TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: The authors set out to analyze if a simple comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) could objectively identify elderly patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) who can be effectively treated with anthracycline-containing immunochemotherapy.', 'CGA was performed in 84 consecutive patients with DLCL aged >65 years and diagnosed at a single institution. Treatment with curative versus palliative intent was chosen according to clinical judgment. Cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunomycin, Oncovin (vincristine), and prednisone (CHOP) or CHOP-like regimens were given to 62 (74%) patients. The outcome of patients was analyzed according to both the treatment received and the results of CGA.', 'According to CGA, 42 (50%) patients were classified as "fit." They were younger (P < .0001) and had less frequent systemic symptoms (P = .03). These patients received curative treatment by clinical judgment. Their response rate (92.5% vs 48.8%; P < .0001) and median survival (not reached vs 8 months; P < .0001) were significantly better than those of 42 patients considered "unfit" by CGA. Among unfit patients, 20 had actually received curative and 22 palliative therapy. These subgroups did not differ in any geriatric or lymphoma-related characteristic. Their outcome was similar irrespectively of the type of treatment received (median survival, 8 vs 7 months; P = nonsignificant). Lymphoma rather than toxicity was the main cause of failure/death also among unfit patients treated aggressively.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides is modified in tumorigenesis with potential impact on transcriptional activity.', 'We used the Illumina 450 K platform to evaluate DNA methylation patterns of 50 metastatic melanoma tumors, with matched gene expression data.', 'We identified three different methylation groups and validated the groups in independent data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. One group displayed hypermethylation of a developmental promoter set, genome-wide demethylation, increased proliferation and activity of the SWI/SNF complex. A second group had a methylation pattern resembling stromal and leukocyte cells, over-expressed an immune signature and had improved survival rates in metastatic tumors (p < 0.05). A third group had intermediate methylation levels and expressed both proliferative and immune signatures. The methylation groups corresponded to some degree with previously identified gene expression phenotypes.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: To demonstrate that in APPswe/PS1DeltaE9 transgenic mice, gene gun mediated Abeta42 gene vaccination elicits a high titer of anti-Abeta42 antibodies causal of a significant reduction of Abeta42 deposition in brain.', 'Gene gun immunization is conducted with transgenic mice using the Abeta42 gene in a bacterial plasmid with the pSP72-E3L-Abeta42 construct. Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays (ELISA) and Western blots are used to monitor anti-Abeta42 antibody levels in serum and Abeta42 levels in brain tissues. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays are used for detection of peripheral blood T cells to release gamma-interferon. Immunofluorescence detection of Abeta42 plaques and quantification of amyloid burden of brain tissue were measured and sections were analyzed with Image J (NIH) software.', 'Gene gun vaccination with the Abeta42 gene resulted in high titers of anti-Abeta42 antibody production of the Th2-type. Levels of Abeta42 in treated transgenic mouse brain were reduced by 60-77.5%. The Mann-Whitney U-test P=0.0286.

SOLUTION:
1