instruction:
In this task, you are given a set of context paragraph and some supporting facts to answer a question. Your task is to generate answer for given question based on set of context paragraphs and supporting facts.
question:
Context_1 : The Incoterms rules or International Commercial Terms are a series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) relating to international commercial law. They are widely used in International commercial transactions or procurement processes as the use in international sales is encouraged by trade councils, courts and international lawyers. A series of three-letter trade terms related to common contractual sales practices, the Incoterms rules are intended primarily to clearly communicate the tasks, costs, and risks associated with the transportation and delivery of goods. Incoterms inform sales contract defining respective obligations, costs, and risks involved in the delivery of goods from the seller to the buyer. However, it does not constitute contract or govern law. Also it does not define where titles transfer and does not address the price payable, currency or credit items. Context_2 : In business or commerce, an order is a stated intention, either spoken or written, to engage in a commercial transaction for specific products or services. From a buyer's point of view it expresses the intention to buy and is called a purchase order. From a seller's point of view it expresses the intention to sell and is referred to as a sales order. When the purchase order of the buyer and the sales order of the seller agree, the orders become a contract between the buyer and seller. Context_3 : A land contract — often described by other terminology listed below — is a contract between the buyer and seller of real property in which the seller provides the buyer financing in the purchase, and the buyer repays the resulting loan in installments. Under a land contract, the seller retains the legal title to the property, while permitting the buyer to take possession of it for most purposes other than legal ownership. The sale price is typically paid in periodic installments, often with a balloon payment at the end to make the timelength of payments shorter than in the corresponding fully amortized loan (i.e., a loan without a final balloon payment). When the full purchase price has been paid including any interest, the seller is obligated to convey (to the buyer) legal title to the property. An initial down payment from the buyer to the seller is usually also required. Context_4 : The point of total assumption (PTA) is a point on the cost line of the profit-cost curve determined by the contract elements associated with a fixed price plus incentive-Firm Target (FPI) contract above which the seller effectively bears all the costs of a cost overrun. The seller bears all of the cost risk at PTA and beyond, due to a dollar for dollar decrease in profit beyond the costs at the PTA. In addition, once the costs on an FPI contract reach PTA, the maximum amount the buyer will pay is the ceiling price. Note, however, that between the cost at PTA and when the cost equals the ceiling price, the seller is still in a profitable position; only after costs exceed the ceiling price is the seller in a loss position. Context_5 : In commodities transactions, formula pricing is an arrangement where a buyer and seller agree in advance on the price to be paid for a product delivered in the future, based upon a pre-determined calculation. For example, a packer might agree to pay a hog producer the average cash market price on the day the hogs will be delivered, plus a 2-cent per-pound premium. Context_6 : Lost volume seller is a legal term in the law of contracts. Such a seller is a special case in contract law. Ordinarily, a seller whose buyer breaches a contract and refuses to purchase the goods can recover from the breaching buyer only the difference between the contract price and the price for which the seller ultimately sells the goods to another buyer (plus, under some circumstances, incidental damages). Context_7 : A call option, often simply labeled a "call", is a financial contract between two parties, the buyer and the seller of this type of option. The buyer of the call option has the "right, but not the obligation", to buy an agreed quantity of a particular commodity or financial instrument (the underlying) from the seller of the option at a certain time (the expiration date) for a certain price (the strike price). The seller (or "writer") is obligated to sell the commodity or financial instrument to the buyer if the buyer so decides. The buyer pays a fee (called a premium) for this right. The