Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: Behavioral studies of spatial navigation in aging indicate that orientation using an allocentric reference frame (object-centered orientation) is impaired, whereas orientation using egocentric processes (self-centered orientation) is not. It has been proposed that navigational deficits may result from more general alterations of perception and attention or executive functions. The purpose of this study is to assess allocentric and egocentric representation in elderly individuals, and to determine if age-related deficits in spatial navigation are related to an attentional decline.', 'We assessed encoding of the position of geometrical shapes, depending specifically on an allocentric or egocentric reference frame, during ERP recording in young and old subjects.', 'Aging was associated with a performance decline in allocentric, but not egocentric, encoding. Both allocentric and egocentric conditions elicited parietal early components P1 and N1, reflecting top-down modulation, and components P2 and N2, reflecting selective attention and stimulus categorization. We observed age-associated effects on N1 and N2 amplitudes and on N2 latency in both spatial conditions. Moreover, impaired allocentric performance in older subjects was associated with a greater P2 amplitude and delayed P2 latency compared with younger subjects.
Answer: These results suggest that elderly individuals present with deficits when spatial orientation relies on allocentric representation, and are associated with age-related deficits in spatial attention.

A: Is allocentric but not egocentric orientation impaired during normal aging : an ERP study?
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Q: Context: We investigated in vitro whether IL-1beta and TGF-beta1 affect pancreatic cancer cell growth, adhesion to the extracellular matrix and Matrigel invasion.', 'Adhesion to fibronectin, laminin and type I collagen, and Matrigel invasion after stimulation with saline, IL-1beta and TGF-beta1 were evaluated using three primary and three metastatic pancreatic cancer cell lines.', 'Extracellular matrix adhesion of control cells varied independently of the metastatic characteristics of the studied cell lines, whereas Matrigel invasion of control cells was partly correlated with the in vivo metastatic potential. IL-1beta did not influence extracellular matrix adhesion, whereas it significantly enhanced the invasiveness of three of the six cell lines. TGF-beta1 affected the adhesion of one cell line, and exerted contrasting effects on Matrigel invasion of different cell lines.
Answer: IL-1beta enhances the invasive capacity of pancreatic cancer cells, whereas TGF-beta1 has paradoxical effects on pancreatic cancer cells; this makes it difficult to interfere with TGF-beta1 signaling in pancreatic cancer treatment.

A: Is pancreatic cancer cells invasiveness mainly affected by interleukin-1beta not by transforming growth factor-beta1?
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Q: Context: Differential diagnosis between non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions is very important at colonoscopy, since removal or biopsy of non-neoplastic polyps wastes time and resources. We therefore conducted a prospective study to examine whether indigo carmine dye spraying with and without magnification is more reliable than the conventional method for differential diagnosis.', '122 patients with 206 lesions of 10 mm or smaller were recruited into this study. All lesions detected on colonoscopy were first diagnosed using the conventional view, then at chromoendoscopy using 0.2 % indigo carmine, and finally at chromoendoscopy with magnification. The diagnosis at each step were recorded consecutively. All lesions were finally categorized as neoplastic or non-neoplastic according to pit pattern; non-neoplastic lesions were biopsied for histological evaluation, and all the neoplastic ones were removed endoscopically. The accuracy rate of each type of endoscopic diagnosis was evaluated, using histological findings as reference.', 'Histologically, 46 lesions (22 %) were non-neoplastic and 160 (78 %) were neoplastic. The overall diagnostic accuracies by conventional view, chromoendoscopy, and chromoendoscopy with magnification were 84.0 % (173/206), 89.3 % (184/206) and 95.6 % (197/206), respectively.
Answer: Chromoendoscopy with magnification is the most reliable method for determining whether a colorectal lesion is non-neoplastic or neoplastic.

A:
Is chromoendoscopy using indigo carmine dye spraying with magnifying observation the most reliable method for differential diagnosis between non-neoplastic and neoplastic colorectal lesions : a prospective study?
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