In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Q: Many economically important cattle diseases spread between herds through livestock movements. Traditionally, most transmission models have assumed that all purchased cattle carry the same risk of generating outbreaks in the destination herd. Using data on bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Scotland as a case example, this study provides empirical and theoretical evidence that the risk of disease transmission varies substantially based on the animal and herd demographic characteristics at the time of purchase. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that purchasing pregnant heifers and open cows sold with a calf at foot were associated with an increased risk of beef herds being seropositive for BVDV. Based on the results from a dynamic within-herd simulation model, these findings may be partly explained by the age-related probability of animals being persistently infected with BVDV as well as the herd demographic structure at the time of animal introductions. There was also evidence that an epidemiologically important network statistic, "betweenness centrality" (a measure frequently associated with the potential for herds to acquire and transmit disease), was significantly higher for herds that supplied these particular types of replacement beef cattle. The trends for dairy herds were not as clear, although there was some evidence that open heifers and open lactating cows were associated with an increased risk of BVDV. Overall, these findings have important implications for developing simulation models that more accurately reflect the industry-level transmission dynamics of infectious cattle diseases.

A: Not all cows are epidemiologically equal: quantifying the risks of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) transmission through cattle movements
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Q: 2H phosphoesterases catalyze reactions on nucleotide substrates and contain two conserved histidine residues in the active site. Very limited information is currently available on the details of the active site and substrate/product binding during the catalytic cycle of these enzymes. We performed a comprehensive X-ray crystallographic study of mouse 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), a membraneassociated enzyme present at high levels in the tetrapod myelin sheath. We determined crystal structures of the CNPase phosphodiesterase domain complexed with substrate, product, and phosphorothioate analogues. The data provide detailed information on the CNPase reaction mechanism, including substrate binding mode and coordination of the nucleophilic water molecule. Linked to the reaction, an open/close motion of the β5-α7 loop is observed. The role of the N terminus of helix α7-unique for CNPase in the 2H family-during the reaction indicates that 2H phosphoesterases differ in their respective reaction mechanisms despite the conserved catalytic residues. Furthermore, based on small-angle X-ray scattering, we present a model for the full-length enzyme, indicating that the two domains of CNPase form an elongated molecule. Finally, based on our structural data and a comprehensive bioinformatics study, we discuss the conservation of CNPase in various organisms.

A: Crystallographic Analysis of the Reaction Cycle of 2′,3′-Cyclic Nucleotide 3′-Phosphodiesterase, a Unique Member of the 2H Phosphoesterase Family
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Q: The photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 was enhanced by Ag metal doping. TiO 2 and Ag-doped TiO 2 were coated on porous polyurethane (PU) using C-Si-O-Ti bonds. Increased adsorption ability of the photocatalyst was due to the porosity of the PU. Removal of E. coli from an aerosol was only by adsorption with PU and TiO 2 /PU. Under visible light, E. coli was removed by adsorption and photo-oxidation with Ag-TiO 2 /PU. We investigated a novel approach by synthesizing an integrated material, which could act as both adsorbent and photocatalytic material, for bioaerosol purification under visible light conditions. Ag was used as a dopant agent to enhance photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 , leading to high photocatalytic activity of the doped TiO 2 even under visible light. Under visible light, the doped TiO 2 photocatalyst could produce oxy radicals, oxidative agents, that participate in oxidation reactions to decompose important organic components of bacteria, leading to death or removal of bacteria from an aerosol. Adsorption property was integrated into the enhanced TiO 2 photocatalyst by using polyurethane (PU), a honeycomb structure material, as a substrate for coating process of the doped TiO 2 . Three materials including pristine PU, TiO 2 coating on PU (TiO 2 /PU), and Ag-doped TiO 2 coating on PU (Ag-TiO 2 /PU) were used to remove Escherichia coli in an aerosol under visible light. Under dark conditions, the removal capacities of E. coli in the aerosol by PU, TiO 2 /PU, and Ag-TiO 2 /PU were 1.2 Â 10 5 , 2.7 Â 10 5 , and 6.2 Â 10 5 (CFU/cm 3 ), respectively. Under visible light irradiation, the removal capacities of E. coli in an aerosol by PU, TiO 2 /PU, and Ag-TiO 2 /PU were 1.2 Â 10 5 , 2.7 Â 10 5 , and 1.8 Â 10 6 (CFU/cm 3 ), respectively. The improvement of the removal capacity by TiO 2 /PU and Ag-TiO 2 /PU, versus PU, is due to adsorption alone and the combination of adsorption plus photocatalytic activity, respectively.

A:
Novel integrated approach of adsorption and photo-oxidation using Ag-TiO 2 /PU for bioaerosol removal under visible light
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