TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
PROBLEM: publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. factors and the gene regulatory network in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 1234-1244 15 Richter, G. et al. (1997 Biosynthesis of riboflavin: characterization of the bifunctional deaminase-reductase of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

SOLUTION: Biosynthesis of riboflavin. Lumazine synthase of Escherichia coli

PROBLEM: The worldwide outbreak of the swine-origin 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) and an increasing number of influenza cases caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 have accelerated the need to develop vaccines and antiviral agents against IAVs. Among various antivirals, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are considered important passive therapeutics having an immediate effect against viral pathogens. Here we report a pseudovirus neutralization assay for rapid screening of neutralizing mAbs targeting hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 and H1N1 IAV. In this study, we generated six pseudoviruses with an HIV-1 backbone, respectively, expressing HA of four clades of H5N1 IAV and the 2009 epidemic H1N1 IAV. The resulting pseudoviruses were able to infect a variety of human and non-human cells, with 293T cells from human kidney as the most susceptible target cells. Using the established pseudovirus neutralization assay, we showed that three of ten selected mAbs specific to HA could potently neutralize infection of a pseudovirus bearing HA from the homologous IAV A/VietNam/1194/ 2004(H5N1) strain. This was highly consistent with the result of a microneutralization assay testing the same strain of a live IAV. Since the pseudovirus neutralization assay does not involve an infectious virus and can be performed without the requirement of a biosafety-3 laboratory, it may be applied for safe and rapid screening of neutralizing mAbs and antiviral agents targeting HA of IAVs.

SOLUTION: Development of a safe and convenient neutralization assay for rapid screening of influenza HA-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies

PROBLEM: In this work, we developed a miniaturized palmtop high-speed capillary electrophoresis (CE) system integrating whole modules, including picoliter-scale sample injection, short capillary-based fast CE, high-voltage power supply, orthogonal laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection, battery, system control, on-line data acquisition, processing, storage, and display modules. A strategy of minimalist miniaturization combining minimal system design and low-cost system construction was adopted to achieve the instrument miniaturization with extremely low cost, which is differing from the current microfabrication strategy used in most reported miniaturized CE systems. With such a strategy, the total size of the bioanalyzer was minimized to 90 × 75 × 77 mm (length × width × height) and the instrument cost was reduced to ca. $500, which demonstrated the smallest and lowest-cost CE instrument with LIF detection in so far reported systems. The present bioanalyzer also exhibited comparable analytical performances to previously-reported high-speed CE systems. A limit of detection of 1.02 nM sodium fluorescein was obtained. Fast separations were achieved for multiple types of samples as amino acids, amino acid enantiomers, DNA fragments, and proteins with high efficiency. We applied this instrument in colorectal cancer diagnosis for detecting KRAS mutation status by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Currently, miniaturization of analytical instruments with the aim of application in field analysis, point of care testing, environmental analysis and aerospace analysis, has become one of the main trends of analytical instrument researches. Since 1990s, the appearance of microfluidic technology has provided a strong impetus for analytical instrument miniaturization due to its advantages of high efficiency, high throughput, low consumption, as well as system miniaturization, integration, and automatization. By now, it has already become the major approach for achieving miniaturization of analytical instruments. Various microfluidic chip-based miniaturized analytical systems have been developed, including high-speed capillary electrophoresis (CE) 1-3 , microchip-based nucleic acid analysis 4,5 , centrifugal microfluidic immunoassay 6 and high-performance liquid chromatography 7 . High-speed CE which was first reported by Jorgenson's group in 1991 8 , is a type of CE technique with features of high separation speed and high separation efficiency over traditional CE technique 9 . A typical high-speed CE system usually can achieve fast sample separation within tens of seconds using short separation length (<15 cm), narrow injected sample plug (e.g. <100 μm), and high separation electric field strength (>500 V/cm), while keeping high separation efficiency up to micrometer or submicrometer plate heights. Various high-speed CE systems have been developed and applied in biological 10,11 , medical 12,13 , chemical 14,15 , and environmental 16,17 analysis. Currently, the miniaturization of high-speed CE systems has become one of the major development directions of the high-speed CE technology, which can provide various portable instruments 18,19 for point of care testing 20 , in-situ analysis 21 and extraterrestrial exploration 22 by means of their small size, high-resolution separation and fast analysis time. So far, most of miniaturized high-speed CE systems 2,20,23-27 are developed on the basis of microchip-based CE technique with advantages of automated picoliter-scale sample injection and separation

SOLUTION:
A Low-Cost Palmtop High- Speed Capillary Electrophoresis Bioanalyzer with Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection