Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: Oxidative stress has been considered to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of stress-induced gastric damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin, ascorbic acid and β-carotene on stress-induced gastric mucosal damage.', 'Fifty-six male Wistar albino rats were divided into control, stress, stress + standard diet, stress + saline, stress + melatonin, stress + ascorbic acid and stress + β-carotene groups. The rats from stress groups were exposed to starvation, immobilization and cold by immobilizing for 8 h at +4°C following 72-hour food restriction. Following stress application, melatonin, ascorbic acid and β-carotene were administered for 7 days. Specimens of gastric tissue were prepared for microscopic and biochemical examinations.', 'Mean histopathological damage scores and mean tissue malondialdehyde levels were significantly decreased but mean tissue glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were increased in treatment groups vs. stress groups in general. Mean histopathological damage scores of the stress + Mel group was lower than those of stress + D, stress + S, stress + β-car (p < 0.05) and stress + Asc groups (p < 0.005). Additionally, mean tissue catalase activity of the stress + Mel group was higher than that of stress + S (p < 0.005), stress + D (p < 0.05) and stress + β-car groups (p < 0.05).
Answer: Melatonin is more effective than ascorbic acid and β-carotene in improvement of gastric damage induced by intensive stress. We suggest that as well as the direct antioxidant and free radical scavenging potency of melatonin, its indirect effect via the brain-gut axis might account for its greater beneficial action against stress-induced gastric damage.

A: Is melatonin more effective than ascorbic acid and β-carotene in improvement of gastric mucosal damage induced by intensive stress?
****
Q: Context: We hypothesized that atherosclerosis inhibits NO-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation of coronary arterioles through interaction of ox-LDL with its receptor, LOX-1, through the production of O2ÿ- in endothelial cells.', 'We assessed the role of ox-LDL in endothelial dysfunction in a murine model of atherosclerosis (ApoE KO mice). Coronary arterioles from WT control and ApoE KO mice were isolated and pressurized without flow. Although dilation of vessels to endothelium-independent vasodilator SNP was not altered between ApoE KO and WT mice, dilation to the endothelium-dependent agonist, ACh was reduced in ApoE KO versus WT mice. Impaired vasodilation to ACh in ApoE KO mice is partially restored by NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin or DPI. Messenger RNA expression for NAD(P)H oxidases was higher in ApoE KO mice than that in WT and anti-LOX-1 treated ApoE KO mice. Anti-LOX-1, given in vivo, restored NO-mediated coronary arteriolar dilation in ApoE KO mice, but did not affect the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in controls.
Answer: These results suggest that ox-LDL impairs endothelium-dependent NO-mediated dilation of coronary arterioles by activation of a signaling cascade involving LOX-1 and NAD(P)H oxidase expression.

A: Does anti-LOX-1 rescue endothelial function in coronary arterioles in atherosclerotic ApoE knockout mice?
****
Q: Context: Catecholamines have anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties. Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine frequently used in patients with septic myocardial dysfunction. The objective was to determine whether a continuous infusion of dobutamine exerts immunomodulatory effects in healthy volunteers challenged with endotoxin.', 'Prospective, open-label study.', 'Clinical research unit of a university hospital.', 'Sixteen male healthy volunteers.', 'Volunteers received a constant infusion with dobutamine (10 microg.kg.min, n = 8) or physiologic saline (n = 8). All participants were challenged with a bolus injection of endotoxin prepared from Escherichia coli (4 ng/kg). Dobutamine infusion was commenced 1 hr before endotoxin challenge and was continued until 3 hrs thereafter.', 'Dobutamine infusion was associated with an increase in mean arterial blood pressure (peak 122 +/- 5 mm Hg) and heart rate (peak 84 +/- 4 beats/min, both p < .05 vs. saline). Endotoxin injection induced the systemic release of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins-6, -8, and -10) and secretory phospholipase A2, endothelial cell activation (increase in the plasma levels of soluble E-selectin and von Willebrand factor), activation of coagulation (increased plasma levels of soluble tissue factor, F1 + 2 prothrombin fragment, and thrombin-antithrombin complexes), and activation with subsequent inhibition of fibrinolysis (increased plasma concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor type I, and plasmin-alpha2-antiplasmin complexes). None of these responses were influenced by dobutamine.
Answer: Dobutamine, infused in a clinically relevant dose, does not influence inflammatory and coagulant pathways during human endotoxemia.

A:
Does dobutamine influence inflammatory pathways during human endotoxemia?
****