term "call" comes from the fact that the owner has the right to "call the stock away" from the seller. Context_8 : Murabaḥah, murabaḥa or murâbaḥah (Arabic: مرابحة‎ ‎ , derived from "ribh" Arabic: ربح‎ ‎ , meaning profit) is a term of "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence) for a sales contract where the buyer and seller agree on the markup (profit) or "cost-plus" price for the item(s) being sold. In recent decades it has become a term for a very common form of Islamic (i.e. "shariah compliant") financing, where the price is marked-up in exchange for allowing the buyer to defer payment (a contract with deferred payment being known as "bai-muajjal"). "Murabaha" financing is similar to a rent-to-own arrangement in the non-Muslim world, with the intermediary (i.e. the lending bank) retaining ownership of the item being sold until the loan is paid in full. There are also Islamic investment funds and sukuk (Islamic bonds) that use "murabahah" contracts. Context_9 : Markup is the ratio between the cost of a good or service and its selling price. It is expressed as a percentage over the cost. A markup is added onto the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to cover the costs of doing business and create a profit. The total cost reflects the total amount of both fixed and variable expenses to produce and distribute a product. Markup can be expressed as a fixed amount or as a percentage of the total cost or selling price. Retail markup is commonly calculated as the difference between wholesale price and retail price, as a percentage of wholesale. Other methods are also used. Context_10 : As is is a legal term used to disclaim some implied warranties for an item being sold. Certain types of implied warranties must be specifically disclaimed, such as the implied warranty of title. "As is" denotes that the seller is selling, and the buyer is buying an item in whatever condition it presently exists, and that the buyer is accepting the item "with all faults", whether or not immediately apparent. This is the classic "buyer beware" situation, where the careful buyer should take the time to examine the item before accepting it, or obtain expert advice. fact_1 : Murabaḥah, murabaḥa or murâbaḥah (Arabic: مرابحة‎ ‎ , derived from "ribh" Arabic: ربح‎ ‎ , meaning profit) is a term of "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence) for a sales contract where the buyer and seller agree on the markup (profit) or "cost-plus" price for the item(s) being sold. fact_2 : Markup is the ratio between the cost of a good or service and its selling price. fact_3 :  A markup is added onto the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to cover the costs of doing business and create a profit. Question: Murabaḥah is a term for a sales contract where the buyer and seller agree on the markup (profit) or "cost-plus" price for the item(s) being sold, which covers the cost of what?
answer:
doing business


question:
Context_1 : The Shreds are an indie rock band based in Nevada City, California. Their debut CD, "Stranger", was released in June 2009, produced by five-time Academy Award nominated motion picture sound editor, Michael Herbick. The band members are Dylan Rodrigue (vocals & guitar), Blake Severn (vocals & bass) and Griffin Meyer (drums). As winners of the 2008 Sacramento News & Reviews' Jammies competition, The Shreds were selected by Sacramento producer & musician David Houston for a 25-hour recording project. In March 2009 they won the John Lennon Educational Bus Battle for the Bus in Sacramento, winning a full-day recording project using their state-of-the-art mobile audio/video recording studio recording the "A Very Dark Green" music video. They were also nominated in 2009 for a Sacramento News & Reviews Sammies Award (Outstanding Teen Band category). Context_2 : Escape the Fate is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2005 and originally from Pahrump, Nevada. The group consists of Robert Ortiz (drummer), Craig Mabbitt (lead vocalist), TJ Bell (rhythm guitarist, bassist and vocalist), Kevin "Thrasher" Gruft (lead guitarist, bassist, backing vocalist) and touring musician Max Georgiev (bassist). The group was founded by original vocalist Ronnie Radke, bassist Max Green and lead guitarist Monte Money. The band has had 10 official members and 5 touring members and throughout 2010-2013 had a fluctuating lineup, and has recorded 5 album with 4 different studio lineups. Context_3 : The Replacements were an American rock band formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1979. Initially a punk rock band, they are considered pioneers of alternative rock. The band was