instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: Targeting the energy storing white adipose tissue (WAT) by pharmacological and dietary means in order to promote its conversion to energy expending "brite" cell type holds promise as an anti-obesity approach. Present study was designed to investigate/revisit the effect of capsaicin on adipogenic differentiation with special reference to induction of "brite" phenotype during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.', 'Multiple techniques such as Ca2+ influx assay, Oil Red-O staining, nutrigenomic analysis in preadipocytes and matured adipocytes have been employed to understand the effect of capsaicin at different doses. In addition to in-vitro experiments, in-vivo studies were carried out in high-fat diet (HFD) fed rats treated with resiniferatoxin (RTX) (a TRPV1 agonist) and in mice administered capsaicin.', 'TRPV1 channels are expressed in preadipocytes but not in adipocytes. In preadipocytes, both capsaicin and RTX stimulate Ca2+ influx in dose-dependent manner. This stimulation may be prevented by capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist. At lower doses, capsaicin inhibits lipid accumulation and stimulates TRPV1 gene expression, while at higher doses it enhances accumulation of lipids and suppresses expression of its receptor. In doses of 0.1-100 µM, capsaicin promotes expression of major pro-adipogenic factor PPARγ and some of its downstream targets. In concentrations of 1 µM, capsaicin up-regulates anti-adipogenic genes. Low-dose capsaicin treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiating into adipocytes results in increased expression of brown fat cell marker genes. In white adipose of mice, capsaicin administration leads to increase in browning-specific genes. Global TRPV1 ablation (i.p. by RTX administration) leads to increase in locomotor activity with no change in body weight.\Question: Does capsaicin induce `` brite '' phenotype in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes?
answer:
Our findings suggest the dual modulatory role of capsaicin in adipogenesis. Capsaicin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 via TRPV1 activation and induces brown-like phenotype whereas higher doses.


question:
Context: Cytokeratin 19 is significant for indicating cancer cells, and Cyfra 21-1 is a fragment of cytokeratin 19. This retrospective study was designed to define the prognostic value of serum Cyfra 21-1 in epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC).', 'Serum Cyfra 21-1 concentration was obtained from 42 patients with EOC prior to treatment. Various prognostic aspects were examined using univariable and multivariable analyses. The standard serum marker cancer antigen 125 was measured simultaneously and compared in this analysis.', 'Serum levels of both Cyfra 21-1 and cancer antigen 125 were associated with positive retroperitoneal lymph nodes and platinum resistance; higher levels of Cyfra 21-1 (3.0\xa0ng/mL as the cut-off) were associated with shorter disease-free survival (16 months vs. 28 months, p\xa0=\xa00.001) and overall survival (29 months vs. 41 months, p\xa0=\xa00.007) than lower levels. Further univariable analysis showed that Cyfra 21-1, poor differentiation, and retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis were related to platinum resistance and mortality. Multivariable analysis indicated retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis and serum Cyfra 21-1 were independent risk factors for both disease-free survival and overall survival.\Question: Is serum cytokeratin-19 fragment ( Cyfra 21-1 ) a prognostic indicator for epithelial ovarian cancer?
answer:
The pretreatment level of serum Cyfra 21-1 had remarkable prognostic significance for EOC, indicating poor survival when it was elevated above 3.0 ng/mL.


question:
Context: Arterial age can be estimated from equations relating arterial stiffness to age and blood pressure in large cohorts. We investigated whether estimated arterial age (eAA) was elevated in patients with the metabolic syndrome and/or known cardiovascular disease (CVD), which factors were associated with eAA and whether eAA added prognostic information.', 'In 1993, 2366 study participants, 41, 51, 61, and 71 years old, had traditional cardiovascular risk factors and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) measured. Risk groups were identified based on known CVD and components of metabolic syndrome, Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation, or Framingham risk score. From age, mean blood pressure, and cfPWV, eAA and estimated cfPWV (ePWV) were calculated. In 2006, the combined cardiovascular endpoint (CEP) of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and hospitalization for ischemic heart disease was registered.', 'cfPWV and ePWV increased with ageing and cardiovascular risk (all P\u200a<\u200a0.001), but ePWV increased more with ageing than cfPWV. The difference between eAA and chronological age was associated with male sex (β\u200a=\u200a0.14), higher heart rate (β\u200a=\u200a0.16 both P\u200a<\u200a0.001), fasting glucose (β\u200a=\u200a0.08) soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (β\u200a=\u200a0.06, both P\u200a<\u200a0.01), and known CVD (β\u200a=\u200a0.06, P\u200a<\u200a0.05) independently of age, SBP, and heart rate. Independently of Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation, eAA (hazard ratio\u200a=\u200a1.20, P\u200a<\u200a0.01) predicted CEP, but not as accurately as ePWV (hazard ratio\u200a=\u200a1.58, P\u200a<\u200a0.001) and cfPWV (hazard ratio\u200a=\u200a1.32, P\u200a<\u200a0.001) among apparently healthy study participants.\Question: Is elevated estimated arterial age associated with metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation?
answer:

Elevated eAA was associated with male sex, higher plasma glucose, and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and known CVD independently of age, SBP, and heart rate.