instruction:
In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling
question:
on the contrary, what impresses me is the obduracy of high-minded state courts, like that of new york under the leadership of judge cardozo, in refusing to adopt the federal rule of exclusion.
answer:
non-overruling


question:
the court improperly concluded that the viability of the presumption of [section 6381(d) ] is questionable and inherently self-rebutting, such that it would be arbitrary and capricious to apply the presumption in cases where the trial court finds that it cannot determine if the parent had responsibility for the child.
answer:
overruling


question:
easiest way to see the majority's error is to take its own example: an airline passenger who rejects a $300 voucher for taking a later flight.
answer:

non-overruling