In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question based on the context. You have to classify the questions into "Extractive", "Abstractive", or "Yes-no" questions. Extractive questions can be answered by concatenating extracts taken from a context into a summary while answering abstractive questions involves paraphrasing the context using novel sentences. Yes-no question is a question whose expected answer is one of two choices, one that affirms the question and one that denies the question. Typically, the choices are either yes or no.

[Q]: Analogous to word embeddings, sentence embeddings, e.g. the Universal Sentence Encoder BIBREF8 and Sentence-BERT BIBREF6, allow one to calculate the cosine similarity of various different sentences, as for instance the similarity of a question and the corresponding answer. The more appropriate a specific answer is to a given question, the stronger is its cosine similarity expected to be. When considering two opposite answers, it is therefore possible to determine a bias value:

where $\vec{q}$ is the vector representation of the question and $\vec{a}$ and $\vec{b}$ the representations of the two answers/choices. 
 Question: How is moral bias measured?
[A]: Abstractive


[Q]: We consider two types of architectures: a bi-directional language model to augment the sequence to sequence encoder and a uni-directional model to augment the decoder. Both use self-attention BIBREF16 and the uni-directional model contains INLINEFORM0 transformer blocks, followed by a word classifier to predict the next word on the right. bi-directional language model to augment the sequence to sequence encoder 
 Question: What language model architectures are used?
[A]: Extractive


[Q]: Experimental results show that our joint model outperforms the visual-only model in all cases, and the text-only model on Wikipedia and two subsets of arXiv. 
 Question: Do the methods that work best on academic papers also work best on Wikipedia?
[A]:
Yes-no