In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: To investigate the prognostic value of the pre-treatment haemoglobin level in patients with advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer treated with induction polychemotherapy.', 'Seventy-two patients with advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer received primary combination chemotherapy consisting of docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) on day 1, cisplatin 100 mg/m(2) on day 1, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 1000 mg/m(2)/day on days 1-4 (total dose 4000 mg/m(2)), repeated on days 1, 22 and 43 followed by chemoradiation. The data collected included pre-treatment haemoglobin, response to treatment, disease-free and overall survival.', 'The pre-treatment haemoglobin level was found to be a significant predictor of response to induction chemotherapy (P = 0.01) and an independent predictor of overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58-1.03, P = 0.0001] and disease free survival (HR 2.09, 95% CI 1.41-3.09, P = 0.0001). Furthermore N-stage was found to be a significant prognostic factor of overall survival (HR 9.24, 95% CI 6.90-21.34, P = 0.005). The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status scale was also found to be significant for disease free survival (HR 7.66, 95% CI 2.61-22.46, P = 0.003).\Question: Does pre-treatment haemoglobin level predict response and survival after TPF induction polychemotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer patients?

Answer: In patients with advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer, the haemoglobin level prior to induction chemotherapy is significantly related to outcome including response and survival.


Question: Context: To determine the effect of introducing a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) D-dimer on the percentage of emergency department (ED) patients evaluated for pulmonary embolism (PE), the use of associated laboratory testing, pulmonary vascular imaging, and the diagnoses of PE.', 'Patients evaluated for PE during three 120-day periods were enrolled: immediately before (period 1), immediately after (period 2), and one year after the introduction of a rapid ELISA D-dimer in the hospital. The frequency of ED patients evaluated for PE with any test, with D-dimer testing, and with pulmonary vascular imaging and the frequency of PE diagnosis during each time period were determined.', 'The percentage of patients evaluated for PE nearly doubled; from 1.36% (328/24,101) in period 1 to 2.58% (654/25,318) in period 2 and 2.42% (583/24,093) in period 3. The percentage of patients who underwent D-dimer testing increased more than fourfold; from 0.39% (93/24,101) in period 1 to 1.83% (464/25,318) in period 2 and 1.77% (427/24,093) in period 3. The percentage of patients who underwent pulmonary vascular imaging increased from 1.02% (247/24,101) in period 1 to 1.36% (344/25,318) in period 2 and to 1.39% (334/24,093) in period 3. There was no difference in the percentage of patients diagnosed as having PE in period 1 (0.20% [47/24,101]), period 2 (0.27% [69/25,318]), and period 3 (0.24% [58/24,093]).\Question: Does a highly sensitive ELISA D-dimer increase testing but not diagnosis of pulmonary embolism?

Answer: In the study's academic ED, introduction of ELISA D-dimer testing was accompanied by an increase in PE evaluations, D-dimer testing, and pulmonary vascular imaging; there was no observed change in the rate of PE diagnosis.


Question: Context: Activated protein C (APC) is a plasma serine protease with systemic anticoagulant and a wide spectrum of cytoprotective activities that has been proposed as a promising therapy for acute stroke. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of endogenous APC in human ischemic stroke.', 'Our target were 119 consecutive patients with an ischemic stroke involving the middle cerebral artery territory who received tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) within 3 h of symptom onset. APC was measured before, as well as 1 and 2 h after t-PA administration, and again at 12 and 24 h after stroke onset. Cranial tomography scan was obtained at admission and repeated at 24-48 h or when a neurological worsening occurred to rule out the presence of hemorrhagic complications. The functional outcome was evaluated by 3-month modified Rankin Scale.', 'A total of 117 t-PA-treated patients were finally included in the analyses. APC peaked at 1 h after t-PA administration (pretreatment APC = 132.44 +/- 36.39%, 1-hour APC = 184.20 +/- 34.28%, 2-hour APC = 145.50 +/- 35.23%; p < 0.0001). Interestingly, a high 2-hour APC level was associated with parenchymal hemorrhages (OR = 25.19; 95% CI = 4.76-133.19; p = 0.0001) and mortality (OR = 13.8; 95% CI = 2.58-73.63; p = 0.001), in a logistic regression model. Our results remained significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.\Question: Does endogenous activated protein C predict hemorrhagic transformation and mortality after tissue plasminogen activator treatment in stroke patients?

Answer:
A high endogenous APC level 2 h after t-PA administration is independently associated with hemorrhagic transformation and mortality in our cohort of stroke patients. Establishing any causal link for these relationships needs further research.