In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: Readout-segmented echo planar imaging (rs-EPI) significantly reduces susceptibility artifacts in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the breast compared to single-shot EPI but is limited by longer scan times. To compensate for this, we tested a new simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) acquisition for accelerated rs-EPI.', 'After approval by the local ethics committee, eight healthy female volunteers (age, 38.9 ± 13.1 years) underwent breast MRI at 3T. Conventional as well as two-fold (2× SMS) and three-fold (3× SMS) slice-accelerated rs-EPI sequences were acquired at b-values of 50 and 800 s/mm(2). Two independent readers analyzed the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in fibroglandular breast parenchyma. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was estimated based on the subtraction method. ADC and SNR were compared between sequences by using the Friedman test.', 'The acquisition time was 4:21 min for conventional rs-EPI, 2:35 min for 2× SMS rs-EPI and 1:44 min for 3× SMS rs-EPI. ADC values were similar in all sequences (mean values 1.62 × 10(-3)mm(2)/s, p=0.99). Mean SNR was 27.7-29.6, and no significant differences were found among the sequences (p=0.83).\Question: Do simultaneous multi-slice readout-segmented echo planar imaging for accelerated diffusion-weighted imaging of the breast?

Answer: SMS rs-EPI yields similar ADC values and SNR compared to conventional rs-EPI at markedly reduced scan time. Thus, SMS excitation increases the clinical applicability of rs-EPI for DWI of the breast.


Question: Context: We studied the weight of decision-making on clinical assessment of melanocytic lesions judging benign, atypical, and malignant lesions; common mistakes; and total removal rates, comparing dermatologists with nondermatologists.', 'Of 11,246 histopathology specimens, 3,768 had a clinical assessment of melanocytic lesions. Histopathologic diagnosis served as the gold standard.', 'Benign nevi were assessed most accurately (77%). Dermatologists assessed benign nevi better (p < .0001). The accuracy of clinical assessment in atypical nevi and melanoma was lower (23% and 42%, respectively). Seborrheic keratosis was the most common mistaken diagnosis. Complete removal of clinically benign nevi, atypical nevi, and melanoma was 84%, 90%, and 89%. Decision-making impaired clinical assessement of melanocytic lesions by 5% for dermatologists and 9% for nondermatologists.\Question: Does weight of decision-making impair clinical assessment of melanocytic lesions?

Answer: The accuracy of clinical assessment of melanocytic lesions is high for benign nevi, with dermatologists outperforming nondermatologists. Clinicians overestimated malignant potential. Complete removal was more frequent in suspicious lesions. Clinical decision-making impaired assessment by 5 to 9%.


Question: Context: The generation of inflammatory mediators from monocytes activated by HLA Class II antibodies is thought to play important roles in the etiology of nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. Increased permeability of endothelial cells contributes to the pathogenesis of rash, urticaria, angioedema, and pulmonary edema, which are symptoms of transfusion reactions.', 'We investigated whether inflammatory mediators released from monocytes upon stimulation by HLA Class II antibodies could increase endothelial permeability. Human endothelial cell monolayers were incubated with cell-free supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) stimulated with HLA Class II antibody-containing plasma (anti-HLA-DR plasma), which has been implicated in severe nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. The permeability of endothelial cells to dextran was measured.', 'The supernatants of PBMNCs stimulated with the anti-HLA-DR plasma in corresponding antigen-antibody combinations were able to increase endothelial permeability. At least 3 hours of exposure of PBMNCs to anti-HLA-DR plasma was required to produce a supernatant that could induce a significant increase in permeability. Simultaneous addition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) neutralizing antibodies to the activated PBMNC supernatant significantly reduced the increase in permeability. Treatment of the endothelial cells with an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), but not inhibitors of apoptosis, significantly prevented the increase in permeability.\Question: Is endothelial permeability increased by the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with HLA Class II antibody?

Answer:
Both TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, generated from PBMNCs by anti-HLA-DR plasma in a corresponding antigen-antibody-dependent manner, led to an increase in endothelial permeability. The activation of monocytes by the HLA-DR antibodies and the resultant inflammatory mediators could contribute to the pathogenesis of rash, urticaria, angioedema, and pulmonary edema after transfusion.