TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is commonly seen in the field of renal surgery or transplantation, is a major cause of acute renal failure (ARF). The ischemic ARF in diabetic rats is much more severe than that in the normal rats exposed to as same ischemic time. Ischemic post-conditioning (IPO) is a phenomenon by which intermittent interruptions of blood flow in the early phase of reperfusion can protect organs from I/R injury. To determine whether the renal protection effect of IPO mediates by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in diabetic rats.', 'Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation group, I/R group, and IPO group. Except sham operation group, rats were subjected to 30\u2009min of renal ischemia, both with and without treatment with IPO, then reperfusion 24\u2009h. Light microscope and transmission electronic microscope were used to observe structural changes of renal tubule. RT-PCR was used to measure TLR4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression level, renal TLR4 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) protein expression was detected by Western blot.', 'The results demonstrated that IPO markedly decreased renal ischemic injury caused by I/R and inhibited the proinflammatory expression levels of TLR4, TNF-α, and NF-κB, all of which up-regulated by I/R in diabetic rats.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Uterine leiomyomas are the most frequent benign tumors during reproductive age. Whether intramural leiomyomas cause infertility and should be removed is controversial because no study has addressed the underlying mechanism of infertility.', 'The objective of the study was to test the effect of intramural leiomyomas on endometrial function by comparing gene during the window of implantation and implantation in an oocyte donation program, in which the quality of the embryos replaced is similar and the endocrine environment of the endometrium is standardized by exogenous steroids.', 'Human endometria of women with single intramural leiomyomas (group A, <5 cm and group B, > or =5 cm) and controls (group C) were collected on day LH+7 and processed for histology and gene expression analysis, using different methods and validated by quantitative RT-PCR. To compare in vitro fertilization outcome, a total of 1035 cases from our oocyte donation database were included, comprising patients with one fibroid less than 5 cm (A1, n = 532); two leiomyomas less than 5 cm (A2, n = 128); three or more leiomyomas less than 5 cm (A3, n = 125); one fibroid 5 cm or greater (B, n = 22); and two control groups: C1 (n = 93), women with previous myomectomy; and C2 (n = 135), women without uterine pathology treated on the same dates as C1.', "There was a strong positive and negative correlation in the expression profile of 69 genes according to the leiomyomas's size, but only three of the 25 genes related to the window of implantation were dysregulated. Term pregnancy rates after oocyte donation were 36.9, 34.1, 39.0, 36.4, 39.2, and 42.6% (P = 0.769) among the established groups. Similarly, no correlation between implantation and miscarriage with leiomyoma number and size was found.

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: Different factors acting during pregnancy can cause non-morphological alterations of cells which are manifested later, in adulthood. We studied the effect of maternal alcohol consumption for one day in early pregnancy on the hormone content of immune cells in the adult rat.', 'Lactating dams were given 15% ethanol in the drinking water for 24 h on the 3rd day post partum, exposing their pups to ethanol in the breast milk. Some of the same dams had been successfully mated on the day of delivery, so that they were also 3 days pregnant on the treatment day, exposing embryos to alcohol on the third day of pregnancy. In 4 month old pups histamine and triiodothyronine (T(3)) content of citrate elicited peritoneal immune cells (lymphocytes, monocyte-macrophage-granulocyte group, mast cells) as well as thymic cells were determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy using specific antibodies.', 'Alcohol treatment during pregnancy decreased highly significantly the content of both hormones in peritoneal cells of the 4 month old adult animals while it was ineffective by breast feeding after birth. Thymic cells did not show any changes.

SOLUTION:
1