In this task, you are given a set of context paragraphs, some supporting facts and an answer of a question. Your task is to generate question for given answer based on set of context paragraphs, supporting facts and an answer.
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Question: Context_1 : Principles of Philosophy (Latin: "Principia philosophiae" ) is a book by René Descartes. In essence it is a synthesis of the "Discourse on Method" and "Meditations on First Philosophy" It was written in Latin, published in 1644 and dedicated to Elisabeth of Bohemia, with whom Descartes had a long-standing friendship. A French version ("Les Principes de la Philosophie") followed in 1647. It set forth the principles of nature—the Laws of Physics—as Descartes viewed them. Most notably, it set forth the principle that in the absence of external forces, an object's motion will be uniform and in a straight line. Newton borrowed this principle from Descartes and included it in his own "Principia"; to this day, it is still generally referred to as Newton's First Law of Motion. The book was primarily intended to replace the Aristotelian curriculum then used in French and British Universities. The work provides a systematic statement of his metaphysics and natural philosophy, and represents the first truly comprehensive, mechanistic account of the universe. Context_2 : Maximilian de Gaynesford (born 1968) is an English philosopher and the author of "The Rift in the Lute: Attuning Poetry and Philosophy" (Oxford, 2017). He was educated at Ampleforth College and Balliol College, Oxford (1986–9; First in Modern History), after which he spent several years studying Theology, before turning to Philosophy in 1993. Before receiving his doctorate, he was elected Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at Lincoln College, Oxford (1997). He was subsequently Humboldt Research Fellow at the Freie Universität Berlin (2003) and a tenured professor at The College of William and Mary in Virginia (2002–2006) before becoming Professor of Philosophy (2008) and Head of Department (2016) at the University of Reading. He is the author of over forty articles and four books: "The Rift in the Lute: Attuning Poetry and Philosophy" (Oxford, 2017), "I: The Meaning of the First Person Term" (Oxford, 2006), "Hilary Putnam" (Routledge, 2006), and "John McDowell" (Polity, 2004). In 2011, he edited a collection of articles on the Philosophy of Action, "Agents And Their Actions" (Blackwell), which includes recent work by John McDowell and Joseph Raz. He often gives papers on attuning poetry and philosophy for general audiences, as here . He spoke at the Harvard Conference in celebration of Hilary Putnam, here . He has a daughter, Elisabeth (born 2009). Context_3 : Pragmaticism is a term used by Charles Sanders Peirce for his pragmatic philosophy starting in 1905, in order to distance himself and it from pragmatism, the original name, which had been used in a manner he did not approve of in the "literary journals". Peirce in 1905 announced his coinage "pragmaticism", saying that it was "ugly enough to be safe from kidnappers" ("Collected Papers" (CP) 5.414). Today, outside of philosophy, "pragmatism" is often taken to refer to a compromise of aims or principles, even a ruthless search for mercenary advantage. Peirce gave other or more specific reasons for the distinction in a surviving draft letter that year and in later writings. Peirce's pragmatism, that is, pragmaticism, differed in Peirce's view from other pragmatisms by its commitments to the spirit of strict logic, the immutability of truth, the reality of infinity, and the difference between (1) actively willing to control thought, to doubt, to weigh reasons, and (2) willing not to exert the will, willing to believe. In his view his pragmatism is, strictly speaking, not itself a whole philosophy, but instead a general method for the clarification of ideas. He first publicly formulated his pragmatism as an aspect of scientific logic along with principles of statistics and modes of inference in his "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" series of articles in 1877-8. Context_4 : Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 – 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart. She was born in Heidelberg, Germany, spending the first nine years of her life there. When she was nine, she went to live in Leyden, with her brother and was raised in a nursery palace to complete her studies. After finishing her studies, she was deemed ready to live in The Hague with her mother. Context_5 : The Three Principles of the People, also translated as Three People's Principles, San-min Doctrine, or Tridemism is a political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation. The three principles are often translated into and summarized as nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people. He believed that the economic livelihood of the people depended on adopting the teachings of the American economist Henry George, writing that "The teachings of your