TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a set of context paragraph and some supporting facts to answer a question. Your task is to generate answer for given question based on set of context paragraphs and supporting facts.
PROBLEM: Context_1 : The Donations of Alexandria (Autumn 34 BC) were a political act by Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony in which they distributed lands held by Rome and Parthia amongst Cleopatra's children, and granted them many titles, especially for Caesarion, son of Julius Caesar. These were the second of two such donations; a similar donations ceremony was held 2 years earlier in Antioch in 36 BC, at which time the donations enjoyed Octavian's full approval of the Antonian strategy to rule the East making use of Cleopatra's unique royal Seleucid lineage in the regions donated. Ultimately, the Donations (of 34 BC) caused a fatal breach in Antony's relations with Rome and were amongst the causes of the Final War of the Roman Republic. Context_2 : The Caesareum of Alexandria is an ancient temple in Alexandria, Egypt. It was conceived by Cleopatra VII of the Ptolemaic kingdom, the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, to honour her dead lover Marc Antony. The edifice was finished by the Roman Emperor Augustus, after he defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra. He destroyed all traces of Antony in Alexandria, and apparently dedicated the temple to his own cult. Context_3 : Iullus Antonius (45 BC – 2 BC), also known as Iulus, Julus or Jullus, was a personage in Ancient Rome. He was the second son of Roman general Mark Antony and Antony's third wife Fulvia. He is best known for being the famous lover of Julia the Elder. He was the full brother of Marcus Antonius Antyllus, half-brother of Clodia Pulchra (the first wife of Augustus) through his mother's first marriage, half-brother of Antonia Major and Antonia Minor through his father's marriage to Octavia Minor, and half-brother of Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II and Ptolemy Philadelphus through his father's marriage to Cleopatra VII. His stepsiblings were Marcellus, Claudia Marcella Major (later his wife), Caesarion and Claudia Marcella Minor. He was also stepson to Octavia Minor (sister of Augustus) and Cleopatra VII. Context_4 : The death of Cleopatra, the last reigning ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, occurred on August 12, 30 BC in Alexandria, when she was 39 years old. According to a popular belief, introduced by Plutarch, Cleopatra committed suicide by an asp bite. In other versions Cleopatra either poisoned herself by a toxic ointment or was murdered. The exact date of Cleopatra's death was unknown for a long time, since there is no surviving record of even the approximate date. Theodore Cressy Skeat deduced that her death occurred on August 12, 30 BC on the basis of contemporary records of fixed events. Cleopatra's death effectively ended the war between Octavian and Mark Antony, where Cleopatra aligned herself with Antony. Context_5 : Cleopatra Selene II (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; late 40 BC – c. 6 BC), also known as Cleopatra VIII of Egypt or Cleopatra VIII, was a Ptolemaic Princess and was the only daughter to Greek Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Roman triumvir Mark Antony. She was the fraternal twin of Ptolemaic prince Alexander Helios. Her second name in ancient and modern Greek means moon, also meaning the Titaness-Goddess of the Moon Selene, being the counterpart of her twin brother‘s second name Helios, meaning sun and the Titan-God of the Sun Helios. She was of Greek and Roman heritage. Cleopatra was born, raised and educated in Alexandria, Egypt. In 36 BC in the Donations of Antioch and in late 34 BC during the Donations of Alexandria, she was made ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya. Context_6 : Cleopatra is a 1999 miniseries adaptation of Margaret George's 1997 historical fiction novel "The Memoirs of Cleopatra". Produced by Hallmark Entertainment, it stars Leonor Varela as the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, Timothy Dalton as Julius Caesar, Billy Zane as Mark Antony, Rupert Graves as Octavius, Sean Pertwee as Brutus and Bruce Payne as Cassius. "Cleopatra" was shown first on the ABC television network in two parts on two consecutive evenings in May 1999 and then released on videotape and DVD. Context_7 : The Final War of the Roman Republic, also known as Antony's Civil War or The War between Antony and Octavian, was the last of the Roman civil wars of the republic, fought between Mark Antony (assisted by Cleopatra) and Octavian. After the Roman Senate declared war on the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, Antony, her lover and ally, betrayed the Roman government and joined the war on