In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Q: Context: The aim of this study was the analysis of total, early and late complications following venous access port implantation between 1998 and 2008 at the Department of Surgery of the University of Rostock, Germany. A comparison between different implantation techniques addressing success rate, complication rate and duration of operation was performed. These results were further analysed in regard to the level of training of the participating surgeons.', 'A retrospective analysis of 1423 venous access port implantations between 1998 and 2008 was performed.', "The rate of total complications was 13.8%. Among 4.7% early complications pneumothorax was the most common. The rate of late complications was 9.1%. Most common were infection (4.9%) followed by dysfunction of the catheter (3.5%). 1322 venous access port implantations were performed using puncture of the subclavian vein and Seldinger's technique. 101 operations were performed by direct access through dissection of the cephalic vein and open introduction of the catheter. Operation time in the open group was significantly longer than in the puncture group (46.5\u2009min vs. 38.7\u2009min, p\u2009=\u20090.005). There were significantly more late complications (9.6% vs. 2%, p\u2009=\u20090.01) and total complications (14.5% vs. 4%, p\u2009=\u20090.005) in the puncture group vs. the open access group. Primary success rates of open access vs. puncture were 100% and 96.8%, respectively. The rate of complications was independent of the experience status of the surgeon. However, the rate of total and late complications significantly decreases with number of performed operations.\Question: Is [ Venous Access Port Implantation an Ideal Teaching Operation - An Analysis of 1423 Cases ]?

A: Venous port implantation is a relatively simple procedure despite its possible complications. An open access technique is safer than puncture. The rate of complications significantly decreases with increasing number of performed operations. Therefore venous port implantation and especially the open access method is an ideal teaching operation in a structured surgical training programme.
****
Q: Context: In a recent intervention study, the daily supplementation with 200 mg monomeric and oligomeric flavanols (MOF) from grape seeds for 8 weeks revealed a vascular health benefit in male smokers. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of MOF consumption on the gene expression profile of leukocytes and to assess changes in DNA methylation.', "Gene expression profiles were determined using whole genome microarrays (Agilent) and DNA methylation was assessed using HumanMethylation450 BeadChips (Illumina). MOF significantly modulated the expression of 864 genes. The majority of the affected genes are involved in chemotaxis, cell adhesion, cell infiltration or cytoskeleton organisation, suggesting lower immune cell adhesion to endothelial cells. This was corroborated by in vitro experiments showing that MOF exposure of monocytes attenuates their adhesion to TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) reporter gene assays confirmed that MOF decrease the activity of NF-κB. Strong inter-individual variability in the leukocytes' DNA methylation was observed. As a consequence, on group level, changes due to MOF supplementation could not be found.\Question: Do dietary flavanols modulate the transcription of genes associated with cardiovascular pathology without changes in their DNA methylation state?

A: Our study revealed that an 8 week daily supplementation with 200 mg MOF modulates the expression of genes associated with cardiovascular disease pathways without major changes of their DNA methylation state. However, strong inter-individual variation in leukocyte DNA methylation may obscure the subtle epigenetic response to dietary flavanols. Despite the lack of significant changes in DNA methylation, the modulation of gene expression appears to contribute to the observed vascular health effect of MOF in humans.
****
Q: Context: Chagas heart disease (CHD) patients may have a reduced functional capacity (FC). Field tests, as the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT), can estimate peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). However, the relationship between the ISWT and the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET), the gold standard in the assessment of FC, is not well established in CHD patients.', 'This study aimed to evaluate the FC of CHD patients by ISWT with direct measurement of VO2 peak and to compare these findings with data obtained from CPET. A secondary goal was to derive a regression equation to calculate the VO2 peak by ISWT.', 'Cross-sectional and correlative study.', 'Research laboratory setting.', 'Thirty-two CHD patients (58.8±9.0 years, 81.3% women) participated in this study.', 'Eligible patients underwent clinical evaluation, echocardiography, CPET by ramp protocol and ISWT according to current guidelines.', 'The distance walked in ISWT showed a positive correlation with VO2 peak from CPET and ISWT (r=0.456, P=0.009 and r=0.869, P<0.001, respectively). In the agreement analysis, the values of the differences between VO2 peak from CPET and ISWT showed absence of bias (mean bias ±95% CI and mean -1.29±5.09 mL.kg.min). Based in real values of VO2 obtained from ISWT, one equation including sex, functional class and distance walked was provided to predict the VO2 values in this test.\Question: Do peak oxygen uptake during the incremental shuttle walk test in a predominantly female population with Chagas heart disease?

A:
This study showed the good correlation between distance walked in ISWT and VO2 peak directly measured in both tests, and additionally, provided an equation to calculate a predictive VO2 peak by ISWT, suggesting a good alternative to evaluate the FC of CHD patients, especially in locations where sophisticated testing is not available.
****