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In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro.', 'The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays.', 'T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α.
Does equisetum arvense ( common horsetail ) modulate the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells?

Allergic airway inflammation is triggered by allergen exposure through several steps including release of IL-33, which promotes cytokine (IL-5, IL-13) production by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). MicroRNA (miR)-155 has recently been described to regulate adaptive responses in allergic inflammation. However, the role of miR-155 in the regulation of ILC2s remains unexplored.', 'We sought to elucidate the contribution of miR-155 in ILC2 expansion using experimental murine models of allergic airway inflammation.', 'To determine the role of miR-155 in the regulation of ILC2s in allergic airway inflammation, miR-155 deficient (miR-155', 'miR-155 was 10-fold upregulated in WT-derived ILC2s in response to IL-33. Furthermore, miR-155
Is microRNA-155 a critical regulator of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and IL-33 signaling in experimental models of allergic airway inflammation?

The effect of litter size and suckling intensity on the expression of KiSS-1 mRNA in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of rats were evaluated.', 'Thirty two pregnant and four non-lactating ovariectomized (as control group) rats were used in this experiment. Lactating rats were allotted to eight equal groups. In three groups, litter size was adjusted to 5, 10, or 15 pups upon parturition and allowed to suckle their pups continuously by 8 days postpartum. In the other three groups, litter size was adjusted to five upon birth; the pups were separated from the dams for 6 hr on day 8 postpartum, after which the pups were allowed to suckle their dams for 2.5, 5, or 7.5 min prior to killing the dams. Two groups of lactating rats with either 10 or 15 pups were separated from their pups for 6 hr on day 8 postpartum, after which the pups were allowed to suckle their dams for 5 min before the dams were killed on day 8 postpartum. The ARC was removed and the expression of KiSS-1 mRNA was evaluated, using real-time PCR.', 'The expression of KiSS-1 mRNA in the ARC was decreased as the litter size and intensity of suckling stimulus were increased. The effect of suckling intensity on the expression of KiSS-1 mRNA was more pronounced than that of litter size.

Do increased litter size and suckling intensity inhibit KiSS-1 mRNA expression in rat arcuate nucleus?