TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
PROBLEM: BackgroundDetection and characterization of viral RNA pathogens from fieldwork are challenging due to the instability of the RNA molecule. FTA cards® have proved useful for sample storage and latter identification of pathogens with importance for agricultural, animal and human health: however, for optimal handling, processing, and biosafety measures are not well-established. ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to summarize the reported effectiveness of FTA cards® for storage and transport of viral RNA, as well as the conditions for their handling and use in downstream processes. Finally, the biosafety measures required to protect researchers and clinical lab workers are considered. MethodsWe performed a systematic review following the PRISMA statement. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus and Web of Science using the keywords "FTA cards" AND "RNA". Articles were screened by title and abstract, and after examination of inclusion and exclusion criteria, relevant information was extracted. The quality of the studies was assessed, and the evidence was qualitatively summarized. ResultsA total of 175 records were retrieved, and 11 additional documents were found by checking references of the eligible articles. A total of 47 articles were included. Samples from animals accounted for 38.3% of the publications, which identified viruses that cause disease in poultry, wild birds, suids, or bovids. Three different methods for RNA extraction were reported. Other factors that vary across reports include the size of RNA amplicon, storage temperature, and duration of storage. Only fourteen articles tested the inactivation of the virus on the FTA card®, and in one case, the virus remained infective. ConclusionFTA cards® could be a suitable option for RNA virus storage and transport for fieldwork in areas where proper conditions for RNA preservation are difficult to achieve. Three different protocols have been used for RNA detection from this matrix. Biospecimens in the form of dried blood spots should be considered potentially infectious unless specifically treated to inactivate viral pathogens. technology consists of filter paper impregnated with a patented chemical mixture that contains chemical denaturants and a free radical scavenger. The chemical mixture lyses cells and organelles, prevents overgrowth of bacteria, and denatures proteins. The DNA is captured in the matrix and remains tightly bound while proteins and inhibitors are washed. This keeps DNA stable during long-term storage at room temperature (GE Healthcare, 2019).

SOLUTION: A systematic review of FTA cards® as a tool for viral RNA preservation in fieldwork: Are they safe and effective?

PROBLEM: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main cause of diseases such as meningitis, pneumoniae and sepsis, especially in children and old people. Due to costly antibiotic treatment, and increasing resistance of pneumococcus, developing high-efficient protective vaccine against this pathogen is an urgent need. Although the pneumoniae polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) and pneumonia conjugate vaccines (PCV) are the efficient pneumococcal vaccine in children and adult groups, but the serotype replacement of S. pneumoniae strains causes the reduction in efficacy of such vaccines. For overcoming the aforesaid drawbacks epitope-based vaccines are introduced as the relevant alternative. In our previous research, the epitope vaccine was designed based on immunodominant epitopes from PspA, CbpA antigens as cellular stimulants and PhtD, PiuA as humoral stimulants. Because the low immunogenicity is the main disadvantage of epitope vaccine, in the current study, we applied coiled-coil selfassembled structures for developing our vaccine. Recently, self-assembled peptide nanoparticles (SAPNs) have gained much attention in the field of vaccine development due to their multivalency, self-adjuvanticity, biocompatibility, and size similarity to pathogen. In this regard, the final designed vaccine is comprised of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes from PspA and CbpA, helper T lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes from PhtD and PiuA, the pentamer and trimmer oligomeric domains form 5-stranded and 3-stranded coiled-coils as self-assembled scaffold, Diphtheria toxoids (DTD) as a universal T-helper, which fused to each other with appropriate linkers. The four different arrangements based on the order of above-mentioned compartments were constructed, and each of them were modeled, and validated to find the 3D structure. The structural, physicochemical, and immunoinformatics analyses of final vaccine construct represented that our vaccine could stimulate potent immune response against S. pneumoniae; however, the potency of that should be approved via various in vivo and in vitro immunological tests.

