In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: The current standard of care for glioblastoma (GBM) involves a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy, but this regimen fails to achieve long-term tumor control. Resistance to temozolomide is largely mediated by expression of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT; however, emerging evidence suggests that inactivation of MSH6 and other mismatch repair proteins plays an important role in temozolomide resistance. Here, we investigate endogenous MSH6 mutations in GBM, anaplastic oligodendroglial tumor tissue, and corresponding brain tumor-initiating cell lines (BTIC).', 'MSH6 sequence and MGMT promoter methylation were determined in human tumor samples and BTICs. Sensitivity to temozolomide was evaluated in vitro using BTICs in the absence and presence of O(6)-benzylguanine to deplete MGMT. The influence of MGMT and MSH6 status on in vivo sensitivity to temozolomide was evaluated using intracranial BTIC xenografts.', 'We identified 11 previously unreported mutations in MSH6 in nine different glioma samples and six paired BTIC lines from adult patients. In addition, MSH6 mutations were documented in three oligodendrogliomas and two treatment-naïve gliomas, both previously unreported findings. These mutations were found to influence the sensitivity of BTICs to temozolomide both in vitro and in vivo, independent of MGMT promoter methylation status.\Question: Do novel MSH6 mutations in treatment-naïve glioblastoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma contribute to temozolomide resistance independently of MGMT promoter methylation?

Answer: These data demonstrate that endogenous MSH6 mutations may be present before alkylator therapy and occur in at least two histologic subtypes of adult glial neoplasms, with this report serving as the first to note these mutations in oligodendroglioma. These findings broaden our understanding of the clinical response to temozolomide in gliomas.


Question: Context: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare microwave disinfection with chemical disinfection of dental gypsum casts.', 'A total of 120 casts were prepared from a silicone mold using Type III dental stone. Of the 120 casts, 60 casts were contaminated with 1 ml suspension of Staphylococcus aureus and 60 casts were contaminated with 1 ml suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Then, the casts were disinfected with microwave irradiation and chemical disinfection using the microwave oven and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Bacteriologic procedures were performed; the cfu/ml for each cast was calculated as a weighted mean. The results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test.', 'The untreated casts showed Brain heart infusion broth counts of 106 log cfu/ml compared to irradiated and chemically disinfected casts, in which 105 log reduction of cfu/ml was seen. These results satisfied the requirements of current infection control guidelines for the dental laboratory. The results obtained for chemical disinfection were in equivalence with microwave disinfection.\Question: Does evaluation and comparison of high-level microwave oven disinfection with chemical disinfection of dental gypsum cast?

Answer: Within the limitation of this in vitro study, it was found that microwave disinfection of casts for 5 min at 900 W gives high-level disinfection that complies with the current infection control guidelines for the dental laboratory and microwave disinfection method is an effective and validated method as chemical disinfection. How to cite the article: Meghashri K, Kumar P, Prasad DK, Hegde R. Evaluation and comparison of high-level microwave oven disinfection with chemical disinfection of dental gypsum casts. J Int Oral Health 2014;6(3):56-60 .


Question: Context: Intestinal transport exhibits distinct diurnal rhythmicity. Understanding the mechanisms behind this may reveal new therapeutic strategies to modulate intestinal function in disease states such as diabetes and obesity, as well as short bowel syndrome. Although diurnal rhythms have been amply documented for several intestinal transporters, the complexity of transepithelial transport has precluded definitive attribution of rhythmicity in glucose uptake to a single transporter. To address this gap, we assessed temporal changes in glucose transport mediated by the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter SGLT1.', 'SGLT1 expression was assessed at 4 times during the day: ZT3, ZT9, ZT15, and ZT21 (ZT, Zeitgeber time; lights on at ZT0; n = 8/ time). SGLT1 activity, which is defined as glucose uptake sensitive to the specific SGLT1 inhibitor phloridzin, was measured in everted intestinal sleeves. Changes in Sglt1 expression were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoblotting.', 'Glucose uptake was significantly higher at ZT15 in jejunum (P < 0.05 vs ZT3). Phloridzin significantly reduced glucose uptake and completely abolished its rhythmicity. Sglt1 mRNA levels were significantly greater at ZT9 and ZT15 in jejunum and ileum, respectively (P < 0.05 vs ZT3), whereas SGLT1 protein levels were significantly greater at ZT15 in jejunum (P < 0.05 vs ZT3).\Question: Is diurnal rhythmicity in glucose uptake mediated by temporal periodicity in the expression of the sodium-glucose cotransporter ( SGLT1 )?

Answer:
Our results definitively link diurnal changes in intestinal glucose uptake capacity to changes in both SGLT1 mRNA and protein. These findings suggest that modulation of transporter expression would enhance intestinal function and provide an impetus to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie diurnal rhythmicity in transcription. Modulation of intestinal function would benefit the management of malnutrition as well as diabetes and obesity.