In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

This quantity can be defined as minus the temperature times the derivative of entropy with respect to particle number. The Gibbs factor is a generalization of the Boltzmann factor that takes this quantity into account. Usually defined as the derivative of the Helmholtz free energy with respect to particle number, FTP name this quantity which governs particle flow, as particles flow from systems with higher values to systems with lower values.
Science

One composer from this country completed two parts of a projected thirteen-work cycle based on Hermann Broch's The Death of Virgil. One man from this country, which is not the Czech Republic, abandoned his opera Roussalka upon being diagnosed with neurasthenia. A Baroque music ensemble led by William Christie takes its name from an opera by another composer from here, and this country names the augmented sixth chord that contains the unaltered second scale degree. One composer from this country used "non-retrogradable" rhythms in the first and sixth movements of his best-known chamber work. That composer also theorized seven (*) "modes of limited transposition" in his book The Technique of My Musical Language and include statue, flower, and love themes in an orchestral work that prominently features the ondes Martenot. Another work by that composer from here contains the "Abyss of the Birds" movement and was composed in a prisoner-of-war camp. For 10 points, name this country, the birthplace of the composer of the Turangalila-Symphonie and the Quartet for the End of Time.
Fine Arts

One section of this work is sung in falsetto by a swan being roasted on a spit and is titled "Once I had dwelt on lakes," while another section requires a baritone to sing falsetto and is called "Dies, nox et omnia. " The latter is found in the third section of this work, "The Court of Love," while the "Reie" dance is featured in the scene "On the Lawn," which is found in its section "Springtime. " Opening a triptych that ends with Trionfo di Afrodite, it was first performed in Frankfurt in 1937, and its first and last sections are titled after a certain "Imperatrix Mundi. " For 10 points, identify this cantata that begins and ends with "O Fortuna," a work of Carl Orff.

Fine Arts