In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling
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Question: we have assumed that the anticompetitive conduct here independently caused foreign injury; that is, the conduct's domestic effects did not help to bring about that foreign injury.

Answer: overruling


Question: that case did not address an officer-safety justification for the question; however, to the extent lee or any of our other precedent conflict with the rule we announce today, we expressly overrule them.

Answer: overruling


Question: unpublished presque isle circuit court family divisionlc no. 15-084025-ds after remand before: m. j. kelly, p.j., and ronayne krause and boonstra, jj. per curiam.

Answer:
non-overruling