Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Weight loss and malnutrition are poorly tolerated by geriatric patients, and pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) can result in chronic malabsorption and weight loss. We sought to determine how preoperative severe nutritional risk (SNR), as defined by the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program/American Geriatric Society Best Practice Guidelines, affects long-term survival after PD for benign disease among geriatric and nongeriatric patients.', 'All patients undergoing PD for nonmalignant conditions at a single center between 1995 and 2013 were followed for survival, excluding patients who died within 90 days of surgery. Survival of geriatric (age ≥65 years) and nongeriatric (age <65 years) patients with and without SNR was compared using Kaplan Meier methods. Cox regression was performed.', 'There were 320 patients who underwent PD for benign disease. Over the course of the study, the proportion of geriatric patients undergoing PD for benign conditions increased from 25% to 46%. In addition to being older, geriatric patients undergoing PD for benign disease were significantly more likely to have coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension. Geriatric patients with preoperative SNR had significantly decreased long-term survival after PD for benign disease (p < 0.001), with roughly 1 in 3 patients dead at 5 years compared with 1 in 14 patients without SNR. Survival was not significantly different among nongeriatric patients with and without SNR. In geriatric patients, age, CAD, and SNR were significantly associated with decreased survival on both univariate and multivariate analysis.
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Defects in phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) function cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a primary immunodeficiency characterized by dysfunctional microbicidal activity and chronic inflammation.', 'We sought to study the effect of chronic inflammation on the hematopoietic compartment in patients and mice with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD).', 'We used immunostaining and functional analyses to study the hematopoietic compartment in patients with CGD.', 'An analysis of bone marrow cells from patients and mice with X-CGD revealed a dysregulated hematopoiesis characterized by increased numbers of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) at the expense of repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In patients with X-CGD, there was a clear reduction in the proportion of HSCs in bone marrow and peripheral blood, and they were also more rapidly exhausted after in vitro culture. In mice with X-CGD, increased cycling of HSCs, expansion of HPCs, and impaired long-term engraftment capacity were found to be associated with high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β. Treatment of wild-type mice with IL-1β induced enhanced cell-cycle entry of HSCs, expansion of HPCs, and defects in long-term engraftment, mimicking the effects observed in mice with X-CGD. Inhibition of cytokine signaling in mice with X-CGD reduced HPC numbers but had only minor effects on the repopulating ability of HSCs.
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NI margins have to be chosen appropriately to control the risk of degradation of treatment effects in non-inferiority (NI) trials. We aimed to study whether the current choice of NI margins protects sufficiently against a degradation of treatment effect on an average.', 'NI trials reflecting current practice were assembled and for each trial, the NI margin was translated into a likelihood of degradation. The likelihood of degradation was calculated as the conditional probability of a treatment being harmful given that it is declared non-inferior in the trial, using simulation. Its distribution among the NI trials was then studied to assess the potential risk of degradation.', "The median (lower/upper quartile) NI margin among 112 binary outcome NI trials corresponded to an odds ratio of 0.57(0.45, 0.66), while among 38 NI trials with continuous outcome, to a Cohen's d of -0.42(-0.54, -0.31) and a hazard ratio of 0.82(0.73, 0.86) among 24 survival outcome NI trials. Overall, the median likelihood of degradation was 56% (45%, 62%).

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