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In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
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A new species of parvovirus, tentatively named human bocavirus 4 (HBoV4), was genetically characterized. Among 641 feces samples obtained from children and adults, the most commonly detected bocavirus species were, in descending order, HBoV2, HBoV3, HBoV4, and HBoV1, with an HBoV2 prevalence of 21% and 26% in Nigerian and Tunisian children, respectively. HBoV3 or HBoV4 species were found in 12 of 192 patients with non-polio acute flaccid paralysis in Tunisia and Nigeria and 0 of 96 healthy Tunisian contacts (P p ). Evidence of extensive recombination at the NP1 and VP1 gene boundary between and within bocavirus .01 species was found. The high degree of genetic diversity seen among the human bocaviruses found in feces specimens, relative to the highly homogeneous HBoV1, suggest that this worldwide-distributed respiratory pathogen may have recently evolved from an enteric bocavirus after acquiring an expanded tropism favoring the respiratory tract. Elucidating the possible role of the newly identified enteric bocaviruses in human diseases, including acute flaccid paralysis and diarrhea, will require further epidemiological studies. Parvoviruses are small, non-lipid-enveloped, environmentally resistant viral particles with single-stranded linear DNA genomes that frequently infect animals through the fecal-oral route [1] . Parvoviruses can cause numerous symptoms in animals, including enteritis, panleukopenia, hepatitis, erythrocyte aplasia, and cerebellar ataxia [1]. Efficacious vaccines against animal parvovirus infections are widely employed [2] [3] [4] . Following the identification of the human parvovirus
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Human Bocaviruses Are Highly Diverse, Dispersed, Recombination Prone, and Prevalent in Enteric Infections


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binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 which serves as a cellular receptor. Epidemiological analysis of a hospital outbreak in Hong Kong revealed that blood group O was associated with a low risk of infection. In this study, we used a cellular model of adhesion to investigate whether natural antibodies of the ABO system could block the S protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction. To this aim, a C-terminally EGFP-tagged S protein was expressed in chinese hamster ovary cells cotransfected with an α1,2fucosyltransferase and an A-transferase in order to coexpress the S glycoprotein ectodomain and the A antigen at the cell surface. We observed that the S protein/angiotensinconverting enzyme 2-dependent adhesion of these cells to an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expressing cell line was specifically inhibited by either a monoclonal or human natural anti-A antibodies, indicating that these antibodies may block the interaction between the virus and its receptor, thereby providing protection. In order to more fully appreciate the potential effect of the ABO polymorphism on the epidemiology of SARS, we built a mathematical model of the virus transmission dynamics that takes into account the protective effect of ABO natural antibodies. The model indicated that the ABO polymorphism could contribute to substantially reduce the virus transmission, affecting both the number of infected individuals and the kinetics of the epidemic. 1085 P Guillon et al.
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Inhibition of the interaction between the SARS-CoV Spike protein and its cellular receptor by anti-histo-blood group antibodies


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publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. Original Research COPD journal.publications.chestnet.org CHEST / 144 / 2 / AUGUST 2013 S tudies of COPD that have used self-report of possible COPD exacerbations detect one-third to onehalf of all exacerbations that occur. 1-4 Participants using paper-based data recording in studies of respiratory diseases often falsify data, 5,6 and the likelihood of this occurring increases with the length of the study. In one randomized trial of electronic symptom record ing vs monitored paper-based recording, actual compliance was 94% in the electronic group, whereas fabricated compliance with paper-based recording was 73%. 7 COPD exacerbations requiring hospital treatment are more frequent in winter. 8-10 Peaks in both COPD hospitalization and mortality occur in England at year-end 11,12 and have been observed to be centered on the Christmas period in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Sweden. 12 In the Toward a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH) study, the highest rates of COPD exacerbations for northern hemisphere participants occurred in December, with the nexthighest in January. 13 Furthermore, children's presentations to general practitioners in England and Wales for acute bronchitis and hospitalization for respiratory diseases increase immediately before the Christmas period, 14 preceding peaks in adults. 14,15 Periods of school attendance and high levels of respiratory virus detection in children have been shown to coincide Background: Paper-based diaries and self-report of symptom worsening in COPD may lead to underdetection of exacerbations. Epidemiologically, COPD exacerbations exhibit seasonal patterns peaking at year-end. We examined whether the use of a BlackBerry-based daily symptom diary would detect 95% or more of exacerbations and enable characterization of seasonal differences among them. December 2008. Participants transmitted daily symptom diaries using a BlackBerry. Alerts were triggered when symptom changes, missed diary transmissions, or medical care for a respiratory problem occurred. Participant encounters were initiated if COPD exacerbations were suspected. Participants used their BlackBerrys to report returns to normal breathing. Results: Participants transmitted 99.9% of 28,514 possible daily diaries. All 191 (2.5/participant-year) COPD exacerbations meeting Anthonisen criteria were detected. During 148 of the 191 exacerbations (78%, 1.97/participant-year), patients were hospitalized and/or ordered prednisone, an antibiotic, or both. Respiratory viruses were detected in 78 of the 191 exacerbations (41%). Those coinciding with a respiratory viral infection averaged 12.0 days, and those without averaged 8.9 days ( P , .04), with no difference in Anthonisen score. Respiratory symptom scores before exacerbations and after normal breathing return showed no differences. Exacerbations were more frequent during the Christmas period than the rest of the year but were not more frequent than in the rest of winter alone. Conclusions: Smartphone-based collection of COPD symptom diaries enables near-complete identifi cation of exacerbations at inception. Exacerbation rates in the Christmas season do not reach levels that necessitate changes in disease management. CHEST 2013; 144(2):507-514
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Detection of COPD Exacerbations and Compliance With Patient-Reported Daily Symptom Diaries Using a Smartphone- Based Information System