single-taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform." Context_6 : In computer programming, the term SOLID is a mnemonic acronym for five design principles intended to make software designs more understandable, flexible and maintainable. The principles are a subset of many principles promoted by Robert C. Martin, . Though they apply to any object-oriented design, the SOLID principles can also form a core philosophy for methodologies such as agile development or Adaptive Software Development. The SOLID acronym was introduced by Michael Feathers. Context_7 : Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (German: "Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten" ; 1785; also known as the "Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals", "Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals" and the "Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals") is the first of Immanuel Kant's mature works on moral philosophy and remains one of the most influential in the field. Kant conceives his investigation as a work of foundational ethics—one that clears the ground for future research by explaining the core concepts and principles of moral theory and showing that they are normative for rational agents. Kant aspires to nothing less than this: to lay bare the fundamental principle of morality and show that it applies to us. In the text, Kant provides a groundbreaking argument that the rightness of an action is determined by the character of the principle that a person chooses to act upon. Kant thus stands in stark contrast to the moral sense theories and teleological moral theories that dominated moral philosophy at the time he was writing. Central to the work is the role of what Kant refers to as the categorical imperative, the concept that one must act only according to that precept which he or she would will to become a universal law. Context_8 : In Canadian and New Zealand law, fundamental justice is the fairness underlying the administration of justice and its operation. The principles of fundamental justice are specific legal principles that command "significant societal consensus" as "fundamental to the way in which the legal system ought fairly to operate", per "R v Malmo-Levine". These principles may stipulate basic procedural rights afforded to anyone facing an adjudicative process or procedure that affects fundamental rights and freedoms, and certain substantive standards related to the rule of law that regulate the actions of the state (e.g., the rule against unclear or vague laws). The degree of protection dictated by these standards and procedural rights vary in accordance with the precise context, involving a contextual analysis of the affected person's interests. In other words, the more a person's rights or interests are adversely affected, the more procedural or substantive protections must be afforded to that person in order to respect the principles of fundamental justice. A legislative or administrative framework that respects the principles of fundamental justice, as such, must be fundamentally fair to the person affected, but does not necessarily have to strike the "right balance" between individual and societal interests in general. Context_9 : A first principle is a basic, foundational, self-evident proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption. In philosophy, first principles are taught by Aristotelians and a nuanced version of first principles are referred to as postulates by Kantians. In mathematics, first principles are referred to as axioms and postulates. In physics and other sciences, theoretical work is said to be from first principles, or "ab initio", if it starts directly at the level of established science and does not make assumptions such as empirical model and parameter fitting. Context_10 : Principia philosophiae cartesianae (PPC; "The Principles of Cartesian Philosophy") or Renati Descartes principia philosophiae, more geometrico demonstrata ("The Principles of René Descartes' Philosophy, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order") is a philosophical work of Baruch Spinoza published in Amsterdam in 1663. In the preface to this work, Ludovic Meyer explains that it is a reconstruction of René Descartes' "Principles of Philosophy "in the Euclidean or "geometric" fashion". "In the appendix, a series of non-geometric prose passages entitled "Metaphysical Thoughts" ["Cogitata Metaphisica"], Spinoza explicates Descartes' views on traditional metaphysical topics (including essence, existence, idea, potential, necessity, contingency, duration, and time) while furtively interpolating some of his own. fact_1 :  In essence it is a synthesis of the "Discourse on Method" and "Meditations on First Philosophy" It was written in Latin, published in 1644 and dedicated to Elisabeth of Bohemia, with whom Descartes had a long-standing friendship. fact_2 : Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 – 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart. Answer: Frederick V, Elector Palatine

Answer: Who was the father of the person Principles of Philosophy was dedicated to?


