In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between colorectal and prostate cancer.', 'All Victorian men who developed metachronous colorectal and prostate cancer with the first primary diagnosed between 1982 and 1993 were identified retrospectively from the Victorian Cancer Registry and were followed up to the end of 1995. Analyses were stratified by age group and years of follow up. The cause of death in those men who had prostate cancer following colorectal cancer was determined. The stage of colorectal cancer was compared between men with and without second primary prostate cancer and the grade of prostate cancer was compared with men who did not have a prior colorectal cancer.', 'Men who develop colorectal cancer are at increased risk of prostate cancer, with the greatest risk in men under the age of 65 (Relative risk approximately 2). Men with first primary colorectal cancer are more likely to develop prostate cancer than colorectal second primaries, and men who develop second primary prostate cancer are more likely to die of prostate cancer than colorectal cancer.\Question: Are men with colorectal cancer predisposed to prostate cancer?

Output: Younger men diagnosed with colorectal cancer are at increased risk of prostate cancer. However, there is no direct evidence that screening for prostate cancer leads to a reduction in mortality. This should be considered when discussing long-term follow up.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) was recently proposed as a novel adipokine linked to insulin resistance (IR). As IR represents a cluster of disorders in hepatic and muscle cell insulin signalisation, we aimed to assess the possible correlation between fasting serum DPP4 activity, IR and liver enzymes in order to elucidate the question of hepatic contribution to serum DPP4 activity.', 'This cross-sectional study comprised 44 T1DM patients aged 18 to 65years. IR was estimated using the equation derived from euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies-estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR). DPP4 serum activity was determined spectrophotometrically as a rate of cleavage of 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (AMC) from H-Gly-Pro-AMC. The patients were divided into two groups according to the mean value of fasting serum DPP4 activity (31.42U/L).', 'The group with lower fasting serum DPP4 activity had lower mean rate of liver biomarkers alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p=0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p=0.002) while higher eGDR (p=0.003) compared to group with higher DPP4 activity. DPP4 activity showed positive correlation with AST (r=0.358, p=0.017) and ALT (r=0.364, p=0.015) while negative correlation with eGDR (r=-0.612, p<0.001). ALT remained positively associated with fasting serum DPP4 activity after controlling for age, gender, diabetes duration, the use of statins and antihypertensives (p=0.025).\Question: Is fasting serum dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity independently associated with alanine aminotransferase in type 1 diabetic patients?

Output: Fasting serum DPP4 activity might be associated with hepatic IR in T1DM patients and a part of soluble DPP4 activity might be of a hepatic origin. Further study investigation is warranted to elucidate this topic.


Input: Consider Input: Context: The initial staging work-up of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma includes bone marrow examination. Since gastric MALT lymphoma is mostly detected in early stages with the national cancer screening programme in Korea, bone marrow is rarely involved.', 'To investigate the incidence of bone marrow involvement in gastric MALT lymphomas and the role of bone marrow examination for an initial staging work-up.', 'Patients diagnosed with gastric MALT lymphoma at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2005 to July 2014 were enrolled. Clinical databases of the patients were retrospectively reviewed.', 'Out of 105 patients, 91 (86.7%) were classified as stage IE1. Among these patients, 78 patients with Helicobacter pylori infection underwent eradication therapy, and complete remission was achieved in 74 cases (94.9%). Twelve out of 13 patients (92.3%) without H. pylori infection underwent radiotherapy or surgery and all achieved complete remission. Bone marrow involvement was proven in only one patient (1.0%).\Question: Is bone marrow involvement rare in superficial gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma?


Output: Bone marrow involvement was rare in patients with only superficial gastric MALT lymphoma without extragastric invasion. Further studies are warranted to identify the risk factors of bone marrow involvement in gastric MALT lymphoma.