In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

An approximation of it named for Russell uses the TDS value to determine one of its parameters via the Langelier approximation, while one constant that appears in it has units of moles per kilogram to the one half power, according the Bates-Guggenheim convention. Along with Guggenheim, Scatchard and Bronsted improved upon this model by developing the SIT theory, and that model has a better fit than a modification of it named for Davies. This relationship assumes the existence of only long-range interactions, and it was extended to account for Brownian motion by Lars Onsager. It assumes that the solvent is structure-less and that the solution is dilute, and the theory behind it implies that the electrostatic potential falls off exponentially when r is greater than the atomic radius due to screening by counter ions. For 10 points, identify this equation which is used to calculate the activity coefficients, and is named for a German and a Dutch scientist. 
Science

One character in this novel tries to make up for his misdeeds by donating his retinas. The narrator clears his deceased great-grandfather of a reputation for deserting a (*) peasant revolt, and the protagaonist's alcoholic wife sleeps with a student who has just come back from America. Also, a riot happens at the grocery store run by a Korean named "the emperor. " For 10 points Mitsu has a retarded son in what Kenzaburo Oe novel
Literature

This thinker's first work was published while a professor at the University of Halle, and was entitled Philosophie der Arithmetik. His most important contribution to philosophy was considered solipsistic by others, so he attempted to show how individual consciousness can be applied to other minds and history in Cartesian Meditations. His most important idea involved "bracketing existence" in contemplating an object, providing a means of describing "things themselves. "  FTP, identify this German philosopher and author of Ideas: A General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology.

Social Science