Question: Context_1 : Corvo Attano is a fictional character of Arkane Studios' "Dishonored" universe. He is the lead protagonist in "Dishonored", one of two playable protagonists in "Dishonored 2", and has appeared in multiple "Dishonored" fictional works, including a comic series, and the first published book of a trilogy of novels announced in 2016. Context_2 : Amar Bodyguard (or sometimes Aamar Bodyguard) is a 2013 Bengali film directed by Haranath Chakraborty and produced under the banner of Yoshi Films. The film stars actor and Pratik in the lead role. The film was released on 29 March 2013, though the filming was completed by 2009. Ridhima and Pratik were supposed to be debutants in this film, but due to the delayed release, both of them have appeared in numerous films in between. Context_3 : Dishonored is a 2012 stealth action-adventure video game developed by Arkane Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. Set in the fictional, plague-ridden industrial city of Dunwall, "Dishonored" follows the story of Corvo Attano, bodyguard to the Empress of the Isles. He is framed for her murder and forced to become an assassin, seeking revenge on those who conspired against him. Corvo is aided in his quest by the Loyalistsa resistance group fighting to reclaim Dunwall, and the Outsidera powerful being who imbues Corvo with magical abilities. Several noted actors including Susan Sarandon, Brad Dourif, Carrie Fisher, Michael Madsen, Lena Headey and Chloë Grace Moretz provided voice work for the game. Context_4 : Kaavalan (English: "Bodyguard") is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Siddique, starring Vijay and Asin in the lead roles. The film is a remake of Siddique's previous Malayalam film "Bodyguard". It features Rajkiran, Mithra Kurian, Roja and Vadivelu in supporting roles with musical score composed by Vidyasagar. The film's principal shoot commenced in April 2010 and was completed by November 2010. The Movie was selected to be screened at the Shanghai International Film Festival out of many projects submitted by India. The Songs Composed by Vidyasagar were topping the charts. The film ran for 100 days in theatres. Context_5 : Mo Henry is a film negative cutter acclaimed by many as the greatest in her field. Her works include Spider-Man 2, Before Sunrise, Money Train, The Matrix, The Blind Side, and many others. According to The Internet Movie Database, she has been a negative cutter on over 300 films, although Mo claims IMDB has many inaccuracies, missing many films that she cut and including her on films incorrectly, and her ultimate total far exceeds 300. In addition she cut a fair number of adult films under the alias Ruby Diamond. Her other main credit is as the producer of the 2003 movie Anima. Despite her low profile she has amassed a fan base over the years, and many fans are known to stay during the final credits to see if Mo Henry's name shows up. Context_6 : Robin Bhatt (Hindi: रोबिन भट्ट ) is known as one of the most successful writers in Bollywood. He is well known for his skills in penning screenplay. He is the brother of Mahesh Bhatt. He has written many films and was nominated 3 times and won award for Baazigar. His debut film as writer was Aashiqui, which proved to be a hit film. He has written many films for Bhatt Productions. Context_7 : Krishnam Raju is an Indian actor who acted more than 190 films. Krishnam Raju entered Tollywood in 1966 with the film "Chilaka Gorinka" directed by Kotayya Pratyagatma alongside Krishna Kumari. The film won Nandi Award for Best Feature Film - Silver for that year. Later he acted in the mythological film "Shri Krishnavataram" which also starsN. T. Rama Rao. He acted in many films with the established actos N. T. Rama Rao and Akkineni Nageswara Rao. He also acted in many films with the established actresses Krishna Kumari, Rajasulochana, Jamuna and Kanchana. Context_8 : Richard Albert was president of the award-winning motion picture advertising agency Design Projects, Inc. from 1978 to 1992. Clients included major studios such as Universal Pictures, MGM, 20th Century Fox, Warner Bros., and Columbia Pictures, as well as major independent and international distributors such as Cannon Films, Trimark Pictures, CBS Theatrical Films, Goldcrest, and Lorimar. Albert's firm was responsible for the movie poster designs for many films, including MacArthur, Sorcerer, Hard to Hold, The Final Countdown, Mutant, and Nightmares. Albert consulted regularly with Menahem Golan at Cannon Films on how to market and pre-sell Cannon's films, and successfully launched the foreign campaigns for Death Wish 2, New Year's Evil, Lady Chatterly's Lover, Enter the Ninja, and many others. Later, when Golan started 21st Century Films, he collaborated with Albert, who produced though his Sawmill Entertainment Corp. the Lambada dance movie The Forbidden Dance for Golan's foreign distribution, and Columbia Pictures' U.S. theatrical release. Albert hunt ed down the