In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

[Q]: Background: ISG15 is an Ubiquitin-like protein, highly induced by Type I Interferons. Upon the cooperative activity of specific Ubiquitinating enzymes, ISG15 can be conjugated to its substrates. Increasing evidence points to a role for protein ISGylation in anti-viral and anti-tumoral defense. Principal Findings: We identified ISG15 from Old World Monkeys (OWm) as a hyper-efficient protein modifier. Western blot analysis visualized more efficient conjugation of OWmISG15 relative to HuISG15 in human (Hu), monkey and mouse (Mo) cell-lines. Moreover, the substrates of OWmISG15 identified upon Tandem Affinity Purification followed by LC-MS/MS identification largely outnumbered these of HuISG15 itself. Several Ubiquitin-Conjugating enzymes were identified as novel ISGylated substrates. Introduction of a N89D mutation in HuISG15 improved its ISGylation capacity, and additional Q31K/ T33A/D133N mutations yielded a HuISG15 variant with an ISGylation efficiency comparable to OWmISG15. Homology modeling and structural superposition situate N89 in the interaction interface with the Activating enzyme. Analysis of the UbE1L residues in this interface revealed a striking homology between OWmUbE1L and HuUbE1, the Activating enzyme of Ubiquitin. In line with this observation, we found efficient activation of AgmISG15, but not HuISG15 or MoISG15, by HuUbE1, thus providing a likely explanation for OWm hyperISGylation. Conclusions: This study discloses the poor conjugation competence of HuISG15 compared to OWmISG15 and maps the critical determinants for efficient conjugation. HyperISGylation may greatly assist ISGylation studies and may enhance its function as positive regulator of Interferon-related immune responses or as anti-tumoral modulator.
[A]: HyperISGylation of Old World Monkey ISG15 in Human Cells


[Q]: Estimation of the fraction and contagiousness of undocumented novel coronavirus infections is critical for understanding the overall prevalence and pandemic potential of this disease. Many mild infections are typically not reported and, depending on their contagiousness, may support stealth transmission and the spread of documented infection. Here we use observations of reported infection and spread within China in conjunction with mobility data, a networked dynamic metapopulation model and Bayesian inference, to infer critical epidemiological characteristics associated with the emerging coronavirus, including the fraction of undocumented infections and their contagiousness. We estimate 86% of all infections were undocumented (95% CI: [82%-90%]) prior to the Wuhan travel shutdown (January 23, 2020). Per person, these undocumented . CC-BY 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not peer-reviewed) The copyright holder for this preprint .
[A]: Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (COVID-19)


[Q]: One cross-sectional study describing the clinicopathologic abnormalities in 24 dogs seropositive to Bartonella vinsonii ssp. berkhoffi was identified. Three of 4 anemic dogs tested were Coombs'-positive, 1 yielding an IME value of 3.81. Bartonella spp. induce IMHA is low. As the range of pathogenesis for this organism is still emerging, further prospective, controlled studies are needed to address this question. Borrelia spp. One retrospective study described 1 dog with IMHA that was seropositive for B. burgdorferi, A. phagocytophilium, and R. rickettsii. 2 Owing to the co-exposure status, evidence for B. burgdorferi as a cause of IMHA could not be evaluated. In a separate study, a Coombs'positive anemia was documented in a dog with Borrelia turicatae spirochetemia, 3 yielding an IME value of 2.37. Based on isolated case reports, the overall evidence that Borrelia spp. infection induces IMHA is negligible. Considering that Borrelia infection in dogs is associated with other immune-mediated conditions (notably polyarthritis), 4 future prospective,
[A]:
Supplementary Information 5: Evidence Narratives for Additional Canine Infections Vector-borne agents