In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Objective analysis of surgical skill is necessary. A novel method of assessment using simple error analysis in synthetic models is examined for construct validity.', 'Two examination protocols were devised using synthetic models. These contained either a purpose made error or were representative of good surgical practice. Protocol one contained models of skin closure and minor operations. Protocol two in addition more complex procedures. Face validity was established by the approval of senior surgeons. Junior surgeons were recruited to undertake the assessment. A p value of less than 0.05 was deemed to be significant.', 'Eighty-nine surgeons were recruited. Both protocol one and two were able to discriminate between groups at statistically significant levels.\Question: Is the surgical error examination a novel method for objective technical knowledge assessment?

Ex Output:
Construct validity has been established by showing that error analysis is able to distinguish surgeons with varying levels of experience.


Ex Input:
Context: Halofuginone is a novel antifibrotic agent that can reverse the fibrotic process by specific inhibition of collagen type I synthesis.', 'To evaluate the effect of Halo on the development of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis in the 5/6 nephrectomy rat model', 'Male Wistar rats were assigned to undergo 5/6 NX or sham operation, and then divided into three groups: 5/6 NX rats (NX-Halo and NX-Control) and sham. Systolic blood pressure, proteinuria and body weight were determined every 2 weeks. At sacrifice (10 weeks) creatinine clearance was evaluated and remnant kidneys removed for histologic examination, sirius red staining and in situ hybridization', 'Systolic blood pressure increased progressively in both 5/6 NX groups. Halo slowed the increase in proteinuria in 5/6 NX rats. As expected, creatinine clearance was lower in 5/6 NX groups when compared to sham rats. Creatinine clearance was significantly higher in the NX-Halo group at the end of the study period. Histologic examination by light microscopy showed significantly less severe interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis in Halo-treated rats. The increase in collagen alpha1 (I) gene expression and collagen staining after nephrectomy was almost completely abolished by Halo.\Question: Does halofuginone reduce the occurrence of renal fibrosis in 5/6 nephrectomized rats?

Ex Output:
Halofuginone reduced proteinuria as well as the severity of interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis in 5/6 NX rats. The renal beneficial effect of Halo was also demonstrated by the blunted decrease in creatinine clearance observed in the treated animals.


Ex Input:
Context: Determine whether antioxidant supplements alter the plasma glutathione and/or cysteine redox potential in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients.', 'This was an ancillary study to the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), where subset of AREDS subjects at two sites were studied at two time points, an average of 1.7 and 6.7 years after enrollment.', 'Plasma glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), cysteine (Cys), and cystine (CySS) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and redox potentials of GSH/GSSG (E(h) GSH) and Cys/CySS (E(h) Cys) were calculated. The means of the metabolites and redox potentials were compared by repeated-measures analysis of variance for subjects receiving antioxidants and those not receiving antioxidants.', 'At the first blood draw, the means for the antioxidant group (n = 153) and no antioxidant group (n = 159) were not significantly different for any of the metabolites or redox potentials. At the second draw, the GSH parameters were not significantly different between the antioxidant (n = 37) and no antioxidant (n = 45) groups; however, mean Cys was significantly higher in the antioxidant group (9.5 vs 7.2 micromol/l, P = .008). Also, mean E(h) Cys was significantly more reduced in the antioxidant group (-74 vs -67.3 mV, P = .03).\Question: Do antioxidant supplements prevent oxidation of cysteine/cystine redox in patients with age-related macular degeneration?

Ex Output:

The AREDS antioxidant supplements reduced oxidation of E(h) Cys but had no effect on GSH. Because Cys is important for cell growth, apoptosis, and immune function, the beneficial effect of antioxidant supplementation on progression to advanced AMD may be partially explained by its effect on E(h) Cys and/or its effect on Cys availability.