Given a disfluent sentence, modify the sentence to it to its equivalent fluent form, preserving the meaning of the sentence.

In which century by what term is a type of advocacy of empire known no do most consider the beginning of imperialism?
 In which century do most consider the beginning of imperialism?

The referendum to establish a devolved Edinburgh or no make that Scottish Assembly succeeded in what year?
The referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly succeeded in what year?

What or rather who typically closes debates?

Who typically closes debates?