Cleopatra’s side. After the decisive victory for Octavian at the Battle of Actium, Cleopatra and Antony withdrew to Alexandria, where Octavian besieged the city until both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. Context_8 : Arch of the Sergii is an Ancient Roman triumphal arch located in Pula, Croatia. The arch commemorates three brothers of the Sergii family, specifically Lucius Sergius Lepidus, a tribune serving in the twenty-ninth legion that participated in the Battle of Actium and disbanded in 27 BC . This suggests an approximate date of construction: 29-27 BC. The arch stood behind the original naval gate of the early Roman colony. The Sergii were a powerful family of officials in the colony and retained their power for centuries. Context_9 : Cleopatra (1917) was an American silent historical drama film based on H. Rider Haggard's 1889 novel "Cleopatra" and the plays "Cleopatre" by Émile Moreau and Victorien Sardou and "Antony and Cleopatra" by William Shakespeare. The film starred Theda Bara in the title role, Fritz Leiber, Sr. as Julius Caesar, and Thurston Hall as Mark Antony. The film is now considered lost, with only fragments surviving. Context_10 : The Battle of Actium was the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic, a naval engagement between Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the promontory of Actium, in the Roman province of Epirus Vetus in Greece. Octavian's fleet was commanded by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, while Antony's fleet was supported by the power of Queen Cleopatra of Ptolemaic Egypt. fact_1 :  The arch commemorates three brothers of the Sergii family, specifically Lucius Sergius Lepidus, a tribune serving in the twenty-ninth legion that participated in the Battle of Actium and disbanded in 27 BC . fact_2 : The Battle of Actium was the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic, a naval engagement between Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the promontory of Actium, in the Roman province of Epirus Vetus in Greece. Question: Mark Antony and Cleopatra and the Sergii family brothers participated in what battle?

SOLUTION: Battle of Actium

PROBLEM: Context_1 : Chris-Town Mall is the oldest operating mall and was the third shopping mall built in Phoenix, Arizona, located on Bethany Home Road and 19th Avenue. The property currently is known as Christown Spectrum Mall, derived from Chris-Town Mall and Phoenix Spectrum Mall, names previously used in the past. Today it exists as an enclosed shopping mall, although the enclosed portion of the mall was greatly reduced when redevelopment changed the configuration closer to a power centre. The Christown Spectrum Mall's anchor stores are JCPenney, Costco, SuperTarget, Walmart Supercenter, Big 5 Sporting Goods, Dollar Tree, PetSmart and Ross Dress for Less. When the JCPenney was added back to the mall, access to PetSmart, Target, Dollar Tree and Ross Dress for Less was cut off from inside, making only JCPenney, Costco, Big 5 Sporting Goods, and Walmart accessible from the inside. Christown Spectrum Mall also has a Walgreens and a Harkins Theatres 14 as out-parcel anchors. Context_2 : McCain Mall is the largest enclosed shopping mall by leasable area in the Little Rock metropolitan area, located near Interstate 40 in North Little Rock, Arkansas. The shopping hub was officially dedicated in April 1973, although its primary anchor, Little Rock-based Pfiefer-Blass, had opened for business in late 1972. Among its 80 stores and services were a J.G. McCrory 5 and 10 and McCain Mall Cinema I and II. The shopping center was the largest in the state until an addition was completed as Fort Smith's Central Mall in 1986. McCain Mall is one of two enclosed shopping centers within Central Arkansas, with the other enclosed mall being the larger (by number of stores) Park Plaza Mall, located in Little Rock. Anchors are Dillard's, JCPenney and Sears. Context_3 : The Benjamin Franklin National Memorial, located in the rotunda of The Franklin Institute science museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., features a colossal statue of a seated Benjamin Franklin, American writer, inventor, and statesman. The 20 ft -tall memorial, was sculpted by James Earle Fraser between 1906 and 1911 and dedicated in 1938. With a weight of 30 ST the statue rests on a 92 ST pedestal of white Seravezza marble. It is the focal piece of the Memorial Hall of the Franklin Institute, which was designed by John Windrim and modeled after the Roman Pantheon. The statue and Memorial Hall were designated as the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial in 1972. It is the primary location memorializing Benjamin Franklin in the U.S. Context_4 : Millbrook, also known as Chalfont, is a neighbourhood in the Northeast section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The