TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan and has been shown to minimize rejection in animal models of renal transplantation. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is unavoidable in renal transplantation and correlates with shorter graft survival times. Despite its favorable effects on rejection, there is evidence that IDO may facilitate renal IRI. Differentiating the negative impact of IDO on IRI from its pro-tolerant effects in allograft rejection is of clinical relevance. In these studies we hypothesized that constitutive IDO activity may influence renal genes associated with recovery from IRI, and that IDO inhibition may unmask these effects.', 'We examined the renal transcriptome in a rat model of IRI with and without IDO inhibition with 1-methyl-d-tryptophan (1-MT), and assessed for alterations in the gene expression signature.', 'These studies demonstrated that during recovery from renal IRI, pre-treatment with 1-MT alleviated alterations in 105 coding sequences associated with IRI, and in turn triggered new changes in 66 non-coding transcripts, the majority of which were represented by small nucleolar RNA.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: To determine whether all-trans retinoic acid or a synthetic retinoic acid receptor-α/β-specific agonist, Am80, can reduce the degree of experimental autoimmune optic neuritis in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.', 'Optic neuritis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunizing them with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 . All-trans retinoic acid (350\u2009μg/mouse/time point) or Am80 (5\u2009mg/kg/time point) was administered every other day from day 0 to day 20. The degree of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was scored and histopathological analysis of the optic neuritis was performed on day 22 after the immunization. In vivo-primed draining lymph node cells obtained from vehicle-treated or all-trans retinoic acid-treated mice were stimulated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 , and the culture supernatant was collected for assays of interferon-γ and interleukin-17.', 'All-trans retinoic acid treatment significantly reduced the clinical score of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the severity of the optic neuritis by histopathological analysis. The production of interferon-γ and interleukin-17 was significantly reduced in all-trans retinoic acid-treated mice compared with vehicle-treated mice. Am80 treatment also significantly decreased the severity of the optic neuritis in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Extensive apoptosis of immune cells occurs in patients with cancer, and is possibly related to immune evasion by cancer cells. The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between apoptosis levels and Fas expression in CD8+ T lymphocytes in patients with gastric cancer.', 'The expression of apoptosis markers (annexin V binding and caspase-3 activation) and the death receptor Fas in CD8+ T cells was evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry. Soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) in the sera was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.', 'In patients with gastric cancer, 18.7% +/- 10.5% (mean +/- SD) of CD8+ T cells bound annexin V compared with 11.7% +/- 7.9% in normal controls (P = 0.0282). Fas expression in CD8+ T cells was higher in patients with gastric cancer (69.2% +/- 15.3%) than normal controls (50.6% +/- 15.3%) (P = 0.0051). The proportion of apoptotic CD8+ T cells was significantly correlated with Fas expression in CD8+ T cells (r = 0.409, P = 0.0214). In patients, Fas+CD8+ T cells preferentially underwent apoptosis and showed high caspase-3 activation. Moreover, the proportion of apoptotic CD8+ T cells was inversely correlated with serum levels of soluble Fas ligand (r = -0.324, P = 0.0359). Fas expression in tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells was significantly more frequent (80.3% +/- 13.4%) than in circulating CD8+ T cells (67.9% +/- 15.5%) (P = 0.0046). A decrease in the percentage of Fas+CD8+ T cells was observed after surgery (54.1% +/- 12.8%) compared with before surgery (65.9% +/- 17.0%) (P = 0.0284).

SOLUTION:
0