Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
The aim of this meta-analysis was to study the relation between access site and bivalirudin use on outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).', 'Bivalirudin and radial access use are 2 strategies that are increasingly used to lower major bleeding in patients with ACS undergoing invasive approaches. The interaction between these 2 strategies and the benefit of using them in combination are unclear.', 'This analysis included randomized controlled trials that compared bivalirudin to heparin with or without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with ACS and reported outcomes stratified by arterial access site. Meta-analyses of outcome data were performed on the basis of access site and anticoagulation regimen. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from event rates using random-effects models.', 'Eight trials with a total of 27,491 patients were included. Bivalirudin reduced major bleeding risk in patients with femoral access (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.6; p\xa0< 0.001) but not in patients with radial access (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.45 to 1.26; p\xa0= 0.28). Moreover, radial access reduced major bleeding risk in patients treated with heparin (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.77; p\xa0< 0.001) but not in patients treated with bivalirudin (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.65 to 1.41; p\xa0= 0.83). There were no differences in major adverse cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality between bivalirudin and heparin, regardless of access site.

Ex Output:
Is combined Use of Bivalirudin and Radial Access in Acute Coronary Syndromes Superior to the Use of Either One Separately : Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials?


Ex Input:
To describe the variability in rheumatology visits and referrals to other medical specialties of patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) and to explore factors that may influence such variability.', 'Nation-wide cross-sectional study performed in 2009-2010. Randomly selected records of patients with a diagnosis of SpA and at least one visit to a rheumatology unit within the previous 2\xa0years were audited. The rates of rheumatology visits and of referrals to other medical specialties were estimated-total and between centres-in the study period. Multilevel regression was used to analyse factors associated with variability and to adjust for clinical and patient characteristics.', "1168 patients' records (45 centres) were reviewed, mainly ankylosing spondylitis (55.2\xa0%) and psoriatic arthritis (22.2\xa0%). The patients had incurred in 5908 visits to rheumatology clinics (rate 254 per 100 patient-years), 4307 visits to other medical specialties (19.6\xa0% were referrals from rheumatology), and 775 visits to specialised nurse clinics. An adjusted variability in frequenting rheumatology clinics of 15.7\xa0% between centres was observed. This was partially explained by the number of faculties and trainees. The adjusted intercentre variability for referrals to other specialties was 12.3\xa0%, and it was associated with urban settings, number of procedures, and existence of SpA dedicated clinics; the probability of a patient with SpA of being referred to other specialist may increase up to 25\xa0% depending on the treating centre.

Ex Output:
Do centre characteristics determine ambulatory care and referrals in patients with spondyloarthritis?


Ex Input:
The possibility of ignition of polyvinylchloride (PVC) tracheal tubes by a CO2 laser is of concern in patients undergoing CO2 laser surgery of the airway. The authors analyzed the ignition of PVC tracheal tubes by a CO2 laser beam to determine what variables were involved, and then designed a study to determine how they affect the incidence of such fires.', 'For the analysis, PVC tracheal tubes were enclosed in a clear plexiglass enclosure and a laser beam was focused on the tubes. The enclosure contained one of three different gas combinations. A high-speed camera photographed the tubes during the analysis and showed that tracheal tube perforation always preceded ignition in all three gas combinations. These results led to the hypothesis that intraluminal gauge pressure (IGP) may be an important variable, because it would affect the flow of O2 across the perforation. This hypothesis was tested by aiming a CO2 laser beam at PVC tracheal tubes and varying IGP in 0.25-cm H2O increments, from 0.25 to 28 cm H2O, while nitrogen or helium containing O2 at 40, 50, or 60% flowed through the tubes. To simulate the clinical effect of IGP on PVC tracheal tube ignition, we used a mechanical lung model connected to an anesthesia breathing circuit with a standing bellows ventilator in which 60% He and 40% O2 flowed through a PVC tracheal tube. Laser beam exposure was started at three different times during the respiratory cycle: at the start of inspiration, at the end of inspiration, or at the end of expiration. Also, for each condition, trials were made at baseline circuit pressure (2.5 cm H2O) and at 5.0 cm H2O by the addition of 2.5 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) applied to the circuit.', 'The incidence of tracheal tube ignition decreased as IGP increased. The IGP at which ignition did not occur (which increased as O2 concentration increased) did not differ between N2 and He at 40% O2, but was twice as high with N2 as with He at O2 of 50% and 60%. Fires never occurred when PEEP was added to the system and, when PEEP was not added, always started during the last 2 s of end expiration (when airway pressure is lowest), regardless of when the laser beam was activated.

Ex Output:

Does positive end-expiratory pressure lower the risk of laser-induced polyvinylchloride tracheal-tube fires?