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The disturbance of mitochondrial functions has been considered as one of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP) followed by kidney failure. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of methylene blue (MB) on pancreas and kidney mitochondrial respiratory functions during experimental acute pancreatitis in rats.', 'AP was induced by administrating sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct of male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into three groups: the MB group, MB (5\u2009mg/kg) was injected intravenously 10\u2009min prior to AP induction; the AP group, saline solution was injected intravenously 10\u2009min prior to AP induction; and the sham operation group, isotonic sodium chlorine was used instead of sodium taurocholate. The animals were sacrificed after 24\u2009h. The pancreas and kidney were removed for mitochondrial assay by oxygraphic and spectrophotometric methods.', 'Intravenous injection of MB did not prevent AP-induced inhibition of pancreatic mitochondrial respiration; however, MB significantly improved kidney mitochondrial respiratory functions with complex I-dependent substrates glutamate and malate. The activity of complex I of mitochondria isolated from AP-damaged kidney was increased after pretreatment with MB. However, MB did not affect AP-inhibited kidney mitochondrial respiration with succinate. MB had no protective effects on amylase activity or on urea content in serum in AP.
Does methylene blue attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction of rat kidney during experimental acute pancreatitis?

Regular physical activity is an effective non-pharmacological therapy for prevention and control of hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Accumulating evidence shows that the elevated vascular tone in hypertension is a consequence of the 'ion channel remodelling' that occurs during sustained high BP. The present study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise on the electrical remodelling of L-type Ca(2+) (Cav 1.2) and large-conductance Ca(2+) -activated K(+) (KCa 1.1) channels in mesenteric arteries (MAs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).", 'SHRs and normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto) rats were subjected to aerobic training or kept sedentary, and vascular mechanical and functional properties were evaluated.', 'Exercise did not affect the heart weight, but reduced the heart rate and body weight in SHR. In mesenteric arterial myocytes, exercise normalized the increased Cav 1.2 and KCa 1.1 current density in SHRs. Exercise also ameliorated the increased open probability and mean open time of the single KCa 1.1 channel in hypertension. The isometric contraction study revealed that both nifedipine (Cav 1.2 channel blocker) and NS11021 (KCa 1.1 channel activator) induced concentration-dependent vasorelaxation in MAs precontracted with noradrenaline. Exercise normalized the increased sensitivity of tissues to nifedipine and NS11021 in SHR. Furthermore, protein expression of the Cav 1.2 α1C -subunit together with the KCa 1.1 α- and β1-subunit was significantly increased in SHRs; and exercise ameliorated these molecular alterations in hypertension.
Does chronic exercise normalize changes in Cav 1.2 and KCa 1.1 channels in mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats?

T2 Lesion Volume (T2LV) has been an important biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS). Current methods available to quantify lesions from MR images generally require manual adjustments or multiple images with different contrasts. Further, implementations are often not easily or openly accessible.', 'We created a fully unsupervised, single T2 FLAIR image T2LV quantification package based on the popular open-source imaging toolkit FSL.', 'By scripting various processing tools in FSL, we developed an image processing pipeline that distinguishes normal brain tissue from CSF and lesions. We validated our method by hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) with a preliminary study to see if our T2LVs correlate with clinical disability measures in MS when controlled for other variables.', 'Pearson correlations between T2LV and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS: r = 0.344, P = 0.013), Six-Minute Walk (6MW: r = -0.513, P = 0.000), Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW: r = -0.438, P = .000), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT: r = -0.499, P = 0.000) were all significant. Partial correlations controlling for age were significant between T2LV and 6MW (r = -0.433, P = 0.002), T25FW (r = -0.392, P = 0.004), and SDMT (r = -0.450, P = 0.001). In HMR, T2LV explained significant additional variance in 6MW (R(2) change = 0.082, P = 0.020), after controlling for confounding variables such as age, white matter volume (WMV), and gray matter volume (GMV).

Does fully automated open-source lesion mapping of T2-FLAIR images with FSL correlate with clinical disability in MS?