Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Arthritis and valvular carditis coexist in several human rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, and rheumatoid arthritis. T cell receptor-transgenic K/BxN mice develop spontaneous autoantibody-associated arthritis and valvular carditis. The common Fc receptor γ (FcRγ) signaling chain is required for carditis to develop in K/BxN mice. FcRγ pairs with numerous receptors in a variety of cells. The aim of this study was to identify the FcRγ-associated receptors and Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-expressing cells that mediate valvular carditis in this model.', 'We bred K/BxN mice lacking the genes that encode activating Fcγ receptors (FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV), and we assessed these mice for valvular carditis. We similarly evaluated complement component C3-deficient K/BxN mice. Immunohistochemistry, bone marrow transplantation, and macrophage depletion were used to define the key FcRγ-expressing cell type.', 'Genetic deficiency of only one of the activating Fcγ receptors did not prevent carditis, whereas deficiency of all 3 activating Fcγ receptors did. Further analysis demonstrated that FcγRIII and FcγRIV were the key drivers of valve inflammation; FcγRI was dispensable. C3 was not required. FcRγ expression by radioresistant cells was critical for valvular carditis to develop, and further analysis indicated that macrophages were the key candidate FcγR-expressing effectors of carditis.

Ex Output:
1


Ex Input:
Non-shockable rhythms represent an increasing proportion of reported cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest but with an associated poor prognosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of hydrogen inhalation on cardiac and neurological function after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and compared the therapeutic benefit with hypothermia in an asphyxial rat model of cardiac arrest.', 'Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated after 5 min of untreated asphyxial cardiac arrest. Animals were randomly assigned to three experimental groups immediately after successful resuscitation: ventilation with 2% hydrogen/98% oxygen under normothermia (H2 inhalation), ventilation with 2% nitrogen/98% oxygen under normothermia (Control), and ventilation with 2% nitrogen/98% oxygen under hypothermia (TH). Mixed gas inhalation continued for 1 h while hypothermia continued for 2\u200ah. Animals were observed up to 96\u200ah for assessment of survival and neurologic recovery.', 'No statistical differences in baseline measurements were observed among groups and all the animals were successfully resuscitated. Serum cardiac troponin T and S100B measured during earlier post-resuscitation period were markedly reduced in both H2 inhalation and hypothermic groups. However, significantly better left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac work, and neurological deficit score were observed in the H2 inhalation group. Ninety-six hours survival rate was significantly higher in the H2 inhalation group (75.0%), either compared with TH (45.8%) or compared with Control (33.3%). But there was no statistical difference between TH and Control.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Isotretinoin is effective in the treatment of severe acne and rosacea. Both parent drug and its main metabolite 4-oxo-isotretinoin are potentially teratogenic compounds and contain a carboxylic acid moiety. In the presence of ethanol, naturally occurring as well as synthetic retinoids also containing a carboxylic acid moiety are capable of undergoing an ethyl esterification with the metabolic formation of more lipophilic compounds with a much longer terminal half-life.', 'To determine if isotretinoin (13-cis-RA), its main metabolite 4-oxo-isotretinoin (4-oxo-13-cis-RA), and other possible metabolites in the presence or absence of ethanol are converted to their corresponding ethyl derivatives in patients with severe acne or rosacea after multiple isotretinoin dosing. In addition, pharmacokinetic parameters of the parent drug and its 4-oxo metabolite were determined.', 'Eleven patients with severe acne or rosacea were treated with isotretinoin daily for 3 months and investigated pharmacokinetically during 24 h after 1 month of treatment and for up to 28 days after discontinuation of therapy. A possible influence of ethanol was evaluated using a simple self-administered questionnaire and by measuring serum ethanol levels during treatment. The concentrations of isotretinoin, 4-oxo-isotretinoin and possible ethylated and nonethylated metabolites were measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.', "Although seven of 11 patients had a considerable weekly alcohol intake, no endogenous synthesis of ethyl derivatives of isotretinoin, the main 4-oxo metabolite or the all-trans compounds was chromatographically detectable in any of the patients' plasma samples during the treatment period. Multiple dose pharmacokinetic data for the parent drug and its main metabolite were comparable to previous studies.

Ex Output:

1