instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Critical size defects (CSDs) of bone are defined as defects that do not heal spontaneously to new bone during the lifetime of an adult individual. In contrast, immature animals are capable to heal defects of identical size. It was our hypothesis that age-related paracrine effects are relevant for this difference in regeneration.', 'The pooled supernatant of primary rat calvarial osteoblast-like cell cultures (POBC) derived from prenatal or postnatal donors was concentrated and applied into CSDs of adult recipient organisms (n = 10). In addition, the supernatant of POBC derived from prenatal donors was pooled and purified by reverse-phase chromatography. Each pre-purified fraction was tested in a proliferation indicating bioassay. Peptide fractions containing proliferative activities were re-chromatographed and re-tested in a bioassay. Finally, a proliferative activity was purified, identified by sequence analysis and applied into CSDs of adult recipients.', 'The application of POBC derived from prenatal donors resulted in osseous regeneration of a CSD in adult recipients, while the supernatant of postnatal donors had much smaller effects. The morphologic features resembled the spontaneous osseous healing of calvarial defects of the same size in immature organisms. The polypeptide "tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type II"(TIMP-2) was isolated from the supernatant of cultures of POBC derived from prenatal donors by measuring the induction of their proliferation. Additionally, the application of human TIMP-2 injected into calvarial CSDs of adult organisms resulted in osseous healing.
Answer: We conclude that one component responsible for the healing effect of CSDs of POBC supernatants derived from prenatal donors is TIMP-2.
answer:
Is tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases II ( TIMP-2 ) an osteoanabolic factor in vitro and in vivo?


question:
Context: To test whether subsensory vibratory noise applied to the sole of the foot using a novel piezoelectric vibratory insole can significantly improve sensation, enhance balance, and reduce gait variability in elderly people, as well as to determine the optimal level of vibratory noise and whether the therapeutic effect would endure and the user's sensory threshold would remain constant during the course of a day.", 'A randomized, single-blind, crossover study of 3 subsensory noise stimulation levels on 3 days.', 'Balance and gait laboratory.', 'Healthy community-dwelling elderly volunteers (N=12; age, 65-90y) who could feel the maximum insole vibration.', 'A urethane foam insole with the piezoelectric actuators delivering subsensory vibratory noise stimulation to the soles of the feet.', 'Balance, gait, and timed Up and Go (TUG) test.', 'The vibratory insoles significantly improved performance on the TUG test, reduced the area of postural sway, and reduced the temporal variability of walking at both 70% and 85% of the sensory threshold and during the course of a day. Vibratory sensation thresholds remained relatively stable within and across study days.
Answer: This study provides proof of concept that the application of the principle of stochastic resonance to the foot sole sensory system using a new low-voltage piezoelectric technology can improve measures of balance and gait that are associated with falls. Effective vibratory noise amplitudes range from 70% to 85% of the sensory threshold and can be set once daily.
answer:
Does a shoe insole delivering subsensory vibratory noise improve balance and gait in healthy elderly people?


question:
Context: Uninsured and underinsured patients are reported to be at an increased risk for impaired access to healthcare, delayed medical treatment, and the receipt of substandard care. These differences in care may result in disparities in surgical outcomes among patients with different types of insurance. In the current study, the authors examined associations between the insurance provider and short-term surgical outcomes after surgery for colorectal carcinoma and evaluated the extent to which two risk factors (comorbid disease and admission type) might explain any observed association.', 'The authors conducted a nationally representative retrospective cohort study of 13,415 adults ages 40-64 years who were admitted for surgery for colorectal carcinoma to hospitals that participated in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample, releases 6 and 7, in 1997 and 1998. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to describe the correlations between insurance status and the risks of a postoperative complication or postoperative death after adjustment for socioeconomic factors, comorbid conditions, and admission type.', 'Uninsured and Medicaid patients were found to have more emergent admissions and more comorbid disease compared with patients with private health insurance. Patients without private health insurance had higher rates of postoperative complications and in-hospital death compared with those patients with private insurance. After adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, patients with Medicaid were found to be 22% more likely to develop a complication during their hospital admission (odds ratio [OR] of 1.22; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.06-1.40) and 57% more likely to die postoperatively (OR of 1.57; 95% CI, 1.01-2.42) compared with patients with private insurance.
Answer: The current study findings suggest that the uninsured and Medicaid populations are at greater risk of developing postoperative complications and dying than the privately insured population due only in part to preexisting medical comorbidities and emergent admission type.
answer:

Does morbidity and mortality of colorectal carcinoma surgery differ by insurance status?