In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

[Q]: for the foregoing reasons, we overrule willis and hold that the cartwright act applies to the professions.
[A]: overruling


[Q]: we therefore disapprove the discussion in russell v. roberts, supra, 39 cal.app.3d at pages 394-395, and the dicta in goodyear v. mack, supra, 159 cal.app.3d at pages 659-660, and shepherd v. robinson, supra, 128 cal.app.3d at page 626.
[A]: overruling


[Q]: section 3553(c) and this court's cases make clear that a sentencing court cannot merely take into account the  3553(a) factors and the defendant's arguments related thereto.
[A]:
non-overruling