neighborhood is adjacent to Philadelphia Mills.The neighborhood consists of row homes, twin and twin rancher homes and has subdivision names such as Robindale, Chalfont, and the DiMarco Homes. The neighborhoods were constructed between 1956 and 1962, with newer areas near the Poquessing Creek built after 1970-1975. There were several Polish family farmettes occupying much of this area prior to the subdivision's construction. The neighborhood parish and Roman Catholic School is Our Lady of Calvary, located at 11024 Knights Road and Aloysius Fitzpatrick Elementary Public School is on the northeast corner of Knights Road and Chalfont Drive. Millbrook is also home to a magnet school specializing in the performing arts, The Arts Academy at Benjamin Rush. . Context_5 : The Grand Cities Mall is an enclosed shopping mall located on South Washington Street in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Being built in 1964, it was the first enclosed shopping mall built in North Dakota, but by a quirk of fate, the second opened to the public by only six days difference. The mall covers 367122 sqft and is anchored by Kmart, Family Dollar, Poppler's Music, Ace Hardware, and uniquely HOPE Church. The Grand Cities Mall has many other smaller stores, including a few national chains, although most tenants are local businesses. Context_6 : Mounds Mall is an enclosed shopping mall located in the city of Anderson, Indiana, United States. Opened in 1965, it was the first fully enclosed shopping mall developed by Simon Property Group. Mounds Mall features two Carson's stores, a small food court, and a multiplex movie theater. It also includes more than thirty other tenants. Context_7 : Metrocenter Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in South Jackson. The largest enclosed shopping mall in Mississippi, it is composed of 1,250,000 square feet of retail space on two levels, including four anchor spaces. Regional real estate developer Jim Wilson & Associates built the mall in Mississippi's capital city in 1978, as one of its portfolio of properties throughout the southeastern United States. Key tenants as of 2014 include one of two Burlington Coat Factory stores in the state, and offices of the City of Jackson. The mall is located near the junction of Interstates 20 and 220, along South Jackson's U.S. Highway 80 corridor. After years of ownership by Cannon Management and Jackson Metrocenter Limited, a decade-long decline at the mall led to a foreclosure in November 2012, and subsequent sale to Metrocenter Mall, LLC. Context_8 : Arrowhead Towne Center is a regional enclosed shopping mall located in Glendale, Arizona (west suburban Phoenix). The mall is managed by Macerich. It is anchored by Macy's, Sears, Dillard's, JCPenney, Forever 21, Dick's Sporting Goods, and AMC Theatres and is home to 132 tenants. It is currently the only enclosed shopping mall in Phoenix's western suburbs (referred to as the "West Valley"). The mall opened in October 1993 on land formerly occupied by an orange grove, located at Bell Road and 75th Avenue, and was jointly developed and owned by Westcor and General Growth Properties (the former which owned a two-thirds share and managed the mall, and the latter which owned a one-third share). In 2002, Westcor was acquired by Macerich, who continues to manage the mall today. In 2011, GGP sold its 1/3 ownership in the mall (along with its 1/3 ownership of Superstition Springs Center in Mesa), with Macerich assuming full ownership. Context_9 : Northway Shopping Center (formerly known as Northway Mall until 2012) is a big box retail center in Colonie, New York along Central Avenue (NY Route 5). From 1970 to 1999, it was an enclosed shopping mall with several out buildings. It is located across Central Avenue from Colonie Center, an enclosed shopping mall. Context_10 : Philadelphia Mills (formerly Franklin Mills) is an enclosed shopping mall located in Northeast Philadelphia, bordering Bensalem in Bucks County and 15 mi outside Center City. Formerly named for Benjamin Franklin, the mall houses 200 stores, a movie theatre, two food courts, and seven theme restaurants and was visited by an estimated 18 million people in 2006. fact_1 : Millbrook, also known as Chalfont, is a neighbourhood in the Northeast section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. fact_2 : Philadelphia Mills (formerly Franklin Mills) is an enclosed shopping mall located in Northeast Philadelphia, bordering Bensalem in Bucks County and 15 mi outside Center City. fact_3 :  Formerly named for Benjamin Franklin, the mall houses 200 stores, a movie theatre, two food courts, and seven theme restaurants and was visited by an estimated 18 million people in 2006. Question: Which enclosed shopping mall was formerly named for Benjamin Franklin and is next to the Millbrook, Philadelphia neighbourhood?

SOLUTION: Philadelphia Mills

PROBLEM: Context_1 : Joseph Black FRSE FRCPE FPSG (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physician and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry at the University of Glasgow for 10 years from 1756, and then Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh from 1766, teaching and lecturing there for more than 30 years. Context_2 : Dolphus Edward Milligan (June 17, 1928, Brighton, Alabama – October 18, 1973) was an American chemist. He received his bachelor's degree in chemistry from Morehouse College in Atlanta in 1949. He earned a Master of Science (M.S) from Atlanta University in 1951. He then accepted a position as a chemistry instructor in Fort Valley State College in Georgia. He joined the faculty at the University of California at Berkeley while pursuing his doctorate studies. In 1996, When Robert F. Curl accepted the Nobel Prize in chemistry he expressed his appreciation for Milligan’s help on his earlier more volatile experiments. Milligan obtained his Ph.D in chemistry in 1958, his research focused on spectroscopic study of reaction intermediates at extremely low temperature. After completing this doctorate he joined the Melton Institute of industrial research in Pittsburg where he conducted basic research. In 1963, he joined the National Bureau of Standards as a physical chemist. In 1970, he became an adjunct professor at Howard University while retaining his position at Mellon. In 1971, he became the chief of the photochemistry section of the National Bureau of Standards (NIST). Context_3 : METRIC (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) is a computer model developed by the University of Idaho, that uses Landsat satellite data to compute and map evapotranspiration (ET). METRIC calculates ET as a residual of the surface energy balance, where ET is estimated by keeping account of total net short wave and long wave radiation at the vegetation or soil surface, the amount of heat conducted into soil, and the amount of heat convected into the air above the surface. The difference in these three terms represents the amount of energy absorbed during the conversion of liquid water to vapor, which is ET. METRIC expresses near-surface temperature gradients used in heat convection as indexed functions of radiometric surface temperature, thereby eliminating the need for absolutely accurate surface temperature and the need for air-temperature measurements. Context_4 : In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators. The principle is that after completing its cycle (in the first engine), the temperature of the working fluid engine is still high enough that a second subsequent heat engine may extract energy from the waste heat that the first engine produced. By combining these multiple streams of work upon a single mechanical shaft turning an electric generator, the overall net efficiency of the system may be increased by 50–60%. That is, from an overall efficiency of say 34% (in a single cycle) to possibly an overall efficiency of 51% (in a mechanical combination of two cycles) in net Carnot thermodynamic efficiency. This can be done because heat engines are only able to use a portion of the energy their fuel generates (usually less than 50%). In an ordinary (non combined cycle) heat engine the remaining heat (e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from combustion is generally wasted. Context_5 : Phase-change memory (also known as PCM, PCME, PRAM, PCRAM, OUN (ovonic unified memory) and C-RAM or CRAM (chalcogenide RAM)) is a type of non-volatile random-access memory. PRAMs exploit the unique behaviour of chalcogenide glass. In the older generation of PCM, heat produced by the passage of an electric current through a heating element generally made of TiN was used to either quickly heat and quench the glass, making it amorphous, or to hold it in its crystallization temperature range for some time, thereby switching it to a crystalline state. PCM also has the ability to achieve a number of distinct intermediary states, thereby having the ability to hold multiple bits in a single cell, but the difficulties in programming cells in this way has prevented these capabilities from being implemented in other technologies (most notably flash memory) with the same capability. Newer PCM technology has been trending in two different directions. One