instruction:
In this task, you are given the abstract of a research paper. Your task is to generate a summary of this abstract. Your summary should not be very short, but it's better if it's not more than 30 words.
question:
Program verification offers a framework for ensuring program correctness and therefore systematically eliminating different classes of bugs. Inferring loop invariants is one of the main challenges behind automated verification of real-world programs which often contain many loops. In this paper, we present Continuous Logic Network (CLN), a novel neural architecture for automatically learning loop invariants directly from program execution traces. Unlike existing neural networks, CLNs can learn precise and explicit representations of formulas in Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT)  for loop invariants from program execution traces. We develop a new sound and complete semantic mapping for assigning SMT formulas to continuous truth values that allows CLNs to be trained efficiently. We use CLNs to implement a new inference system for loop invariants, CLN2INV, that significantly outperforms existing approaches on the popular Code2Inv dataset. CLN2INV is the first tool to solve all 124 theoretically solvable problems in the Code2Inv dataset. Moreover, CLN2INV takes only 1.1 second on average for each problem, which is 40 times faster than existing approaches. We further demonstrate that CLN2INV can even learn 12 significantly more complex loop invariants than the ones required for the Code2Inv dataset.
answer:
We introduce the Continuous Logic Network (CLN), a novel neural architecture for automatically learning loop invariants and general SMT formulas.


question:
Effective training of neural networks requires much data. In the low-data regime,
 parameters are underdetermined, and learnt networks generalise poorly. Data
 Augmentation (Krizhevsky et al., 2012) alleviates this by using existing data
 more effectively. However standard data augmentation produces only limited
 plausible alternative data. Given there is potential to generate a much broader set
 of augmentations, we design and train a generative model to do data augmentation.
 The model, based on image conditional Generative Adversarial Networks, takes
 data from a source domain and learns to take any data item and generalise it
 to generate other within-class data items. As this generative process does not
 depend on the classes themselves, it can be applied to novel unseen classes of data.
 We show that a Data Augmentation Generative Adversarial Network (DAGAN)
 augments standard vanilla classifiers well. We also show a DAGAN can enhance
 few-shot learning systems such as Matching Networks. We demonstrate these
 approaches on Omniglot, on EMNIST having learnt the DAGAN on Omniglot, and
 VGG-Face data. In our experiments we can see over 13% increase in accuracy in
 the low-data regime experiments in Omniglot (from 69% to 82%), EMNIST (73.9%
 to 76%) and VGG-Face (4.5% to 12%); in Matching Networks for Omniglot we
 observe an increase of 0.5% (from 96.9% to 97.4%) and an increase of 1.8% in
 EMNIST (from 59.5% to 61.3%).
answer:
Conditional GANs trained to generate data augmented samples of their conditional inputs used to enhance vanilla classification and one shot learning systems such as matching networks and pixel distance


question:
Human reasoning involves recognising common underlying principles across many examples by utilising variables. The by-products of such reasoning are invariants that capture patterns across examples such as "if someone went somewhere then they are there" without mentioning specific people or places. Humans learn what variables are and how to use them at a young age, and the question this paper addresses is whether machines can also learn and use variables solely from examples without requiring human pre-engineering. We propose Unification Networks that incorporate soft unification into neural networks to learn variables and by doing so lift examples into invariants that can then be used to solve a given task. We evaluate our approach on four datasets to demonstrate that learning invariants captures patterns in the data and can improve performance over baselines.
answer:

End-to-end learning of invariant representations with variables across examples such as if someone went somewhere then they are there.