In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: Lieber-DeCarli diet has been used to induce obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). As scarce anatomical and clinical-related information on this diet model exists and being exercise an advised strategy to counteract metabolic diseases, we aimed to analyze the preventive (voluntary physical activity - VPA) and therapeutic (endurance training - ET) effect of exercise on clinical/anatomical features of rats fed with Lieber-DeCarli diet.', 'In the beginning of the protocol, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into standard-diet sedentary (SS, n = 20), standard-diet VPA (SVPA, n = 10), high-fat diet sedentary (HS, n = 20) and high-fat diet VPA (HVPA, n = 10) groups. After 9-weeks, half (n = 10) of SS and HS groups were engaged in an ET program (8 wks/5 d/wk/60 min/day). At this time, a blood sample was collected for biochemical analysis. At the end of protocol (17-weeks) anatomic measures were assessed. Heart, liver, femur and visceral fat were weighted and blood was collected again. Liver section was used for histopathological examination.', 'At 17-weeks, high-fat diet increased visceral adiposity (HS vs. SS), which was counteracted by both exercises. However, ET was the only intervention able to diminished obesity-related measures and the histological features of NASH. Moreover, blood analysis at 9 weeks showed that high-fat diet increased ALT, AST, cholesterol and HDL while VLDL and TG levels were decreased (HS vs. SS). Notably, although these parameters were counteracted after 9-weeks of VPA, they were transitory and not observed after 17-weeks.\Question: Does physical exercise antagonize clinical and anatomical features characterizing Lieber-DeCarli diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders?

Answer: ET used as a therapeutic tool mitigated the clinical/anatomical-related features induced by Liber-DeCarli diet, thus possibly contributing to control obesity and metabolic disorders.


Question: Context: Ventriculo-peritoneal shunting is the most commonly used method for the treatment of paediatric hydrocephalus. The programmable valve with the ability to adjust the opening pressure non-invasively has made it easier to find exactly the right opening pressure for each child and reduce the risk of over- or under-drainage. The aim of this investigation was to study our clinical experience with the adult Codman Hakim programmable valve in children, with reference to complications and economic impact.', 'A seven-year retrospective study of 122 hydrocephalic children (aged from children born prematurely to 15 years old) shunted with the adult Codman Hakim programmable valve was performed.', 'The programmable valve was the first shunt in 76 children and in 14 after prior ventricular drainage. The remaining 46 had different non-programmable systems as their first shunt. The most common reason for changing to a programmable valve was over-drainage. With the programmable valve, catheter-related complications, e.g. proximal (36%) or distal obstructions (30%), were the main reasons for surgical revision. Non-invasive pressure adjustment was performed in 73% of the children. Among the children with the programmable valve as their first shunt, 57 (75%) were adjusted, 12 (21%) had severe symptoms of over-drainage and would have required urgent surgical change of the valve if it had not been adjustable. A resetting of the opening pressure after MRI was found in 38% and accidental resetting occurred in 4%. Programmable valves are about twice as expensive as non-programmable valves. We estimated the increased cost of the valve and compared it with the savings from a reduction in the number of re-operations. The total cost for the programmable valve (as the primary shunt) in our study was less than that for expected re-operations due to over- or under-drainage when using non-programmable valves.\Question: Is the programmable adult Codman Hakim valve useful even in very small children with hydrocephalus . A 7-year retrospective study with special focus on cost/benefit analysis?

Answer: The programmable valve was easy to handle; only one size was required and the adjustment made it possible to achieve an optimal intraventricular pressure with a lower total cost, reduced hospital stay as well as an increased quality of life for the children.


Question: Context: We studied the impact of acute opioid administration on work-related exercise performance in patients with chronic back pain. A double-blinded, random-order, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted. Subjects were predominantly men (63%), with a mean age of 49 years. Subjects performed a continuous lifting and lowering test to voluntary fatigue at a load equivalent to 33% of their predetermined maximal lifting load twice: Once after receiving a single intravenous dose of 1 mug/kg fentanyl (a narcotic analgesic) and once after saline placebo. Of the 30 subjects undergoing testing, 3 subjects were unable to complete testing due to medication-induced nausea. Subjects lifted on average 29.4 +/- 17.9 kg under the influence of fentanyl versus 25.6 +/- 3.1 kg with placebo (effect size = 0.23). Time to fatigue was higher in the fentanyl group (312 +/- 251.4 vs 231 +/- 199.9 seconds, effect size = 0.40), and these subjects also performed more total work (7004 +/- 5144 vs 4748 +/- 3147 J, effect size = 0.72). Opioid analgesia improves lifting performance in the short term in individuals with chronic back pain. Longer trials of the effectiveness of opioid analgesia as an adjunct to functional restoration programs are recommended.\Question: Does acute opioid administration improve work-related exercise performance in patients with chronic back pain?

Answer:
This article presents the results of a clinical trial showing that acute opioid administration improves work-related exercise performance in individuals with chronic back pain. Longer trials of the effectiveness of opioid analgesia as an adjunct to functional restoration programs are recommended.