In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

Input: Consider Input: By averaging this quantity, the reduction of a certain intermolecular function to an angle-independent form for polar fluids can be performed in order to express conformal-solution theory. For liquid metals, the upper bound of this quantity can be obtained by the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality. It is equal to the negative product of Boltzmann's constant, temperature, and the natural log of the partition function. The change in this quantity is equal to the maximum work accompanying a process, and it is defined as internal energy minus the product of temperature and entropy. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized by either A or F, a type of free energy named for a German scientist.

Output: Science


Input: Consider Input: This ruler faced a scandal when Amy Robsart, the wife of Robert Dudley, died by falling down some stairs. This ruler was dubbed a "servant of crime" and excommunicated in the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, a response to the passage of the Second Act of Supremacy. Anthony Babington's plan to assassinate this ruler was uncovered by spymaster Francis Walsingham. This ruler ordered the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots and sent Francis Drake to defeat the Spanish Armada. For 10 points, name this Tudor monarch, the "Virgin Queen" of England.

Output: History


Input: Consider Input: The losing side in this battle was accompanied by the recently exiled tyrant Hippias. This battle occurred after one side sacked Eretria as retribution for participating in the Ionian Revolt. That side's forces were legendarily driven to madness during this battle by the intervention of the god Pan. The peaceful festivities of Carnea delayed the arrival of one army to this battle, in which Datis and Artaphernes were defeated by (*) Miltiades. The Athenians defeated the first Persian invasion under Darius I in, for ten points, what battle that prompted Pheidippides to run 26.2 miles to deliver news of victory


Output: History