Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with that of medical treatment, based on data from the Japan Stroke Registry Study.', 'From 1999 to 2001, 1010 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were registered in the Japan Standard Stroke Registry Study from 45 stroke center hospitals in Japan. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Japan Stroke Scale (JSS), and modified Rankin Scale scores were used to compare severity and improvement in patients given surgical and medical treatment.
Answer: Surgically treated patients, especially those with cerebellar hemorrhage, had significantly greater improvement in NIHSS or JSS score compared with medically treated patients. Our findings indicated that the patients who underwent surgery appeared to have better outcomes. But, because the study was not randomized, this observation cannot be interpreted as indicating that surgery is advantageous.

Answer: Does surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage have greater remedial value than conservative therapy?


Question: Context: We examined the effect of prior heating, by exercise and warm-water immersion, on core cooling rates in individuals rendered mildly hypothermic by immersion in cold water.', 'There were seven male subjects who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) seated rest for 15 min (control); 2) cycling ergometry for 15 min at 70% Vo2 peak (active warming); or 3) immersion in a circulated bath at 40 degrees C to an esophageal temperature (Tes) similar to that at the end of exercise (passive warming). Subjects were then immersed in 7 degrees C water to a Tes of 34.5 degrees C.', 'Initial Tes cooling rates (initial approximately 6 min cooling) differed significantly among the treatment conditions (0.074 +/- 0.045, 0.129 +/- 0.076, and 0.348 +/- 0.117 degrees C x min(-1) for control, active, and passive warming conditions, respectively); however, secondary cooling rates (rates following initial approximately 6 min cooling to the end of immersion) were not different between treatments (average of 0.102 +/- 0.085 degrees C x min(-1)). Overall Tes cooling rates during the full immersion period differed significantly and were 0.067 +/- 0.047, 0.085 +/- 0.045, and 0.209 +/- 0.131 degrees C x min(-1) for control, active, and passive warming, respectively.
Answer: These results suggest that prior warming by both active and, to a greater extent, passive warming, may predispose a person to greater heat loss and to experience a larger decline in core temperature when subsequently exposed to cold water. Thus, functional time and possibly survival time could be reduced when cold water immersion is preceded by whole-body passive warming, and to a lesser degree by active warming.

Answer: Does warming by immersion or exercise affect initial cooling rate during subsequent cold water immersion?


Question: Context: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9, gelatinase B) plays a key role in cancer invasion and metastasis by degradating the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane barriers. A cytosine (C)-thymidine (T) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position -1562 in the MMP-9 promoter is reported to affect expression of this gene. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between the -1562 C/T polymorphism and the development and progression of gastric cancer.', 'The study population included 177 gastric cancer patients and 224 healthy control subjects. The SNP in the MMP-9 promoter was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing. Genotype frequencies were compared between patients and controls, and the association of genotypes with clinicopathological features was studied.', 'Genotype frequencies in gastric cancer patients were similar to those in control subjects (P = 0.223). However, significant association was found between degree of tumor invasion, clinical stage, and lymphatic invasion and the MMP-9 polymorphism in gastric cancer patients (P<0.05, for each).
Answer: Our results indicate that the T allele in the MMP-9 promoter is associated with the invasive phenotype of gastric cancer.

Answer:
Does a single nucleotide polymorphism in the MMP-9 promoter affect tumor progression and invasive phenotype of gastric cancer?