In this task, you are given a set of context paragraph and some supporting facts to answer a question. Your task is to generate answer for given question based on set of context paragraphs and supporting facts.
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Question: Context_1 : Matti Haapoja (September 16, 1845, Isokyrö – January 8, 1895, Turku) was a Finnish serial killer who was much covered by the press at the time of the murders. The exact number of his victims is unknown. He was convicted of two murders and was scheduled for a trial for his third murder trial when he committed suicide in his cell. He can be linked to seven other identified murder cases, but most of those happened during his exile in Siberia and are poorly documented, so his involvement is not certain. It is claimed that he confessed to 18 murders, but there are no details about this supposed confession, and the figure should be regarded as unreliable. Some sources estimate his total number of murders as 22–25. He also non-fatally wounded at least six men in knife fights. Context_2 : Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo (Russian: Андрей Романович Чикатило , Ukrainian: Андрій Романович Чикатило ; 16 October 1936 – 14 February 1994) was a Soviet serial killer, nicknamed the Butcher of Rostov, the Red Ripper, and the Rostov Ripper, who committed the sexual assault, murder, and mutilation of at least 52 women and children between 1978 and 1990 in the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Uzbek SSR. Chikatilo confessed to a total of 56 murders and was tried for 53 of these killings in April 1992. He was convicted and sentenced to death for 52 of these murders in October 1992 and subsequently executed in February 1994. Context_3 : Hamilton Howard "Albert" Fish (May 19, 1870 – January 16, 1936) was an American serial killer. He was also known as the Gray Man, the Werewolf of Wysteria, the Brooklyn Vampire, the Moon Maniac, and The Boogey Man. A child rapist and cannibal, he boasted that he "had children in every state", and at one time stated the number was about 100. However, it is not known whether he was referring to rapes or cannibalization, nor is it known if the statement was truthful. He was a suspect in at least five murders during his lifetime. Fish confessed to three murders that police were able to trace to a known homicide, and he confessed to stabbing at least two other people. He was put on trial for the kidnapping and murder of Grace Budd, and was convicted and executed by electric chair. His crimes were dramatised in the 2007 film "The Gray Man", starring Patrick Bauchau as Fish. Context_4 : VVT is a Tamil gang in Toronto believed to be named after the Sri Lankan town of Valvettithurai. It was founded in the early 1990s by Tamil immigrants. The VVT had a strong presence in the west end of Toronto (in particular in Etobicoke and certain areas in Old Toronto and East York) and was regarded as being very business savvy and motivated by the profits of crime. The VVT were considered to be highly organized with members ranging in age from their early teenage years to men in their 30s, with members from to 100-500 strong. In the mid to late 1990s and early 2000s the VVT had an ongoing war with another powerful Tamil gang called the AK Kannan based out of Scarborough. There was a brief truce in 1998 after community members brokered a peace deal in a Richmond Hill Hindu temple; however, a murder a year later renewed the fighting. VVT is behind many murders in the 1990s. Context_5 : Child 44 (published in 2008) is a thriller novel by British writer Tom Rob Smith. This is the first novel in a trilogy featuring former MGB Agent Leo Demidov, who investigates a series of gruesome child murders in Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union. Context_6 : Francis John Schweihs (February 7, 1932 – July 23, 2008), aka "Frank the German", was an American gangster, who worked for The Outfit, the organized crime family of Chicago. At the time of his death, federal prosecutors planned to indict him for numerous crimes, including murder. It is believed he had participated in, or had knowledge of, many murders going back decades, including brothers Anthony "Tony the Ant" Spilotro and Michael Spilotro, Allen Dorfman of the Teamsters Union, a disgraced Chicago cop, Outfit associate and informant Dick Cain, Outfit boss Salvatore "Sam," "Mooney" Giancana, loanshark Sam "Mad Sam" DeStefano, Outfit hitman Charles "Chuckie" Nicoletti and others. Context_7 : Child 44 is a 2015 mystery thriller film directed by Daniel Espinosa, written by Richard Price, and based on Tom Rob Smith's 2008 novel of the same name. The film stars an ensemble cast featuring Tom Hardy, Gary Oldman, Noomi Rapace, Joel Kinnaman, Paddy Considine, Jason Clarke, and Vincent Cassel. It was released on 17 April 2015. Both the novel and the film are very loosely based on the case of Soviet serial killer Andrei Chikatilo, who had been portrayed in the earlier film "Citizen X". Context_8 : "The Twa Magicians", "The Two Magicians", "The Lady and the Blacksmith", or "The Coal Black Smith" (Roud 1350, Child 44) is a British folk song. It first appears in print in 1828 in two sources, Peter Buchan's "Ancient Ballads and Songs of the North of Scotland" and John Wilson's "Noctes Ambrosianae" #40. It was later published as number 44 of Francis James Child's "English and Scottish Popular Ballads". During the 20th century, versions of it have been recorded by a number of folk and popular musicians. Context_9 : Frank Abbandando (July 11, 1910 – February 19, 1942), nicknamed "The Dasher", was a New York City contract killer who committed many murders as part of the infamous Murder, Inc. gang. Context_10 : Worldview Entertainment is an American independent motion picture company that finances and produces theatrical quality feature films for worldwide distribution. The company was founded in 2007 and is based in New York City. Worldview has produced films including "Child 44", "Birdman", "Blood Ties", "The Green Inferno", and "Killer Joe". fact_1 :  Both the novel and the film are very loosely based on the case of Soviet serial killer Andrei Chikatilo, who had been portrayed in the earlier film "Citizen X". fact_2 :  Chikatilo confessed to a total of 56 murders and was tried for 53 of these killings in April 1992. Question: Child 44 is loosely based on the case of the killer who confessed to how many murders?

