In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Ex Input:
This article employs a state-of-the-art panel threshold model by allowing for regime intercepts, in order to shed new light on the asymmetric/ nonlinear effects of local and global sentiments on expected industry stock returns among 11 Asian countries during the period from 1996 to 2010. Empirical evidence demonstrates that once the regime intercept is included, the asymmetric effects of global sentiment on oil & gas, financials, and health care industry returns become less under optimism, as compared with under pessimism. More critically, the positive (negative) impact of global sentiment above (under) the threshold turns significant, indicating that global optimism leads industry returns to be overvalued, while pessimism leads them to be undervalued. For local market sentiment, our results support that higher local sentiment enhances the returns of basic materials, telecommunications, and utilities industries. The empirical results confirm that the nexus of industry returns and investor sentiments is subject to change between different sentimental intervals.

Ex Output:
Asymmetric effects of investor sentiment on industry stock returns: Panel data evidence


Ex Input:
of the virus per se and cellular NF-κB activity; and (ii) to study the underling mechanisms. We found that tylophorine-based compounds target the TGEV viral RNA and effectively inhibit TGEV replication. NF-κB inhibition also leads to anti-TGEV replication. NF-κB activation induced by TGEV infection was found to be associated with two convergent pathways, IKK-2_IκBα/p65 and JAK2 mediated p65 phosphorylation, in swine testicular cells. JAK2 inhibition either by CYT387 (a JAK family inhibitor) or by silencing JAK2-expression revealed a dominant JAK2 mediated p65 phosphorylation pathway for NF-κB activation and resulted in NF-κB inhibition, which overrode the IκBα regulation via the IKK-2. Finally, tylophorine-based compounds work cooperatively with CYT387 to impart comprehensive anti-TGEV activities. The combination treatment, wherein a tylophorine compound targets TGEV and a JAK2 inhibitor blocks the alternative dominant NF-κB activation mediated by JAK2, is more effective and comprehensive than either one alone and constitutes a feasible approach for the treatment of SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. Coronaviruses are animal viruses containing an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome; and include the common cold human coronavirus (CoV)-229E & CoV-OC43, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and murine hepatitis virus (MHV) etc 1-3 . Since the 2003 SARS outbreak (which had a mortality rate of ~10%), novel anti-SARS-CoV treatments have been vigorously pursued. No new cases of SARS have been reported since the 2003 outbreak, but another novel coronavirus (MERS-CoV), this time with a mortality rate of ~35%, came to light in 2012 4 . To date, neither a commercially available vaccine for human coronaviruses nor a specific treatment for SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV is available. Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract and induce host inflammation 5 . Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation by coronaviruses is usually responsible for mediating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and thus plays an important role in the pathogenesis of disease caused by coronaviruses 6, 7 . Inhibition of NF-κB-mediated inflammation induced by coronavirus in mice was reported to increase the survival rate 6 . Thus, NF-κB inhibitors constitute a promising class of antivirals in infections caused by pathogenic coronaviruses. However, targeting NF-κB is limited by intrinsic pathway complexity, cross talk with other pathways, and drug resistance 8 . In addition, many small chemical molecules targeting either viral entry or the intracellular viral life cycle were reported to impart anti-coronavirus activity 2, 9, 10 . Despite these advances, however, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV remain untreatable diseases for which novel therapies are sought. Published: xx xx xxxx OPEN www.nature.com/scientificreports/ 2 Scientific RepoRts | 7: 4105 | Tylophorine based compounds, whether isolated from plants, e.g. Asclepiadaceae and Moraceae or chemically synthesized, exert potent anti-coronaviral activities against a variety of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV, MHV, and TGEV 11, 12 , but both the underlying mechanism(s) of this inhibitory effect and the target are unknown. NF-κB is significantly activated after infection by coronaviruses, e.g. TGEV, and MHV etc 6, 7, [13] [14] [15] . Otherwise, coronaviral nucleocapsid (N) protein plays a vital role in the regulation of viral genome replication and host gene transcription 16 . Therefore, the combination treatment for the inhibition of coronavirus per se, e.g. viral genome replication, and blocking cellular NF-κB activation by coronaviruses, is a promising approach for the development of anti-coronavirals. TGEV infected swine testicular (ST) cells constitute a surrogate system for the search and study of potential anti-coronavirus agents 11, 12, 17 . Herein, we report: (1) tylophorine-based compounds exert potent anti-TGEV replication by directly targeting the viral RNA/ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex for viral replication/synthesis; (2) NF-κB inhibition also leads to anti-TGEV replication; (3) A combination treatment consisting of both a tylophorine compound and an NF-κB inhibitor acts additively or synergically to more effectively and comprehensively inhibit TGEV replication than either (1) or (2) alone.

Ex Output:
Targeting Coronaviral Replication and Cellular JAK2 Mediated Dominant NF-κB Activation for Comprehensive and Ultimate Inhibition of Coronaviral Activity OPEN


Ex Input:
The activity of inosine-5 -monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors, mizoribine and ribavirin, against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was determined by plaque reduction and yield reduction assays. Mizoribine and ribavirin selectively inhibited replication of SARS-CoV. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of mizoribine for SARS-CoV Frankfurt-1 and SARS-CoV HKU39849, as determined by plaque reduction was 3.5 g/ml and 16 g/ml, respectively, and the IC 50 of ribavirin for SARS-CoV Frankfurt-1 and SARS-CoV HKU39849 was 20 g/ml and 80 g/ml, while the 50% cytotoxic concentration of mizoribine and ribavirin for Vero E6 cells exceeded 200 g/ml. In a yield reduction assay, mizoribine (10 g/ml) and ribavirin (40 g/ml) inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV and reduced the infectious SARS-CoV titers to one-tenth or less. Mizoribine inhibited replication of SARS-CoV more strongly than ribavirin. However, neither drug could completely inhibit replication of SARS-CoV even at concentrations up to 100 g/ml.

Ex Output:

Inhibitory effect of mizoribine and ribavirin on the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus