Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: The membrane protein CD46, a ubiquitous cell surface pathogen receptor, can bind Streptococcus to trigger cell autophagy, which is a critical step in the control of infection.', 'In this study, we found a new splice variant designated CD46 transcript variant (CD46-TV). The splice variant is characterized by the retention of a 48\xa0bp sequence from intron 8 of the bovine CD46 gene, which encodes a putative protein enlarged by 16 amino acids. CD46-TV mRNA was found to be over expressed in mastitis-infected mammary gland tissues relative to healthy tissues. A single nucleotide polymorphism (c. 1033\u2009+\u20092184 C\u2009>\u2009T) in the exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) motif region was shown to result in the CD46-TV aberrant splice variant through constructing alternative alleles using the pSPL3 exon capturing vector and transfecting these into 293\xa0T cells. Allelic frequency in 56,682 individuals belonging to 112 Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bos javanicus, Bos grunniens and Bos mutus, etc. suggests that the C allele (80.09%) is the ancestral allele. Association analysis found that the mean genomic estimated breeding values (gEBV) for milk somatic cell score and the occurrence of clinical mastitis, as well as the milk somatic cell score of Chinese Holsteins with the CT genotype was lower than those of individuals with either the CC or TT genotypes. The mean gEBV for udder health synthesis for the TT genotype was greater than those for the CC or CT genotypes.
Answer: Our findings suggest that the CD46 gene likely plays a critical role in the risk of mastitis caused by Streptococcus in dairy cows via an alternative splicing mechanism caused by a functional mutation in intron 8. Our data also underline the importance of variation within ESEs in regulating transcript processing.
Does a SNP in intron 8 of CD46 cause a novel transcript associated with mastitis in Holsteins?

Context: The modulation of intracortical inhibition is thought to be impaired in older adults, which may contribute to their reduced fine motor control, particularly during lengthening muscle contractions.', 'To quantify the magnitude of intracortical inhibition and movement performance during postural, shortening and lengthening contractions of a hand muscle in young and old adults.', 'In 18 young (23.2 ± 4.2) and 16 old (70.6 ± 6.5) subjects, paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) during a movement task involving the first dorsal interosseous muscle. The task required a constant load (50 g) to be slowly lifted and lowered using the index finger while single- or paired-pulse TMS was delivered during the shortening or lengthening contraction.', 'Relative to postural contractions, SICI during shortening contractions was reduced by 29% in young subjects (P < 0.0001) and 43% in old subjects (P < 0.0001), whereas SICI during lengthening contractions was reduced by 11% in young subjects (P = 0.0004) and 33% in old subjects (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, SICI was significantly less in older adults during lengthening contractions (P-values < 0.01). For LICI, inhibition was not influenced by contraction type in old subjects, but was increased by 11% during shortening contractions (P < 0.0001) and by 9% during lengthening contractions in young subjects (P = 0.0008). In addition, old subjects showed significantly less LICI than young subjects in each movement phase (both P-values < 0.05).
Answer: Shortening and lengthening contractions with a constant load are associated with a modulation of GABAergic inhibition that is altered by healthy ageing.
Is intracortical Inhibition Assessed with Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Modulated during Shortening and Lengthening Contractions in Young and Old Adults?

Context: Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDT) is effective therapy for acne vulgaris; however, relatively strong side effects limit its wide usage. We have previously demonstrated that ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX distribution with lower concentrations and shorter contact time of ALA resulted in focused damage in sebaceous glands in vivo. We have formulated a protocol for ALA-PDT using 5% ALA with 2 hours contact time. The objective of this study was to establish the effectiveness and side effect profile of the new protocol in humans.', "Eleven Japanese patients (Fitzpatrick's skin type III - IV, mean age 23.7±7.2) with facial acne received topical application of 5% ALA for 2 hours with subsequent illumination by a broadband light (600 - 1100 nm, 15J/cm(2), 60 mW/cm(2)). Subjects were evaluated prior to the procedure, 1 month, and 3 months after the treatment by a blinded dermatologist using the global acne grading system (GAGS). Side effects were monitored through the treatment period.", 'The mean GAGS score decreased from 22.1±3.8 at baseline to 19.4 at 1 month, and to 16.3 at 3 months after PDT (P<0.05). Ten of eleven patients experienced local side effects, such as erythema, which were of minimal to mild severity. However, most side effects were of minimal to mild severity, and all of them resolved within several days without post inflammatory hyper pigmentation.
Answer: Our protocol was effective for acne in Japanese and did not exhibit severe side effects.

Is photodynamic Therapy with 5 % δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Safe and Effective Treatment of Acne Vulgaris in Japanese Patients?