group has been directing a lot of research towards attempting to find viable material alternatives to GeSbTe (GST), with mixed success. Another group has developed the use of a GeTe - SbTe superlattice to achieve non-thermal phase changes by simply changing the co-ordination state of the Germanium atoms with a laser pulse. This new Interfacial Phase-Change Memory (IPCM) has had many successes and continues to be the site of much active research. Context_6 : In the study of heat transfer, fins are surfaces that extend from an object to increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the environment by increasing convection. The amount of conduction, convection, or radiation of an object determines the amount of heat it transfers. Increasing the temperature gradient between the object and the environment, increasing the convection heat transfer coefficient, or increasing the surface area of the object increases the heat transfer. Sometimes it is not feasible or economical to change the first two options. Thus, adding a fin to an object, increases the surface area and can sometimes be an economical solution to heat transfer problems. Context_7 : Adair Crawford FRS FRSE (174829 July 1795), a chemist and physician, was a pioneer in the development of calorimetric methods for measuring the specific heat capacity of substances and the heat of chemical reactions. In his influential 1779 book ""Experiments and Observations on Animal Heat"", Crawford presented new experiments proving that respiratory gas exchange in animals is a combustion (two years after Antoine Lavoisier's influential ""On combustion in general""). Crawford also was involved in the discovery of the element strontium. Context_8 : In polymer chemistry, the Flory–Fox equation is a simple empirical formula that relates molecular weight to the glass transition temperature of a polymer system. The equation was first proposed in 1950 by Paul J. Flory and Thomas G. Fox while at Cornell University. Their work on the subject overturned the previously held theory that the glass transition temperature was the temperature at which viscosity reached a maximum. Instead, they demonstrated that the glass transition temperature is the temperature at which the free space available for molecular motions achieved a minimum value. While its accuracy is usually limited to samples of narrow range molecular weight distributions, it serves as a good starting point for more complex structure-property relationships. Context_9 : Arthur Smithells, CMG FRS (24 May 1860 – 24 February 1939) was a British chemist. Born in Bury, Lancashire, on 24 May 1860. His father James Smithells, was a railway manager. He was educated at University of Glasgow, then spent time under Roscoe and Schorlemmer at Owens College, Manchester. He gained his B.Sc. from the University of London, then took supplemental courses at Munich and, with Robert Bunsen, at Heidelberg University. In 1883 he was appointed assistant lecturer at Owens College, and two years later succeeded Professor Sir Edward Thorpe as Professor of Chemistry in Yorkshire College, Leeds, which was subsequently incorporated as the University of Leeds. Smithells went on to hold the position of Pro-Vice-Chancellor at Leeds, which he held until he retired from the Chair then becoming Emeritus Professor in 1923. Context_10 : Calorimetry is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter. The word "calorimetry" is derived from the Latin word "calor", meaning heat and the Greek word "μέτρον" (metron), meaning measure. Scottish physician and scientist Joseph Black, who was the first to recognize the distinction between heat and temperature, is said to be the founder of the science of calorimetry. fact_1 :  Scottish physician and scientist Joseph Black, who was the first to recognize the distinction between heat and temperature, is said to be the founder of the science of calorimetry. fact_2 :  He was Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry at the University of Glasgow for 10 years from 1756, and then Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh from 1766, teaching and lecturing there for more than 30 years. Question: What position did the physician and chemist, who was the first to recognize the distinction between heat and temperature, hold at the University of Glasgow?

SOLUTION:
Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry