instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Frontotemporal dementia is a neurodegenerative disease affecting mostly the frontal and/or temporal lobes, with neuronal loss and intraneuronal and/or intraglial inclusions composed of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau and ubiquitin. Missense and splice site mutations in the TAU gene have been identified in approximately 15% of all frontotemporal dementia cases. In this study, we evaluated the involvement of mutations in the TAU gene in development of frontotemporal dementia phenotype in patients of French or English Canadian origins.', 'Fourteen patients with frontotemporal dementia phenotype and 98 normal controls were recruited for the study. The TAU gene was screened by sequencing and denaturing high performance liquid chromatography.', 'No mutations, except some new polymorphisms, were detected in the TAU gene of these patients. One polymorphism, however, may play a role in pathogenesis.
Answer: Our results agree with previous work suggesting that mutations in this gene are not a frequent cause of the frontotemporal dementia phenotype in Canadian patients.
answer:
Are tAU mutations a predominant cause of frontotemporal dementia in Canadian patients?


question:
Context: Chronic inflammation is hypothesized to influence prostate cancer development, although a definitive link has not been established.', 'Prostate cancer cases (N = 191) detected on a for-cause (clinically indicated) or end-of-study (protocol directed) biopsy, and frequency-matched controls (N = 209), defined as negative for cancer on an end-of-study biopsy, were sampled from the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Inflammation prevalence and extent in benign areas of biopsy cores were visually assessed using digital images of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations.', 'Of note, 86.2% of cases and 78.2% of controls had at least one biopsy core (of three assessed) with inflammation in benign areas, most of which was chronic. Men who had at least one biopsy core with inflammation had 1.78 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-3.06] times the odds of prostate cancer compared with men who had zero cores with inflammation. The association was stronger for high-grade disease (Gleason sum 7-10, N = 94; OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.06-4.71). These patterns were present when restricting to cases and controls in whom intraprostatic inflammation was the least likely to have influenced biopsy recommendation because their prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was low (<2 ng/mL at biopsy).
Answer: Inflammation, most of which was chronic, was common in benign prostate tissue, and was positively associated with prostate cancer, especially high grade. The association did not seem to be due to detection bias.
answer:
Is chronic inflammation in benign prostate tissue associated with high-grade prostate cancer in the placebo arm of the prostate cancer prevention trial?


question:
Context: Acid reflux has been associated with poorer outcomes after lung transplantation. Standard pre-transplant reflux assessment has not been universally adopted. Non-acid reflux may also induce a pulmonary inflammatory cascade, leading to acute and chronic rejection. Esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH testing (MII-pH) may be valuable in standard pre-transplant evaluation. We assessed the association between pre-transplant MII-pH measures and early allograft injury in lung transplant patients.', 'This was a retrospective cohort study of lung transplant recipients who underwent pre-transplant MII-pH at a tertiary center from 2007 to 2012. Results from pre-transplant MII-pH, cardiopulmonary function testing, and results of biopsy specimen analysis of the transplanted lung were recorded. Time-to-event analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan-Maier methods to assess the associations between MII-pH measures and development of acute rejection or lymphocytic bronchiolitis.', 'Thirty patients (46.7% men; age, 54.2 years) met the inclusion criteria. Pre-transplant cardiopulmonary function and pulmonary diagnoses were similar between outcome groups. Prolonged bolus clearance (hazard ratio [HR], 4.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-12.57; p = 0.01), increased total distal reflux episodes (HR, 4.80; 95% CI, 1.33-17.25; p = 0.02), and increased total proximal reflux episodes (HR, 4.43; 95% CI, 1.14-17.31; p = 0.03) were significantly associated with decreased time to early allograft injury. Kaplan-Meier curves also demonstrated differences in time to rejection by prolonged bolus clearance (p = 0.01) and increased total distal reflux episodes (p = 0.01). Sub-group analysis including only patients with MII-pH performed off proton pump inhibitors (n = 24) showed similar results.
Answer: Prolonged bolus clearance, increased total distal reflux episodes, and increased total proximal reflux episodes on pre-transplant MII-pH were associated with decreased time to early allograft injury after lung transplantation. Routine pre-transplant MII-pH may provide clinically relevant data regarding transplant outcomes and peri-transplant care.
answer:

Are pre-transplant impedance measures of reflux associated with early allograft injury after lung transplantation?