In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Example Input: Context: Inflammation has been implicated in the initiation, progression and manifestation of hypertensive heart disease. We sought to determine the role of monocytes/macrophages in hypertension and pressure overload induced left ventricular (LV) remodeling.', 'We used two models of LV hypertrophy (LVH). First, to induce hypertension and LVH, we fed Sabra salt-sensitive rats with a high-salt diet. The number of macrophages increased in the hypertensive hearts, peaking at 10 weeks after a high-salt diet. Surprisingly, macrophage depletion, by IV clodronate (CL) liposomes, inhibited the development of hypertension. Moreover, macrophage depletion reduced LVH by 17% (p<0.05), and reduced cardiac fibrosis by 75%, compared with controls (p=0.001). Second, to determine the role of macrophages in the development and progression of LVH, independent of high-salt diet, we depleted macrophages in mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction and pressure overload. Significantly, macrophage depletion, for 3 weeks, attenuated LVH: a 12% decrease in diastolic and 20% in systolic wall thickness (p<0.05), and a 13% in LV mass (p=0.04), compared with controls. Additionally, macrophage depletion reduced cardiac fibrosis by 80% (p=0.006). Finally, macrophage depletion down-regulated the expression of genes associated with cardiac remodeling and fibrosis: transforming growth factor beta-1 (by 80%) collagen type III alpha-1 (by 71%) and atrial natriuretic factor (by 86%).\Question: Do macrophages dictate the progression and manifestation of hypertensive heart disease?
Example Output: Macrophages mediate the development of hypertension, LVH, adverse cardiac remodeling, and fibrosis. Macrophages, therefore, should be considered as a therapeutic target to reduce the adverse consequences of hypertensive heart disease.

Example Input: Context: Ventriculo-peritoneal shunting is the most commonly used method for the treatment of paediatric hydrocephalus. The programmable valve with the ability to adjust the opening pressure non-invasively has made it easier to find exactly the right opening pressure for each child and reduce the risk of over- or under-drainage. The aim of this investigation was to study our clinical experience with the adult Codman Hakim programmable valve in children, with reference to complications and economic impact.', 'A seven-year retrospective study of 122 hydrocephalic children (aged from children born prematurely to 15 years old) shunted with the adult Codman Hakim programmable valve was performed.', 'The programmable valve was the first shunt in 76 children and in 14 after prior ventricular drainage. The remaining 46 had different non-programmable systems as their first shunt. The most common reason for changing to a programmable valve was over-drainage. With the programmable valve, catheter-related complications, e.g. proximal (36%) or distal obstructions (30%), were the main reasons for surgical revision. Non-invasive pressure adjustment was performed in 73% of the children. Among the children with the programmable valve as their first shunt, 57 (75%) were adjusted, 12 (21%) had severe symptoms of over-drainage and would have required urgent surgical change of the valve if it had not been adjustable. A resetting of the opening pressure after MRI was found in 38% and accidental resetting occurred in 4%. Programmable valves are about twice as expensive as non-programmable valves. We estimated the increased cost of the valve and compared it with the savings from a reduction in the number of re-operations. The total cost for the programmable valve (as the primary shunt) in our study was less than that for expected re-operations due to over- or under-drainage when using non-programmable valves.\Question: Is the programmable adult Codman Hakim valve useful even in very small children with hydrocephalus . A 7-year retrospective study with special focus on cost/benefit analysis?
Example Output: The programmable valve was easy to handle; only one size was required and the adjustment made it possible to achieve an optimal intraventricular pressure with a lower total cost, reduced hospital stay as well as an increased quality of life for the children.

Example Input: Context: Time to achieve target temperature varies substantially for patients who undergo targeted temperature management (TTM) after cardiac arrest. The association between arrival at target temperature and neurologic outcome is poorly understood. We hypothesized that shorter time from initiation of cooling to target temperature ("induction") will be associated with worse neurologic outcome, reflecting more profound underlying brain injury and impaired thermoregulatory control.', 'This was a multicenter retrospective study analyzing data from the Penn Alliance for Therapeutic Hypothermia (PATH) Registry. We examined the association between time from arrest to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) ("downtime"), ROSC to initiation of TTM ("pre-induction") and "induction" with cerebral performance category (CPC).', 'A total of 321 patients were analyzed, of whom 30.8% (99/321) had a good neurologic outcome. Downtime for survivors with good outcome was 11 (IQR 6-27) min vs. 21 (IQR 10-36) min (p=0.002) for those with poor outcome. Pre-induction did not vary between good and poor outcomes (98 (IQR 36-230) min vs. 114 (IQR 34-260) (p=ns)). Induction time in the good outcome cohort was 237 (IQR 142-361) min compared to 180 (IQR 100-276) min (p=0.004). Patients were categorized by induction time (<120min, 120-300min, >300min). Using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, initial rhythm, and downtime, induction time >300min was associated with good neurologic outcome when compared to those with an induction time <120min.\Question: Is shorter time to target temperature associated with poor neurologic outcome in post-arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management?
Example Output:
In this multicenter cohort of post-arrest TTM patients, shorter induction time was associated with poor neurologic outcome.