In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

[EX Q]: To ensure the safety of wastewater reuse for irrigation of food crops and drinking water pathogenic viruses must be reduced to levels that pose no significant risk. To achieve this goal minimum reduction of viruses by treatment trains have been suggested. For use of edible crops a 6-log reduction and for production of potable drinking water a 12-log reduction has been suggested. These reductions were based on assuming infective virus concentrations of 10 5 to 10 6 per liter. Recent application of molecular methods suggests that some pathogenic viruses may be occurring in concentrations of 10 7 to 10 9 per liter. Factors influencing these levels include the development of molecular methods for virus detection, emergence of newly recognized viruses, decrease in per capita water use due to conservation measures, and outbreaks. Since neither cell culture nor molecular methods can assess all the potentially infectious virus in wastewater conservative estimates should be used to assess the virus load in untreated wastewater. This review indicates that an additional 2-to 3-log reduction of viruses above current recommendations may be needed to ensure the safety of recycled water. Information is needed on peak loading of viruses. In addition, more virus groups need to be quantified using better methods of virus quantification, including more accurate methods for measuring viral infectivity in order to better quantify risks from viruses in recycled water.
[EX A]: How much reduction of virus is needed for recycled water: A continuous changing need for assessment?

[EX Q]: Introduction: Accurate and timely prediction for endemic infectious diseases is vital for public health agencies to plan and carry out any control methods at an early stage of disease outbreaks. Climatic variables has been identified as important predictors in models for infectious disease forecasts. Various approaches have been proposed in the literature to produce accurate and timely predictions and potentially improve public health response. Methods: We assessed how the machine learning LASSO method may be useful in providing useful forecasts for different pathogens in countries with different climates. Separate LASSO models were constructed for different disease/country/forecast window with different model complexity by including different sets of predictors to assess the importance of different predictors under various conditions. Results: There was a more apparent cyclicity for both climatic variables and incidence in regions further away from the equator. For most diseases, predictions made beyond 4 weeks ahead were increasingly discrepant from the actual scenario. Prediction models were more accurate in capturing the outbreak but less sensitive to predict the outbreak size. In different situations, climatic variables have different levels of importance in prediction accuracy. Conclusions: For LASSO models used for prediction, including different sets of predictors has varying effect in different situations. Short term predictions generally perform better than longer term predictions, suggesting public health agencies may need the capacity to respond at short-notice to early warnings.
[EX A]: The utility of LASSO-based models for real time forecasts of endemic infectious diseases: A cross country comparison

[EX Q]: The epidemiology of deaths due to vaccine-preventable diseases has been significantly and positively altered through the use of vaccines. Despite this, significant challenges remain in vaccine development and use in the third millennium. Both new (Ebola, Chikungunya, West Nile) and re-emerging diseases (measles, mumps, influenza) require the development of new or nextgeneration vaccines. The global aging of the population, and accumulating numbers of immunocompromised persons, will require new vaccine and adjuvant development to protect large segments of the population. After vaccine development, significant challenges remain globally in the cost and efficient use and acceptance of vaccines by the public. This article raises issues in these two areas and suggests a way forward that will benefit current and future generations. Description Massively parallel sequencing platforms that generate millions of bases of sequence reads in a relatively short timeframe. These platforms have a wide variety of applications including, but not limited to: whole genome sequencing, transcriptome profiling, or identification of genome-wide patterns of miRNA patterns or DNA methylation. Mass spectrometry techniques for the unbiased, semi-quantitative characterization of the entire protein content of a sample. Mass cytometry. Single cell analysis platform combining mass spectrometry with flow cytometry. Antibodies are tagged with heavy metal ions and used to stain cell populations of interest. Spectral overlap limits flow cytometry to ~20 markers. CyTOF has increased signal resolution and potentially offers 10X as many parameters. An approach to understanding variations in immune response to vaccines that utilizes high-dimensional technologies to fully characterize, at an omics level, the perturbations elicited by vaccination. This rich dataset is then analyzed using bioinformatic tools and computational modeling to create a predictive model of immune responses that can be tested and improved through iterative experimental cycles. A set of methods for capturing the transcriptome of individual cells. Methods include: STRT, SMART-Seq, Quartz-Seq, and CEL-Seq Epitope Prediction Algorithms A set of computational tools that use binding motif databases, artificial neural networks, hidden Markov models, support vector machines or other methods to predict MHC-binding peptides in protein sequences. Examples include: SYFPEITHI, BIMAS, PREDEP, RANKPEP Curr Opin Virol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 April 01.
[EX A]:
Vaccinology in the third millennium: scientific and social challenges HHS Public Access Author manuscript