Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
In the United States, patients who enroll in chemotherapy trials seldom reflect the attributes of the general population with cancer, as they are often younger, more functional, and have less comorbidity. We compared survival following three chemotherapy regimens according to the setting in which care was delivered (ie, clinical trial vs usual care) to determine the generalizability of clinical trial results to unselected elderly Medicare patients.', 'Using SEER-Medicare data, we estimated survival for elderly patients (ie, age 65 years or older, n = 14097) with advanced pancreatic or lung cancer following receipt of one of three guideline-recommended first-line chemotherapy regimens. We compared their survival to that of similarly treated clinical trial enrollees, without age restrictions, with the same diagnosis and stage (n = 937). All statistical tests were two-sided.', 'Trial patients were 9.5 years younger than elderly Medicare patients. Medicare patients were more often white and tended to live in areas of greater educational attainment than trial enrollees. For each tumor type, Medicare patients who were 75 years or older had median survivals that were six to eight weeks shorter than those of trial patients (4.3 vs 5.8 months following treatment with single agent gemcitabine for advanced pancreatic cancer, P = .03; 7.3 vs 8.9 months following treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer, P = .91; 8.2 vs 10.2 months following treatment with CDDP/ VP16 for extensive stage small cell lung cancer, P ≤ .01), whereas younger Medicare patients had survival times that were similar to those of trial patients.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
The nucleolar 58-kDa microspherule protein (MSP58) has important transcriptional regulation functions and plays a crucial role in the tumorigenesis and progression of cancers. 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine (FLT) has emerged as a promising positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for evaluating tumor malignancy and cell proliferation.", 'In the present study, the expression of MSP58 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and the corresponding PET image was examined using FLT-PET in 55 patients with various grades of gliomas.', 'The immunoreactivity score (IRS) of MSP58 increased with tumor grade with grade IV gliomas exhibiting the highest expression and showed a highly significant positive correlation with the Ki-67 index (r = 0.65, P < 0.001). The IRS of MSP58 in the tumor showed a highly significant positive correlation with corresponding FLT uptake value (r = 0.61, P < 0.001). The correlation between MSP58 expression and glioma malignancy was also confirmed by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and western blot analysis. FLT uptake value also exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with the Ki-67 index (r = 0.59, P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that MSP58 expression has a significant prognostic ability for the overall survival time similar to that found in the uptake value of FLT-PET.

Ex Output:
1


Ex Input:
Uninsured and underinsured patients are reported to be at an increased risk for impaired access to healthcare, delayed medical treatment, and the receipt of substandard care. These differences in care may result in disparities in surgical outcomes among patients with different types of insurance. In the current study, the authors examined associations between the insurance provider and short-term surgical outcomes after surgery for colorectal carcinoma and evaluated the extent to which two risk factors (comorbid disease and admission type) might explain any observed association.', 'The authors conducted a nationally representative retrospective cohort study of 13,415 adults ages 40-64 years who were admitted for surgery for colorectal carcinoma to hospitals that participated in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample, releases 6 and 7, in 1997 and 1998. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to describe the correlations between insurance status and the risks of a postoperative complication or postoperative death after adjustment for socioeconomic factors, comorbid conditions, and admission type.', 'Uninsured and Medicaid patients were found to have more emergent admissions and more comorbid disease compared with patients with private health insurance. Patients without private health insurance had higher rates of postoperative complications and in-hospital death compared with those patients with private insurance. After adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, patients with Medicaid were found to be 22% more likely to develop a complication during their hospital admission (odds ratio [OR] of 1.22; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.06-1.40) and 57% more likely to die postoperatively (OR of 1.57; 95% CI, 1.01-2.42) compared with patients with private insurance.

Ex Output:

0