composed of the guitarist and vocalist Paul Westerberg, guitarist Bob Stinson, bass guitarist Tommy Stinson and drummer Chris Mars for most of its career. Following several acclaimed albums, including "Let It Be" and "Tim", Bob Stinson left the band in 1986, and Slim Dunlap joined as lead guitarist. Steve Foley replaced Mars in 1990. Towards the end of the band's career, Westerberg exerted more control over the creative output. The group disbanded in 1991, with the members eventually pursuing various projects. A reunion was announced on October 3, 2012. The Replacements never had significant commercial success, except for "I'll Be You", which hit number 1 on the "Billboard" Alt Rock chart, but they influenced numerous alternative rock acts. Context_4 : Escape the Fate is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2005 and originally from Pahrump, Nevada. They are signed to Eleven Seven Music. The group consists of Robert Ortiz (drummer), Craig Mabbitt (lead vocalist), TJ Bell (rhythm guitarist and vocalist), Kevin "Thrasher" Gruft (lead guitarist) and touring musician Max Georgiev (bassist). s of 2013 , Ortiz is the last founding member in the current lineup of the group. Context_5 : Panic! at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2004 and featuring the current lineup of vocalist Brendon Urie, accompanied on tour by bassist Dallon Weekes, guitarist Kenneth Harris and drummer Dan Pawlovich. Founded by childhood friends Ryan Ross, Spencer Smith, Brent Wilson and Urie, Panic! at the Disco recorded its first demos while its members were in high school. Shortly after, the band recorded and released its debut studio album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" (2005). Popularized by the second single, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies", the album was certified double platinum in the US. In 2006, founding bassist Brent Wilson was fired from the band during an extensive world tour and subsequently replaced by Jon Walker. Context_6 : The Academy Is... was an American rock band from Chicago, Illinois, formed in 2003. Before disbanding, they were signed by the Decaydance imprint of the Fueled by Ramen label. They were originally known as "The Academy", but added the "Is..." in 2004 to avoid legal complications with other established bands already under that name. The band released three studio albums, "Almost Here", "Santi", and "Fast Times at Barrington High", and four EPs. The band announced its break-up on 8 October 2011. In May 2015, lead singer William Beckett announced that the band would reunite at Riot Fest 2015 in Chicago. In addition the core members of the band Beckett, Mike Carden and Adam Siska, as well as Andy Mrotek and Ian Crawford (both of whom had not originally been part of the band), reunited for a farewell tour that took place during December 2015. Context_7 : Imagine Dragons is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, consisting of lead vocalist Dan Reynolds, lead guitarist Wayne Sermon, bassist and keyboardist Ben McKee, and drummer Daniel Platzman. The band first gained exposure in 2012 with the releases of their debut studio album "Night Visions" and its first single "It's Time". "Billboard" placed them at the top of their "Year In Rock" rankings for 2013, and named them their "Breakthrough Band of 2013". "Rolling Stone" named their single "Radioactive" from "Night Visions" the "biggest rock hit of the year", and MTV called them "the year's biggest breakout band". "Night Visions" peaked at number two on the weekly US "Billboard" 200 chart and the UK Albums Chart. The band's second studio album "Smoke + Mirrors" was released in 2015, and reached number one in the US, Canada and the UK. After touring for their sophomore record, the band took a brief hiatus to focus on their personal lives. During the latter half of 2016, they began recording their third studio album, "Evolve", released in 2017. While all three albums were commercially successful, critical reception was mixed. Context_8 : The Big F was an American rock band that was formed in Los Angeles, California in 1988 by guitarist Mark Christian and former members of Berlin, bassist and vocalist John Crawford and drummer Rob Brill. Context_9 : Ian Miles Crawford (born September 29, 1988) is an American musician and vocalist born in Eugene, Oregon. He is most prominently known being a guitarist and backing vocalist for groups including The Cab, Panic! at the Disco, Never Shout Never, and The Academy Is... In 2016, he founded the rock and roll group The Contestants, which released their debut studio album, "No Contest", in May 2016. Context_10 : Tremonti is an American heavy