management for the band Kaoma when they were touring in the United States, and licensed their hit song "Lambada" for the film. He also tried to book the band to appear in the movie, however the band's schedule did not fit with the fast production schedule, so he hired Kid Creole and the Coconuts to perform in the final scenes. Context_9 : Anatole Taubman (born 23 December 1970) is a Swiss actor, who has appeared in many films, such as a henchman in the James Bond movie "Quantum of Solace", Stanislav Turgin in the film "", and as the monk Remigius in the TV miniseries "The Pillars of the Earth", but also in Swiss productions as "Marmorera" (2007). In 2012, he played also a bigger role in "Fünf Freunde" an adaptation of one of the famous books of Enid Blyton's Famous Five. He made an appearance as a Jewish prisoner in the TV miniseries "Band of Brothers", as well in the Swiss-Austrian feature film "Akte Grüninger" in 2013. Taubmann is the executive producer of the movie "She's Funny That Way", with Jennifer Aniston and Owen Wilson. In 2017, he will appear in the Netflix German language series "Dark". Context_10 : Shajoon Kariyal is an Indian film director and producer working in Malayalam cinema. Shajoon was born in 1963 in Kozhikode, Kerala and had his primary education from Govt. Ganapath High School, Chalappuram. He started his film career in 1984, at the age of 18, as an assistant director to I. V. Sasi. He worked as the assistant or associate director to many films including "Uyarangalil" (1984), "Anubandham" (1985), "Karimpinpoovinakkare" (1985), "Aavanazhi" (1986), "1921" (1988), "Douthyam" (1989), "Varthamana Kalam" (1990), "Arhatha" (1990), "Midhya" (1991), "Neelagiri" (1991) and "Varnapakittu" (1997). He was the story writer for the Mammootty-starrer megahit "Jackpot" (1993). He debuted as a director with "Rajaputhran" (1996), starring Suresh Gopi, Shobhana and Vikram. He has directed many films, including the commercially successful "Thachiledathu Chundan" (1999) and the critically acclaimed "Vadakkumnadhan" (2006). After "Vadakkumnadhan", he planned two films, "Raman Police" and "Talkies", but both the projects did not work out. In 2012, he directed "Chettayees" which he also co-produced, as one of the five partners of the newly launched production house Thakkaali Films. His latest film is "Sir C. P." (2015). fact_1 : Corvo Attano is a fictional character of Arkane Studios' "Dishonored" universe. fact_2 :  He is the lead protagonist in "Dishonored", one of two playable protagonists in "Dishonored 2", and has appeared in multiple "Dishonored" fictional works, including a comic series, and the first published book of a trilogy of novels announced in 2016. fact_3 :  Set in the fictional, plague-ridden industrial city of Dunwall, "Dishonored" follows the story of Corvo Attano, bodyguard to the Empress of the Isles. Answer: 2

Answer: The bodyguard to the Empress of the Isles in the movie Dishonered has appeared in how many films in that universe?


Question: Context_1 : The following is a list of Halley-type comets (HTCs), which are periodic comet with an orbital period between 20 and 200 years, often appearing only once or twice within one's lifetime. The majority come from between the orbits of Saturn and Neptune; Due to the nature of their orbits, their orbits can be perturbed by the giant planets and sent into orbits too far from the Sun to outgas, and vice versa. Minor planets in comet-like orbits similar to HTCs that never come close enough to the Sun to outgas are called Centaurs. HTCs are named after the first discovered member, and the first discovered periodic comet, Halley's Comet, which orbits the Sun in about 75 years, and passing as far as the orbit of Neptune. Context_2 : Lewis Fry Richardson, FRS (11 October 1881 – 30 September 1953) was an English mathematician, physicist, meteorologist, psychologist and pacifist who pioneered modern mathematical techniques of weather forecasting, and the application of similar techniques to studying the causes of wars and how to prevent them. He is also noted for his pioneering work concerning fractals and a method for solving a system of linear equations known as modified Richardson iteration. Context_3 : A coastline or a seashore is the area where land meets the sea or ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. A precise line that can be called a coastline cannot be determined due to the Coastline paradox. Context_4 : Donnayite-(Y) is a rare-earth carbonate mineral containing the rare-earth metal yttrium. It was first discovered in 1978 at Mont St-Hilaire, Quebec. Donnayite was subsequently identified and named after Joseph D. H. Donnay and his wife, Gabrielle Donnay. Both were prominent mineralogists and crystallographers, and J. D. H. Donnay was awarded the Roebling Award by the Mineralogical Society of America in 1971 for his emphasis on the importance of optical mineralogy and crystal morphology. Donnayite tends to occur in small quantities