Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: The genus Fusarium comprises a heterogeneous group of fungi important for agriculture. Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii (F. eumartii), historically considered to be a fungal pathogen of potato, has also been associated with tomato disease. Currently, chitosan and its derivatives have been receiving more attention as environmentally friendly antimicrobial compounds in sustainable practices. The aim of the present work was to characterize downstream events associated with the mode of action of chitosan, including nitrosative reactive species, in order to identify new biomarkers of its cytotoxic action.', 'Data indicated that chitosan-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production might lead to conidial death, concomitant with the strong reduction in fungal pathogenicity in tomato plants. Following chitosan applications, a notably dose-dependent reduction in conidial viability was demonstrated in F. eumartii. Thereafter, the infectivity of chitosan-treated spores was tested by a bioassay using tomato seedlings.

A: Is nitric-oxide-mediated cell death triggered by chitosan in Fusarium eumartii spores?
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Q: SPARC (secreted protein acidic, rich in cysteine) is a matricellular protein that has been found to be activated in a number of human cancers. More recently, it has been shown to be upregulated in human gastric and colorectal cancer. We therefore wished to address the functional importance of SPARC upregulation to intestinal tumorigenesis in vivo.', 'SPARC upregulation was determined in intestinal adenomas of tumour-prone Apc(Min/+) mice at both the RNA and the protein level. To determine the functional importance of SPARC for intestinal tumorigenesis we then intercrossed Sparc knockout mice with Apc(Min/+) mice (n = 20). Intestinal enterocyte migration was examined using bromodeoxyuridine labelling studies.', 'Levels of murine Sparc and several related proteins were upregulated in adenomas arising in Apc(Min/+) mice. A deficiency of Sparc strongly suppressed adenoma formation in Apc(Min/+) mice (p>or=0.0001). Importantly, a deficiency of Sparc also accelerated enterocyte migration (p = 0.01), as perturbed slow epithelial migration may underpin adenoma formation in the intestine.

A: Does deficiency of SPARC suppress intestinal tumorigenesis in APCMin/+ mice?
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Q: Recent data provide evidence of a systemic inflammatory response in severe acute pancreatitis; in contrast, the exact immune mechanisms underlying chronic pancreatitis remain unclear.', 'To investigate the immune response in the clinical features of chronic pancreatitis, we investigated the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-p55 and -p75 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 18 patients with late-stage alcoholic chronic pancreatitis of different disease activity (Balthazar criteria).', 'Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed a significantly enhanced gene expression of TNF-alpha (P < 0.05), TNFR-p55 (P < 0.05) and TNFR-p75 (P < 0.01) in unstimulated PBMC of patients with advanced chronic pancreatitis (11/18 with calcifications) compared to healthy controls (n = 8). No significant difference was found between patients with mild acute pancreatitis and patients with an inactive quiescent pancreatitis. Moreover, no expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase was detectable.

A:
Does cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells reflect a systemic immune response in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis?
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