In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

[Q]: Context: Poor decision-making is a hallmark of addiction, whether to substances or activities. Performance on a widely used test of decision-making, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), can discriminate controls from persons with ventral medial frontal lesions, substance-dependence, and pathological gambling. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies indicate that substance-dependent individuals show altered prefrontal activity on the task. Here we adapted the IGT to an fMRI setting to test the hypothesis that defects in ventral medial and prefrontal processing are associated with impaired decisions that involve risk but may differ depending on whether substance dependence is comorbid with gambling problems.', '18 controls, 14 substance-dependent individuals (SD), and 16 SD with gambling problems (SDPG) underwent fMRI while performing a modified version of the IGT.', 'Group differences were observed in ventral medial frontal, right frontopolar, and superior frontal cortex during decision-making. Controls showed the greatest activity, followed by SDPG, followed by SD.\Question: Is prefrontal cortex activity reduced in gambling and nongambling substance users during decision-making?
[A]: Our results support a hypothesis that defects in ventral medial frontal processing lead to impaired decisions that involve risk. Reductions in right prefrontal activity during decision-making appear to be modulated by the presence of gambling problems and may reflect impaired working memory, stimulus reward valuation, or cue reactivity in substance-dependent individuals.


[Q]: Context: Monitoring renal function is crucial in children undergoing chemotherapy. To date, a combination of routine serum creatinine (SCR) monitoring with occasional determination of creatinine clearance ratio (CCR) is widely used as clinical standard for this purpose. Both methods have their limitations regarding diagnostic value (SCR) or practicability (CCR), especially in young children. Diagnostic alternatives, such as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation formulas have not been proved to be superior. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether serum cystatin C (CysC) may have a diagnostic impact on pediatric patients.', 'CysC, SCR, several GFR estimation formulas (Counahan-Barratt, Ghazali-Barratt, Schwartz, Shull, Traub), and CCR were studied in 80 pediatric cancer patients (age range: 0.17-17.9 years) during their chemotherapy. Special attention was given to children under the age of 3 in whom accurate urine collection for CCR is difficult.', 'All parameters correlated similarly well with CCR. Total accuracy was 66% and 67% for CysC and SCR, respectively. In very young children (<3 years), correlation with CCR was for CysC r = -0.74 with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.646, and for SCR r = -0.27 with AUC = 0.594. Total accuracy was 60% for CysC, 50% for SCR.\Question: Is serum cystatin C a suitable marker for routine monitoring of renal function in pediatric cancer patients , especially of very young age?
[A]: CysC represents a suitable marker for monitoring renal function in pediatric cancer patients. In young children (<3 years), CysC may have a better diagnostic value than SCR. Future studies should show if CysC can improve renal monitoring by replacing SCR, especially in very young children.


[Q]: Context: To observe pharmacological difference between ultra-fine particles of six ingredient Rehmannia pill and traditional six ingredient Rehmannia pill.', 'Pharmacokinetic index was measured by death rate, and pharmacology actions were compared by anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, clearance rate of charcoal particle, hypoxia resistance and serum hemolysin concentration experiment.', 'Dose-effection was significant and pharmacology actions were more than traditional six ingredient Rehmannia pill in six ingredient Rehmannia pill.\Question: Do [ Study on pharmacology of ultra-fine particles compound Rehmannia ]?
[A]:
Ultra-fine particles of six ingredient Rehmannia pill are better than traditional six ingredient Rehmannia pill in bioavailability and pharmacology actions, and the weight of pill is reduced while efficacy is enhenced by ultra-fine particles.