In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. Many Arab countries demonstrate nearly all the features of those countries classified as poor, less developed, or failing to achieve the eight Millennium Goals. Even the economies of the richer oil-exporting countries in the Region have been seriously damaged by the downturn in oil and gas prices as new sources come on stream elsewhere and demand falls as a result of renewable sources of energy becoming available. Climate change predictions for the Region are worrisome even if most of the environmental commitments made by countries at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris at the end of 2015 are delivered. Large parts of the Region already suffer from periods of extreme temperatures and shortages of fresh water, so harsher conditions of higher temperatures and weather extremes pose special problems for inhabitants and policymakers, with heightened geopolitical risks and uncertainties. Agriculture is especially vulnerable. Modern agricultural technologies with improved cultivars and livestock breeds must displace poor agricultural and pastoral practices. Larger-scale, bettercapitalised production units are required with policy shifts to remove marketdistorting subsidies, tariffs, and other regulatory impedances. Agricultural "roadmaps" are needed to encourage the most appropriate crops and maintain livestock in the most appropriate places. The trading of meat, dairy products and many types of crops to water-poor regions can be regarded as an efficient way to 261 redistribute water. In unsettled times, food security requires protection of foodproducing, food-processing, and food-distribution industries are protected along with research and development facilities, and the maintenance of skilled personnel. There are doubts as to whether agencies of the United Nations, other international agencies, donor countries and charities are able to provide adequate humanitarian aid and humanitarian intervention to enable safeguarding of displaced peoples and ensuring the resumption of normal peaceful conditions essential for food security to be guaranteed. Promises of aid funds must become reality, followed by the establishment of functional supply and transport networks, and rapid transition to self-reliance thereafter. Food security and social stability are inextricably linked. The solution to the food-security problems in the Region ultimately lies in the actions of governments, businesses and individuals. Governments need embedded scientific and technological expertise, strong civil-society institutions, integrity, and a particular focus on high-quality education.
Food Security in an Insecure Future

Background. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic that occurred in Hong Kong in 2003 caused serious public health consequences. Its impacts on health-seeking behaviors of the general public have not been assessed. Methods. Two cross-sectional, random telephone surveys interviewed 1603 Hong Kong adult residents in the post-SARS epidemic period, June and September 2003 to investigate changes in the post-SARS period. Results. Noteworthy percentages of the respondents self-reported increased frequencies of practicing favorable health-seeking behaviors in June 2003, as compared with the pre-SARS period. Few respondents reported the opposite. This was observed in different dimensions: health services seeking, adoption of healthier lifestyle, spending more resources on health, adoption of good personal hygiene, mask use when ill with influenza, and avoidance of risk behaviors. The frequencies of practicing most of these health-seeking behaviors, as measured in June and September 2003, were comparable. Further increases in healthy diet and weight control, etc., were observed during that period. Those who worried about contracting SARS were more likely to have improved health-seeking behaviors. Conclusions. The community in Hong Kong responded to the SARS epidemic by practicing more favorable health-seeking behaviors. Public health workers should utilize these opportunities to foster favorable changes. D
Impacts of SARS on health-seeking behaviors in general population in Hong Kong

Cloning and Site-Directed Mutagenesis. The expression vector pET11d/FMDV (1) was used as a template for all site-directed Lb pro mutants (amino acids . Human ISG15 (Cys78Ser) and Met1 diubiquitin constructs were cloned into the pOPIN-B His-tagged expression vector (2). A codon-optimized ISG15 was obtained from GeneArt Gene Synthesis (Invitrogen) and cloned in frame to the intein/chitin binding domain pTXB1 vector (New England BioLabs) using conventional cloning methods. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed according to the QuikChange method. Plasmids for cell transfection assays (FLAG-ISG15, UBE1L, UBE2L6, and HERC5 of human origin) were cloned into the pcDNA3.1 mammalian expression vector. Protein Expression and Purification. Lb pro was expressed and purified according to ref. 3. His-tagged ISG15 and Met1 diubiquitin were expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta2 (DE3) pLacI (Novagen). Cultures were grown to OD 600 (0.6-0.8) and induced with 0.2 mM Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside for 16 h at 18°C. Cell pellets were resuspended in 30 mL of lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM β-mercaptoethanol) and frozen at −80°C. Thawed pellets were supplemented with an EDTA-free Complete Protease Inhibitor tablet (Roche), 1 mg/mL lysozyme, and 0.1 mg/mL DNaseI and incubated on ice for 10 min. The cell suspension was sonicated, and cell debris was cleared by centrifugation at 50,000 × g for 30 min. The cleared lysate was incubated with TALON Superflow resin (GE Healthcare) for 10 min and washed with 1 L of lysis buffer by gravity flow. Protein was eluted with lysis buffer supplemented with 250 mM imidazole. Purified proteins were dialyzed for 16 h into lysis buffer to remove excess imidazole. ISG15-intein protein was expressed identically to His-tagged proteins but purified with chitin resin (New England BioLabs) as described previously (4, 5). AMC Fluorescence Measurements. ISG15-AMC cleavage assays were performed as described previously (6) with minor modifications. In each reaction, 10 μL of 2 μM ISG15-AMC (2× concentration) was mixed with 10 μL enzyme (2× concentration) in AMC assay buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 10 mM DTT). The reactions were monitored using λ ex = 350 nm and λ em = 450 nm. Fluorescence Polarization Assays. All ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like TAMRA assays were performed according to ref. 7. Briefly, enzymes and substrates were diluted in dilution buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 10 mM DTT). Substrate concentrations remained constant at 150 nM, while enzyme concentrations varied based on cleavage efficiency. Cleavage assays were performed in a black 384-well plate (Corning), and fluorescence polarization (FP) measurements were made with a 550-nm excitation filter and a 590-nm emission filter using a Pherastar plate reader (BMG Labtech). All measurements were compared with substrate only (negative) and 25 nM KG-TAMRA peptide (positive) reference standards. Kinetics. ISG15-TAMRA was used as a substrate for determination of Lb pro Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The change in FP on Lb pro hydrolysis was measured in a black 384-well plate using a PheraStar plate reader (BMG Labtech): λ ex = 550 nm and λ em = 590 nm. Reactions were incubated at 25°C in a total volume of 20 μL in FP kinetics buffer (25 mM Tris, pH 8.5, 2 mM DTT, 0.1 mg/mL BSA). In each well, 10 μL ISG15-TAMRA (2× final concentration) was mixed with 10 μL of 40 nM enzyme (2× final concentration). The ISG15-TAMRA concentration was varied Swatek et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1710617115

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