metal band founded and fronted by lead vocalist and guitarist Mark Tremonti, best known as the guitarist of the American rock band Creed, and the lead guitarist of American rock band Alter Bridge. The band also consists of rhythm guitarist Eric Friedman and drummer Garrett Whitlock. Bassist Wolfgang Van Halen was in the band between 2012 to 2017. What originally started as a Mark Tremonti solo project evolved into a fully fledged band after the release of the group's first album, "All I Was", in July 2012. That album featured Tremonti himself playing guitar in addition to lead vocals, and the band was joined by Tremonti's Creed and Alter Bridge bandmate Brian Marshall playing bass on tour until his departure later that year. He was replaced by Van Halen bassist Wolfgang Van Halen, who contributed to the band's second album, "Cauterize", which was released on June 9, 2015. The band also has another album, entitled "Dust", in April 2016, serving as a continuation to "Cauterize". fact_1 :  He is most prominently known being a guitarist and backing vocalist for groups including The Cab, Panic! fact_2 :  at the Disco, Never Shout Never, and The Academy Is... In 2016, he founded the rock and roll group The Contestants, which released their debut studio album, "No Contest", in May 2016. fact_3 :  at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2004 and featuring the current lineup of vocalist Brendon Urie, accompanied on tour by bassist Dallon Weekes, guitarist Kenneth Harris and drummer Dan Pawlovich. Question:  Ian Crawford has been a guitarist for the American rock band from what Nevada city?
answer:
Las Vegas


question:
Context_1 : The Collection is a compilation album released by English heavy metal band Black Sabbath in 1992. The album was released on the label Castle, who released two CD versions of this album in the UK, both with the same cover art and songs. The album includes greatest songs of Black Sabbath with Ozzy Osbourne prior to his dismissal in 1979, from the eponymous album to "Never Say Die!". The album has 15 tracks, two from "Black Sabbath", two from "Paranoid", one from "Master of Reality", two from "Black Sabbath Vol. 4", two from "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath", two from "Sabotage", two from "Technical Ecstasy" and two from "Never Say Die!". Context_2 : This is an incomplete list of heavy metal festivals. Heavy metal (or simply metal) is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United States and the United Kingdom. With roots in blues rock and psychedelic rock, the first heavy metal bands such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple attracted large audiences, and during the late 1960s and mid-1970s these band and others in their genre were featured at a number of historic rock festivals. Judas Priest helped spur the genre's evolution by discarding much of its blues influence. Context_3 : Kekal (sometimes stylized as KEKAL) is a heavy metal and electronic music band formed in 1995 in Jakarta, Indonesia. According to AllMusic, Kekal was one of the first heavy metal bands from Indonesia to make international inroads, and according to sociologist of heavy metal, Keith Kahn-Harris, was one of the few extreme metal bands from Southeast Asia to ever make more than a minimal impression on the global scene. Founded by two musicians known simply Yeris and Newbabe, the band underwent some shifts in lineup in its early years, but emerged with a consistent lineup of three key-members, guitarist/vocalist Jeff Arwadi, bassist Azhar Levi Sianturi, and guitarist Leo Setiawan. Frequently labeled as black metal, progressive metal, and avant-garde metal, Kekal plays a very diverse range of music styles within the frame of metal and rock, incorporating many other music genres such as ambient, electronic, jazz fusion, and progressive rock. Over the course of its career, Kekal has transitioned from a heavy metal-based style to a more experimental and electronic sound. Context_4 : Daniel Alan Spitz (born January 28, 1963) is an American musician and watchmaker best known for his work as the lead guitarist, principal songwriter and co-producer of the American heavy metal band Anthrax from 1983 to 1995 and from 2005 to 2008. With Anthrax, Spitz was nominated for three Grammy awards and has been awarded platinum and multiple platinum RIAA certified albums for his entire Anthrax catalog of work. Dan Spitz is the first heavy metal songwriter to have his music playing on two planets. NASA chose his song alongside only 9 other artists such as Frank Sinatra and the Beatles to be played on the Lunar Rover Curiosity making him the first heavy metal artist to have a top 