Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: To investigate the effects of quercetin, an herbal flavonoid, on LPS-induced delay in spontaneous apoptosis, adhesion molecules (CD62L, CD11b/CD18) expression of neutrophils, and superoxide (O(2)(-)) generation by LPS-primed fMLP-induced human neutrophils.', 'Neutrophils were incubated in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a final concentration of 1 microg/ml for 24 hours. Some wells with neutrophils were pre-treated with quecetin at the final concentration ranging from 0-100 microM for 30 min and then 1 microg/ml LPS was added into the cultures for 24 hours. The apoptosis of neutrophils was evaluated by flowcytometry analysis of propidum iodide (PI)-staining of the nuclei and annexin V staining of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the cell membrane. Agarose gel electrophoresis of low molecular weight DNA was performed to analyze DNA fragmentation. The effects of quercetin on adhesion molecules were detected by using flowcytometry analysis. The generation of O(2) (-) by LPS-primed fMLP-induced neutrophils was determined by reduced cytochrome c assay.', 'LPS markedly inhibited the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils, but the inhibitory effect was abrogated after the pre-treatment of neutrophils with quercetin (approximately 40 microM) for 30 min. Quercetin (40 microM) also prevented LPS-induced down-regulation of CD62L expression, up-regulation of CD11b/CD18 expression, and O(2) (-) generation by fMLP-induced neutrophils.
Answer: As one of the pro-inflammatory factors, LPS aggravates inflammation through priming neutrophils to synthesize/release cytotoxic contents and prolonging functional lifespan of neutrophils by delaying the spontaneous apoptosis. Thus, our data suggest to us that quercetin might decrease the susceptibility of neutrophils to pro-inflammatory factors (e. g. LPS), which could partially explain the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of quercetin.

Answer: Does quercetin inhibit LPS-induced delay in spontaneous apoptosis and activation of neutrophils?


Question: Context: Parenteral control of gastric acid hypersecretion in conditions such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) or idiopathic gastric acid hypersecretion is necessary perioperatively or when oral medications cannot be taken for other reasons (e.g., during chemotherapy, acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, or in intensive care unit settings).', 'We evaluated the efficacy and safety of 15-minute infusions of the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole (80-120 mg every 8-12 hours) in controlling acid output for up to 7 days. Effective control was defined as acid output >10 milliequivalents per hour (mEq/h) (<5 mEq/h in patients with prior acid-reducing surgery) for 24 hours.', 'The 21 patients enrolled had a mean age of 51.9 years (range, 29-75) and a mean disease duration of 8.1 years (range, <0.5-21); 13 were male, 7 had multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type I, 4 had undergone acid-reducing surgery, 2 had received chemotherapy, and 13 had undergone gastrinoma resections without cure. Basal acid output (mean +/- SD) was 40.2 +/- 27.9 mEq/h (range, 11.2-117.9). In all patients, acid output was controlled within the first hour (mean onset of effective control, 41 minutes) after an initial 80-mg intravenous pantoprazole dose. Pantoprazole, 80 mg every 12 hours, was effective in 17 of 21 patients (81%) for up to 7 days. Four patients required upward dose titration, 2 required 120 mg pantoprazole every 12 hours, and 2 required 80 mg every 8 hours. At study end, acid output remained controlled for 6 hours beyond the next expected dose in 71% of patients (n = 15); mean acid output increased to 4.0 mEq/h (range, 0-9.7). No serious or unexpected adverse events were observed.
Answer: Intravenous pantoprazole, 160-240 mg/day administered in divided doses by 15-minute infusion, rapidly and effectively controlled acid output within 1 hour and maintained control for up to 7 days in all ZES patients.

Answer: Does intravenous pantoprazole rapidly control gastric acid hypersecretion in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?


Question: Context: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a protein of the innate immune system that participates in host defense and the tissue injury/repair process, enhancing the clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages. The aim is to characterize the relationship between pre-transplant MBL levels, histological lesions and number of apoptotic cells in early surveillance renal allograft biopsies.', 'Consecutive renal transplant recipients were recruited and MBL levels were classified into tertiles. The first tertile was considered the low MBL group. Surveillance biopsies were done during the first 6 months and were evaluated according to Banff criteria. Renal inflammatory infiltrates were studied by immunohistochemical techniques. Apoptosis was studied using morphological methods in renal tubular cells and was expressed as the number of apoptotic cells/mm(2).', 'MBL was determined in 126 patients and a surveillance biopsy with sufficient tissue was obtained in 41 of them. Patients with low pre-transplant MBL levels showed a higher acute Banff index (3.14 ± 1.96 vs. 1.88 ± 1.56, p = 0.044) and an increased proportion of biopsies with tubular cell apoptosis The proportion of biopsies with tubular cell apoptosis was higher in patients with low pre-transplant MBL levels in comparison with patients with high MBL levels (4.3 ± 3.6 versus 0.2 ± 0.9 p = 0.012) and increased interstitial number of inflammatory cells and significantly the macrophages/mm(2) (109 ± 118 vs. 32 ± 46; p = 0.04).
Answer: Low pre-transplant serum MBL levels are associated with more severe inflammation and increased apoptosis in early surveillance renal allograft biopsies suggesting that MBL modulates renal inflammation after transplantation.

Answer:
Are low serum mannose-binding lectin levels associated with inflammation and apoptosis in early surveillance allograft biopsies?