Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Context: Altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of lactate have been described in neurodegenerative diseases and related to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal degeneration. We investigated the relationship between CSF lactate levels, disease severity, and biomarkers associated with neuroaxonal damage in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).', 'One-hundred eighteen subjects with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) were included, along with one-hundred fifty seven matched controls. CSF levels of lactate, tau protein, and neurofilament light were detected at the time of diagnosis. Patients were followed-up for a mean of 5 years. Progression index (PI), multiple sclerosis severity scale (MSSS), and Bayesian risk estimate for multiple sclerosis (BREMS) were assessed as clinical measures of disease severity and progression. Differences between groups and correlation between CSF lactate, disease severity and CSF biomarkers of neuronal damage were explored.', 'CSF lactate was higher in RRMS patients compared to controls. A negative correlation was found between lactate levels and disease duration. Patients with higher CSF lactate concentration had significantly higher PI, MSSS, and BREMS scores at long-term follow-up. Furthermore, CSF lactate correlated positively and significantly with CSF levels of both tau protein and neurofilament light protein.
Answer: Measurement of CSF lactate may be helpful, in conjunction with other biomarkers of tissue damage, as an early predictor of disease severity in RRMS patients. A better understanding of the alterations of mitochondrial metabolic pathways associated to RRMS severity may pave the way to new therapeutic targets to contrast axonal damage and disease severity.
[EX A]: Is cerebrospinal fluid lactate associated with multiple sclerosis disease progression?

[EX Q]: Context: Mast cells have been associated with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) in human pulmonary allografts, although their role in the development of OB remains unknown.', 'In this study, we evaluated the role of mast cells in pulmonary allograft rejection using an orthotopic rat pulmonary allograft model that utilizes chronic aspiration of gastric fluid to reliably obtain OB. Pulmonary allograft recipients (n = 35) received chronic aspiration of gastric fluid with (n = 10) and without (n = 16) treatment with a mast cell membrane stabilizer, cromolyn sodium, or chronic aspiration with normal saline (n = 9) as a control.', 'The acute graft injury associated with long ischemic time in the model (6 hours total ischemic time; typical acute graft injury rate ~30%) was apparently blocked by cromolyn, because peri-operative mortality associated with the acute graft injury was not observed in any of the animals receiving cromolyn (p = 0.045). Further, the rats receiving cromolyn developed significantly fewer OB lesions than those treated with gastric fluid alone (p < 0.001), with a mean reduction of 46% of the airways affected.
Answer: These findings provide impetus for further studies aimed at elucidating the effects of cromolyn and the role of mast cells in pulmonary allotransplantation.
[EX A]: Does cromolyn ameliorate acute and chronic injury in a rat lung transplant model?

[EX Q]: Context: Despite efficacious treatment, alcohol use disorders contribute significantly to the disability burden. Although wider dissemination of evidence-based health care may impact on the population burden, the affordability of this strategy is unknown. This article compares the cost-effectiveness of current treatment for alcohol use disorders with the cost-effectiveness of optimal treatment, a hypothetical treatment scenario that has been informed by evidence-based practice to determine the affordability of such an approach.', 'This study calculated the cost-effectiveness in the Australian population of evidence-based health care for alcohol harmful use and alcohol dependence, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, 10th Revision. Outcome was calculated as years lived with disability (YLD) averted. Data from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, in conjunction with published meta-analyses and expert reviews, were used to estimate 1-year costs (1997-98 Australian dollars) and YLD averted by current health care services as well as costs and outcomes for an optimal strategy of evidence-based health care.', 'Of those currently seeking treatment, approximately 45% of those with alcohol harmful use and 58% of those with alcohol dependence receive an evidence-based intervention. The cost of this care was estimated at 73 million dollars, resulting in a cost per YLD averted of 96,813 dollars for harmful use of alcohol and 98,095 dollars for alcohol dependence. Under optimal care for harmful use, costs declined and health gains doubled, substantially reducing the cost per YLD averted to 8861 dollars. For dependence, costs doubled, but optimal treatment resulted in increased health gains, reducing the cost per YLD to 57,542 dollars.
Answer: Evidence-based care for alcohol use disorders would produce greater population health gain at an increased cost for alcohol dependence but at a reduced cost for harmful use of alcohol. For both disorders, there are substantial increases in cost-effectiveness.
[EX A]:
Is evidence-based care for alcohol use disorders affordable?