In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Here we describe a novel endonuclease IV (Endo IV) based assay utilizing a substrate that mimics the abasic lesions that normally occur in doublestranded DNA. The three component substrate is characterized by single-stranded DNA target, an oligonucleotide probe, separated from a helper oligonucleotide by a one base gap. The oligonucleotide probe contains a non-fluorescent quencher at the 5 0 end and fluorophore attached to the 3 0 end through a special rigid linker. Fluorescence of the oligonucleotide probe is efficiently quenched by the interaction of terminal dye and quencher when not hybridized. Upon hybridization of the oligonucleotide probe and helper probe to their complementary target, the phosphodiester linkage between the rigid linker and the 3 0 end of the probe is efficiently cleaved, generating a fluorescent signal. In this study, the use of the Endo IV assay as a post-PCR amplification detection system is demonstrated. High sensitivity and specificity are illustrated using single nucleotide polymorphism detection.
A novel endonuclease IV post-PCR genotyping system

Viruses use a limited set of host pathways for infection. These pathways represent bona fide antiviral targets with low likelihood of viral resistance. We identified the salicylanilide niclosamide as a broad range antiviral agent targeting acidified endosomes. Niclosamide is approved for human use against helminthic infections, and has anti-neoplastic and antiviral effects. Its mode of action is unknown. Here, we show that niclosamide, which is a weak lipophilic acid inhibited infection with pH-dependent human rhinoviruses (HRV) and influenza virus. Structure-activity studies showed that antiviral efficacy and endolysosomal pH neutralization co-tracked, and acidification of the extracellular medium bypassed the virus entry block. Niclosamide did not affect the vacuolar H + -ATPase, but neutralized coated vesicles or synthetic liposomes, indicating a proton carrier mode-of-action independent of any protein target. This report demonstrates that physico-chemical interference with host pathways has broad range antiviral effects, and provides a proof of concept for the development of host-directed antivirals.
Niclosamide Is a Proton Carrier and Targets Acidic Endosomes with Broad Antiviral Effects

Objective-To determine whether there are racial differences in social support among patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and whether the impact of social support on patient preferences for total knee replacement (TKR) varies by race and gender. white & 285 African-American (AA) patients with knee OA were surveyed. Logistic regression models were performed to determine if the relationship between willingness to undergo TKR and the interaction of patient race and sex were mediated by social support. Results-Compared to whites with knee OA, AA patients were less likely to be married (p<0.001), reported less close friends/relatives (p<0.001) and had lower Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Scale (MOS-SSS) scores (p<0.001). AA patients were also less willing to undergo TKR (62% vs. 80%, p<0.001) than whites. The odds of willingness to undergo TKR was less in white females compared to white males when adjusted for recruitment site, age, income and WOMAC (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.34-0.96). This difference was no longer significant when further adjusted for marital status, number of close friends/relatives and MOS-SSS score, but the effect size remained unchanged (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.35-1.02). The odds of willingness to undergo TKR remained much less in AA females (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.19-0.64) and AA males (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.14-0.54) compared to white males when controlled for sociodemographic, clinical and social support measures.

RACE, GENDER AND TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT CONSIDERATION: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT