instruction:
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased cardiovascular events. The relationships between the markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction were investigated both before and after living donor kidney transplantation.', 'Twenty-seven renal transplant patients were studied. Eleven patients (six male, five female) were on cyclosporine A, whereas 16 patients (nine male, seven female) were treated with tacrolimus based regimes. Twenty-seven subjects (12 males, 15 females) were studied as controls. Plasma adiponectin, high sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP), Asymetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) levels were studied before transplantation and on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28. The brachial artery flow mediated dilatation (FMD) was studied before transplantation and on the 28th day.', 'Serum hsCRP and ADMA levels decreased significantly from the first posttransplantation day on each measurement (P<0.001 for all) while the decrement of plasma adiponectin started in the third day (P<0.001 for all). The FMD was lower in the patients than the control group (P<0.001) and improved significantly in the 28th day of transplantation (P<0.001).
answer:
Do endothelial functions improve with decrease in asymmetric dimethylarginine ( ADMA ) levels after renal transplantation?


question:
Suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a strong predictor of virologic failure (VF) among people with HIV. Various methods such as patient self-report, pill counts and pharmacy refills have been utilized to monitor adherence. However, there are limited data on the accuracy of combining methods to better predict VF in routine clinical settings. We examined various methods to assess adherence including pill count, medication possession ratio (MPR), and self-reported adherence in order to determine which was most highly associated with VF after > 6 months on ART.', 'We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a case-control study. At enrollment, pharmacy refill data were collected retrospectively from the medical chart, pill counts were completed to derive a pill count adherence ratio (PCAR) and a self-report questionnaire was administered to all participants. Parametric smooth splines and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were carried out to assess the accuracy of the adherence methods.', '458 patients were enrolled from October 2010 to June 2012. Of these, 158 (34.50%) experienced VF (cases) and 300 (65.50%) were controls. The median (IQR) PCAR was 1.10 (0.99-1.14) for cases and 1.13 (1.08-1.18) for controls (p < 0.0001). The median MPR was 1.00 (0.97-1.07) for cases and 1.03 (0.96-1.07) for controls (p = 0.83). Combination of PCAR and self-reported questions was highly associated with VF.
answer:
Is the combination of pill count and self-reported adherence a strong predictor of first-line ART failure for adults in South Africa?


question:
This study was designed to determine whether novel cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors explain the high prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) among African Americans.', 'Compared with Caucasians, African Americans have higher prevalence of PAD, an association that is not explained by traditional CVD risk factors. The degree to which novel CVD risk markers may explain the higher prevalence is uncertain.', 'A nested case-control study within the San Diego Population Study was performed. The study evaluated 104 persons with PAD and 164 age- and gender-matched control subjects who were employees of a large public university and participated in a peripheral artery and venous disease study. Nine novel CVD risk factors (homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, von Willebrand factor, prothrombin fragment 1-2, D-dimer, and plasmin antiplasmin) were measured. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated whether these novel factors attenuated the association of African-American race and PAD and whether there was differential ethnic susceptibility to the novel factors.', 'African Americans had 3-fold higher odds of PAD in age- and gender-matched models (odds ratio [OR] 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5 to 6.4; p < 0.01), an association that was modestly attenuated by adjustment for traditional (OR 2.4; 95% CI 0.9 to 6.1; p = 0.06) and novel CVD risk markers (OR 1.9; 95% CI 0.7 to 4.7; p = 0.18). Among the novel factors, the attenuation was primarily due to fibrinogen and lipoprotein (a). No interactions by novel CVD risk markers (both p values for interaction > or =0.24) were observed.
answer:

Do novel cardiovascular risk factors completely explain the higher prevalence of peripheral arterial disease among African Americans . The San Diego Population Study?