Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Anemia of chronic disease, a cytokine-mediated anemia, is a frequent complication of many chronic inflammatory conditions. The present case-control study was aimed to evaluate levels of systemic hematological markers indicative of anemia in patients with generalized, severe, chronic periodontitis.', 'A convenience quota sample of 30 systemically-healthy, urban, male patients comprised two groups, based on full mouth periodontal examination: group A patients (n=15) were diagnosed with generalized, severe, chronic periodontitis, and group B patients comprised the control group (n=15), which included patients with a clinically-healthy periodontium. Laboratory blood investigations included hemoglobin (g%), total number of erythrocytes (red blood cells), hematocrit/packed cell volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. An analysis of covariance using age as a covariate was done to compare the mean values of hematological parameters within groups.', 'The mean values of hemoglobin, red blood cells, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly lower, while the mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were significantly higher in group A patients compared to those in group B, indicating mild anemia.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: Accurate dosimetry was shown to be critical to achieve effective photodynamic therapy (PDT). This study aimed to assess the reliability of in vivo protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence photobleaching as a predictive tool of the hexaminolevulinate PDT (HAL-PDT) response in a rat model of advanced ovarian cancer.', 'Intraperitoneal 10(6) NuTu 19 cells were injected in 26 female rats Fisher 344. Peritoneal carcinomatosis was obtained 26 days post-tumor induction. Four hours post-intraperitoneal HAL (Photocure ASA, Oslo, Norway) injection, a laparoscopic procedure (D-light AutoFluorescence system, Karl Storz endoscope, Tuttlingen, Germany) and a fluorescence examination were made for 22 rats. The first group (LASER group, n=26) was illuminated with laser light using a 532 nm KTP laser (Laser Quantum, Stockport, UK) on 1 cm(2) surface at 45 J/cm(2). The second group (NO LASER group, n=26) served as controls. Biopsies were taken 24 hours after PDT. Semi-quantitative histology was performed and necrosis value was determined: 0--no necrosis to 4--full necrosis. Fluorescence was monitored before and after illumination on complete responders (NV=3-4; n=20) and non-responders (NV=0-2; n=6).', 'High PpIX photobleaching corresponded with complete responders whereas low photobleaching corresponded with non-responders (P<0.05). A direct linear correlation was shown between photobleaching and necrosis (R(2)=0.89).

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: Current diagnostic tests for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) do not consistently measure chronicity of reflux. Mucosal impedance (MI) is a minimally invasive measurement to assess esophageal conductivity changes due to GERD. We aimed to investigate MI pattern in patients with symptoms of extraesophageal reflux (EER) in a prospective longitudinal cohort study.', 'Patients with potential symptoms of EER undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with wireless pH monitoring were studied. Participants included those with erosive esophagitis (E+), normal EGD/abnormal pH (E-/pH+), and normal EGD/normal pH (E-/pH-). MI was measured from the site of injury in patients with E+, as well as at 2, 5, and 10 cm above the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) in all participants.', 'Forty-one patients with symptoms of EER were studied. MI measurements at 2\u2009cm above the SCJ were significantly (P\u2009=\u20090.04) different among the three groups, with MI lowest for E+ and greatest for E-/pH- patients. Although not statistically significant, there is a graded increase in median (interquartile range) MI axially along the esophagus at 5\u2009cm (P\u2009=\u20090.20) and at 10\u2009cm (P\u2009=\u20090.27) above the SCJ, with those with reflux (E+ and E-/pH+) having a lower MI than those without.


Output: 1