Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) is a multifunctional protein involved in several tumorigenic mechanisms, including angiogenesis. PTTG has been shown to promote angiogenesis, a key rate-limiting step in tumor progression, by up-regulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor.', 'To investigate whether PTTG regulates other angiogenic genes in thyroid cells, we performed angiogenesis-specific cDNA arrays after PTTG transfection. Two of the genes [inhibitor of DNA binding-3 (ID3) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)] which showed differential expression in primary thyroid cells were validated in vitro and in vivo.', 'TSP-1 showed a 2.5-fold reduction and ID3 showed a 3.5-fold induction in expression in response to PTTG overexpression in vitro. Conversely, suppression of PTTG with small interfering RNA was associated with a 2-fold induction of TSP-1 and a 2.2-fold reduction in ID3 expression. When we examined TSP-1 and ID3 expression in 34 differentiated thyroid cancers, ID3 was significantly increased in tumors compared with normal thyroid tissue. Furthermore, ID3 expression was significantly higher in follicular thyroid tumors than in papillary tumors. Although mean TSP-1 expression was not altered in cancers compared with normal thyroids, we observed a significant independent association between TSP-1 expression and early tumor recurrence, with recurrent tumors demonstrating 4.2-fold lower TSP-1 expression than normal thyroid tissues.

Answer: Does pituitary tumor-transforming gene regulate multiple downstream angiogenic genes in thyroid cancer?


Question: Recent studies have suggested that the percent of positive cores in the prostate needle biopsy is a significant predictor of outcome among men undergoing radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy for prostate cancer. We evaluate whether either percent of cores with cancer or percent of cores positive from the most and least involved side of the prostate needle biopsy was associated with a worse outcome among men treated with radical prostatectomy.', 'A retrospective survey of 1,094 patients from the SEARCH Database treated with radical prostatectomy at 4 different equal access medical centers in California between 1988 and 2002 was undertaken. We used multivariate analysis to examine whether total percent of prostate needle biopsy cores with cancer, percent of cores positive from each side of the prostate and other clinical variables were significant predictors of adverse pathology and time to prostate specific antigen (PSA) recurrence following radical prostatectomy.', 'On multivariate analysis serum PSA and percent of positive cores were significant predictors of positive surgical margins, nonorgan confined disease and seminal vesicle invasion. Percent of positive cores (p <0.001), serum PSA (p = 0.008) and biopsy Gleason score (p = 0.014) were significant independent predictors of time to biochemical recurrence. On a separate multivariate analysis that included the variables of total percent of positive cores, percent of positive cores from the most involved side of the biopsy, percent of positive cores from the least involved side of the biopsy and whether the biopsy was positive unilaterally or bilaterally, only the percent of positive cores from the most involved side of the biopsy was a significant independent predictor of PSA failure following radical prostatectomy. Percent of positive cores was used to separate patients into a low risk (less than 34%), intermediate risk (34% to 50%) and high risk (greater than 50%) groups, which provided significant preoperative risk stratification for PSA recurrence following radical prostatectomy (p <0.001). Percent of positive cores cut points were able to further risk stratify men who were at low (p = 0.001) or intermediate (p = 0.036) but not high (p = 0.674) risk for biochemical failure based on serum PSA and biopsy Gleason score.

Answer: Is percent of prostate needle biopsy cores with cancer significant independent predictor of prostate specific antigen recurrence following radical prostatectomy : results from SEARCH database?


Question: Polymorphisms in cytokine genes can determine their level of expression and affect the phenotypic expression of immunomediated diseases, such as celiac disease (CD). We thus evaluated cytokine polymorphism prevalence in CD patients and population controls, and assessed the correlation between specific polymorphisms and celiacs' clinical characteristics.", "155 CD patients and 202 population controls were enrolled in the study. Cytokine polymorphisms (TNFalpha -308 and -238, IL-1beta -511 and +3954, IL-1b RN + 2018, IL-6 -174, IL-10 -1082, -819 and -592, TGFbeta1 + 29 and +74, IFN-gamma + 874) and HLA class II alleles were determined by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction or restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Duodenal histology was classified using Marsh's criteria. Variables significantly associated with CD patients' characteristics were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.", 'A significantly higher frequency of -308 TNFalpha polymorphism was observed in CD patients compared to the entire population control group, although no difference was detected when population controls were stratified according to HLA class II. Among celiacs, early onset of the disease (< or =2 year old) and the presence of a severe intestinal lesion (Marsh 3C) were significantly associated with the -1082 A/A IL-10 genotype which corresponds to a low producer phenotype (OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.49-7.19 and OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.04-6.49, respectively).

Answer:
Are iL-10 polymorphisms associated with early-onset celiac disease and severe mucosal damage in patients of Caucasian origin?