In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

[EX Q]: in light of the above described development of the law of sanctions, the persuasive reasoning of commentators, the combined wisdom of several other courts of appeals, and the fact that the supreme court significantly undercut gamble in roadway, we now most respectfully overrule gamble.
[EX A]: overruling

[EX Q]: that case did not address an officer-safety justification for the question; however, to the extent lee or any of our other precedent conflict with the rule we announce today, we expressly overrule them.
[EX A]: overruling

[EX Q]: therefore, we overrule all cases contrary to this holding.
[EX A]:
overruling