In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
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Question: Background: Human adenoviruses are common causes of community-acquired respiratory tract and enteric infections. Severe disseminated infections with high mortality rates may be seen in immunocompromised individuals. An accurate and cost-effective quantitative assay is essential not only for laboratory diagnosis of adenoviral infections, but also for monitoring of response to antiviral treatment. The diagnostic performance of an in-house quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was compared to a commercial system. Methods: The analytical sensitivity, specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy of an in-house adenovirus quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay were evaluated against the RealStar® Adenovirus PCR Kit (Altona Diagnostics GmbH, Hamburg, Germany), using 122 clinical specimens and 18 proficiency testing samples. Results: Linear regression analysis of the quantitative results by the in-house assay showed the dynamic range from 2.60 to 9 log 10 (plasma) and 2.94 to 9 log 10 (viral transport medium) copies/mL, with the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.996 and 0.998, respectively. A dilution series demonstrated the limits of detection and lower limits of quantification for plasma were 2.06 log 10 and 2.60 log 10 copies/mL and those for viral transport medium were 2.31 log 10 and 2.94 log 10 copies/mL respectively. The precision of the in-house assay was highly reproducible among runs with coefficients of variance ranging from 0.07 to 3.21% for plasma and 0.17% to 2.11% for viral transport medium. A comparison of 52 matched samples showed an excellent correlation between the quantitative viral loads measured by the in-house assay and the RealStar® Adenovirus PCR Kit (R 2 = 0.984), with an average bias of − 0.16 log 10 copies/mL. Conclusions: The in-house adenovirus assay is a sensitive and reliable assay with lower cost for the detection and quantification of adenoviral DNA when compared to the RealStar® Adenovirus PCR Kit.

Answer: Comparative evaluation of a laboratory- developed real-time PCR assay and RealStar® Adenovirus PCR Kit for quantitative detection of human adenovirus


Question: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide. In the Middle East and Arab countries, the burden of RSV-associated hospitalizations is not well characterized. We sought to determine the burden and clinical/epidemiological characteristics of RSV hospitalization in young children in Amman, Jordan. We investigated risk factors for severity including vitamin D levels. Methods: We conducted viral surveillance with clinical and demographic data in children <2 years admitted with respiratory symptoms and/or fever at the Al-Bashir Government Hospital from March16, 2010 to March 31, 2013. Nasal/throat swabs were obtained and placed into lysis buffer, and frozen at −80 • C until testing by real-time RT-PCR for 11 respiratory viruses. Heel stick blood or sera samples for 25hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were obtained and sent to a central laboratory for mass spectrometry. Results: Of the 3168 children, >80% testing positive for one virus, with RSV the most common virus detected (44%). The RSV-associated hospitalization rate was highest in children <6 months with an annual range of 21.1-25.9 per 1000, compared to 6.0-8.0 in 6-11-month-olds and 1.6-2.5 in 12-23-month-olds. RSV-positive children compared with RSV-negative were more likely to be previously healthy without underlying medical conditions, less likely to be born prematurely, had a higher frequency of supplemental oxygen use, and had lower median vitamin D levels. Risk factors for oxygen use in RSV-positive children included underlying medical conditions, lack of breastfeeding, younger age, and higher viral load. Conclusion: RSV is a major cause of illness in hospitalized Jordanian children and is associated with increased severity compared to other respiratory viruses. Children with RSV in the Middle East would benefit from future RSV vaccines and antiviral therapy.

Answer: Natural history and epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the Middle East: Hospital surveillance for children under age two in Jordan


Question: a b c d MERS-CoV NP Podocin Merge 50 µm Supplementary figure 1. Productive MERS-CoV replication in a primary human podocyte cell line. (a) Co-immunohistochemical staining of MERS-CoV NP (green) and a podocytespecific marker, podocin (red) in a primary human podocyte cell line 1 24 h after the challenge of MERS-CoV. (b) Western blot analysis of MERS-CoV NP in MERS-CoV-and mock-infected podocytes. γ-tubulin was also detected as a loading control. Total RNAs (c) and the conditioned media (d) of the MERS-CoV-inoculated podocytes were harvested for viral load detection at the indicated time-points using RT-qPCR as previously described. 2 The MERS-CoV RNA from the cell lysates were normalized to the expression level of GAPDH mRNA. Images shown in a and b are representatives of three independent experiments. Error bars shown in c and d represent the mean ± s.d. of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was evaluated by Student's t-tests and the ranges of p-values were indicated in c and d. Samples from a, b, c and d represent biological replicates. NATURE MICROBIOLOGY | www.nature.com/naturemicrobiology 1 2 50 µm 50 µm Supplementary figure 2. Apoptosis due to MERS-CoV infection in kidney cells or overexpression of Smad7 and FGF2 in uninfected kidney cells. (a) HK2 cells were infected by MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV at M.O.I. = 9.6, separately. At different time-points (0, 16, 28 and 34 hpi), the infected cells were assayed by terminal deoxynucleotidy transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. The degree of apoptosis (top) was measured by counting the number of positively stained cells (red focal stain; bottom) over the total number of cells in the counted fields (blue nuclei counterstained by DAPI; bottom). Statistical analyses of the percentage of apoptotic cells induced by MERS-CoV over that of SARS-CoV were evaluated by Student's ttests and the ranges of p-values were indicated on top of each time-point. Immunostainings of the virus NP (green; bottom) in each infection condition were included. (b) HK2 cells were transfected with overexpression constructs of Smad7 and FGF2 followed by the detection of apoptosis using TUNEL assays as described above. Different doses of cDNA (0, 0.25 and 0.5 μg) were first topped up to 0.5 μg with their vector backbone plasmids followed by transfection. The degree of apoptosis (top) was measured by counting the number of positively stained cells (red focal stain; bottom) over the total number of cells in the counted fields (blue nuclei counterstained by DAPI; bottom). Images shown in a and b are representatives of three independent experiments. Error bars shown in a and b represent the mean ± s.d. of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was evaluated by Student's t-tests and the ranges of p-values were indicated in a and b. Samples from a and b represent biological replicates. NATURE MICROBIOLOGY | www.nature.com/naturemicrobiology

Answer:
MERS coronavirus induces apoptosis in kidney and lung by upregulating Smad7 and FGF2