Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: Methotrexate (MTX) is the anchor drug in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MTX shows effects on disease activity and mortality. However, it is unclear whether the effect of MTX on mortality depends on its effect on disease activity.', 'In a post-hoc analysis we analysed the data of our cohort established in Ratingen, Germany, and included all patients starting treatment with MTX (n=271) between 1980 and 1987. One year after baseline (BL), response to MTX treatment was assessed using a modified ACR 20 response. Follow-up data of 250 patients were available after 10 and 18 years.', 'After 1 year, there were 66% responders and 20% non-responders; only 14% had discontinued MTX treatment due to side effects or lack of efficacy. Most patients continued MTX treatment irrespective of efficacy. Ten years after BL, 61% of the patients were still treated with MTX. After 18 years, the responder-group showed a standardised mortality ratio of 1.6 compared to 3.2 for the group of non-responders. However, when adjusting for age, gender, response to MTX treatment one year after BL, number of swollen joints and comorbidities after 10 years an independent association of continued MTX treatment with lower mortality was found for the period 10 to 18 years after BL (hazard ratio (HR): 0.63, 95% confidence interval: 0.43-0.92, p=0.015).

Answer: 1


Question: We aimed to investigate the anti-angiogenic properties of miR-155 via in vitro and in vivo studies.', 'miR-155 was knocked down using lentivirus-mediated RNA interference. The proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were measured using BrdU, Transwell, and Matrigel assays, respectively. An oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model was induced using neonatal C57BL/6J pups. Anti-miR-155 was intravitreally injected on postnatal day 12, and the retinal non-perfused areas and extent of neovascularization were measured on postnatal day 18 using transcardiovascular fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran perfusion and retina sections. A laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model was induced in adult C57BL/6J mice. To evaluate the leakage areas, fundus fluorescein angiography was performed on day 14 after anti-miR-155 intravitreal injection. The neovascularization area of the CNV model was also examined in confocal and retina section studies. The expression levels of SHIP1 and p-Akt (Thr308, Ser473, and Thr450) were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.', 'The expression of miR-155 was elevated in HRMECs after treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and in neovascularized mouse model retinas. Anti-miR-155 lentivirus reduced the VEGF-induced proliferation, migration, and tube formation abilities of HRMECs. Anti-miR-155 attenuated retinal neovascularization in in vivo CNV and OIR models. In VEGF-treated HRMECs and retina neovascularization models, p-Akt (Ser473) was significantly upregulated, while SHIP1 was downregulated. Conversely, the inhibition of miR-155 restored the expression of SHIP1 and reduced the phosphorylation of effectors in the Akt (Ser473) signaling pathway.

Answer: 1


Question: Mark/recapture (or capture-recapture) is a simple technique commonly applied to estimate the hypothetical total (including undercount) in a register composed of cases from two or more independent and separately incomplete case lists. This paper seeks to illustrate serious drawbacks in the use of the mark/recapture technique when applied to injuries.', 'Northumbrian children under 15 years of age who were seriously injured in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) over a five year period ascertained from two data sources: police reports and hospital inpatient records.', 'Individuals (n) appearing in both police (S) and hospital (H) case lists are identified using various matching criteria. The separate and combined influence of age, sex, and casualty class (cyclist, passengers, pedestrians) on the probability of such matching is estimated using multivariate techniques. The hypothetical total incidence of child MVA victims (N) is calculated from N = (S x H)/n.', 'Estimates of the incidences of "serious" injuries in MVAs under various conditions of stratification and matching. The overall procedure is tested for conformity with accepted criteria for valid use of mark/recapture.', 'About one third of the 1009 police and 836 hospital records could be exactly matched. There were significant variations in matching proportions by class of accident (pedestrian v passenger v cyclist). This selective recapture or "heterogeneity" was not affected by sex, but was independently influenced by the age of the child. Further uncertainty was introduced when matching criteria were slightly relaxed. Estimates of the total population of children with serious injuries vary accordingly from 1729 to 2743. A number of plausible reasons why these two data sources might not be unbiased or mutually independent samples of the total target population are proposed as explanations for this heterogeneity.

Answer:
1