Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is common in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Although insulin resistance contributes to cardiac hypertrophy, the relationship between insulin resistance and LVH in patients with ADPKD has not been previously studied.', 'We performed M-mode and color Doppler echocardiography on 176 family members (106 patients and 70 healthy relatives) from 16 families with polycystic kidney disease type 1 (PKD1). Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated using the Penn equation and corrected for body surface area. Fasting insulin and glucose concentrations were measured and insulin resistance was evaluated by means of the homeostasis model assessment.', 'In multivariate regression analysis, insulin resistance was significantly associated with LVMI in healthy relatives (P < 0.01) and patients with PKD1 (P < 0.05) independent of age, weight, systolic blood pressure, and albuminuria.
Answer: Insulin resistance is associated with LVMI in patients with PKD1 independently of other factors known to increase LVMI.
Is insulin resistance related to left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with polycystic kidney disease type 1?

Context: Although the presence of perineural invasion has been recognized as a poor prognostic factor in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, the molecular mechanisms of perineural invasion in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma remain unclear. Nerve growth factor has been reported to be a candidate predictive biomarker of perineural invasion in some cancers.', 'To investigate the impact of intratumoral nerve growth factor expression in resected extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma on survival.', 'Intratumoral nerve growth factor expression was investigated immunohistochemically in 112 patients with resected extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Associations between nerve growth factor expression and clinicopathological factors were statistically evaluated, and risk factors for poor survival were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses.', 'High and low nerve growth factor expression was observed in 62 (55%) and 50 (45%) patients, respectively. For all 112 patients, no significant correlation was found between nerve growth factor expression and presence of perineural invasion (P = 0.942). Moreover, nerve growth factor expression was not associated with recurrence-free survival (P = 0.861) and overall survival (P = 0.973). In multivariate analysis, lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004) was identified as an independent risk factor for early recurrence and the presence of perineural invasion (P = 0.002) and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001) was identified as independent risk factors for poor survival.
Answer: Intratumoral nerve growth factor expression is not associated with perineural invasion or recurrence-free and overall survival in patients with resected extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Is nerve Growth Factor Expression Associated with Perineural Invasion in Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma?

Context: Pulmonary xenotransplantation is currently limited by hyperacute rejection mediated in part by xenoreactive natural antibody and complement. Transgenic swine organs that express the human complement regulatory protein CD59 have demonstrated improved survival in models of pig-to-primate xenotransplantation.', 'The purpose of this study was to evaluate transgenic swine lungs that express the human complement regulatory protein CD59 in a model of pig-to-human xenotransplantation.', 'Transgenic swine lungs (n = 5, experimental group) and outbred swine lungs (n = 6, control group) were perfused with fresh, whole human blood through a centrifugal pump on an ex vivo circuit. Functional data were collected throughout perfusion. Immunoglobulin and complement studies were performed on perfusate samples, and both histologic and immunofluorescent analyses were performed on tissue sections.', 'Mean lung survival for the experimental group was increased when compared with controls, 240 +/- 0 minutes versus 35.3 +/- 14.5 minutes, respectively, with a P value of less than.01. A decreased rise in pulmonary vascular resistance at 15 minutes was observed in the experimental group (343 +/- 87 mm Hg. L(-1). min(-1), in contrast to the control group (1579 +/- 722 mm Hg. L(-1). min(-1); P <.01). Pulmonary compliance at 15 minutes was improved for the experimental group versus control group (9.31 +/- 1.41 mL. cm(-2) H(2)O and 4.11 +/- 2.84 mL. cm(-2) H(2)O, respectively; P <.01). SC5b-9 generation in the plasma perfusate was delayed for the experimental group versus the control group. Immunofluorescent examination of tissue sections demonstrated equivalent deposition of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, C1q, and C3 in both groups, with reduced deposition of C9 in the experimental group.
Answer: Transgenic swine pulmonary xenografts that express the human complement regulatory protein CD59 demonstrated improved function and survival in an ex vivo model of pig-to-human xenotransplantation.

Are transgenic swine lungs expressing human CD59 protected from injury in a pig-to-human model of xenotransplantation?