instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) by simultaneous biventricular pacing is now widely accepted as a new therapeutic option for patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF). Recent studies have shown comparable hemodynamic benefits of left ventricular (LV) pacing alone. The clinical usefulness of CRT, however, might be compromised by potential exaggeration of arrhythmogenic substrates through a modification of ventricular repolarization.', 'We compared ECG parameters during sinus rhythm (SR), atrioventricular synchronous pacing at the right ventricular apex (RV(end)P), at LV epicardium (LV(epi)P), and at both sites (BiVP) in acute homodynamic studies of 14 CHF patients scheduled for CRT (QRS duration = 144 +/- 23 msec, LVEF = 27 +/- 10%). The maximum rate of increase in LV pressure (LVdp/dt(max)) was decreased significantly during RV(end)P, whereas it was increased similarly during LV(epi)P and BiVP compared with SR. QTc was increased during RV(end)P (by 10.2%) and LV(epi)P (by 26.1%). QTc dispersion (QTc(max)-QTc(min) in the six precordial leads) was also increased during LV(epi)P (by 66.5%). These parameters were unaffected during BiVP. JTc was unchanged, and the interval from the peak to the end of the T wave (Tc(peak-end)) was increased slightly (by 19.3%) during RV(end)P. Both JTc and Tc(peak-end) were increased dramatically during LV(epi)P (by 18.2% and 55.4%, respectively), but increased only modestly during BiVP (by 6.6% and 15.8%, respectively).
Answer: LV(epi)P causes much greater increase in spatial dispersion of ventricular repolarization than BiVP in CHF patients. BiVP may have a substantial advantage over LV(epi)P to minimize the proarrhythmic perturbation of ventricular repolarization in association with CRT.
answer:
Does biventricular pacing have an advantage over left ventricular epicardial pacing alone to minimize proarrhythmic perturbation of repolarization?


question:
Context: In atherogenesis, dendritic cells, beside presenting antigens, may be sources of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and nitric oxide (NO), together with mast cells and smooth muscle cells.', 'We have looked at the expression of TNFalpha and inducible NO synthase (iNOs) by these cells by affinity cytochemistry in autoptical specimens from normal carotid arteries and not ruptured, hemorrhagic or calcified atheromata.', 'Round to dendritic, major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHC-II+) cells and avidin-labeled mast cells were rare in normal arteries and significantly more numerous in atheromata. Many MHC-II+ cells expressed S-100 antigen; while a few were positive for phalloidin; appreciable fractions of these cells were immunoreactive for TNFalpha and iNOs, both in control specimens and atheromata. The fraction of mast cells labeled for iNOs was significantly lower in atheromata than in controls. Phalloidin positive cells were the most abundant cell type in the normal intima and atheromata; the fractions of these cells labeled for TNFalpha and iNOs were significantly higher in atheromata than in controls. Very few of these cells were also labeled for MHC-II. Computerized image analysis confirmed that the amounts of iNOs and TNFalpha were higher in atheromata than in controls. The increase in TNFalpha in atheromata was also confirmed by western blot.
Answer: Dendritic cells and mast cells can participate to the generation of TNFalpha and NO in the normal arterial wall and in atheromata, but myointimal cells are candidates as major sources of these molecules.
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Are smooth muscle cells , dendritic cells and mast cells sources of TNFalpha and nitric oxide in human carotid artery atherosclerosis?


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Context: Different factors acting during pregnancy can cause non-morphological alterations of cells which are manifested later, in adulthood. We studied the effect of maternal alcohol consumption for one day in early pregnancy on the hormone content of immune cells in the adult rat.', 'Lactating dams were given 15% ethanol in the drinking water for 24 h on the 3rd day post partum, exposing their pups to ethanol in the breast milk. Some of the same dams had been successfully mated on the day of delivery, so that they were also 3 days pregnant on the treatment day, exposing embryos to alcohol on the third day of pregnancy. In 4 month old pups histamine and triiodothyronine (T(3)) content of citrate elicited peritoneal immune cells (lymphocytes, monocyte-macrophage-granulocyte group, mast cells) as well as thymic cells were determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy using specific antibodies.', 'Alcohol treatment during pregnancy decreased highly significantly the content of both hormones in peritoneal cells of the 4 month old adult animals while it was ineffective by breast feeding after birth. Thymic cells did not show any changes.
Answer: Since the immune system had not developed at the time of treatment (3rd day of pregnancy), stem cells were presumably imprinted. Our results indicate the deleterious effects of early maternal alcohol consumption on the hormone content of the immune system.
answer:

Does alcohol consumption during gestation reduce the histamine and triiodothyronine content of rat immune cells?