TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: MicroRNA-222 (miR-222) has been shown to play a potential oncogenic role in bladder cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of miR-222 in bladder cancer and its potential relevance to clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival.', 'Surgical specimens of cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue were obtained from 97 patients with bladder cancer. The relative expression levels of miR-222 in the cancer and the normal adjacent tissue were measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. We analyzed their correlation with clinicopathological parameters and prognostic value.', 'The expression level of miR-222 was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in corresponding non-cancerous tissues (5.46\u2009±\u20091.45 versus 1.92\u2009±\u20090.65, P\u2009< \u20090.0001), and a high expression of miR-222 was found to be significantly associated with tumor grade (P\u2009=\u20090.003) and tumor stage (P\u2009=\u20090.005). The miR-222 expression level was classified as high or low in relation to the median value (cutoff value\u2009=\u20095.15). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with higher levels of miR-222 had significantly poorer survival than those with lower expression of this miRNA in patients, with a 5-year overall survival of 29.53% and 52.75%, respectively (P\u2009=\u20090.0034). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, which included miR-222 level, tumor grade, tumor stage, and tumor number, high miR-222 expression was independently associated with poor survival (P\u2009<\u20090.001; hazard ratio 6.17; 95% CI 2.33 to 10.39).

SOLUTION: Is increased expression of miR-222 associated with poor prognosis in bladder cancer?

PROBLEM: Endometrial cancers (ECs) are the most common form of gynecologic malignancy. Recent studies have reported that ECs reveal distinct markers for molecular pathogenesis, which in turn is linked to the various histological types of ECs. To understand further the molecular events contributing to ECs and endometrial tumorigenesis in general, a more precise identification of cancer-associated molecules and signaling networks would be useful for the detection and monitoring of malignancy, improving clinical cancer therapy, and personalization of treatments.', 'ECs-specific gene co-expression networks were constructed by differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Important pathways and putative cancer hub genes contribution to tumorigenesis of ECs were identified. An elastic-net regularized classification model was built using the cancer hub gene signatures to predict the phenotypic characteristics of ECs. The 19 cancer hub gene signatures had high predictive power to distinguish among three key principal features of ECs: grade, type, and stage. Intriguingly, these hub gene networks seem to contribute to ECs progression and malignancy via cell-cycle regulation, antigen processing and the citric acid (TCA) cycle.

SOLUTION: Does visual gene-network analysis reveal the cancer gene co-expression in human endometrial cancer?

PROBLEM: The aim of this study was the measurement of maternal serum levels of M-CSF throughout pregnancy, in a low risk obstetrical population, to examine the relationship of M-CSF and pregnancy outcome.', 'Maternal serum was obtained at various stages of pregnancy and post partum, M-CSF levels were measured by ELISA, pertinent clinical data tabulated, and pregnancy outcome was determined.', 'In 564 pregnancies studied, 22% of 260 nulliparous pregnancies and 10% of 304 multiparous pregnancies were hypertensive. Preeclampsia occurred in 1.5% of nulliparous and in 1% of the multiparous women. In apparently normal pregnancies with good outcome, M-CSF levels rose throughout pregnancy. No cases of preeclampsia occurred if maternal serum M-CSF levels increased more than 100% throughout pregnancy.

SOLUTION:
Are maternal serum levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor associated with adverse pregnancy outcome?