Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: The aim of this study was to investigate copeptin levels in serum, and assess their associations with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and diabetic complications.', 'In this post hoc analysis, serum levels of copeptin were tested in 306 patients with T2DM. Clinical information including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) were collected. The relation of serum copeptin with DR and DN were investigated with the use of logistic regression models according to equal quartiles of the distributions of serum copeptin.', 'We found that serum copeptin levels were significantly higher in diabetes as compared to normal controls [9.4(IQR, 7.4-12.5) pmol/L vs. 4.1(IQR, 2.5-6.2) pmol/L; P<0.0001]. In multivariate analysis, there was an increased risk of T2DM associated with copeptin levels (OR 1.312, 95% CI: 1.204-1.403; P<0.0001) after adjusting for possible confounders. After adjustment for possible confounders, serum copeptin levels were positively associated with the DR (odds ratio [OR], 1.117; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.072-1.241; P<0.001) and DN (OR, 1.259; 95% CI, 1.198-1.323; P<0.001). Compared with the first quartile of serum copeptin levels, the ORs for DR and DN were as follows: second quartile, 1.19 (95% CI, 0.94-1.51, P=0.12) and 1.37 (95% CI, 0.78-2.37, P=0.28); third quartile, 1.61 (95% CI, 1.18-2.43, P=0.005) and 2.12 (95% CI, 1.32-3.27, P=0.003); fourth quartile, 2.83 (95% CI, 2.04-4.93; P<0.001) and 3.48 (95% CI, 1.77-7.03; P<0.001), respectively.

A: 1
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Q: Mechanical support leads to an increased risk of both bleeding and thrombotic events, but little is known about the risk of device support in patients with a baseline predisposition to these events. The aim of this study was to examine outcomes among patients with baseline hematologic conditions who underwent continuous-flow LVAD implantation (CF-LVAD).', 'We retrospectively reviewed records of 286 patients who underwent CF-LVAD implantation at the Columbia University Medical Center between April 2008 and December 2013. Patients diagnosed with the following hematologic conditions were enrolled: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP); Factor V Leiden; elevated Factor VIII; heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT); or undefined hypercoagulable state.', 'Of the 286 CF-LVAD patients implanted during the study period, 12 were considered to have a significant hematologic condition predisposing them to either bleeding or thrombotic events. The study included 5 patients with ITP, 1 with Factor V Leiden, 1 with elevated Factor VIII, 2 with HIT and 3 patients with undefined hypercoagulable state. Patients were supported for a total of 168.46 months, with a median of 10.76 months (IQR 4.78 to 21.36 months). There was a high frequency of thrombotic (0.57 event per patient-year), neurologic (0.36 event per patient-year) and bleeding (0.64 event per patient-year). Actuarial survival rates at 6 and 12 months were 81.8%, but fell to 49% at 2 years.

A: 0
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Q: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a prominent feature of atherosclerosis and is associated with cardiovascular events. In vitro studies have suggested that osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteocalcin (OC) exert anticalcification potential in the vessel wall. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of CAC and serum bone biomarkers in persons with type 2 diabetes.', 'We examined 50 individuals with type 2 diabetes. CAC imaging was performed by multidetector computed tomography. CAC scores ≥10, expressed in Agatston units, were considered abnormal. OC, undercarboxylated OC (ucOC), and OPG levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.', 'Abnormal CAC scores were found for 64% of the study cohort. OPG levels were significantly elevated (5.5 ± 2.0 pmol/L vs. 4.2 ± 1.7 pmol/L; P = .026) for those with abnormal CAC scores. No univariate differences were found for OC or ucOC. Logistic regression analyses revealed that an increase in serum OPG level was significantly associated with an increase in CAC score (odds ratio, 3.324; 95% confidence interval, 1.321 to 8.359; P = .011). Longer duration of diabetes was a significant covariate (P = .026), whereas nonsignificant covariates in the final model were age, gender, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, insulin resistance determined by the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, leptin, adiponectin, and glycemic control. The Nagelkerke R2 for the model was 0.66. Neither OC nor ucOC were significantly associated with elevated CAC scores.

A:
1
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