SOLUTION: Designing self-assembled peptide nanovaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae: An in silico strategy

PROBLEM: Plexauddae flourish as they do nowhere in the world. Gorgonian corals (order Gorgonacea, phylum Cnidaria) are 4571 4572 A.D. RODRIGUEZ conspicuous members of most tropical and subtropical marine habitats, being the most abundant octocorals found in the West Indies. With over 195 species documented from these two major families, gorgonian octocorals represent an estimated 38% of the known fauna, l Studies of the natural products chemistry of this interesting group of marine invertebrates began in the late 1950's. Since these early investigations, numerous studies of the chemistry of gorgonian corals have been published and summarized. 2-9 This Report documents the exciting chemistry that has been generated through the investigation of gorgonian octocorals from the West Indian region. It includes only research published in refereed journals up to December, 1994. A short communication in Science by Burkholder and Burkholder in 1958, highlighting the occurrence of antibiotic substances in gorgonian corals from Puerto Rico, was used as the starting point for the present review, to This Report is not intended to be comprehensive but instead concentrates on novel marine natural products with interesting biological and pharmaceutical properties. With the exception of several unusual sterols having interesting functionalities, marine sterols, carotenoids, fatty acids, and biopolymers isolated have not been included, since they have been reviewed by specialists, l 1-15 Studies of the chemical ecology aiming at the elucidation of the defensive roles of secondary metabolites from West Indian gorgonians and the value of secondary metabolite composition as a chemotaxonomic tool are discussed. The cited articles were retrieved from computer literature searches by use of Chemical Abstracts (CA Selects), MarinLit, STN International and also NAPRALERT. Terms such as West Indian, Caribbean, gorgonian, sea whip, octocoral, and phylla names were used. The primary focus will be the structural chemistry and biological activities of the metabolites produced by a relatively small group of gorgonians found within a limited geographic area. Wherever possible, every effort was made to record the biological and pharmacological properties of new metabolites. Since marine natural products in general are often the targets of synthetic chemists, we include synthetic work, where available, on novel compounds isolated from these animals. We hope to illustrate the diversity of compounds produced by West Indian gorgonians, while highlighting their specialized ability to biosynthesize secondary metabolites with promising pharmacological activity. 16-19 Gorgonian metabolites possess novel structures that are largely unknown from terrestrial sources. These animals are now recognized to produce acetogenins, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, prostanoids, and, in some cases, highly functionalized steroids. 7 The chemistry of West Indian gorgonian octocorals will be presented taxonomically according to genus and species (in alphabetical order) rather than by chemical class, although in some cases a given compound could be assigned equally well to different categories. This categorization was selected not only for its convenience but also because it reveals an interesting fact: so far only a small percentage of the many species of gorgonians from this region (less than 20%) appears to have been systematically scrutinized for their secondary metabolite content; and many species await chemical investigation. The phylogenetic position of the genus Briareum, which appears to be identical with the Pacific species Solenopodium, has long been the subject of debate, l Two documented species are known. One of them, Briareum asbestinum, is an exceedingly variable species commonly distributed from southern Florida through most of the West Indies. The second, Briareum polyamhes, is a recently discovered species that forms encrustations on rocks, Natural products of gorgonian octocorals 4573 dead coral, and other living gorgonians. These animals are particularly rich in asbestinane and briarane diterpenoids. (Common Briareum, corky sea fingers) Studies of the chemistry of this interesting species began in the early 1960's with the discovery of a carbonyl-containing crystalline solid (later to be known as Briarein A) and the occurrence of taurobetaine in specimens collected near South Bimini (The Bahamas). 20-22 No appreciable amount of sesquiterpenes appears to have been found in this species. Briareum asbestinum elaborates diterpenes possessing the asbestinin and briarein ring systems. The asbestinins are a group of irregular diterpenoids that are related to the eunicellin-cladiellin group by 1,2-migration of the methyl group on the six-membered rings. Asbestinins 1-5 (1-5) were isolated from a sample of B. asbestinum collected in Belize, 23 whereas asbestinins -2, -3, -4, and -5 together with the derivatives asbestinin-5 acetate (7) and asbestinin epoxide (8) were obtained from samples collected in Honduras. 24 The structure of asbestinin-1 (1) was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction on the corresponding diol 6 and the structures of asbestinins 2-5 (2-5) were assigned from spectral analysis and chemical interconversions. 23 Structures for 7 and 8 were likewise derived from spectroscopic arguments and confirmed by chemical interconversions. 24 Several of the asbestinin derivatives show pharmacological activity. Compounds 1, 5, and 6 have the ability to antagonize the effects of acetylcholine on guinea pig ileum preparations. Compounds 5 and 6 also exhibit histamine antagonism in this same assay. 24 10 R=Ac 1 2 R=Ac

SOLUTION:
TETRAHEDRON REPORT NUMBER 370 THE NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY OF WEST INDIAN GORGONIAN OCTOCORALS