Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: To evaluate whether P2X3 receptors (P2X3R) are expressed in the bladder urothelium and to determine their possible function in modulating purinergic detrusor contractions in the rat urinary bladder.', 'The expression of urothelial receptors was determined using conventional immunohistochemistry in bladders from normal Sprague-Dawley rats. The urothelial layer was removed by incubation with protamine, and disruption of the urothelium was confirmed using haematoxylin and eosin staining on bladder sections. Open cystometry was used to determine the effects of both urothelial removal as well as intravesical application of a specific P2X3R antagonist on bladder properties from intact and protamine-treated rats. Isometric contractile responses to potassium chloride (KCl) depolarization, electrical field stimulation (EFS) or chemical P2X activation were determined in normal and urothelium-denuded bladder strips, with and without application of the P2X3R antagonist.', 'Immunohistochemical staining showed high expression of P2X3R in the medial and basal layers of the urothelium. Removal of the urothelial layer disturbed normal bladder performance in vivo and eliminated the effects of the P2X3R antagonist on increasing the contractile interval and reducing the amplitude of voiding contractions. Removal of the urothelium did not affect bladder strip contractile responses to KCl depolarization or EFS. Pharmacological inhibition of P2X3R prevented desensitization to P2X-mediated detrusor muscle contractions during EFS only in the strips with an intact urothelium. A concentration-dependent, specific inhibition of P2X3R also prevented desensitization of purinergic contractile responses in intact bladder strips.
Answer: In the rat bladder, medial and basal urothelial cells express P2X3R, and specific inhibition of the receptor leads to a more hyporeflexive bladder condition. This pathway may involve P2X3R driving a paracrine amplification of ATP released from umbrella cells to increase afferent transmission in the sub-urothelial sensory plexus and desensitization of P2X1-mediated purinergic detrusor contractions.
Does inhibition of urothelial P2X3 receptors prevent desensitization of purinergic detrusor contractions in the rat bladder?

Context: Biotechnological screening processes are performed since more than 8 decades in small scale shaken bioreactors like shake flasks or microtiter plates. One of the major issues of such reactors is the sufficient oxygen supply of suspended microorganisms. Oxygen transfer into the bulk liquid can in general be increased by introducing suitable baffles at the reactor wall. However, a comprehensive and systematic characterization of baffled shaken bioreactors has never been carried out so far. Baffles often differ in number, size and shape. The exact geometry of baffles in glass lab ware like shake flasks is very difficult to reproduce from piece to piece due to the hard to control flow behavior of molten glass during manufacturing. Thus, reproducibility of the maximum oxygen transfer capacity in such baffled shake flasks is hardly given.', 'As a first step to systematically elucidate the general effect of different baffle geometries on shaken bioreactor performance, the maximum oxygen transfer capacity (OTRmax) in baffled 48-well microtiter plates as shaken model reactor was characterized. This type of bioreactor made of plastic material was chosen, as the exact geometry of the baffles can be fabricated by highly reproducible laser cutting. As a result, thirty different geometries were investigated regarding their maximum oxygen transfer capacity (OTRmax) and liquid distribution during shaking. The relative perimeter of the cross-section area as new fundamental geometric key parameter is introduced. An empirical correlation for the OTRmax as function of the relative perimeter, shaking frequency and filling volume is derived. For the first time, this correlation allows a systematic description of the maximum oxygen transfer capacity in baffled microtiter plates.
Answer: Calculated and experimentally determined OTRmax values agree within ± 30% accuracy. Furthermore, undesired out-of-phase operating conditions can be identified by using the relative perimeter as key parameter. Finally, an optimum well geometry characterized by an increased perimeter of 10% compared to the unbaffled round geometry is identified. This study may also assist to comprehensively describe and optimize the baffles of shake flasks in future.
Is cross-section perimeter a suitable parameter to describe the effects of different baffle geometries in shaken microtiter plates?

Context: Despite advances in neurosurgical management, aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) still has high mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to clarify how delaying hospital admission after aSAH contributes to worse prognosis even today and to find the possibility for an improvement of its prognosis by early admission.', 'Four hundred twenty-one consecutive patients are the basis for this study. Cause of delay was classified into 5 categories: patient delay (PD), doctor delay (DD), transportation delay (TD), no delay (ND) (within 2 hours of onset), and others. Condition of each patient was assessed at time of onset and admission using H&K. The relationships between cause of delay and worsening of Hunt and Kosnik grading (H&K) were examined.', 'The median delay time was 1.7 days. Only 41% of patients visited our institution without delay. Admission delay, especially PD and DD, exhibited a significant correlation to worsening of H&K. In addition to nondirect admission, misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis contributed significantly to worsening of H&K. Incidence of DD has declined in recent years, whereas that of PD has increased. Consequently, no change in total number of delays was found.
Answer: There remains much room for an improvement of prognosis for aSAH by early admission. We need to fully realize this reality and to directly face this problem.

Does the key to improving prognosis for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage remain in the pre-hospitalization period?