Answer: 56


Question: Context_1 : The "Imprisoned Graves" are a set of graves in a small cemetery located in the Central Jail of Nicosia, where 13 EOKA fighters, during the 1955-1959 liberation struggle for the liberation of Cyprus from the United Kingdom, were interred. Nine of them were hanged by British executioner Harry Allen, three were killed in action and one died in hospital from wounds. Context_2 : Junaid Hussain (Arabic: جنید حسین‎ ‎ , 1994 – 25 August 2015) was a British Pakistani black hat hacker and propagandist under the "nom de guerre" of Abu Hussain al-Britani who supported the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Hussain, who grew up in Birmingham in a Pakistani-origin family, was jailed in 2012 for hacking Tony Blair's accounts and posting his personal information online. Hussain left the UK around 2013 for Syria. Sporadic reports surfaced from British media in 2014 speculating that Hussein could have been the infamous British executioner Mohamed Emwazi, then only known as his tabloid nickname "Jihadi John". Context_3 : Josef Kramer (10 November 1906 – 13 December 1945) was the Commandant of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Dubbed The Beast of Belsen by camp inmates, he was a notorious German Nazi war criminal, directly responsible for the deaths of thousands of people. He was detained by the British army after the Second World War, convicted of war crimes and hanged on the gallows in Hamelin prison by British executioner Albert Pierrepoint. Context_4 : Arthur Bartholomew English was a British man who became Canada's hangman in 1912, when he was officially offered the job. Prior to this he had been an assistant to John Radclive, a veteran of twenty years of hangings. English served in this capacity until 1935. He probably used the pseudonym of Arthur Ellis after the famous English executioner, John Ellis: there is no truth in the story that John Ellis was his uncle, as John Ellis only had one brother, James Preston who was born in 1887, and therefore would have been only 25 when Arthur Ellis started his career. It is estimated that English carried out more than 600 hangings over his career. Several of his successors adopted the same pseudonym. Context_5 : Anthony Walker (21 February 1987 – 30 July 2005) was a Black British student of African descent from Huyton, Merseyside, England, who was murdered with an ice axe by Michael Barton (brother of footballer Joey Barton) and his cousin Paul Taylor, in an unprovoked racially motivated attack. Walker was eighteen years old and was in his second year of A-levels. He lived with his mother Gee Walker, his father Steve Walker, his two sisters and one brother. Context_6 : Pierrepoint (titled Pierrepoint: The Last Hangman for North American release), is a 2005 British film directed by Adrian Shergold about the life of British executioner Albert Pierrepoint. Context_7 : Harry Bernard Allen (5 November 1911 – 14 August 1992) was one of Britain's last official executioners, officiating between 1941 and 1964. He was chief executioner at 41 executions and acted as assistant executioner at 53 others, at various prisons in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands and Cyprus. He acted as assistant executioner for 14 years, mostly to Albert Pierrepoint from 1941 to 1955. Context_8 : Thomas William Pierrepoint (1870 – 11 February 1954) was a British executioner from 1906 until 1946. He was the brother of Henry and uncle of Albert. Context_9 : John Ellis (4 October 1874 – 20 September 1932) was a British executioner for 23 years, from 1901 to 1924. His other occupations were as a Rochdale hairdresser and newsagent. Context_10 : Henry Albert Pierrepoint (1878 – 14 December 1922) was a British executioner from 1901 until 1910. He was the father of Albert and brother of Thomas. fact_1 :  He probably used the pseudonym of Arthur Ellis after the famous English executioner, John Ellis: there is no truth in the story that John Ellis was his uncle, as John Ellis only had one brother, James Preston who was born in 1887, and therefore would have been only 25 when Arthur Ellis started his career. fact_2 : John Ellis (4 October 1874 – 20 September 1932) was a British executioner for 23 years, from 1901 to 1924. Question: Who had only one brother and was a british executioner for 23 years?

