TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: We previously demonstrated in rats that intravenous infusion of a lipid emulsion increases survival in resuscitation from severe bupivacaine cardiac toxicity. The present studies were undertaken to determine if this method is similarly effective in a non-rodent model using a larger animal.', 'Bupivacaine, 10 mg/kg, was administered intravenously over 10 seconds to fasted dogs under isoflurane general anesthesia. Resuscitation included 10 minutes of internal cardiac massage followed with either saline or 20% lipid infusion, administered as a 4-mL/kg bolus followed by continuous infusion at 0.5 mL/kg/min for 10 minutes. Electrocardiogram (EKG), arterial blood pressure (BP), and myocardial pH (pHm) and pO2 (pmO2) were continuously measured.', 'Survival after 10 minutes of unsuccessful cardiac massage was successful for all lipid-treated dogs (n = 6), but with no survivors in the saline controls (n = 6) (P <.01). Hemodynamics, PmO2, and pHm were improved during resuscitation with lipid compared with saline treatment in which dogs did not recover.
Answer: We found that infusing a lipid emulsion during resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity substantially improved hemodynamics, pmO2, and pHm and increased survival in dogs.

SOLUTION: Does lipid emulsion infusion rescue dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity?

PROBLEM: Context: Immunologic abnormalities have been found in bipolar disorder but pentraxin 3, a marker of innate immunity, has not been studied in this population.', 'Levels of pentraxin 3 were measured in individuals with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and non-psychiatric controls. Linear regression models were used to compare the pentraxin 3 levels in each of the psychiatric groups to that in the control group, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios associated with levels of pentraxin 3 which differed from specified levels of the control group.', 'The sample consisted of 831 individuals: 256 with bipolar disorder, 309 with schizophrenia, and 266 without a psychiatric disorder. The levels of pentraxin 3 in the bipolar disorder, but not in the schizophrenia, group were significantly lower than those of controls, adjusting for age, gender, race, maternal education, smoking status, and body mass index (t = -3.78, p < 0.001). The individuals with bipolar disorder also had significantly increased odds of having low levels of pentraxin 3 relative to both the 10th and 25th percentile level of the controls and significantly decreased odds of having a level greater than the 75th and the 90th percentile level of the controls, adjusting for the same covariates.
Answer: Individuals with bipolar disorder have low levels of pentraxin 3 which may reflect impaired innate immunity. An increased understanding of the role of innate immunity in the etiopathogenesis of bipolar disorder might lead to new modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.

SOLUTION: Is pentraxin 3 reduced in bipolar disorder?

PROBLEM: Context: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used for the mobilization of bone marrow and endothelial progenitor cells, though G-CSF-induced inflammation may cause endothelial dysfunction. We examined the effects of G-CSF on endothelium, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory cytokines namely interleukin 10 (IL-10).', 'We studied 60 women with breast cancer, who were randomized to either subcutaneous G-CSF (5 microg/kg), o.d. for 5 days after adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 40) or placebo (n = 20).', 'We measured flow-mediated dilatation (FMD%) of the brachial artery by ultrasonography, CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and the ratio TNF-alpha/ IL-10 blood levels before, 2-h and 5-days after the G-CSF or placebo treatment.', 'There was a greater increase of FMD, IL-10 and reduction of TNF-alpha/ IL-10, 2 h and 5 days after the G-CSF treatment compared to placebo. Although, CRP and TNF-alpha were higher, TNF-alpha/IL-10 was lower at the end of G-CSF treatment compared to placebo. Improvement of FMD was related to changes of IL-10 and TNF-alpha/IL-10.
Answer: Treatment with G-CSF improves endothelial function in vivo, possibly by shifting the balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

SOLUTION:
Is treatment with granulocyte colony stimulating factor associated with improvement in endothelial function?