Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: For patients receiving endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), there is urgent need pertaining to the prevention of postoperative bleeding. We conducted a retrospective propensity score-matched study that evaluated whether pre-ESD gastric lavage prevents postoperative bleeding after ESD for gastric neoplasms.', 'From September 2002 to October 2015, the 760 consecutive patients receiving ESD for gastric neoplasm were enrolled and data regarding them were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received conventional preventive treatment against delayed bleeding after ESD, including the administration of proton pump inhibitor and preventive coagulation of visible vessels, at the end of the ESD procedure.', 'Pre-ESD risk factors for postoperative bleeding included tumor size and no gastric lavage. Using multivariate analysis tumor size >2.0 cm (HR 2.90, 95% CI 1.65-5.10, p = 0.0002) and no gastric lavage (HR 3.20, 95% CI 1.13-9.11, p = 0.029) were found to be independent risk factors. Next, we evaluated the effect of gastric lavage on the prevention of post-ESD bleeding using a propensity score-matching method. A total of 284 subjects (142 per group) were selected. Adjusted odds ratio of gastric lavage for post-ESD bleeding was 0.25 (95% CI 0.071-0.886, p = 0.032).

Answer: Does pretreatment Gastric Lavage reduce Postoperative Bleeding after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Gastric Neoplasms?


Question: Testicular germ cell tumours are the most common malignancies in young males. Molecular biology studies of these tumours are often contradictory. Two histological groups, seminoma and non-seminoma, differ both morphologically and in malignant behaviour. Although a common cytogenetic feature is seen, namely the amplification of the 12p chromosomal region, the development mechanisms of less aggressive seminomas and more aggressive non-seminomas are unknown.', 'Occurrence of structural genetic alterations was analyzed in 18 seminomas and 22 non-seminomas for genes involved in the malignant tumour phenotype: cadherin 1, Type 1, E-cadherin (Epithelial), CDH1; adenomatous polyposis coli, APC; NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1, NME1; tumour protein P53, TP53; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, CDKN2A; retinoblastoma 1, RB1; RAD51 recombinase, RAD51; mutS homolog 2, MSH2; MutL homolog 1, MLH1; breast cancer 1, early onset, BRCA1; BCL2-Associated X Protein, BAX; ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family G (WHITE), Member 2, ABCG2. Genetic alterations, loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability, were analyzed using restriction fragment or microsatellite repeat length polymorphisms.', 'A difference in genetic alteration occurrence between seminomas and non-seminomas was observed.

Answer: Do histological groups of human postpubertal testicular germ cell tumours harbour different genetic alterations?


Question: White cell reduction of blood products minimizes the risks of alloimmunization against HLA-antigens, the transmission of viral diseases and the incidence of platelet transfusion reactions. One modern strategy is leukocyte depletion with an integrated filter system immediately after preparation and prior to storage.', 'We evaluated the efficiency of a novel in-line filter system Sepacell PLX-5 BPS for leukocyte reduction of platelet concentrates (PC) from pooled buffy-coats. A total of 44 PCs were investigated with regard to different filtration flow rates (25-110 ml/min) and leukocyte depletion and thrombocyte recovery rates were analysed. Furthermore, we studied the influence of filtration on PCs over a storage period of 6 days (n = 12) by investigation of pH, lactate and glucose. Platelet function was determined by means of hypotonic shock response, external shape change and expression of CD62p.', 'The mean leukocyte depletion rate was > log 5. After filtration the mean leukocyte count was 0.12 +/- 0.21 x 10(6). In 60% of the PCs the leukocyte count lay below the detection level of the Nageotte chamber, which is < 0.3 x 10(5). The flow rate correlates significantly with the leukocyte count in the PCs (r = 0.325; p = 0.033) and therefore with the leukocyte depletion rate (r = -0.422; p = 0.01). Flow rates under 40 ml lead to a significantly lower leukocyte contamination. Only in one PC, at a flow rate of 84 ml/min, was the leukocyte threshold of 1 x 10(6) exceeded. We did not find a significant correlation between filtration flow rate and thrombocyte recovery (r = 0.315; p = 0.069). The mean platelet count in the PC was 2.88 +/- 0.47 x 10(11). Compared with the thrombocyte count in the pooled buffy coat, the recovery was 68.6%. We observed a decrease of pH, glucose, external shape change and hypotonic shock response over the storage period while lactate and the expression of CD62p increased.

Answer:
Does the flow rate significantly influence the leukocyte depletion rate during prestorage in-line filtration of platelet concentrates?