instruction:
Write a fact related to the given fact, based on the given topic word. Note that, your fact should have at least one word in common with the given fact. All facts in this task refer to scientific facts. Your related fact must form a chain with the given fact. Chains form when two facts connect together to produce the third fact. An example of a chain is: "pesticides cause pollution" (given fact) + "pollution can harm animals" (related fact) → "pesticides can harm animals" (connected chain). Avoid creating simple paraphrases of the given fact. While your generated fact should be related to the input fact, they must describe slightly different scientific phenomena. It's okay if your related fact includes some irrelevant information, provided that it has some overlap with the given fact and it contains some words corresponding to the provided topic.
question:
Fact: Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of related organisms. 
Topic: evolutionary history.
answer:
Evolutionary history is littered with dead-ends and false starts.


question:
Fact: freezing means changing from a liquid into a solid by reducing heat energy. 
Topic: liquid to solid freezing.
answer:
Liquids freeze when they change to the solid state.


question:
Fact: Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. 
Topic: backbone spinal.
answer:

Invertebrates are animals who lack a backbone or spinal column.