Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Development of novel strategies in the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer are needed. Our laboratory has previously identified a role for nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in human thyroid cancer cell growth, survival, and invasion.', 'Our goal was to establish the role of NF-κB signaling on thyroid cancer growth and metastases in vivo and to begin to dissect mechanisms regulating this effect.', 'We examined tumor formation of five thyroid cancer cell lines in an in vivo model of thyroid cancer and observed tumor establishment in two of the cell lines (8505C and BCPAP).', 'Inhibition of NF-κB signaling by overexpression of a dominant-negative IκBα (mIκBα) significantly inhibited thyroid tumor growth in tumors derived from both cell lines. Further studies in an experimental metastasis model demonstrated that NF-κB inhibition impaired growth of tumor metastasis and prolonged mouse survival. Proliferation (mitotic index) was decreased in 8505C tumors, but not in BCPAP tumors, while in vitro angiogenesis and in vivo tumor vascularity were significantly inhibited by mIkBα only in the BCPAP cells. Cytokine antibody array analysis demonstrated that IL-8 secretion was blocked by mIκBα expression. Interestingly, basal NF-κB activity and IL-8 levels were significantly higher in the two tumorigenic cell lines compared with the nontumorigenic lines. Furthermore, IL-8 transcript levels were elevated in high-risk human tumors, suggesting that NF-κB and IL-8 are associated with more aggressive tumor behavior.

A: Is nuclear factor κB-dependent regulation of angiogenesis , and metastasis in an in vivo model of thyroid cancer associated with secreted interleukin-8?
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Q: In the most recent version of the UICC TNM classification system for thyroid carcinoma, tumors with minimal extrathyroid extension were classified as T3. In this study, we investigated whether this upgrading is appropriate for papillary thyroid carcinoma.', 'We investigated the difference in the relapse-free survival (RFS) rate between patients with tumors having no, minimal, and massive extrathyroid extension in a series of 502 patients over the age of 45 years.', 'Patients with tumors showing massive extension showed a worse RFS rate except for those with tumors measuring 1 cm or less. However, there was no significant difference in RFS between tumors measuring 4 cm or less showing no or minimal extension. In an investigation of 409 patients without any clinically apparent node metastasis, the RFS of patients with tumors larger than 4 cm with massive extension was significantly worse than those with tumors measuring 4 cm or less, while the RFS of patients with tumors with either no or minimal extension did not depend on the tumor size.

A: Does minimal extrathyroid extension affect the relapse-free survival of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma measuring 4 cm or less over the age of 45 years?
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Q: In chronic renal failure leptin levels are elevated and BMD decreased, however, so far data about correlations between leptin and BMD in dialyzed patients are scarce. It has been suggested that leptin is a predictor of BMD in postmenopausal women. We examined the relationships between leptinemia, BMD and bone metabolism in HD and CAPD patients. We also assessed whether leptin is significant and independent predictor of BMD in dialyzed patients.', 'BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at lumbar spine and femoral neck in 25 HD and 23 CAPD patients. Markers of bone turnover and leptin were studied using commercially available kits.', 'In femoral neck BMD was significantly higher in CAPD patients, without significant differences in BMD in lumbar spine. There was a negative correlation between BMD at the femoral neck and time on hemodialysis (r= -0.45, p < 0.05). In CAPD patients BMD at the lumbar spine correlated negatively with vitamin D3 (r= -0.54, p < 0.05), osteocalcin (r= 0.54, p < 0 .05), and positively with BMI (r= 0.63, p < 0.01). BMD at the femoral neck correlated positively with BMI (r= 0.59, p < 0.01), and negatively with osteocalcin (r= -0.63, p < 0.05) and time on CAPD (r= -0.52, p < 0.05). Leptin correlate only with cholesterol (r= 0.25, p < 0.05), TSH (r= 0.35, p < 0.01), ss(2) microglobulin (r= 0.32, p < 0.001) and BMD at the femoral neck (r= -0.23, p < 0.05)in all dialyzed (HD and CAPD) patients.

A:
Are bone mineral density and bone metabolism related to leptin in hemodialyzed and peritoneally dialyzed uremic patients?
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