TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: The aim of the current study was to characterize β-cell function, insulin sensitivity and line of inheritance in patients with recent-onset type 2 diabetes of Yemenite and non-Yemenite Jewish origin.', 'A cohort study including 121 GAD negative diabetic patients, 59 of Yemenite and 62 of non-Yemenite origin, treated by diet\xa0±\xa0oral antihyperglycemic monotherapy who underwent 180-min meal tolerance test (MMT). Based on MMT, indexes of insulin resistance and secretion were calculated.', 'There were no significant differences in age, sex, diabetes duration, BMI, HbA1c and lipid profile. A significant difference was found in family history of diabetes: 63\xa0% of patients of Yemenite origin had maternal inheritance versus 35\xa0% in the non-Yemenite origin (p\xa0<\xa00.001). Both indexes of β-cell function, the insulinogenic and the disposition indexes were significantly lower in patients of Yemenite origin compared with non-Yemenite origin (0.66\xa0±\xa00.4 vs. 0.93\xa0±\xa00.8, p\xa0=\xa00.04; 2.3\xa0±\xa01.8 vs. 3.3\xa0±\xa03.3, p\xa0=\xa00.04, respectively) with no difference in insulin sensitivity. When females and males were analyzed separately, the difference in maternal inheritance remained significant in both, but the difference in β-cell function indexes was observed only in males (p\xa0=\xa00.03, p\xa0=\xa00.01, respectively).

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: The aim of this study is to determine the consequences of delayed presentation of anorectal malformations and emphasize the causes of delayed diagnosis of these malformations.', 'We retrospectively reviewed 54 neonatal patients with a diagnosis of anorectal malformations. Group 1 consisted of 35 patients diagnosed within the first 48\u2009h of life and Group 2 included 19 patients diagnosed after 48\u2009h of life.', 'Obstructive symptoms at the time of diagnosis, overall complications and the mean postoperative hospitalization period in Group 2 were markedly higher than that of Group 1. A comprehensive neonatal examination within the first 48\u2009h of life was performed in 32 (91.4%) patients in Group 1 and 5 (26.3%) of the patients in Group 2 (p\u2009<\u20090.001).

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: Despite adequate epidural analgesia, up to 97% of patients undergoing thoracotomy experience ipsilateral shoulder pain. In this setting, this study evaluated the safety and the efficacy of pre-emptive gabapentin.', 'A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was undertaken in 51 patients randomized into two groups. Two hours before surgery, 23 patients received gabapentin 1200 mg po (Group G), and 28 patients received placebo (Group P). Shoulder pain and postoperative pain, at the surgical site, were monitored every four hours for 24 hr, using a numerical rating scale. Subcutaneous hydromorphone was administered for rescue analgesia against shoulder pain.', 'Forty-four patients complained of shoulder pain (prevalence of 86%). Demographic and surgical data were similar between the two groups. There were no significant differences in the total cumulative doses of hydromorphone administered at eight, 16, and 24 hr, nor were there differences in individual numerical rating scale scores for shoulder pain. The groups were similar with respect to the degree of pain at the surgical site. The frequency of side effects between groups at corresponding time intervals was also similar, with the exception of sedation. At four hours, the incidence of sedation scores > 1 was greater in Group G (21/23 patients), compared to Group P (18/28 patients; P = 0.025). In contrast, by 24 hr, 5/18 patients in Group P had sedation scores > 1, compared to 0/28 patients in Group G (P = 0.05).

SOLUTION:
1