in the pegmatite dykes and miarolitic cavities of mountainous regions. It crystallizes in this environment with increasing alkalinity values until the alkalinity suddenly drops during the last stage of crystallization. This results in increasing amounts of Na carbonates and REE minerals. First discovered at Mont St-Hilaire, donnayite has since been found in the Southern Ural Mountains of Russia and the Narssarssuk pegmatite of South Greenland. Donnayite crystals tend to be small and the color is commonly pale yellow to yellow with a white streak and a vitreous luster. Donnayite crystals usually display trigonal or hexagonal symmetry and have a hardness of 3. Twinning is extremely common in this mineral. Minerals closely related to donnayite include synchysite, calcite, sphalerite, microcline, and analcime. Donnayite is isomorphous with weloganite and mckelveyite. Context_5 : The coastline paradox is the counterintuitive observation that the coastline of a landmass does not have a well-defined length. This results from the fractal-like properties of coastlines. The first recorded observation of this phenomenon was by Lewis Fry Richardson and it was expanded by Benoit Mandelbrot. Context_6 : The Ross–Littlewood paradox (also known as the balls and vase problem or the ping pong ball problem) is a hypothetical problem in abstract mathematics and logic designed to illustrate the seemingly paradoxical, or at least non-intuitive, nature of infinity. More specifically, like the Thomson's lamp paradox, the Ross–Littlewood paradox tries to illustrate the conceptual difficulties with the notion of a supertask, in which an infinite number of tasks are completed sequentially. The problem was originally described by mathematician John E. Littlewood in his 1953 book "Littlewood's Miscellany", and was later expanded upon by Sheldon Ross in his 1988 book "A First Course in Probability". Context_7 : In mathematical physics, a closed timelike curve (CTC) is a world line in a Lorentzian manifold, of a material particle in spacetime that is "closed", returning to its starting point. This possibility was first discovered by Willem Jacob van Stockum in 1937 and later confirmed by Kurt Gödel in 1949, who discovered a solution to the equations of general relativity (GR) allowing CTCs known as the Gödel metric; and since then other GR solutions containing CTCs have been found, such as the Tipler cylinder and traversable wormholes. If CTCs exist, their existence would seem to imply at least the theoretical possibility of time travel backwards in time, raising the spectre of the grandfather paradox, although the Novikov self-consistency principle seems to show that such paradoxes could be avoided. Some physicists speculate that the CTCs which appear in certain GR solutions might be ruled out by a future theory of quantum gravity which would replace GR, an idea which Stephen Hawking has labeled the chronology protection conjecture. Others note that if every closed timelike curve in a given space-time passes through an event horizon, a property which can be called chronological censorship, then that space-time with event horizons excised would still be causally well behaved and an observer might not be able to detect the causal violation. Context_8 : In logic, Richard's paradox is a semantical antinomy of set theory and natural language first described by the French mathematician Jules Richard in 1905. The paradox is ordinarily used to motivate the importance of distinguishing carefully between mathematics and metamathematics. Kurt Gödel specifically cites Richard's antinomy as a semantical analogue to his syntactical incompleteness result in the introductory section of "On Formally Undecidable Propositions in Principia Mathematica and Related Systems I". The paradox was also a motivation of the development of predicative mathematics. Context_9 : Thomas Digges ( ; c. 1546 – 24 August 1595) was an English mathematician and astronomer. He was the first to expound the Copernican system in English but discarded the notion of a fixed shell of immoveable stars to postulate infinitely many stars at varying distances. He was also first to postulate the "dark night sky paradox". Context_10 : Sir Isaac Newton {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics. Newton also made pathbreaking contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing the infinitesimal calculus. fact_1 :  The first recorded observation of this phenomenon was by Lewis Fry Richardson and it was expanded by Benoit Mandelbrot. fact_2 : Lewis Fry Richardson, FRS (11 October 1881 – 30 September 1953) was an English mathematician, physicist, meteorologist, psychologist and pacifist who pioneered modern mathematical techniques of weather forecasting, and the application of similar techniques to studying the causes of wars and how to prevent them. Answer: Lewis Fry Richardson

Answer:
The coastline paradox was first discovered by which English mathematician and physicist?