Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of season of diagnosis on the outcome of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). In this study, we included curatively treated DLBCL (n = 5875) and HL (n = 1693) patients, diagnosed between 2000 and 2011, based on data from the Swedish Lymphoma Register.', 'Overall survival was significantly better for patients diagnosed with DLBCL during the summer months, but not for patients diagnosed with HL. The difference remained in a multivariable analysis adjusted for age, stage, performance status, number of extra nodal sites and year of diagnosis (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.02-1.14, P = 0.0069). When analyzing the DLBCL patients according to gender in the multivariable model, the effect of season was shown to be restricted to male patients (HR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.17, P = 0.0269.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: Thailand has the lowest incidence of gastric cancer in the world. Helicobacter pylori infection, a low serum pepsinogen I/II ratio, and interleukin (IL)-1beta-511 polymorphisms are suspected to be risk factors for gastric cancer.', 'A total of 167 Thais, comprising 56 cancer patients and 111 volunteers without cancer, underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopic examination and three fixed-point biopsies; a cancer tissue biopsy was also done, and blood samples were collected. The subjects without cancer were divided into normal subjects and chronic gastritis patients. IL-1beta-511 polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and the serum levels of pepsinogen I and II were determined by a radioimmunoassay. Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody and tissue pathology were tested in all groups.', 'The pepsinogen I/II ratio was significantly lower in the gastric cancer group than in the normal and chronic gastritis groups [odds ratio (OR), 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-4.80; P = 0.025]. Gastric cancer patients were positive for the H. pylori IgG antibody more frequently than negative (OR, 2.946; 95% CI, 1.4-6.39; P = 0.005). However, only 15 (27%) cancer patients were both positive for H. pylori IgG antibody and had low serum pepsinogen I/II. The C/C genotype was found more frequently in the gastric cancer group than in the group with a normal gastric mucosa (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.50-0.81; P = 0.014).

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: We have performed TNF-alpha gene transfection in a mouse mammary cancer line and found significant antitumor effects. We hypothesize that the antitumor effects observed in this model are mediated by ICAM-1 and by the recruitment of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In vivo (Balb/c mice) tumor growth inhibition, treatment of established tumor and the effects of ICAM-1 and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were evaluated.', 'Gene transfection with highly efficient vectors resulted in secretion of large amounts of TNF-alpha (ELISA). In vivo antitumor effects were tested. The number of cells required to generate palpable tumor 7-10 days after subcutaneous injection was determined (1 x 10(6)). The same number of transfected cells were injected subcutaneously and compared to nontransfected controls. Tumors were measured blindly and size was analyzed on day 30 by the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Mean tumor size after injection of transfected cells is compared to that of controls. Control tumors reached the maximum allowable size by day 30 (4 cm(2)). On day 30 EMT6-TNF-alpha tumors were 0.48 cm(2) (p < 0.05). The effect of repeat injection (challenge was also tested. Animals were injected with transfected cells or wild-type control on day -6 and challenged with the same number of wild-type tumor cells on day 0. Significant immune protection against subsequent challenge was seen after first time injection with EMT6-TNF-alpha but not after first time EMT6 wild-type injection (1.62 vs. 4 cm(2)). Treatment of 6-day-old tumor was also evaluated. On day 30, mean tumor size in animals treated with EMT6-TNF-alpha was 0.9 cm(2) compared to 4 cm(2) for controls. In all experiments, CD8+ T cell depletion and CD4+ T cell depletion caused a reversal of TNF-alpha-induced inhibitory effects. In addition, in vivo antibody blocking of ICAM-1 in tumor growth experiments reversed antitumor effects (control 4 cm(2), TNF-alpha 0.2 cm(2) and ICAM-1 blocking 3.14 cm(2)). Using flow cytometry, MHC class I and II and ICAM-1 adhesion molecule expression of transfected tumor was tested. ICAM-I expression was significantly upregulated. MHC class II antigen expression was also increased. TNF-alpha-transfected human breast cancer was also evaluated. Three cell lines and fresh tumor were transfected to express TNF-alpha. In vitro analysis revealed ICAM-1 upregulation following transfection. Histologic analysis and immunohistochemical staining revealed TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 in transfected tumors and not in wild-type tumors.


Output: 0