In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Endotoxin, when delivered shortly before or during mechanical ventilation, increases susceptibility to ventilation-associated lung injury. However, it is unclear whether increased susceptibility to ventilator-associated lung injury is still present after clinical recovery from a transient endotoxin challenge.', 'Anesthetized rats were submitted to a 4-h period of mechanical ventilation with low (8 ml/kg) or high (24, 27, or 30 ml/kg) tidal volumes (VTs) 24 h after transient illness had been provoked by a single nonlethal intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Control animals were injected with phosphate-buffered saline and underwent the same protocol.', 'At 24 h, endotoxin-treated nonventilated animals showed no symptoms of clinical illness, and oxygenation was comparable with that of controls, but lung neutrophil counts were increased. Compared with controls, mechanical ventilation with high VT induced a stronger pulmonary inflammatory response and more severe lung injury in endotoxin-treated animals, as indicated by impaired oxygenation, increased lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, and increased levels of protein, neutrophils, and cytokines in lung lavage fluid. In addition, the highest VT resulted in increased mortality in endotoxin-treated animals. Low VT after endotoxin treatment did not cause functional pulmonary impairment but induced an inflammatory response.\Question: Does increased susceptibility to ventilator-associated lung injury persist after clinical recovery from experimental endotoxemia?

Output: In this animal model, a 24-h delay after a single systemic injection of endotoxin resulted in clinical recovery and preserved pulmonary function but did not prevent increased susceptibility to ventilator-associated lung injury provoked by high VT. Residual pulmonary inflammation and neutrophilic infiltration at initiation of mechanical ventilation probably contribute to these findings.


Input: Consider Input: Context: In maternal trauma, the Kleihauer-Betke (KB) test has traditionally been used to detect transplacental hemorrhage (TPH), so that Rh-negative women could receive appropriate Rh immune prophylaxis. Reasoning that the magnitude of TPH would reflect uterine injury, we evaluated Kleihauer-Betke testing as an independent predictor of preterm labor (PTL) after maternal trauma.', 'Admissions to the Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, from January 1996 to January 2002, were reviewed. Of 30,362 trauma patients admitted, 166 were pregnant, and 93 of these underwent electronic fetal monitoring. Their records were abstracted for demographics, injury type, three separate trauma scores, documented uterine contractions, PTL (contractions with progressive cervical change), and serious perinatal complications. In 71 cases, transplacental hemorrhage was assessed by maternal KB test.', 'TPH, defined as KB-positive for greater than 0.01 mL of fetal blood in the maternal circulation, occurred in 46 women. Forty-four had documented contractions (25 had overt PTL) and 2 had no contractions. In 25 women with a negative KB test, none had uterine contractions. All patients with contractions or PTL had positive KB tests. By logistic regression, KB test result was the single risk factor associated with PTL (p < 0.001; likelihood ratio, 20.8 for positive KB test). Compared with other sites, abdominal trauma was associated more often with uterine contractions (p < 0.001), PTL (p = 0.001), and a positive KB test (p < 0.001, chi). None of the trauma scoring systems predicted PTL.\Question: Is kleihauer-betke testing important in all cases of maternal trauma?

Output: Kleihauer-Betke testing accurately predicts the risk of preterm labor after maternal trauma. Clinical assessment does not. With a negative KB test, posttrauma electronic fetal monitoring duration may be limited safely. With a positive KB test, the significant risk of PTL mandates detailed monitoring. KB testing has important advantages to all maternal trauma victims, regardless of Rh status.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Relapse to drug-seeking in abstinent heroin addicts and reinstatement in experimental animals are observed when exposed to drug-associated stimuli or cues, the drug itself, and stressful events. It has been shown that footshock-induced stress increases the rewarding effects of opiates, delays extinction, and induces the reinstatement of drug-seeking. However, the effects of social stress on the reinstatement of opiate-seeking after extinction has not been studied.', 'The role of physical (restraint and tail pinch) and social (social defeat) stressors on the reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was evaluated.', 'Adult male OF1 mice were conditioned with 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg of morphine or saline. Only morphine-conditioned animals acquired CPP. All mice underwent extinction sessions until the CPP was extinguished. Then, the effects of physical or social stress on the reinstatement of CPP were evaluated. Morphine- and saline-conditioned animals were exposed to the respective stressor or control stress condition immediately or 15 min before reinstatement tests. In experiment 1, animals underwent restraint for 15 min. In experiment 2, animals were exposed to tail pinch or placed in a cage without any manipulation for 15 min. In experiment 3, animals performed an agonistic encounter with an isolated or anosmic mouse or were placed in a cage without any social contact or manipulation.', 'Restraint, tail pinch, and social defeat in an agonistic encounter with an isolated mouse produce the reinstatement of CPP in morphine-conditioned animals.\Question: Is social stress as effective as physical stress in reinstating morphine-induced place preference in mice?


Output: These data demonstrate that social stress is as effective as physical stress in reinstating morphine-seeking.