TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
PROBLEM: In this study, the performance of 10 serological assays for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was evaluated. A total of 145 sera from 120 patients were tested. They were obtained from patients who were serologically positive for M. pneumoniae infection as well as from patients who were infected with microorganisms that may cause interstitial pneumonia. The following assays were utilized: SeroMP IgM and IgG, SeroMP recombinant IgM, IgA and IgG, Liaison M. pneumoniae IgM and IgG and M. pneumoniae IgM, IgA and IgG ELISA Medac. The SeroMP Recombinant and Liaison assays both showed low IgM specificity, and crossreactivity was mainly observed in groups of patients with acute cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections. For IgA, the Medac assay was less specific than the SeroMP Recombinant assay. Discrepancies between the four tests were observed in IgG analyses, and due to the lack of a gold standard, 22 results were removed prior to determining the sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, the overall performance of IgG assays may be overstated; nevertheless, the SeroMP assay demonstrated a lack of sensitivity. The seroprevalence of IgG appears to be very low, raising concerns regarding whether the serological techniques can detect IgG levels over time. Serology remains a biological tool of choice for diagnosing M. pneumoniae infection, but improvement and standardization of the assays are needed, particularly for the determination of IgG.

SOLUTION: Evaluation of 10 serological assays for diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection ☆

PROBLEM: Uniform polymeric nanoparticles with various morphologies of projection coronas like the viruses in the coronavirus group have been formed by the self-organization of macromolecular chains polymerizing in a dispersion system of styrene (St), acrylonitrile (AN) and poly(ethylene glycol) monomethoxymonomethacrylate (PEGm) in a polar solvent (water/ethanol). An increase in the water composition reduced the crystallization degree of AN units, resulting in a variety of the nanoparticle morphology such as the increased particle size, the reduced projection size, the increased projection number, and the decreased inter-projection distance. The difference in the projection morphology strongly affected a dispersibility in water. q

SOLUTION: One-step nanomorphology control of self-organized projection coronas in uniform polymeric nanoparticles *

PROBLEM: Dengue virus infections can cause hemorrhagic fever, shock, encephalitis, and even death. Worldwide, approximately 2.5 billion people live in dengue-infested regions with about 100 million new cases each year, although many of these infections are believed to be silent. There are four antigenically distinct serotypes of dengue virus; thus, immunity from one serotype will not cross-protect from infection with the other three. The difficulties that hamper vaccine development include requirements of the natural conformation of the envelope glycoprotein to induce neutralizing immune responses and the necessity of presenting antigens of all four serotypes. Currently, the only way to meet these requirements is to use a mixture of four serotypes of live attenuated dengue viruses, but safety remains a major problem. In this study, we have developed the basis for a tetravalent dengue vaccine using a novel complex adenovirus platform that is capable of expressing multiple antigens de novo. This dengue vaccine is constructed as a pair of vectors that each expresses the premembrane and envelope genes of two different dengue virus serotypes. Dengue fever is a widespread mosquito-borne illness affecting an estimated 100 million people worldwide each year (9). While a majority of dengue virus infections are asymptomatic and go unnoticed, the disease can occasionally present with symptoms, such as severe headache, retro-orbital pain, or joint and muscle pain. The most severe cases can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS), manifesting as hemorrhage in multiple organs, including the central nervous system, as well as massive vascular damage, bleeding, and shock. Fatality rates for DHF and DSS can reach up to 15%, the majority of which are in the pediatric demographic (23, 24). Dengue viruses are members of the flavivirus family of viruses. All four serotypes (dengue virus [DEN] serotype 1 [DEN1] to DEN4) are identical in gene structure, consisting of three structural proteins, capsid (C), premembrane (prM), and envelope (E), and seven nonstructural proteins, NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5 (14). These genes are translated from the positive-stranded RNA genome as a single polyprotein that is cleaved into individual proteins by cellular and viral proteases. Despite the structural similarities, there is variation in the genetic sequences of each serotype mainly in the membrane glycoproteins (prM and E) that results in antigenic distinction and lack of cross protection among the serotypes. Furthermore, subsequent infection with an alternate serotype may enhance disease severity, contributing to the onset of DHF or DSS. One possibility for this disease enhancement is that (nonneutralizing) antibodies may be aiding in viral entry into host cells, thereby enhancing the infection. Alternatively, broadly reactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to DEN antigens, in the absence of neutralizing responses, may accelerate the destruction of host cells. There is currently no licensed vaccine available for dengue virus infection. Because of the immune enhancement associated with subsequent DEN infections, a successful DEN vaccine must induce neutralizing responses against all four DEN serotypes simultaneously (tetravalent). The difficulties that hamper vaccine development include the preservation of the neutralizing epitopes of the native DEN glycoprotein antigens and the necessity to present antigens from all serotypes. If a dengue vaccine does not offer tetravalent protection, a vaccinated individual would be susceptible to development of DHF or DSS if infected by a serotype not targeted by the vaccine. A great amount of effort has focused on traditional approaches to dengue vaccine development; however, these approaches have yet to generate a licensed tetravalent dengue vaccine. For example, live attenuated DEN vaccines have shown protective immunity in animal models (3) but have been

SOLUTION:
Two Complex, Adenovirus-Based Vaccines That Together Induce Immune Responses to All Four Dengue Virus Serotypes ᰔ Downloaded from