In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: To study the pulmonary effects of aspirating a mixture of sucralfate in water and sucralfate in hydrochloric acid in an animal model of aspiration pneumonia.', 'Prospective, randomized, controlled study with repeated measures.', 'University research laboratory.', 'Thirty-two in situ, isolated, blood perfused porcine lung preparations.', 'Five control preparations received no aspiration. Twenty-seven preparations received a standard aspiration of 1.5 mL/kg body of a) distilled water (n = 5), b) sucralfate in distilled water (n = 8), c) 1/10 normal hydrochloric acid (n = 6), and d) mixture of sucralfate in distilled water and hydrochloric acid (n = 8).', 'The pH measurements were made of all aspirates. Lung weight, airway pressures, and pulmonary artery pressures were continuously monitored before and for 4 hrs after aspiration. Lung wet/dry weight ratio was measured at the completion of the study.', 'The pH of sucralfate mixed with distilled water was 4.9, pH of 1/10 normal hydrochloric acid was 1.0, and pH of equal volumes of a sucralfate-water suspension mixed with hydrochloric acid was 1.5. Airway pressures and pulmonary arterial pressures increased in all aspirate groups over time compared with those values of control lungs. Control lungs gained 18 +/- 3 (SEM) g over 4 hrs and the wet/dry ratio was 4.951 +/- 0.310. Lungs aspirating distilled water gained 147 +/- 49 g and the wet/dry ratio was 5.198 +/- 0.120. Lungs aspirating sucralfate and distilled water increased their weight by 109 +/- 30 g and the wet/dry ratio was 5.380 +/- 0.076. Lungs aspirating a suspension of sucralfate and water and hydrochloric acid were similar to lungs aspirating hydrochloric acid alone with weight increases of 265 +/- 30 g and 346 +/- 81 g, and the wet/dry ratio of 7.011 +/- 0.273 and 7.230 +/- 0.390, respectively.\Question: Does sucralfate reduce the risk of acid aspiration pneumonitis?

Ex Output:
Sucralfate has minimal acid buffering effect. Aspiration of sucralfate mixed with distilled water causes lung edema similar to aspiration of water alone. Aspiration of a sucralfate-water suspension mixed with hydrochloric acid causes severe lung edema. These results suggest that patients given sucralfate prophylaxis for stress ulceration are at risk for acid aspiration.


Ex Input:
Context: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and N-cadherin interact to transduce intracellular signals. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of this interaction are unclear. This study attempted to detect changes in GDNF-induced β-catenin phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in C6 glioma cells.', 'C6 glioma cells were treated with GDNF (70 ng/mL) and membrane and cytoplasmic proteins were extracted. A N-cadherin antibody was used for co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP). Western blot analysis using the co-IP protein was completed using antibodies for β-catenin, Src and β-actin. Immunocytochemistry was conducted with the same antibodies. To determine if Src induced phosphorylation of β-catenin Tyr-654, Western blot analysis was also performed on nuclear proteins from C6 cells treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 using then p- β-catenin antibody.', 'After induced by GDNF, C6 cell membrane β-catenin was phosphorylated at Tyr-654 and subsequently separated from the N-cadherin/β-catenin complex. Further study confirmed that the induction by GDNF significantly increased cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of phospho-β-catenin (Tyr-654) in C6 glioma cells. There was also an increase in the binding of non-receptor protein kinase Src with N-cadherin on the inner cell membrane surface. Src induced phosphorylation of β-catenin Tyr-654 induced by GDNF decreased significantly.\Question: Does glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promote β-catenin phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in glioma cells?

Ex Output:
The results of our study demonstrate that GDNF increases the intracellular phosphorylation level of β-catenin through N-cadherin/Src signaling, which subsequently stimulates the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. This study provides a theoretical basis for us to reveal the role of biological mechanisms on glioma cell by GDNF.


Ex Input:
Context: Expression of osteopontin correlates with tumor progression and metastasis. The mechanisms by which osteopontin promotes tumor cell survival remain unclear. Here we used short-hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing to investigate the antitumor effects by osteopontin depletion in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).', 'We applied polyethylenimine nanoparticles to deliver a short-hairpin RNA for depletion of osteopontin expression in HCC cells. Tumorigenicity and metastatic potentials of HCC cells were studied in vitro and in nude mice. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation was analyzed by gel shift assay and luciferase analysis. The expressions of integrins were examined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Apoptosis was examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay and mitochondrial membrane potential analysis.', 'Down-regulation of osteopontin inhibited HCC cell growth, anchorage-independent growth, adhesion with fibronectin and invasion through extracellular matrix in vitro, and suppressed tumorigenicity and lung metastasis in nude mice. Osteopontin silencing resulted in suppression of alphav, beta1, and beta3 integrin expressions, blockade of NF-kappaB activation, inhibition of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL and XIAP expressions, increase of Bax expression, and induction of a mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, down-regulation of osteopontin inhibited drug-induced NF-kappaB activation and sensitized HCC cells to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro, which led to complete regression of HCC xenografts in nude mice.\Question: Does down-regulation of osteopontin suppress growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via induction of apoptosis?

Ex Output:

Osteopontin may facilitate tumorigenesis and metastasis through prevention of tumor cells from apoptosis. RNA interference-mediated depletion of osteopontin may be a promising strategy for the treatment of HCC by sensitizing the chemotherapeutic drugs.