TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: The acceleration named for this person can take place when particles repeatedly cross the shock front   caused by a supernova. The type of gas named for this person exerts pressure even at absolute zero. This person and Paul Dirac worked out the statistical distribution of particles that obey the Pauli  Exclusion Principle, which is why such particles are named for this person. Those particles, which  have non-integer spins, are contrasted with particles named for Satyendra Nath Bose. Name this  Italian American who created Chicago Pile-1 in 1942, the first man-made nuclear chain reaction.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: During his lame-duck period, he appointed Nathan Goff, Jr., as Secretary of the Navy to replace Richard Wigginton Thompson, and other members of his cabinet included Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz and Attorney General Carl Devens. Pozo Colorado is the capital of a department named after him in Paraguay, where he is a national hero, having arbitrated in their favor while president after the War of the Triple Alliance. Congress overrode his veto of the (*) Bland-Allison Act, and he promised not to run for a second term after a supposed bipartisan committee rewarded him 20 disputed electoral votes. FTP, name this 19th president who won a controversial election in 1876 against Democrat Samuel Tilden.

SOLUTION: History

PROBLEM: It can be studied at zero temperature on a Bethe lattice, and theoretical approaches to it involve calculations based on the Preisach model. It can be represented via the Landau-Lifshitz equation, and the thermodynamic type is intrinsic in superelastic deformation. It is characteristic of first-order phase transitions, and supercooling generates a thermal curve of this type. Demonstrated in a random-field Ising model, in this phemonenon, ,motion in domain walls generates Barkhausen noise, which is represented as small jumps in loops of this type, and the energy loss due to reversing the magnetization is proportional to the area of loop. For 10 points, what is this phenomenon where the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material remains after the external magnetic field is removed

SOLUTION:
Science