In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Ex Input:
A novel betacoronavirus associated with lethal respiratory and renal complications was recently identified in patients from several countries in the Middle East. We report the deep genome sequencing of the virus directly from a patient's sputum sample. Our high-throughput sequencing yielded a substantial depth of genome sequence assembly and showed the minority viral variants in the specimen. Detailed phylogenetic analysis of the virus genome (England/ Qatar/2012) revealed its close relationship to European bat coronaviruses circulating among the bat species of the Vespertilionidae family. Molecular clock analysis showed that the 2 human infections of this betacoronavirus in June 2012 (EMC/2012) and September 2012 (England/Qatar/2012) share a common virus ancestor most likely considerably before early 2012, suggesting the human diversity is the result of multiple zoonotic events. T he ability of coronaviruses (CoVs) to infect multiple species and to rapidly change through recombination presents a continuing human health threat. The epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during 2003-2004 during which a CoV transmitted from bats to civet cats and then to humans demonstrated this potential (reviewed in [1, 2] ). Recently, a novel human betacoronavirus (betaCoV) was found to be associated with at least 13 human infections, 7 of which were fatal (3-7). One of the viruses, EMC/2012, has been sequenced, and its sequence similarity to several bat CoVs suggested an animal origin, but a definitive bat species of origin has not yet been identified (3). Additional genome sequences from this virus are needed to aid diagnostics, monitor population dynamics, identify the animal source, and characterize mechanisms of pathogenesis. The large size (30,000 nt) and high variability of CoV RNA genomes present a challenge for sequencing. We describe a strategy for rapidly designing the primers necessary for reverse transcription and cDNA amplification of such diverse RNA viruses and report the full-genome determination of the novel CoV directly from patient sputum using next-generation short-read sequencing. Full genomes from 2 epidemiologically unlinked novel CoV infections separated in time by >2 months were analyzed to gain clues to 2 major questions: what are the precursors of the virus, and how long has the virus been circulating in its current form? Materials and Methods Fifteen betaCoV full genomes with the closest homology to EMC/2012 (GenBank accession no. JX869059) were analyzed to identify all possible primer-like sequences (melting temperature 58°C-60°C, guanine plus cytosine content 35%-60%) yielding 357,198 potential primers. The 30-kb JX869059 CoV genome was divided into fifteen 2.5-kb overlapping amplicons, and the 2 highest frequency sequences mapping in the 5′ and 3′ 250 bp of each amplicon were selected. Reverse complements of the 3′ mapping sequences were prepared, resulting in a set of 60 primers for the 15 amplicons (4 primers/amplicon). Three additional primers were added for the extreme termini of the genome. The algorithm also prepared a virtual PCR map of the predicted binding and amplicon size for the primer set on CoV genomes. A map of the primer mapping positions

Ex Output:
Full-Genome Deep Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of Novel Human Betacoronavirus


Ex Input:
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a highly lethal respiratory disease caused by a novel single-stranded, positive-sense RNA betacoronavirus (MERS-CoV). Dromedary camels, hosts for MERS-CoV, are implicated in direct or indirect transmission to human beings, although the exact mode of transmission is unknown. The virus was fi rst isolated from a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness in June, 2012, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. As of May 31, 2015, 1180 laboratory-confi rmed cases (483 deaths; 40% mortality) have been reported to WHO. Both community-acquired and hospital-acquired cases have been reported with little human-to-human transmission reported in the community. Although most cases of MERS have occurred in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, cases have been reported in Europe, the USA, and Asia in people who travelled from the Middle East or their contacts. Clinical features of MERS range from asymptomatic or mild disease to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure resulting in death, especially in individuals with underlying comorbidities. No specifi c drug treatment exists for MERS and infection prevention and control measures are crucial to prevent spread in health-care facilities. MERS-CoV continues to be an endemic, low-level public health threat. However, the virus could mutate to have increased interhuman transmissibility, increasing its pandemic potential.

Ex Output:
Seminar Middle East respiratory syndrome


Ex Input:
A 19-day-old female infant was admitted to a neonatal ICU in Ankara, Turkey. A product of an unremarkable gestation and vaginal delivery at 39 weeks, she began to have symptoms of an upper respiratory infection at the age of 15 days. The illness abruptly worsened 3 days later with cough, cyanosis, periods of apnea, and progressive respiratory failure precipitating her admission. The mother, who had received DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) vaccination as a child, reported a mild cough beginning in the 2 weeks prior to delivery. Upon arrival, the infant was having apneic episodes with cyanosis and her O 2 saturation dropped to 36% during a coughing spasm. An initial white blood cell count was 27,200/µL with 60% lymphocytes and a chest X-ray did not reveal any infiltrates. Despite ampicillin and gentamicin, she deteriorated further and endotracheal intubation was necessary but was discontinued on day 2 of her admission. Nasopharyngeal washings were tested by PCR and were negative for respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and coronavirus. Based on the infant's symptom complex and lymphocytosis, she had erythromycin therapy added on day 4. Nasopharyngeal aspirates obtained before erythromycin treatment was begun were positive for pertussis by PCR and by culture on BordetÀGengou agar. The infant's serum antibody against pertussis toxin was undetectable. The infant slowly improved with fewer bouts of paroxysmal coughing and she was discharged on hospital day 10. The mother was the only contact who reported cough and was the only contact that was seropositive for pertussis although her culture was negative. Emerging Infectious Diseases.

Ex Output:

Pertussis CASE PRESENTATION 1