In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

[EX Q]: This battle started after troops under Henry Heth (HEETH) spotted John Buford's cavalry. Key locations in this battle included the Peach Orchard and Devil's Den. One general in this battle, Dan Sickles, disobeyed orders by moving his corps from its location along Cemetery Ridge. That ridge was the object of Pickett's Charge at the end of this battle. George Meade's victory in this battle ended a Confederate invasion of the North. For 10 points, name this battle whose site was later the location of an Address by Abraham Lincoln.
[EX A]: History

[EX Q]: This man's namesake elasticity describes surface tension resistance when a surface is stretched, and can be applied to surface-tension-related mass transfer in an effect named for this man and Marangoni. For a mixture at constant temperature and pressure, the change in the chemical potential of the system can be obtained using an equation named for this man and Duhem. Another equation named for this man is used to calculate the degrees of freedom of a system depending in part on its number of components. For 10 points, name this man with a namesake phase rule and a thermodynamic quantity useful in predicting the spontaneity of a chemical reaction, his free energy.
[EX A]: Science

[EX Q]: This entity is the subject of the BPP algorithm. Archimedes approximated it by inscribing and circumscribing progressively larger n-gons. The probability that two integers are relatively prime is equal to six divided by the square of this. This is the definite integral from negative one to one of one over square root one minus x square dx. Lambert showed that it is (*) irrational. This is the equal to the inverse cosine of negative one. For 10 points, name this constant multiplied by the square of the radius to find the area of a circle.
[EX A]:
Science