Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[Q]: We hypothesized that preconditioning (PC) with a short exposure to isoflurane (ISO) would reduce neurodegeneration induced by prolonged exposure to ISO in neonatal rats, as previously shown in neuronal cell culture.', 'We randomly divided 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats into 3 groups: control, 1.5% ISO, and PC + 1.5% ISO. The control group was exposed to carrier gas (30% oxygen balanced in nitrogen) for 30 minutes and then to carrier gas again for 6 hours the following day. The 1.5% ISO group was exposed to carrier gas for 30 minutes and then to 1.5% ISO for 6 hours the following day. The PC + 1.5% ISO group was preconditioned with a 30-minute 1.5% ISO exposure and then exposed to 1.5% ISO for 6 hours the following day. Blood and brain samples were collected 2 hours after the exposures for determination of neurodegenerative biomarkers, including caspase-3, S100β, caspase-12, and an autophagy biomarker Beclin-1.', 'Prolonged exposure to ISO significantly increased cleaved caspase-3 expression in the cerebral cortex of 7-day-old rats compared with the group preconditioned with ISO and the controls using Western blot assays. However, significant differences were not detected for other markers of neuronal injury.
[A]: 0


[Q]: The aim of this study was to describe the revascularization process of autogenous bone block grafts placed with or without an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membrane.', 'Thirty Wistar male rats had their mandibles augmented by either an autogenous bone block graft (group A) or an autogenous bone block graft covered with an e-PTFE membrane (group B). The animals were sacrificed by perfusion at baseline, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after surgery.', 'After 3 days, the presence of vascular sprouts derived from the recipient bed was observed in group A; more discrete sprouts were also observed in group B. After 7 days, revascularization continued, with vessels derived from both the recipient bed and the surrounding connective tissue in group A but only from the recipient bed in group B. At 14 days, group A showed penetration of vessels at the periphery of the graft; the vessels reached varying distances inside it. In group B, revascularization of the graft occurred mainly near its perforation, its borders, and at the recipient bed-graft interface. After 21 days, graft vascular penetration could be observed throughout the extent of the graft in group A but only approximately halfway through the graft in group B.
[A]: 1


[Q]: Cancer cells exhibit two types of DNA methylation alterations: global DNA hypomethylation and site-specific CpG island promoter hypermethylation. Selected gene promoter hypermethylation in normal esophageal mucosae has attracted attention as a surrogate marker for the epigenetic field defect induced by smoking and/or drinking in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the significance of global DNA hypomethylation for field cancerization remains unclear.', 'By using histologically normal esophageal mucosa samples from 109 ESCC cases and 20 autopsy cases without ESCCs, we measured long interspersed nucleotide element 1 (LINE-1) methylation levels by pyrosequencing, which correlates with global DNA methylation level.', 'LINE-1 methylation levels in normal esophageal mucosae of ESCC patients were significantly lower than those of autopsy individuals (P = 0.017). LINE-1 methylation of noncancerous mucosae ranged 68.3-93.0 on a 0-100 scale (mean 81.7, median 82.2, standard deviation 5.9). LINE-1 hypomethylation was significantly associated with smoking history (P = 0.014 for smoking duration; P = 0.0017 for number of cigarettes per day; P = 0.0002 for tobacco pack-year). LINE-1 methylation was not associated with alcohol drinking or age at diagnosis.
[A]:
0