TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: Depression is the most common psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy patients. The lack of success with current pharmacological interventions for this patient population, highlights the importance of optimizing non-pharmacological neuromodulatory treatments such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Studies on the antidepressant effect of VNS in epilepsy patients may be confounded by concurrent anti-epileptic drug therapy. To date, studies in epilepsy models overcoming this problem are lacking.', 'We investigated whether VNS affects anhedonia, a key symptom of major depression, in the kainic acid rat model for temporal lobe epilepsy.', 'Anhedonia was assessed in kainic acid (KA) and saline (SAL) injected rats using the saccharin preference test (SPT). To exclude differences in taste perception, the quinine aversion test (QAT) was performed. Both groups were randomly subdivided in a VNS and a SHAM group, yielding 4 experimental arms: KA-VNS, KA-SHAM, SAL-VNS and SAL-SHAM. Both VNS groups received 2 weeks of VNS, while the SHAM groups were not stimulated. Thereafter, the SPT and QAT were repeated.', 'Saccharin preference was significantly reduced in the KA compared to the SAL rats (P\xa0<\xa00.05), without differences in quinine aversion. Two weeks of VNS significantly increased the saccharin preference in the KA-VNS group (P\xa0<\xa00.05), while it had no effect on quinine aversion. No effects of VNS or SHAM were found in the other groups.

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: Anxiety disorders increase risk of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, even after controlling for confounds including smoking, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status, and irrespective of a history of medical disorders. While impaired vagal function, indicated by reductions in heart rate variability (HRV), may be one mechanism linking anxiety disorders to CVD, prior studies have reported inconsistent findings highlighting the need for meta-analysis.', 'Studies comparing resting-state HRV recordings in patients with an anxiety disorder as a primary diagnosis and healthy controls were considered for meta-analysis.', "Meta-analyses were based on 36 articles, including 2086 patients with an anxiety disorder and 2294 controls. Overall, anxiety disorders were characterized by lower HRV [high frequency (HF): Hedges' g\u2009=\u2009-0.29. 95% CI: -0.41 to -0.17, p\u2009<\u20090.001; time domain: Hedges' g\u2009=\u2009-0.45, 95% CI: -0.57 to -0.33, p\u2009<\u20090.001] than controls. Panic disorder (n\u2009=\u2009447), post-traumatic stress disorder (n\u2009=\u2009192), generalized anxiety disorder (n\u2009=\u200968), and social anxiety disorder (n\u2009=\u200990), but not obsessive-compulsive disorder (n\u2009=\u200940), displayed reductions in HF HRV relative to controls (all ps\u2009<\u20090.001).

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: The factors that regulate the growth hormone (GH) response to physiological stimuli, such as exercise, are not fully understood. The aim of the present study is to determine whether age, body composition, measures of sprint performance or the metabolic response to a sprint are predictors of the GH response to sprint exercise in non-obese young men.', 'Twenty-seven healthy, non-obese males aged 18-32 years performed an all-out 30-second sprint on a cycle ergometer. Univariate linear regression analysis was employed to evaluate age-, BMI-, performance- and metabolic-dependent changes from pre-exercise to peak GH and integrated GH for 60 min after the sprint.', 'GH was elevated following the sprint (change in GH: 17.0 +/- 14.2 microg l(-1); integrated GH: 662 +/- 582 min microg l(-1)). Performance characteristics, the metabolic response to exercise and BMI were not significant predictors of the GH response to exercise. However, age emerged as a significant predictor of both integrated GH (beta = -0.547, p = 0.003) and change in GH (beta = -0.448, p = 0.019) after the sprint.

SOLUTION:
0