In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Example Input: Bioaerosols exposure can lead to many adverse health effects and even result in death if highly infectious agents involved. Apparently, there is a great need for rapid detection of bioaerosols, for which air sampling often is the first critical step. However, currently available samplers often either require an external power and/or with low sampling flow rate, thus falling short of providing a practical solution when response time is of great concern. Here, we have designed and evaluated a new portable high volume bioaerosol sampler named as HighBioTrap through optimizing its operating parameters. The sampler was operated at a sampling flow rate of 1200 L/min, with an impaction velocity of about 10.2 m/s (S/W = 1.5, T/ W = 1), while the weight of the sampler is about 1.9 kg. The performances of the HighBioTrap sampler were tested both in lab controlled and natural environments (outdoor and indoor environments in a university building) along with the reference sampler-the BioStage impactor using aerosolized Polystyrene (PS) uniform microspheres of various sizes, aerosolized bacteria and also ambient air particles. The microbial community structures of collected culturable bacterial aerosol particles both by the HighBioTrap and the BioStage impactor in the natural environments were analyzed using gene sequence method. Experimental results with PS particles showed the HighBioTrap has a cutoff size of~2 µm. The widely used impactor design equation was found to be not applicable for predicting the performance of the HighBioTrap due to its large Reynolds number. When sampling aerosolized individual Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis bacterial particles, the HighBioTrap had physical collection efficiencies of 10% and 20%, respectively. Despite the higher desiccation effects introduced by higher flow rate, the HighBioTrap was shown to obtain a higher microbial diversity than the BioStage impactor for both in outdoor and indoor environments given the same sampling time (p < 0.01). Our data also showed that most of the desiccation effects might have occurred between 3 and 5 min of the sampling and an impaction velocity of around 10 m/s might be a close-to-optimal impaction velocity for collecting most environmental bacterial aerosols while maximally preserving their culturability. This work contributes to our understanding of microbial sampling stress (impaction velocity and sampling time), while developing a portable high volume sampler. The HighBioTrap sampler could find its great efficiencies in qualitative microbial aerosol detection and analysis, such as investigation of microbial aerosol diversity for a particular environment, or when the low level of pathogens is present and detection time is of great concern.
Example Output: A high-flow portable biological aerosol trap (HighBioTrap) for rapid microbial detection

Example Input: Background: One of the most commonly applied protectotype vaccination protocol against infectious bronchitis (IB) in broiler chickens in the EU is simultaneous or alternate use of Ma5 and 4/91 vaccine strains. After IB vaccination and infection, systemic and upper respiratory tract (URT), humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI), are stimulated. The level of this stimulation correlates with the level of protection against IB. Results: We've investigated the development of URT and systemic, cell-mediated and humoral immunity in commercial broiler chickens vaccinated with Ma5 and/or 4/91 strains at hatch day. We've demonstrated that the group vaccinated with Ma5 and 4/91 strain simultaneously developed the most desirable immunity which reflects the level of CD8 + T cells stimulation in spleen and Harderian gland, as well as the level of IgA and IgY in URT washings and serum and their cross-reactivity with 7 IBV strains. Conclusions: Although we did not demonstrate directly why Ma5 + 4/91 protocol is so efficient it seems that it combines the benefits of monovalent vaccination with either Ma5 or 4/91 and while Ma5 seems to stimulate CMI more efficiently, the 4/91 strain generates a wider spectrum of immune system cross-reactivity and higher URT IgA production.
