TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Lamin A and C are nuclear filament proteins encoded by the LMNA gene. Mutations in the LMNA gene cause many congenital diseases known as laminopathies, including Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, and familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with conduction disease. A missense mutation (N195K) in the A-type lamins results in familial DCM and sudden arrhythmic death.', 'The purpose of this study was to investigate the ion current mechanism of arrhythmia and DCM caused by the LaminA-N195K variant.', 'A homozygous mouse line expressing the Lmna-N195K mutation (Lmna', 'Both peak and late I\Question: Does inhibition of late sodium current attenuate ionic arrhythmia mechanism in ventricular myocytes expressing LaminA-N195K mutation?

SOLUTION: Inhibition of late I

PROBLEM: Context: "Virtual fracture clinics" have been reported as a safe and effective alternative to the traditional fracture clinic. Robust protocols are used to identify cases that do not require further review, with the remainder triaged to the most appropriate subspecialist at the optimum time for review. The objective of this study was to perform a "top-down" analysis of the cost effectiveness of this virtual fracture clinic pathway.', 'National Health Service financial returns relating to our institution were examined for the time period 2009 to 2014 which spanned the service redesign.', 'The total staffing costs rose by 4% over the time period (from £1 744 933 to £1 811 301) compared with a national increase of 16%. The total outpatient department rate of attendance fell by 15% compared with a national fall of 5%. Had our local costs increased in line with the national average, an excess expenditure of £212 705 would have been required for staffing costs.\Question: Does fracture clinic redesign reduce the cost of outpatient orthopaedic trauma care?

SOLUTION: The virtual fracture clinic system was associated with less overall use of staff resources in comparison to national cost data. Adoption of this system nationally may have the potential to achieve significant cost savings.Cite this article: P. J. Jenkins. Fracture clinic redesign reduces the cost of outpatient orthopaedic trauma care. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:33-36. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.52.2000506.

PROBLEM: Context: Specific monocyte and macrophage subsets have been implicated in atherosclerosis, with intermediate monocytes proportionally elevated in cardiovascular disease and M1 macrophages abundant in unstable atherosclerotic plaques. While several studies have shown altered proportions of these subsets in atherosclerosis, studies examining functional and phenotypic subset alterations remain scarce.', 'We used whole blood flow cytometry to investigate the expression of M1 (CD86) and M2 (CD163) markers on monocyte subsets of atherosclerotic patients and controls.', 'Atherosclerotic patients had a more inflammatory monocyte profile than controls, indicated by increased intermediate subset proportions, a higher classical monocyte CD86/CD163 ratio, and elevated serum M1-related chemokines. A more inflammatory profile appeared to correlate with atherosclerotic risk, as in controls classical monocyte CD86/CD163 ratio was negatively correlated with HDL and apolipoprotein A1, and positively correlated with Interleukin-1β.\Question: Do human classical monocytes display unbalanced M1/M2 phenotype with increased atherosclerotic risk and presence of disease?

SOLUTION:
We conclude that monocyte subsets show functional and phenotypic changes in cardiovascular disease and such changes are likely to contribute to atherosclerotic progression.