Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: To investigate the relationship between mean platelet volume (MPV) and glycometabolic indices, to compare MPV according to HbA1c levels, and to analyse the difference in MPV between patients with and without microvascular complications.', 'This retrospective study was conducted on 60 Type 2 diabetic patients and 50 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic controls. We obtained demographic, clinical and laboratory data including MPV, platelet count, fasting and postprandial blood glucose (FBG and PBG), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profile, creatinine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) in patient and control groups, and diabetic microvascular complications including nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy in the patient group. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 15.0 for Windows.', 'Mean platelet volume in the diabetic group was higher than in the control group (p = 0.001). Mean platelet volume was positively correlated with FBG and HbA1c levels (p = 0.03 and p < 0.001, respectively). It was also negatively related to platelet count (p < 0.001). Mean platelet volume in patients with HbA1c > 7% was significantly higher than those with HbA1c ≤ 7% (p < 0.001). Mean platelet volume was significantly increased in patients with retinopathy compared to those without retinopathy (p = 0.04).

A: Is mean platelet volume associated with glycaemic control and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?
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Q: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with a poor prognosis in diffuse lung disease (DLD). A study was undertaken to compare the prognostic significance of invasive and non-invasive parameters in patients with DLD and suspected PH.', 'Hospital records of consecutive patients with DLD undergoing right heart catheterisation (RHC) were reviewed (n = 66). Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and non-invasive variables were examined against early (within 12 months) and overall mortality. A priori thresholds were examined against early mortality. Relationships between mPAP, PVR and non-invasive markers were assessed.', 'Fifty patients had PH on RHC (mean (SD) mPAP 33.5 (11.8) mm Hg, PVR 5.9 (4.3) Wood units (WU)). Raised PVR was strongly associated with early mortality (odds ratio (OR) 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11 to 1.52; p = 0.001), with PVR > or = 6.23 WU being the optimal threshold after adjustment for age, gender, composite physiological index (CPI) and diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (OR 11.09; 95% CI 2.54 to 48.36; p = 0.001). Early mortality was linked, albeit less strongly, to right ventricular dilation at echocardiography, but not to other non-invasive variables or mPAP. Overall mortality was most strongly associated with increasing CPI levels. Correlations between PVR and non-invasive variables were moderate (R(2) <0.32), improving little following construction of a multivariate index which did not itself predict mortality.

A: Does pulmonary vascular resistance predict early mortality in patients with diffuse fibrotic lung disease and suspected pulmonary hypertension?
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Q: Severe malaria (SM) is classically associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection. Little information is available on the contribution of P. vivax to severe disease. There are some epidemiological indications that P. vivax or mixed infections protect against complications and deaths. A large morbidity surveillance conducted in an area where the four species coexist allowed us to estimate rates of SM among patients infected with one or several species.', 'This was a prospective cohort study conducted within the framework of the Malaria Vaccine Epidemiology and Evaluation Project. All presumptive malaria cases presenting at two rural health facilities over an 8-y period were investigated with history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory assessment. Case definition of SM was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria adapted for the setting (i.e., clinical diagnosis of malaria associated with asexual blood stage parasitaemia and recent history of fits, or coma, or respiratory distress, or anaemia [haemoglobin < 5 g/dl]). Out of 17,201 presumptive malaria cases, 9,537 (55%) had a confirmed Plasmodium parasitaemia. Among those, 6.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.7%-6.8%) fulfilled the case definition of SM, most of them in children <5 y. In this age group, the proportion of SM was 11.7% (10.4%-13.2%) for P. falciparum, 8.8% (7.1%-10.7%) for P. vivax, and 17.3% (11.7%-24.2%) for mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax infections. P. vivax SM presented more often with respiratory distress than did P. falciparum (60% versus 41%, p = 0.002), but less often with anaemia (19% versus 41%, p = 0.0001).

A:
Are plasmodium vivax and mixed infections associated with severe malaria in children : a prospective cohort study from Papua New Guinea?
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