Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Context: Resistance to cisplatin-centered chemotherapy is a major cause of treatment failure in human ovarian cancer. Whereas PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene product, is believed to promote apoptosis primarily via inactivation of the PI3K/Akt cell survival pathway, recent evidence suggests that PTEN may function independently of this pathway. Activation of p53 is a key determinant of sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Whether PTEN can facilitate cisplatin sensitivity, and this involves the activation of p53, remains unclear. In this study, we determined whether and how PTEN over-expression sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to CDDP-induced apoptosis.', 'Using pairs of chemosensitive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell lines (OV20028 vs. C13* and A2780-s vs. A2780-cp) as an in vitro model, we have examined the influence of PTEN over-expression in regulation of cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was assessed morphologically by Hoechst staining and confirmed by the detection of cleaved products of caspase-3 and PARP by Western blot. Over-expression of PTEN by PTEN cDNA transfection up-regulates p53 content and increases the sensitivity of chemoresistant cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis without detectable changes in the levels of phosphorylated Akt and FKHR as well as FasL mRNA abundance as determined by Western blot and RT-PCR, respectively. PTEN-mediated chemosensitization was attenuated by p53 down-regulation by siRNA in C13*, a chemoresistant wild-type p53 cell. Moreover, PTEN over-expression failed to sensitize the chemoresistant p53 mutant ovarian cancer cell line A2780-cp to cisplatin-induced apoptosis, unless wild-type p53 was reconstituted by adenoviral p53 infection.
Answer: Taken together, these data suggest that PTEN over-expression may represent a novel therapeutic approach for chemoresistant human ovarian cancer and that this may involve a p53-mediated apoptotic cascade independent of the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Ex Output:
Does over-expression of PTEN sensitize human ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner?


Ex Input:
Context: Despite their high prevalence, sleep disorders often remain unrecognized and untreated because of barriers to assessment and management. The aims of the present study were to examine associations of complaints of sleep disturbances with cardiovascular disease, related risk factors, and inflammation in the community and to determine the contribution of sleep disturbances to self-perceived physical health.', 'The sample consists of n\u200a=\u200a10.000 participants, aged 35 to 74 years of a population based community sample in Germany. Cross-sectional associations of complaints of sleep disturbances with cardiovascular risk factors and disease, biomarkers of inflammation, depression, anxiety, and physical health status were analyzed.', '19% of our sample endorsed clinically significant sleep disturbances. In the unadjusted analyses severity of sleep disturbances increased with female sex, low socioeconomic status, living without a partnership, cardiovascular disease, depression, anxiety, poor physical health, increased levels of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. After multivariate adjustment robust associations with coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction and dyslipidemia remained. Complaints of sleep disturbances were strong and independent contributors to self-perceived poor physical health beyond depression, anxiety and medical disease burden.
Answer: Given the high prevalence of complaints of sleep disturbances and their strong impact on health status, increased efforts should be undertaken for their identification and treatment.

Ex Output:
Are complaints of sleep disturbances associated with cardiovascular disease : results from the Gutenberg Health Study?


Ex Input:
Context: To determine the botanical identity, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial property of the commonly used toothbrush sticks in Ethiopia.', 'Research laboratories of the departments of Biology and Chemistry, Addis Ababa University between December 1993 and May 1995.', 'The study was performed by purchasing the commonly used toothbrush sticks from street markets in various towns of Ethiopia. Voucher specimens were collected and their botanical identity was determined following floral keys. The toothbrush sticks were ground in a mill and soaked in absolute methanol for 24 hours and filtered. The filtrates were dried in a rotary evaporator and the crude extracts were stored at 4 degrees C. The crude methanol extracts were used to test their antibacterial activity by impregnating into filter paper discs and placing on test plates of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cerues. Their lethality to brine shrimp (Artemia salina) was performed following standard procedures.', 'Twenty different species of plant used as toothbrush were collected and their botanical identity determined. Crude methanol extracts of only Agave sisalana, Birbira and Hypericum revolutum test concentrations up to 500 micrograms/ml showed weak toxicity to brine shrimp. All the extracts showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus by agar diffusion method.
Answer: Toothbrush sticks can be used by the vast majority of people who cannot afford buying the commercial toothbrush and toothpaste. The toothbrush sticks may be important for the oral and dental hygiene of the users and hence may be useful in decreasing dental caries. Further studies should focus on the effect of the toothbrush sticks against other common bacteria that are associated with dental diseases.

Ex Output:

Does ethnomedical aspects of the commonly used toothbrush stick in Ethiopia?