In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Two recent genome-wide association studies identified the liver expressed transmembrane protein adiponutrin to be associated with liver related phenotypes such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver function enzymes. These associations were not uniformly reported for various ethnicities. The aim of this study was to investigate a common non-synonymous variant within adiponutrin (rs738409, exon 3) with parameters of liver function in three independent West Eurasian study populations including a total of 4290 participants.', 'The study was performed in (1) the population based Bruneck Study (n=783), (2) the Salzburg Atherosclerosis Prevention Program in Subjects at High Individual Risk Study from Austria based on a healthy working population (n=1705), and the Utah Obesity Case-Control Study including a group of 1019 severely obese individuals (average body mass index 46.0 kg/m(2)) and 783 controls from the same geographical region of Utah. Liver enzymes measured were alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT).', 'A strong recessive association of this polymorphism was found with age and gender adjusted ALT and AST concentrations: being homozygous for the minor allele resulted in a highly significant increase of ALT concentration of 3.53 U/l (p=1.86 x 10(-9)) and of AST concentration of 2.07 U/l (p=9.58 x 10(-6)), respectively. The associations were consistently found in all three study populations.\Question: Does a common variant in the adiponutrin gene influence liver enzyme values?

Output: The highly significant associations of this transversion polymorphism within the adiponutrin gene with increased ALT and AST concentrations support a role for adiponutrin as a susceptibility gene for hepatic dysfunction.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Chronic inflammation in periodontal disease is associated with increased plasminogen activation and elevated levels of chemokines. It is unknown whether chemokines can regulate the activation of plasminogen via modulation of plasminogen activators (PA) and the corresponding plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAI) in periodontal tissue.', 'To establish a link between chemokines and activation of plasminogen, human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDL) and gingival fibroblasts (GF) were incubated with IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, and platelet factor-4, either alone or in the presence of the inflammatory mediators TGF-beta and IL-1. The potential of the cell lysates to activate plasminogen was based on kinetic studies with the substrate casein. Casein zymography was performed to determine the molecular sizes of the PA. Total PAI-1 in the cell-conditioned medium was quantified by immunoassay.', 'We report that the chemokines did not affect activation of plasminogen by PDL and GF. Even in the presence of TGF-beta which suppressed, and IL-1 which stimulated plasminogen activation, the chemokines had no direct effect. Inhibition of PA and plasmin, but not of matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine proteinases prevented caseinolysis. The plasminogen activation capacity of the cell lysates was represented by a single band with features of uPA. The immunoassay showed that the release of PAI-1 in PDL and GF remained unaffected by the chemokines, also when stimulated with TGF-beta.\Question: Is plasminogen activation by fibroblasts from periodontal ligament and gingiva directly affected by chemokines in vitro?

Output: These results suggest that plasminogen activation by PDL and GF is not directly affected by the chemokines even in the presence of the inflammatory mediators TGF-beta and IL-1.


Input: Consider Input: Context: The impact of specific complementary foods on health outcomes has been poorly studied. We aimed to determine if meat consumption and breastfeeding influence growth and neurocognitive outcome in infants up to 24 months of age.', 'In a longitudinal cohort study, 144 full-term infants were recruited at 4 months. Their red and white meat consumption was recorded in sequential 7-day weighed food intake diaries at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 months. Growth data were collected at the same census points as the dietary data. Neurocognitive outcome (psychomotor developmental indices and mental developmental indices) derived from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II was measured at 22 months.', 'Meat intake from 4-12 months was positively and significantly related to weight gain (P < 0.05); further analysis suggested this association might be mediated via protein intake but was independent of energy, zinc or iron intake. There was no interaction between meat intake and breastfeeding on growth. Meat intake from 4-12 and 4-16 months was positively and significantly related to psychomotor developmental indices (P < 0.02 and 0.013, respectively) but there was no association between breastfeeding and psychomotor developmental indices nor any interaction between meat intake and breastfeeding. Conversely, breastfeeding was positively and significantly related to mental developmental indices (P < 0.01) but there was no association between meat intake and mental developmental indices nor any interaction between breastfeeding and meat intake. These findings remained after adjustment for potential confounding factors.\Question: Is meat consumption positively associated with psychomotor outcome in children up to 24 months of age?


Output: Meat intake, possibly via its effect on protein intake, is associated with increased weight gain in infants up to 12 months of age. Meat intake is also positively associated with psychomotor development at 22 months. These findings highlight the need for further investigation of the role of complementary foods in relation to health outcomes.