Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been well documented to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation; however, we have observed that copper (Cu)-induced regression of heart hypertrophy was VEGF-dependent. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that Cu causes alterations in the distribution of VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes so that it switches the signalling pathway from stimulation of cell growth to reversal of cell hypertrophy.', 'Primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to phenylephrine (PE) at a final concentration of 100 microM in cultures for 48 h to induce cell hypertrophy. The hypertrophic cardiomyocytes were exposed to copper sulfate at a final concentration of 5 microM in cultures for 24 h with a concomitant presence of PE. Flow cytometry, gene silencing, and ELISA procedures were used to analyse the changes in VEGFRs and their relationship with regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Cu did not change the concentration of VEGF in culture media, but increased the ratio of VEGFR-1 to VEGFR-2 two-fold. Gene silencing of VEGFR-2, in the absence of Cu addition, reversed PE-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, which was suppressed by an anti-VEGF antibody. Gene silencing of VEGFR-1 blocked Cu-induced regression of cell hypertrophy and decreased the activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase-1 (PKG-1). A PKG-1 antagonist, Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, blocked both Cu- and VEGFR-2 gene silencing-induced regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
[A]: Is copper-induced regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy associated with enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 signalling pathway?


[Q]: Sprague and Tatum (1942) introduced the concepts of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) to evaluate the breeding parents and F1 hybrid performance, respectively. Since then, the GCA was widely used in cross breeding for elite parent selection. However, the molecular basis of GCA remains to unknown.', 'We studied the transcriptomes of three varieties and three\xa0F1 hybrids using RNA-Sequencing. Transcriptome sequence analysis revealed that the transcriptome profiles of the F1s were similar to the positive GCA-effect parent. Moreover, the expression levels of most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were equal to the parent with a positive GCA effect. Analysis of the gene expression patterns of gibberellic acid (GA) and flowering time pathways that determine plant height and flowering time in rice validated the preferential transcriptome expression of the parents with positive GCA effect. Furthermore, H3K36me3 modification bias in the Pseudo-Response Regulators (PRR) gene family was observed in the positive GCA effect parents and demonstrated that the phenotype and transcriptome bias in the positive GCA effect parents have been epigenetically regulated by either global modification or specific signaling pathways in rice.
[A]: Is the phenotypic predisposition of the parent in F1 hybrid correlated with transcriptome preference of the positive general combining ability parent?


[Q]: Muscle density is a risk factor for fractures in older adults; however, its association with falls is not well described. After adjusting for biologically relevant confounding factors, a unit decrease in muscle density was associated with a 17\xa0% increase in odds of reporting a fall, independent of functional mobility.', 'Falls are the leading cause of injury, disability, and fractures in older adults. Low muscle density (i.e., caused by muscle adiposity) and functional mobility have been identified as risk factors for incident disability and fractures in older adults; however, it is not known if these are also independently associated with falls. The purpose of this study was to explore the associations of muscle density and functional mobility with fall status.', 'Cross-sectional observational study of 183 men and women aged 60-98\xa0years. Descriptive data, including a 12-month fall recall, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test performance, lower leg muscle area, and density. Odds ratio (OR) of being a faller were calculated, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, general health status, diabetes, and comorbidities.', 'Every mg/cm(3) increase in muscle density (mean 70.2, SD 2.6\xa0mg/cm(3)) independently reduced the odds of being a faller by 19\xa0% (OR 0.81 [95\xa0% CI 0.67 to 0.97]), and every 1\xa0s longer TUG test time (mean 9.8, SD 2.6\xa0s) independently increased the odds by 17\xa0% (OR 1.17 [95\xa0% CI 1.01 to 1.37]). When both muscle density and TUG test time were included in the same model, only age (OR 0.93 [95\xa0% CI 0.87 to 0.99]) and muscle density (OR 0.83 [95\xa0% CI 0.69 to 0.99]) were independently associated with fall status.
[A]:
Is lower leg muscle density independently associated with fall status in community-dwelling older adults?