Example Output: Immunological aspects of the efficiency of protectotype vaccination strategy against chicken infectious bronchitis

Example Input: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, has a positive-stand RNA genome approximately 12 kb in length. In infected cells, the genome is translated into non-structural polyprotein P1234, an inactive precursor of the viral replicase, which is activated by cleavages carried out by the non-structural protease, nsP2. We have characterized CHIKV nsP2 using both cell-free and cell-based assays. First, we show that Cys478 residue in the active site of CHIKV nsP2 is indispensable for P1234 processing. Second, the substrate requirements of CHIKV nsP2 are quite similar to those of nsP2 of related Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Third, substitution of Ser482 residue, recently reported to contribute to the protease activity of nsP2, with Ala has almost no negative effect on the protease activity of CHIKV nsP2. Fourth, Cys478 to Ala as well as Trp479 to Ala mutations in nsP2 completely abolished RNA replication in CHIKV and SFV trans-replication systems. In contrast, trans-replicases with Ser482 to Ala mutation were similar to wild type counterparts. Fifth, Cys478 to Ala as well as Trp479 to Ala mutations in nsP2 abolished the rescue of infectious virus from CHIKV RNA transcripts while Ser482 to Ala mutation had no effect. Thus, CHIKV nsP2 is a cysteine protease. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) belongs to genus Alphavirus (family Togaviridae). It is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and has caused several massive outbreaks since 2004 1 . CHIKV has a positive-strand RNA genome approximately 12 kb in length. A large 5′ open reading frame (ORF), which covers 2/3 of the viral genome, is translated directly from the viral genomic RNA and encodes for a non-structural (ns) polyprotein designated as P1234. The second ORF encodes for the precursors of viral structural proteins and is translated from a specific subgenomic RNA synthesized in virus-infected cells 2 . All virus-specific enzymatic activities, required for viral RNA synthesis, are present in P1234 and its cleavage products 3 . Allthough uncleaved P1234 possesses several enzymatic activities 4 , it is incapable of performing viral RNA replication at detectable levels 5 . To become active, P1234 must first be processed into the early replicase (P123 polyprotein + nsP4). This complex can, in principle, perform all the essential steps of viral RNA synthesis 6 . However, during alphavirus infection the early replicase is converted into the mature (nsP1 + nsP2 + nsP3 + nsP4) form 7 . All these cleavages are performed by a protease located at the C-terminus of nsP2 8-10 and the processing of P1234 is regulated at multiple levels [11] [12] [13] [14] . The protease part of nsP2 can be easily purified as an active recombinant protein 10,15 . In addition, the protease activity of nsP2 can be studied using in vitro translation and cell culture models 9,16 . Early studies showed that alphavirus nsP2 is similar to papaine-like proteases. The catalytic dyad of Sindbis virus (SINV) nsP2 is represented by Cys481 and His558 residues 8,17,18 ; these correspond to Cys478 and His548 in CHIKV and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) nsP2. Mutation of these residues results in the complete loss of protease activity 19 and abolishes the infectivity of SINV genomes 18 . Different cleavage sites in P1234 are recognized in different ways. Specifically, SFV nsP2 cannot cleave short substrates representing the cleavage site between nsP2 and nsP3 (2/3 site). This cleavage requires both the native N-terminus of nsP2 and a long substrate comprising a few P-side residues followed by approximately 165 N-terminal residues of nsP3 12,15 . The 3D structures of the proteases from Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) 20 , SINV 21 and CHIKV (Protein Data Bank code 3TRK) reveal that nsP2 protease is a member of MEROPS Clan CN and contains a papain-like protease linked to a C-terminal domain resembling FtsJ-like methyltransferases (MTL domain) 20 . Subsequent molecular modelling revealed the features of the catalytic site and the S1′ -S4 subsites 22 . A peptidomimetic inhibitor of nsP2 protease binds at the interface of the protease and MTL domains resulting in conformational change that most probably assists in leaving group departure of either the amine or Cys thiolate during the catalytic cycle 23 ; the binding mode of natural substrates is most likely similar. In addition to the catalytic Cys, Asn475 and Lys480 residues (correspond to residues 476 and 481 of CHIKV nsP2) have been shown to be important for the protease activity of VEEV nsP2 23 . Known 3D structure coupled with the functional importance of nsP2 have made this protein an attractive target for the development of inhibitors of alphavirus infection [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] . CHIKV nsP2 possesses all the enzymatic activities known for nsP2 derived from other alphaviruses 29,30 . However, data concerning the protease activity of CHIKV nsP2 is conflicting. On one hand, studies performed using the purified protease part of nsP2 31 or full length nsP2 with a native N-terminus 16 have demonstrated that CHIKV nsP2 is functionally similar to SFV nsP2. On the other hand, Saisawang and co-authors observed that CHIKV nsP2, derived from East/Central/South African (ECSA) isolate from Thailand, differs from other alphavirus nsP2 proteases in the recognition of small peptide substrates 32 . Recently the same team also reported that the catalytic dyad Cys478 of CHIKV nsP2 could be interchangeable with a proximal Ser482 residue that also contributes to the protease activity of nsP2 33 . Thus, CHIKV nsP2 was reported to have properties very different from those revealed for the ns proteases of other alphaviruses. Indeed, functions of the same ns protein originating from different alphaviruses can be substantially different 34, 35 . However, in this case the data was obtained using only a single short peptide substrate based assay and the conclusion was not directly confirmed by comparing the enzymes from different alphaviruses in the same experiment. Furthermore, this finding has not been verified using cell-based experiments. As unusual properties of CHIKV nsP2 would have implications for the molecular biology of this virus as well as for the development of inhibitors of CHIKV infection, we evaluated the properties of CHIKV nsP2 using multiple verified cell-free and cell-based assays. This analysis revealed that Cys478 residue is indispensable for CHIKV ns polyprotein processing, RNA replication and viral infectivity. Substitution of Ser482 residue did not affect any of these crucial functions. Thus, it must be asserted that CHIKV nsP2 is a classical alphavirus ns protease with properties very similar to those previously revealed for SFV nsP2.
Example Output:
Chikungunya virus infectivity, RNA replication and non-structural polyprotein processing depend on the nsP2 protease's active site cysteine residue OPEN