TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: To provide optimal treatment of heterogeneous triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), we need biomarkers that can predict the chemotherapy response.', 'We retrospectively investigated BRCAness in 73 patients with breast cancer who had been treated with taxane- and/or anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Using multiplex, ligation-dependent probe amplification on formalin-fixed core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens before NAC and surgical specimens after NAC. BRCAness status was assessed with the assessor unaware of the clinical information.', 'We obtained 45 CNB and 60 surgical specimens from the 73\xa0patients. Of the 45 CNB specimens, 17 had BRCAness (38.6% of all subtypes). Of the 23 TNBC CNB specimens, 14\xa0had BRCAness (61% of TNBC cases). The clinical response rates were significantly lower for BRCAness than for non-BRCAness tumors, both for all tumors (58.8% vs. 89.3%, P\xa0= .03) and for TNBC (50% vs. 100%, P\xa0= .02). All tumors that progressed with taxane therapy had BRCAness. Of the patients with TNBC, those with non-BRCAness cancer had pathologic complete responses significantly more often than did those with BRCAness tumors (77.8%\xa0vs. 14.3%, P\xa0= .007). After NAC, the clinical response rates were significant lower for BRCAness than for non-BRCAness tumors in all subtypes (P\xa0= .002) and in TNBC cases (P\xa0= .008). After a median follow-up of 26.4 months, 6 patients-all with BRCAness-had developed recurrence. Patients with BRCAness had shorter progression-free survival than did those with non- BRCAness (P\xa0=\xa0.049).\Question: Does bRCAness predict resistance to taxane-containing regimens in triple negative breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

SOLUTION: Identifying BRCAness can help predict the response to taxane, and changing regimens for BRCAness TNBC might improve patient survival. A larger prospective study is needed to further clarify this issue.

PROBLEM: Context: This study was conducted to determine if there was an increase in the urinary excretion of fluoride, after the use of fluoride mouth rinses in children.', 'The sample consisted of 58 children aged 5-8 years, randomly selected, residents in non-fluoridated water areas. Urine samples were collected prior to mouthwash and also 2 hours after use. The control sample, which received no treatment, consisted of 16 children of equivalent age and from the same community. Urinary excretion of fluoride was analysed by determining the pH, creatinine, F- ion and fluoride (mg)/creatinine (g) (F/Cr) ratio in urine. Results In the studied sample, the mean F/Cr ratio before fluoride mouth rinse was 0.26 mg/g and it rose to 1.58 mg/g 2 hours after mouth rinse. This difference of 1.33 mg/g was statistically highly significant (p<.001). In the control group no significant changes occurred. The average 2 hours afterward F/Cr ratios were 0.29 and 0.27 respectively (p=0.426).\Question: Does renal excretion of fluoride after fluoride mouth rinse in children?

SOLUTION: After the use of a fluoride mouthwash, in children, there is a statistically significant increase of fluoride ion in urine, which can be attributed to the application of this product.

PROBLEM: Context: Mucus accumulation in cystic fibrosis (CF) is involved in blockage of the distal small intestine. Because expression of mucin genes and mucus secretion can be increased by infection and previous work indicated that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth occurs in CF, we tested whether reduction of bacterial load by antibiotic treatment would reduce mucin gene expression and mucus accumulation in the CF mouse small intestine.', 'CF transmembrane conductance regulator null (cftr (tm1UNC)) and wild type littermates were treated with ciprofloxacin and metronidazole for 3 weeks. Muc2 and Muc3 gene expression were measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining and morphometry were used to measure the size of mucus droplets within goblet cells and dilation of the intestinal crypt lumen, as estimates of mucus secretion and accumulation.', 'Antibiotic treatment did not significantly affect Muc2 and Muc3 gene expression in CF mice. In untreated CF mice, the crypt lumen was almost sevenfold wider than wild type. Antibiotic treatment of CF mice reduced the intensity of PAS crypt lumen staining, and the lumen width was decreased by approximately 25%. The area occupied by PAS-positive material in goblet cells was significantly greater in tissues from antibiotic treated mice.\Question: Does eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the cystic fibrosis mouse reduce mucus accumulation?

SOLUTION:
Eradication of bacterial overgrowth in CF mice significantly decreased mucus secretion and accumulation in intestinal crypts without an effect on mucin gene expression. It is proposed that bacterial overgrowth stimulates mucus secretion, which contributes to its accumulation in the small intestine. Control of bacterial overgrowth is expected to reduce mucus accumulation and may improve intestinal function and overall health in CF.