10 charting song on two planets. Spitz also founded the Christian music group Red Lamb alongside Dave Mustaine of Megadeth as his writing partner, the first to bring autism awareness into any genre of music or music video. Context_5 : Black Sabbath is the debut album by the English rock band Black Sabbath. Released on 13 February 1970 in the United Kingdom and on 1 June 1970 in the United States, the album reached number eight on the UK Albums Charts and number 23 on the "Billboard" charts. Although it was poorly received by most contemporary music critics at the time, "Black Sabbath" is now widely considered the first heavy metal album. Context_6 : Metal Health is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Quiet Riot. It was released on March 11, 1983, bolstered by the No. 5 hit "Cum On Feel the Noize" and the No. 31 hit "Metal Health". "Metal Health" is notable for being the first heavy metal album to reach the top spot on the "Billboard" 200, replacing the Police's "Synchronicity" at number one in November 1983. The album went on to sell more than six million copies and is considered a classic among heavy metal fans. Some critics, such as AllMusic, describe it as a one-hit wonder, owing to Quiet Riot's relative lack of critical and commercial success with following albums (and subsequent disintegration) towards the end of the 1980s. The title track was ranked No. 35 on VH1's 40 Greatest Metal Songs. Context_7 : The History of Heavy Metal ("Hårdrockens historia") is a Swedish 2001 documentary movie made for TV spanning through the timeline of heavy metal music. It starts with the roots of heavy metal and ends with the metal of present times. Through interviews and archive material, the movie tries to give answers on many questions, including "which was the first heavy metal band?". It was produced by Malik Bendjelloul and edited by Mikael Björnsson and Johan Larsson for Barracuda Film & TV. Context_8 : Acrassicauda is an American-based Iraqi heavy metal band formed in 2001. It is often credited as being the first heavy metal group to emerge from Iraq. The original band consisted of three Arab members and one Assyrian (Tony Aziz Yaqoo). The band formed and played concerts under the regime of Saddam Hussein. It became well known outside of the local Iraqi metal scene after Vice magazine did a profile of the band. It received even greater coverage when it was profiled in a feature-length documentary about the band and its troubles in Iraq called "Heavy Metal in Baghdad". The band's first album was released on March 9, 2010. Context_9 : Slave to the Grind is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Skid Row, released on June 11, 1991 by Atlantic Records. The album displayed harsher sound than its predecessor and lyrics that avoided hard rock cliches. "Slave to the Grind" is the first heavy metal album to chart at number one on the "Billboard" 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era, selling 134,000 copies in its opening week. The album was certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1998 for shipping two million copies in the United States. It produced five singles: "Monkey Business", "Slave to the Grind", "Wasted Time", "In a Darkened Room" and "Quicksand Jesus", all of which did not receive significant airplay as the singles from the previous record. Skid Row promoted the album opening for Guns N' Roses in 1991 and as a headliner the following year. Context_10 : Event Horizon is the debut studio album by British heavy metal band I Am I, released in 2012. The album was originally released on USB, then onto CD format, making I Am I the first heavy metal band ever to release an album only on USB first. The album has a few traces of the power metal sound of ZP's previous band DragonForce. The album has been described as "old school meets new school" by lead vocalist and co-writer ZP Theart. The album is quite melodic and a bit similar to the AOR of the 1970s and 1980s. The lyrics deal with human emotions, social life, and issues that people struggle with. fact_1 : The Collection is a compilation album released by English heavy metal band Black Sabbath in 1992. fact_2 :  The album has 15 tracks, two from "Black Sabbath", two from "Paranoid", one from "Master of Reality", two from "Black Sabbath Vol. fact_3 : Black Sabbath is the debut album by the English rock band Black Sabbath. fact_4 :  Although it was poorly received by most contemporary music critics at the time, "Black Sabbath" is now widely considered the first heavy metal album. Question: The Collection has tracks from the first heavy metal album maker and who else?
answer:

Paranoid, one from Master of Reality