In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Readout-segmented echo planar imaging (rs-EPI) significantly reduces susceptibility artifacts in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the breast compared to single-shot EPI but is limited by longer scan times. To compensate for this, we tested a new simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) acquisition for accelerated rs-EPI.', 'After approval by the local ethics committee, eight healthy female volunteers (age, 38.9 ± 13.1 years) underwent breast MRI at 3T. Conventional as well as two-fold (2× SMS) and three-fold (3× SMS) slice-accelerated rs-EPI sequences were acquired at b-values of 50 and 800 s/mm(2). Two independent readers analyzed the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in fibroglandular breast parenchyma. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was estimated based on the subtraction method. ADC and SNR were compared between sequences by using the Friedman test.', 'The acquisition time was 4:21 min for conventional rs-EPI, 2:35 min for 2× SMS rs-EPI and 1:44 min for 3× SMS rs-EPI. ADC values were similar in all sequences (mean values 1.62 × 10(-3)mm(2)/s, p=0.99). Mean SNR was 27.7-29.6, and no significant differences were found among the sequences (p=0.83).\Question: Do simultaneous multi-slice readout-segmented echo planar imaging for accelerated diffusion-weighted imaging of the breast?

Ex Output:
SMS rs-EPI yields similar ADC values and SNR compared to conventional rs-EPI at markedly reduced scan time. Thus, SMS excitation increases the clinical applicability of rs-EPI for DWI of the breast.


Ex Input:
Context: Extracellular hemoglobin and cell-free heme are toxic breakdown products of hemolyzed erythrocytes. Mammals synthesize the scavenger proteins haptoglobin and hemopexin, which bind extracellular hemoglobin and heme, respectively. Transfusion of packed red blood cells is a lifesaving therapy for patients with hemorrhagic shock. Because erythrocytes undergo progressive deleterious morphological and biochemical changes during storage, transfusion of packed red blood cells that have been stored for prolonged intervals (SRBCs; stored for 35-40 days in humans or 14 days in mice) increases plasma levels of cell-free hemoglobin and heme. Therefore, in patients with hemorrhagic shock, perfusion-sensitive organs such as the kidneys are challenged not only by hypoperfusion but also by the high concentrations of plasma hemoglobin and heme that are associated with the transfusion of SRBCs.', 'To test whether treatment with exogenous human haptoglobin or hemopexin can ameliorate adverse effects of resuscitation with SRBCs after 2 hours of hemorrhagic shock, mice that received SRBCs were given a coinfusion of haptoglobin, hemopexin, or albumin.', 'Treatment with haptoglobin or hemopexin but not albumin improved the survival rate and attenuated SRBC-induced inflammation. Treatment with haptoglobin retained free hemoglobin in the plasma and prevented SRBC-induced hemoglobinuria and kidney injury. In mice resuscitated with fresh packed red blood cells, treatment with haptoglobin, hemopexin, or albumin did not cause harmful effects.\Question: Does haptoglobin or Hemopexin Therapy prevent Acute Adverse Effects of Resuscitation After Prolonged Storage of Red Cells?

Ex Output:
In mice, the adverse effects of transfusion with SRBCs after hemorrhagic shock are ameliorated by treatment with either haptoglobin or hemopexin. Haptoglobin infusion prevents kidney injury associated with high plasma hemoglobin concentrations after resuscitation with SRBCs. Treatment with the naturally occurring human plasma proteins haptoglobin or hemopexin may have beneficial effects in conditions of severe hemolysis after prolonged hypotension.


Ex Input:
Context: Tibia fracture in rats evokes chronic hindpaw warmth, edema, allodynia, and regional osteopenia, a syndrome resembling complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Previous studies suggest that the pathogenesis of some of these changes involves an exaggerated regional inflammatory response to injury and we postulated that inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of CRPS-like changes after fracture.', 'The distal tibia was fractured and the hindlimb casted for 4 weeks. The rats were given drinking water with or without the cytokine inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX) starting the day before fracture and continuing for 4 weeks, after which time the cast was removed and multiple assays were performed in the hindpaw. PCR and immunoassays were used to evaluate changes in cytokine expression. Bilateral hindpaw thickness, temperature, and nociceptive thresholds were determined, and bone microarchitecture was measured by microcomputed tomography (microCT).', 'Tibia fracture chronically up-regulated TNFalpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA and protein levels in hindpaw skin and PTX treatment significantly reduced the mRNA expression and cytokine protein levels for all these cytokines. PTX inhibited the nociceptive sensitization and some vascular changes, but had insignificant effects on most of the bone-related parameters measured in these studies. Immunostaining of hindpaw skin was negative for immunocyte infiltration at 4 weeks post-fracture.\Question: Does pentoxifylline attenuate nociceptive sensitization and cytokine expression in a tibia fracture rat model of complex regional pain syndrome?

Ex Output:

These results suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the nociceptive and vascular sequelae of fracture and that PTX treatment can reverse these CRPS-like changes.