In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Ex Input:
This is a study on the Avian coronavirus IBV and chicken host-relationship from the codon usage point of view based on fifty-nine non-redundant IBV S1 sequences (nt 1-507) from strains detected worldwide and chicken tissuespecific protein genes sequences from IBV-replicating sites. The effective number of codons (ENC) values ranged from 36 to 47.8, indicating a high-to-moderate codon usage bias. The highest IBV codon adaptation index (CAI) value was 0.7, indicating a distant virus versus host synonymous codons usage. The ENC 9 GC3 % curve indicates that both mutational pressure and natural selection are the driving forces on codon usage pattern in S1. The low CAI values agree with a low S protein expression and considering that S protein is a determinant for attachment and neutralization, this could be a further mechanism besides mRNA transcription attenuation for a low expression of this protein leading to an immune camouflage.

Ex Output:
Avian coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Ectodomain Shows a Low Codon Adaptation to Gallus gallus with Virus-Exclusive Codons in Strategic Amino Acids Positions


Ex Input:
Background: Nonadditivity in fitness effects from two or more mutations, termed epistasis, can result in compensation of deleterious mutations or negation of beneficial mutations. Recent evidence shows the importance of epistasis in individual evolutionary pathways. However, an unresolved question in molecular evolution is how often and how significantly fitness effects change in alternative genetic backgrounds. Results: To answer this question, we quantified the effects of all single mutations and double mutations between all positions in the IgG-binding domain of protein G (GB1). By observing the first two steps of all possible evolutionary pathways using this fitness profile, we were able to characterize the extent and magnitude of pairwise epistasis throughout an entire protein molecule. Furthermore, we developed a novel approach to quantitatively determine the effects of single mutations on structural stability (DDG U ). This enabled determination of the importance of stability effects in functional epistasis. Conclusions: Our results illustrate common biophysical mechanisms for occurrences of positive and negative epistasis. Our results show pervasive positive epistasis within a conformationally dynamic network of residues. The stability analysis shows that significant negative epistasis, which is more common than positive epistasis, mostly occurs between combinations of destabilizing mutations. Furthermore, we show that although significant positive epistasis is rare, many deleterious mutations are beneficial in at least one alternative mutational background. The distribution of conditionally beneficial mutations throughout the domain demonstrates that the functional portion of sequence space can be significantly expanded by epistasis.

Ex Output:
Article A Comprehensive Biophysical Description of Pairwise Epistasis throughout an Entire Protein Domain


Ex Input:
KEYWORDS Bovine Mucosal Immunology Enteric Microbiome The largest organ of the immune system is the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, making the management of it essential for productivity and health. The barrier that consists of mucous, defensins, and immunoglobulin A is a "kill zone" to prevent microbial invasion of the GI epithelium. The enterocytes are key cells that maintain the "kill zone" and respond to metabolites and microbial components from the lumen and signals from immune cells to maintain tight junctions and prevent "leaky gut." Passive enteric immunity is essential for disease protection of the neonate; antiinflammatory enteric response is essential disease protection for the growing and adult animal. Direct-fed microbials, including nutraceuticals, prebiotics, probiotics, and other dietary supplements, affect commensal "homeostasis" and mucosa immunity to maintain GI health.

Ex Output:

Enteric Immunity Happy Gut, Healthy Animal