In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Analyses of the pattern of p53 mutations have been essential for epidemiologic studies linking carcinogen exposure and cancer. We were concerned by the inclusion of dubious reports in the p53 databases that could lead to controversial analysis prejudicial to the scientific community.', 'We used the universal mutation database p53 database (21,717 mutations) combined with a new p53 mutant activity database (2,300 mutants) to perform functional analysis of 1,992 publications reporting p53 alterations. This analysis was done using a statistical approach similar to that of clinical meta-analyses.', 'This analysis reveals that some reports of infrequent mutations are associated with almost normal activities of p53 proteins. These particular mutations are frequently found in studies reporting multiple mutations in one tumor, silent mutations, or lacking mutation hotspots. These reports are often associated with particular methodologies, such as nested PCR, for which key controls are not satisfactory.\Question: Does meta-analysis of the p53 mutation database for mutant p53 biological activity reveal a methodologic bias in mutation detection?

Ex Output:
We show the importance of accurate functional analysis before inferring any genetic variation. The quality of the p53 databases is essential in order to prevent erroneous analysis and/or conclusions. The availability of functional data from our new p53 web site (http://p53.free.fr and http://www.umd.be:2072/) will allow functional prescreening to identify potential artifactual data.


Ex Input:
Context: Mast cells have been associated with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) in human pulmonary allografts, although their role in the development of OB remains unknown.', 'In this study, we evaluated the role of mast cells in pulmonary allograft rejection using an orthotopic rat pulmonary allograft model that utilizes chronic aspiration of gastric fluid to reliably obtain OB. Pulmonary allograft recipients (n = 35) received chronic aspiration of gastric fluid with (n = 10) and without (n = 16) treatment with a mast cell membrane stabilizer, cromolyn sodium, or chronic aspiration with normal saline (n = 9) as a control.', 'The acute graft injury associated with long ischemic time in the model (6 hours total ischemic time; typical acute graft injury rate ~30%) was apparently blocked by cromolyn, because peri-operative mortality associated with the acute graft injury was not observed in any of the animals receiving cromolyn (p = 0.045). Further, the rats receiving cromolyn developed significantly fewer OB lesions than those treated with gastric fluid alone (p < 0.001), with a mean reduction of 46% of the airways affected.\Question: Does cromolyn ameliorate acute and chronic injury in a rat lung transplant model?

Ex Output:
These findings provide impetus for further studies aimed at elucidating the effects of cromolyn and the role of mast cells in pulmonary allotransplantation.


Ex Input:
Context: Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly used in patients with respiratory failure. In patients without the option of lung transplantation, prognostication is challenging. We hypothesized that duration of ECMO therapy is inversely correlated with the chance of recovery and therefore hospital survival.', 'A single-center retrospective register analysis was performed. All bridge-to-recovery venovenous ECMO patients without option for lung transplantation treated between October 2010 and September 2015 were included.', 'A total of 175 patients (mean age, 51.61 ± 2.11 years) were detected. Medium time on ECMO was 9.26 ± 1.91 days. Time on ECMO was not significantly shorter in survivors compared to nonsurvivors (8.23 ± 2.04 and 10.15 ± 3.07, respectively; P = .327). Rate of hospital survival and time on ECMO did not correlate (P = .103). The predictive value of ECMO duration on hospital survival was 0.503 in a receiver operating characteristic analysis.\Question: Is duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation a poor predictor of hospital survival?

Ex Output:

According to our registry data, duration of ECMO therapy by itself could not predict hospital survival. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding.