NS5A were performed in non-hepatic cell lines and their relevance may be debatable.', 'We analyzed the effects of NS5A on IFN-alpha signaling through STAT1 phosphorylation in three hepatocyte-derived cell lines, Hep3B, J5 and Huh7. Interaction of NS5A and STAT1 was also investigated with co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy.', 'IFN-alpha induces STAT1 activation in Hep3B cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Transient or stable NS5A expression inhibits STAT1 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner in hepatocyte-derived cell lines, whereas the levels of STAT1 phosphorylation remain unchanged in non-hepatocyte HeLa and COS7 cells despite increasing amounts of NS5A. The NS5A may interact with STAT1, specifically, the N-terminal 488 amino acids of STAT1. Furthermore, NS5A inhibits activation of interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) and interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE)-driven gene expression, as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase assay, respectively.
Answer: NS5A may interact with STAT1 and inhibit IFN-alpha signaling through suppression of STAT1 phosphorylation specifically in hepatocyte-derived cells.
answer:

Does hCV NS5A inhibit interferon-alpha signaling through suppression of STAT1 phosphorylation in hepatocyte-derived cell lines?