instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
Activation and inactivation of nuclear factor of kappa light chain gene enhancer in B cells (NFKB) is tightly regulated to ensure effective onset and cessation of defensive inflammatory signaling. However, mutations within NFKB, or change in activation and inactivation molecules have been reported in a few cancers. Although oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer in India, with a development associated with malignant transformation of precancerous lesions, the genetic status of NFKB and relative rates of change in oral precancerous lesions remain unknown. Hence in the present study we investigated all twenty four exons of NFKB gene in two precancerous lesions, namely oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral leukoplakia (OL) to understand its occurrence, incidence and assess its possible contribution to malignant transformation.', 'Chromosomal DNA isolated from twenty five each of OSMF and OL tissue biopsy samples were subjected to PCR amplification with intronic primers flanking twenty four exons of the NFKB gene. The PCR amplicons were subsequently subjected to direct sequencing to elucidate the mutation status.', 'Sequence analysis identified a novel heterozygous mutation, c.419T>A causing substitution of leucine with glutamine at codon 140 (L140Q) in an OL sample.
answer:
0


question:
Follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer (FVPTC) is the most common and fastest growing subtype of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) with features of both PTC and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC). The purpose of this study was to determine the patient and tumor features associated with lymph node metastases (LNM) in FVPTC.', 'This was a retrospective review of adult (≥18) patients with histologically confirmed diagnoses of FVPTC within the SEER database between 1988 and 2009. LNM were defined by at least two lymph nodes with metastatic disease. To determine factors associated with LNM, we constructed a multivariate logistic regression model from significant variables (p < 0.05) identified on univariate analysis. Similarly, we used a Cox proportional hazards model to understand the relative importance of LNM in determining disease-specific mortality (DSM).', 'Of the 20,357 cases of FVPTC with lymph node data available, 1,761 (8.7%) had LNM; 61.1% of these LNM were located in the central neck and 38.9% were in the lateral neck. Extrathyroidal extension (odds ratio [OR] 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-3.0, p < 0.01) and multifocality (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.5-3.6, p < 0.01) were the strongest predictors of LNM. Importantly, LNM did not independently predict DSM (p = 0.52). Tumor size >4 cm (hazards ratio [HR] 5.3, 95% CI 2.2-12.8, p < 0.01) and extrathyroidal extension (HR 8.2, 95% CI 3.0-22.0, p < 0.01) were the strongest predictors of DSM.
answer:
0


question:
To assess the incidence of retained products of conception (RPOC) in relation to transvaginal ultrasound performed after first-trimester uterine evacuation.', 'This was a prospective randomized study involving 809 women undergoing first-trimester uterine evacuation. The study group included 404 women in whom transvaginal sonography was performed at the end of the surgical procedure and the control group contained 405 women who did not undergo ultrasound examination. Initially, in the study group, recurettage was immediately performed if the endometrium appeared irregular but latterly only if endometrial thickness was > or = 8 mm. The patients were followed up by gynecological and ultrasound examinations 5-8 days following the surgical procedure.', 'The total complication rate was 4.3%. RPOC presented in three women in the study group (0.7%) and in 15 women in the control group (3.7%, P < 0.05). Vaginal bleeding requiring hospitalization occurred in two women in the study group (0.5%) vs. seven in the control group (1.7%, P = 0.2). Endometritis was diagnosed in one woman in the study group (0.2%) vs. six in the control group (1.5%) and uterine perforation occurred in one woman in the control group vs. none in the study group. There were no cases of RPOC in women who had an endometrial thickness of < 8 mm as demonstrated by ultrasound at the end of the surgical procedure.
answer:

1