instruction:
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Previous studies have shown that Fructus Ligustri Lucide (FLL) can be used to anti-cancer. However, the mechanism by which FLL mediate this effect is unclear. In the present study, aqueous extracts of FLL induced cell apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cell was investigated.', 'The cell viability was detected by the CCK8 assay. The cell apoptosis was assessed by annexin V-PI double-labeling staining and hoechst 33342 staining. The protein expression of cell cycle regulators and tumor suppressors were analyzed by western blotting.', 'Treatment of human gastric carcinoma cells with FLL induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner by using CCK8 assay. Consistent with the CCK8 assay, the flow cytometry results showed that the proportion of the early and terminal phase of apoptosis cells had gained after FLL treatment as compared to untreated group. Moreover, human gastric carcinoma cells were exposed to the aqueous extracts of FLL for 48 h, which resulted in an accumulation of cells in G2/M phase. Apoptotic bodies were clearly observed in human gastric carcinoma that had been treated with FLL for 48 h and then stained with Hochest 33342. Treatment of gastric carcinoma cells with increasing doses of FLL and increasing durations significantly increased the protein expression of Bax and Caspase3, decreased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 level. The expression of CDC2 and cdc25C were downregulated upon FLL treatment in human gastric carcinoma. In contrast, p53 and p21 were obviously upregulated by FLL treatment in a concentration-dependent manner.
answer:
Do aqueous extracts of Fructus Ligustri Lucide induce gastric carcinoma cell apoptosis and G2/M cycle arrest?


question:
Class III antiarrhythmic agents exhibit reverse rate-dependent lengthening of the action potential duration (APD). In spite of the several theories developed so far to explain this reverse rate dependency (RRD), its mechanism has not yet been clarified. The aim of the present work was to further elucidate the mechanisms responsible for reverse rate-dependent drug effects.', 'Action potentials were recorded from multicellular canine ventricular preparations and isolated cardiomyocytes, at cycle lengths (CLs) varying from 0.3 to 5 s, using conventional sharp microelectrodes. APD was either modified by applying inward and outward current pulses, or by superfusion of agents known to lengthen and shorten APD. Net membrane current (I(m)) was calculated from action potential waveforms. The hypothesis that RRD may be implicit in the relationship between I(m) and APD was tested by numerical modelling. Both drug-induced lengthening (by veratrine, BAY-K 8644, dofetilide, and BaCl(2)) and shortening (by lidocaine and nicorandil) of action potentials displayed RRD, i.e. changes in APD were greater at longer than at shorter CL. A similar dependency of effect on CL was found when repolarization was modified by injection of inward or outward current pulses. I(m) measured at various points during repolarization was inversely proportional to APD and to CL. Model simulations showed that RRD is expected as a consequence of the non-linearity of the relationship between I(m) and APD.
answer:
Is reverse rate dependency an intrinsic property of canine cardiac preparations?


question:
No previous studies have investigated the psychiatric characteristics of patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Similarly, no studies have been performed on patients with different chronic somatic symptoms due to a defined medical disease to compare the characteristics of psychiatric morbidity associated with each etiology.', 'After completing the subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90-R, a psychiatrist administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule to all subjects. The psychiatric comorbidity in 35 patients with pain due to PHN was compared with a control group of 34 patients with the nonpainful aversive symptom of vertigo due to a peripheral vestibular disorder that caused unilateral hypofunction.', 'PHN patients had significantly more symptoms of major depression and somatization disorder. No significant differences were found between groups for psychiatric diagnoses. Patients with PHN reported significantly less acutely distressing somatic symptoms.
answer:

Do psychiatric symptoms and distress differ between patients with postherpetic neuralgia and peripheral vestibular disease?