Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Both diet quality (DQ) and physical activity (PA) have been shown to play a role in the prevention of functional capacity (FC) decline. Because older adults (OA) with T2D are at a higher risk of FC decline compared to their non-diabetic counterparts, our aim was to determine if DQ alone, or combined with PA is associated with FC decline in OA with T2D over a 3-year follow-up in a secondary analysis of the NuAge cohort.', "In 159 OA with T2D (mean age=75 years), FC change was calculated as the difference in FC scores at T1 and T4 measured by the SMAF (Système de Mesure de l'Autonomie Fonctionnelle). Baseline DQ was calculated from three non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls collected at T1 using the validated Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI). PA change was calculated from Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) as T4-T1. Associations were evaluated between FC decline and four combinations of variables: C-HEI score < or ≥70 with PASE change < or > median and analyzed by GLM while controlling for covariates.", 'Neither DQ alone nor DQ combined with PA change were associated with FC decline over follow-up.

Output: Is decline in functional capacity unaffected by diet quality alone or in combination with physical activity among generally healthy older adults with T2D from the NuAge cohort?


Input: Consider Input: As HPV-induced cases of oral malignancy increase, it is important to understand the molecular differences between HPV positive and negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs aberrantly expressed in cancer. We analyzed global piRNA expression patterns to define the HNSCC piRNA transcriptome and assess whether HPV infection status associates with changes in piRNA levels.', 'A total of 498 HNSCC small RNA sequencing libraries were acquired from the Cancer Genomics Hub (cgHUB) Data Repository and a custom sequence analysis pipeline was developed to deduce piRNA expression from raw sequencing data. Expression matrices were aligned to clinicopathological features in order to analyze piRNA expression patterns across different HNSCC groups. The association of a piRNA signature with HPV-positive patient survival was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard model.', 'Analysis of piRNA levels between HNSCC and non-malignant tissues revealed distinct expression patterns, with 87 piRNAs exclusively expressed in tumor samples. HPV infection status affected the expression of 41 of these piRNAs. Eleven (26.8%) piRNAs were significantly downregulated in HPV16/18 tumors compared to other HPV types. Remarkably, expression of a combination of five-piRNAs in HPV-positive HNSCC tumors was associated with worse overall survival.

Output: Is hPV status associated with altered PIWI-interacting RNA expression pattern in head and neck cancer?


Input: Consider Input: In many areas of orthopaedics, patients with greater levels of psychological distress report inferior self-assessments of pain and function. This effect can lead to lower-than-expected baseline scores on common patient-reported outcome scales, even those not traditionally considered to have a psychological component.', 'This study attempts to answer the following questions: (1) Are higher levels of psychological distress associated with clinically important differences in baseline scores on the VAS for pain, the Simple Shoulder Test, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair? (2) Does psychological distress remain a negative predictor of baseline shoulder scores when other clinical variables are controlled?', 'Eighty-five patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears were prospectively enrolled. Psychological distress was quantified using the Distress Risk Assessment Method questionnaire. Patients completed baseline self-assessments including the VAS for pain, the Simple Shoulder Test, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score. Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, tear size, and tear retraction were recorded for each patient. Bivariate correlations and multivariate regression models were used to assess the effect of psychological distress on patient self-assessment of shoulder pain and function.', 'Distressed patients reported higher baseline VAS scores (6.7 [95% CI, 4.4-9.0] versus 2.9 [95% CI, 2.3-3.6], p\xa0=\xa00.001) and lower baseline Simple Shoulder Test (3.7 [95% CI, 2.9-4.5] versus 5.7 [95% CI 5.0-6.4], p\xa0=\xa00.001) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores (39 [95% CI, 34-45] versus 58 [95% CI, 53-63], p\xa0<\xa00.001). Distress remained associated with higher VAS scores (p\xa0=\xa00.001) and lower Simple Shoulder Test (p\xa0<\xa00.001) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores (p\xa0<\xa00.001) when age, sex, BMI, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, smoking status, tear size, and tear retraction were controlled.


Output: Does psychological distress negatively affect self-assessment of shoulder function in patients with rotator cuff tears?