TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: To determine whether anxiety and depression are associated with greater respiratory discomfort in asthma.', 'Adults with asthma (n = 230) underwent methacholine (Mch) challenge. Anxiety and depression, asthma control, and quality of life were evaluated at study entry by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Asthma Control Test, and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, respectively. Qualitative descriptors of breathlessness, dyspnea intensity (modified Borg scale and visual analog scale [VAS]), and other respiratory symptoms were evaluated before and after Mch challenge.', 'Patients were classified as neither anxiety nor depression (NAD), anxiety only, depression only (D), or both anxiety and depression (AD) according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score. Asthma Control Test and Asthma Control Test, and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire scores were lowest in the AD group (both p < 0.001). VAS scores for dyspnea and wheezing before Mch challenge were highest in the AD group (both p < 0.05). The increase in the modified Borg scale score after Mch challenge was higher in the AD group (mean [standard deviation] 2.5 ± 2.0) than in the NAD (1.5 ± 1.5) and D (0.8 ± 0.9) groups (p = 0.006 and p = 0.003, respectively). Most descriptors of breathlessness were more prevalent in the anxiety only, D, and AD groups than in the NAD group. Multivariable logistic regression models indicated that anxiety increased the risk of dyspnea (odds ratio 1.10, p < 0.001 for the Borg score; odds ratio 3.84, p = 0.032 for the VAS score) but not for other respiratory symptoms.

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: Obesity has shown a positive association with depression. We aimed to investigate the relationships among body weight, body mass index (BMI=kg/m(2)), change in a depression rating scale, and change in a functional scale with fluoxetine treatment for hospitalized patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).', 'A total of 131 acutely ill inpatients with MDD were enrolled to receive 20mg of fluoxetine daily for 6 weeks. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) for symptom and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) for functioning were assessed at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. Remission was defined as a score of≤7 on the HAMD-17 at endpoint. Body weight, body length, and BMI were measured at baseline. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated among body weight, BMI, HAMD-17 score change, and WSAS score change.', 'Of the 131 participants, 126 (96.2%) had at least one post-baseline assessment and were included in the analysis. Significant differences in body weight and BMI existed between remitters and nonremitters. There were statistically significant relationships among baseline body weight, baseline BMI, HAMD-17 score change, and WSAS score change at end point.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood and is characterized by obsessions (recurrent, intrusive, persistent thoughts, impulses and/or ideas that often cause anxiety or distress) and compulsions (ritualized and stereotypic behaviours or mental acts that are often performed to relieve anxiety or distress associated with obsessions). Although OCD is a heritable disorder, its complex molecular etiology is poorly understood.', 'We combined enrichment analyses and an elaborate literature review of the top-ranked genes emerging from the 2 published genome-wide association studies of OCD and candidate genes implicated through other evidence in order to identify biological processes that, when dysregulated, increase the risk for OCD.', 'The resulting molecular protein landscape was enriched for proteins involved in regulating postsynaptic dendritic spine formation - and hence synaptic plasticity - through insulin-dependent molecular signalling cascades.

SOLUTION:
0