Answer: John Ellis


Question: Context_1 : A toxin (from Ancient Greek: τοξικόν  "toxikon" ) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus excluded. The term was first used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849–1919). Context_2 : In chemistry a Zintl phase is the product of a reaction between a group 1 (alkali metal) or group 2 (alkaline earth) and any post transition metal or metalloid (i.e. from group 13, 14, 15 or 16). It is named after the German chemist Eduard Zintl who investigated them in the 1930s, with the term "Zintl Phases" first used by Laves in 1941. Context_3 : Klausism is a term used to describe the political positions of Václav Klaus, former Prime Minister and President of the Czech Republic. It was first used by Mirek Topolánek, who considers Klausism the official ideology of the Civic Democratic Party. This term was also used by Jan Kasl. Klaus does not take issue with the term. The current usage of the term Klausism is distant from its origin, which engendered the phrase "Klausism without Klaus". Though Klausism primarily refers to the political ideology, it is frequently used as a label for the neologisms invented by Klaus. Context_4 : Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes impacts on biophysical environments, biodiversity, and other resources. The term "anthropogenic" designates an effect or object resulting from human activity. The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov, and was first used in English by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities. The atmospheric scientist Paul Crutzen introduced the term "Anthropocene" in the mid-1970s. The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution emissions that are produced as a result of human activities but applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment. Context_5 : Hard science fiction is a category of science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific accuracy. The term was first used in print in 1957 by P. Schuyler Miller in a review of John W. Campbell's "Islands of Space" in "Astounding Science Fiction". The complementary term soft science fiction, formed by analogy to hard science fiction, first appeared in the late 1970s. The term is formed by analogy to the popular distinction between the "hard" (natural) and "soft" (social) sciences. Science fiction critic Gary Westfahl argues that neither term is part of a rigorous taxonomy; instead they are approximate ways of characterizing stories that reviewers and commentators have found useful. Context_6 : Irving Langmuir (January 31, 1881 – August 16, 1957) was an American chemist and physicist. His most noted publication was the famous 1919 article "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" in which, building on Gilbert N. Lewis's cubical atom theory and Walther Kossel's chemical bonding theory, he outlined his "concentric theory of atomic structure". Langmuir became embroiled in a priority dispute with Lewis over this work; Langmuir's presentation skills were largely responsible for the popularization of the theory, although the credit for the theory itself belongs mostly to Lewis. While at General Electric from 1909 to 1950, Langmuir advanced several basic fields of physics and chemistry, invented the gas-filled incandescent lamp and the hydrogen welding technique, and was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in surface chemistry. The Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research near Socorro, New Mexico, was named in his honor, as was the American Chemical Society journal for surface science called "Langmuir". Context_7 : Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined is a notable collection of essays on pathological science and pseudoscientific methods used in the science of sociology, both widely praised and derided by academicians reviewing it. The essays respond to arguments in the book "The Bell Curve". The essays introduce the expression “hoodoo science” as a synonym for “pseudoscience” in sociology. Michael Eric Dyson, author, radio host, National Public Radio, CNN, and "Real Time with Bill Maher" commentator, and professor of sociology at Georgetown University, called it "the most thorough and cogent analysis of the tangle of pseudo-science and moral dishonesty that comprises the frozen heart of "The Bell Curve"." Context_8 : The fantasy of manners is a subgenre of fantasy literature that also partakes of the nature of a comedy of manners (though it is not necessarily humorous). Such works generally take place in an urban setting and within the confines of a fairly elaborate, and almost always hierarchical, social structure. The term was first used in print by science fiction critic Donald G. Keller in an article, "The Manner of Fantasy", in the April, 1991 issue of "The New York Review of Science Fiction", although author Ellen Kushner has said that she suggested the term to Keller. The subgenre, or a close relative to it, has also been called mannerpunk, a tongue-in-cheek reference to the cyberpunk subgenre of science fiction. Context_9 : Pathological science is an area of research where "people are tricked into false results ... by subjective effects, wishful thinking or threshold interactions." The term was first used by Irving Langmuir, Nobel Prize-winning chemist, during a 1953 colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory. Langmuir said a pathological science is an area of research that simply will not "go away"—long after it was given up on as "false" by the majority of scientists in the field. He called pathological science "the science of things that aren't so". Context_10 : Ars nova (Latin for new art) refers to a musical style which flourished in France and the Burgundian Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages: more particularly, in the period between the preparation of the "Roman de Fauvel" (1310s) and the death of the composer Guillaume de Machaut in 1377. The term is sometimes used more generally to refer to all European polyphonic music of the 14th century. For instance, "Italian ars nova" is sometimes used to denote the music of Francesco Landini and his compatriots (although Trecento music is the more common term for music in Italy). The "ars" in "ars nova" can be read as "technique", or "style". The term was first used in two musical treatises, titled "Ars novae musicae" (New Technique of Music) (c. 1320) by Johannes de Muris, and a collection of writings (c. 1322) attributed to Philippe de Vitry often simply called "Ars nova" today. However, the term was only first used to describe an historical era by Johannes Wolf in 1904. fact_1 :  The term was first used by Irving Langmuir, Nobel Prize-winning chemist, during a 1953 colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory. fact_2 : Irving Langmuir (January 31, 1881 – August 16, 1957) was an American chemist and physicist. Question: When was the chemist who first used the term Pathological science born?

Answer:
January 31, 1881