In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

[EX Q]: id. at 581, citing pappas, supra at 431.
[EX A]: non-overruling

[EX Q]: to the extent flint hill and lake st. louis hold that adoption of a resolution of intent to annex is the first valid step of an annexation, they are overruled.
[EX A]: overruling

[EX Q]: that is because ""if counsel has failed to conduct a reasonable investigation to prepare for sentencing, then he cannot possibly be said to have made a reasonable decision as to what to present at sentencing.""
[EX A]:
non-overruling