TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Lamin A and C are nuclear filament proteins encoded by the LMNA gene. Mutations in the LMNA gene cause many congenital diseases known as laminopathies, including Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, and familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with conduction disease. A missense mutation (N195K) in the A-type lamins results in familial DCM and sudden arrhythmic death.', 'The purpose of this study was to investigate the ion current mechanism of arrhythmia and DCM caused by the LaminA-N195K variant.', 'A homozygous mouse line expressing the Lmna-N195K mutation (Lmna', 'Both peak and late I\Question: Does inhibition of late sodium current attenuate ionic arrhythmia mechanism in ventricular myocytes expressing LaminA-N195K mutation?

SOLUTION: Inhibition of late I

PROBLEM: Context: Readout-segmented echo planar imaging (rs-EPI) significantly reduces susceptibility artifacts in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the breast compared to single-shot EPI but is limited by longer scan times. To compensate for this, we tested a new simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) acquisition for accelerated rs-EPI.', 'After approval by the local ethics committee, eight healthy female volunteers (age, 38.9 ± 13.1 years) underwent breast MRI at 3T. Conventional as well as two-fold (2× SMS) and three-fold (3× SMS) slice-accelerated rs-EPI sequences were acquired at b-values of 50 and 800 s/mm(2). Two independent readers analyzed the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in fibroglandular breast parenchyma. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was estimated based on the subtraction method. ADC and SNR were compared between sequences by using the Friedman test.', 'The acquisition time was 4:21 min for conventional rs-EPI, 2:35 min for 2× SMS rs-EPI and 1:44 min for 3× SMS rs-EPI. ADC values were similar in all sequences (mean values 1.62 × 10(-3)mm(2)/s, p=0.99). Mean SNR was 27.7-29.6, and no significant differences were found among the sequences (p=0.83).\Question: Do simultaneous multi-slice readout-segmented echo planar imaging for accelerated diffusion-weighted imaging of the breast?

SOLUTION: SMS rs-EPI yields similar ADC values and SNR compared to conventional rs-EPI at markedly reduced scan time. Thus, SMS excitation increases the clinical applicability of rs-EPI for DWI of the breast.

PROBLEM: Context: Gait kinematics and kinetics of the knee before and after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction in patients with recurrent lateral patellar dislocation (RPD) are unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure knee kinematics and kinetics during gait before and 1\xa0year after anatomical MPFL reconstruction in patients with RPD and compare the results to healthy individuals.', 'Eleven RPD patients were treated using an anatomical MPFL reconstruction procedure. Gait analysis was conducted before and at 3, 6, and 12\xa0months after surgery. For comparison, 15 healthy volunteers with no history of orthopaedic problems in their lower limbs were included as the control group. Knee kinematics and kinetics were analysed during gait.', 'Before surgery, the internal knee extension moment in RPD patients was significantly lower than in controls (P\xa0=\xa00.025). At 3\xa0months post-operatively, there was an additional decrease in knee extension moment compared to before surgery, and so it was still significantly lower than in the control group (P\xa0<\xa00.01). One\xa0year post-operatively, knee extension moment in the RPD group was significantly increased compared to 3\xa0months post-operatively (P\xa0<\xa00.01). The knee flexion angle in the early stance phase in the RPD group at 3\xa0months post-operatively was significantly lower than that of controls (P\xa0<\xa00.01). Knee kinematics and kinetics were similar to that of controls 1\xa0year after surgery.\Question: Are knee biomechanics during walking in recurrent lateral patellar dislocation normalized by 1 year after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction?

SOLUTION:
Initially, RPD patients had lower knee extension moments during gait compared with controls, but by 1 year after MPFL reconstruction, knee kinematics and kinetics of gait in the RPD patients had returned to normal. These observations indicate that MPFL reconstruction may help to delay prospective knee OA as long as possible by restoring the conformation of the patellofemoral joint and gait biomechanics by surgery.