Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: To determine if central sympathetic blockade by dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha(2) adrenergic receptor agonist, prevents cardiac dysfunction associated with intracranial hypertension (ICH) in a rat model.', 'Following intracisternal administration of dexmedetomidine (1 microg.microL(-1), 10 microL volume) or the stereoisomer levomedetomidine (1 microg.microL(-l), 10 microL volume) in halothane-anesthetized rats, a subdural balloon catheter was inflated for 60 sec to produce ICH. Intracranial pressure, hemodynamic, left ventricular (LV) pressures and electrocardiographic (ECG) changes were recorded. Plasma and myocardial catecholamines and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured.', 'After levomedetomidine administration, subdural balloon inflation precipitated an increase in mean arterial pressure (149 +/- 33% of baseline), heart rate (122 +/- 19% of baseline), LV systolic pressure (LVP), LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), LV developed pressure (LVDP), LV dP/dtmax and rate pressure product (RPP) (132 +/- 19%, 260 +/- 142%, 119 +/- 15%, 126 +/- 24% and 146 +/- 33% of baseline value, respectively). ICH decelerated LVP fall (tau), as tau increased from 7.75 +/- 1.1 to 14.37 +/- 4.5 msec. Moreover, plasma norepinephrine levels were elevated (169 +/- 50% of baseline) and there was the appearance of cardiac dysrhythmias and other ECG abnormalities. This response was transient and cardiac function deteriorated in a temporal manner. Intracisternal dexmedetomidine prevented the rise in plasma norepinephrine, blocked the ECG abnormalities, and preserved cardiac function. Moreover, dexmedetomidine attenuated the rise in MDA levels.

Answer: Does central dexmedetomidine attenuate cardiac dysfunction in a rodent model of intracranial hypertension?


Question: The Tonnis radiographic classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has been used as a prognostic indicator for patients with walking-age DDH. The International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) classification, a new radiographic classification system, has been proposed to be more reliable by its creators. We sought to validate its reliability using independent observers, to compare it to the Tonnis method, and to assess its prognostic significance in a large cohort of patients.', 'A consecutive series of walking-age DDH patients were examined radiographically and classified by the Tonnis and IHDI schemes by 3 independent observers. Interobserver agreement was determined using the Kappa method. Clinical data were collected on patients with regard to success of closed reduction, need for later pelvic osteotomy, and presence of subsequent radiographic avascular necrosis (AVN). The prognostic value of the Tonnis and IHDI classifications to predict these clinical outcomes was determined.', 'A total of 287 hips were available for analysis of the classification schemes. In total, 235 hips underwent attempted closed reduction and were eligible for analysis of successful closed reduction, and 131 hips had >4-year follow-up and were utilized for analysis of late pelvic osteotomy and AVN. Both classifications showed excellent interobserver reliability and in general, there was nonstatistically significant better reliability for the IHDI versus the Tonnis classification. In multivariate analysis, both IHDI and Tonnis classifications were found to be predictive of successful closed reduction and need for late pelvic osteotomy. Both methods showed trends toward being predictive of AVN rate, without statistical significance.

Answer: Is a New Radiographic Classification System for Developmental Hip Dysplasia Reliable and Predictive of Successful Closed Reduction and Late Pelvic Osteotomy?


Question: Adipose tissue (AT) content of the thigh is generally not considered to be associated with insulin resistance (IR), but it is unclear whether the distribution of AT in the thigh is a determinant of IR.', 'We investigated whether subcompartments of AT within the thigh are determinants of IR.', 'Midthigh AT, muscle composition, and insulin sensitivity were compared in 11 obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM); 40 obese, glucose-tolerant (GT) and 15 lean, GT volunteers; and 38 obese subjects who completed a weight-loss program. Midthigh AT area measured with computed tomography was partitioned into 3 components: subcutaneous AT (SCAT), AT beneath the fascia (SFAT), and AT infiltrating muscle groups (IMAT). Muscle attenuation characteristics were determined.', 'Obese DM and obese GT subjects had lower insulin sensitivity than lean GT subjects. SCAT was greater in obesity, yet did not correlate with insulin sensitivity. SFAT was approximately 8% of total thigh AT and correlated with insulin sensitivity. IMAT was highest in obese DM, and although it accounted for only approximately 3% of thigh AT, it was a strong correlate of insulin sensitivity. Mean attenuation was highest in lean subjects and was associated with higher insulin sensitivity. Weight loss reduced the amount of thigh AT, the proportion of thigh IMAT, and the amount of low-density thigh muscle.

Answer:
Is thigh adipose tissue distribution associated with insulin resistance in obesity and in type 2 diabetes mellitus?