In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
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Question: Although the majority of cases of Legionnaires' disease (LD) are caused by Legionella pneumophila, an increasing number of other Legionella species have been reported to cause human disease. There are no clinical presentations unique to LD and hence accurate laboratory tests are required for early diagnosis. Therefore, we designed a real-time PCR assay that targets the 23S-5S rRNA intergenic spacer region (23S-5S PCR) and allows for detection of all Legionella species and discrimination of L. pneumophila from other Legionella species. In total, 271 isolates representing 50 Legionella species were tested and the assay was validated using 39 culture-positive and 110 culture-negative patient specimens collected between 1989 and 2006. PCR-positive results were obtained with all 39 culture-positive samples (100% sensitivity). Specimens that tested positive according to 23S-5S PCR, but were culture-negative, were further analysed by DNA sequencing of the amplicon or the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene. In addition to L. pneumophila, Legionella longbeachae, Legionella cincinnatiensis and Legionella micdadei were identified in the specimens. The assay showed a 7-log dynamic range displaying a sensitivity of 7.5 CFU/mL or three genome equivalents per reaction. Sixty-one specimens containing viruses or bacteria other than Legionellae were negative according to 23S-5S PCR, demonstrating its specificity. Use of this assay should contribute to the earlier detection of respiratory disease caused by Legionella species, as well as to increased rates of detection.

Answer: Dual detection of Legionella pneumophila and Legionella species by real-time PCR targeting the 23S-5S rRNA gene spacer region


Question: Please cite this article as: El-Shall N.A., Shewita R.S., Abd El-Hack M.E., AlKahtane A., Alarifi S., Alkahtani S., Abdel-Daim M.M. & Sedeik M.E., Effect of essential oils on the immune response to some viral vaccines in broiler chickens, with special reference to Newcastle disease virus, Poultry Science (2020), doi: https://doi.(Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack). 21 (1952±28.82) did not significantly (p>0.05) improve growth performance compared to 41 the non-treated birds (NC and VC) (1970±19.56 and 1904±38.66). Essential oils 42 showed an antiviral effect on vNDv in vivo (in chickens) as a preventive measure 43 (PRV) as well as some therapeutic effect (TTT) through decreasing the viral shedding 44 titres (loNC 0 ), mortality rate, and severity of clinical signs and post mortem lesions, in 45 addition to serum malondialdhyde (MDA) level. Regarding the other viruses, the EOs 46 mixture did not improve the immune response to the AI and IB vaccines but age (2108±341.05). The studied EOs mixture showed an immune stimulating response 49 to ND and IBD vaccines, antiviral effect against ND virus especially if administered 50 before the challenge, however it did not have a growth promoting effect. 51 52

Answer: Journal Pre-proof Effect of essential oils on the immune response to some viral vaccines in broiler chickens, with special reference to Newcastle disease virus Effect of essential oils on the immune response to some viral vaccines in broiler 3 chickens, with special reference to Newcastle disease virus 4


Question: The well-known immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A inhibits replication of various viruses including coronaviruses by binding to cellular cyclophilins thus inactivating their cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase function. Viral nucleocapsid proteins are inevitable for genome encapsidation and replication. Here we demonstrate the interaction between the N protein of HCoV-229E and cyclophilin A, not cyclophilin B. Cyclophilin inhibitors abolish this interaction. Upon infection, cyclophilin A stays evenly distributed throughout the cell, whereas cyclophilin B concentrates at ER-bleb-like structures. We further show the inhibitory potential of non-immunosuppressive CsA derivatives Alisporivir, NIM811, compound 3 on HCoV-229E-GFP and -Luciferase replication in human Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells at 18 and 48 h time points post infection with EC 50 s at low micromolar ranges. Thus, non-immunosuppressive CsA derivatives effectively inhibit HCoV-229E replication suggesting them as possible candidates for the treatment of HCoV infection. The interruption of interaction between CypA and N protein by CsA and its derivatives suggest a mechanism how CypA inhibitors suppress viral replication.

Answer:
Influences of cyclosporin A and non-immunosuppressive derivatives on cellular cyclophilins and viral nucleocapsid protein during human coronavirus 229E replication