Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Fish oil (FO) supplementation prevents the development of obesity and insulin resistance, and upregulate the expression of UCP3 in skeletal muscle in rodents. This may represent indirect evidence that FO promotes fat oxidation and/or alter energy efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether such effects can be observed in humans. The metabolic effects of FO were assessed during exercise in order to obtain a direct measurement of energy efficiency.', 'Eight healthy male volunteers were studied with and without supplementation with 7.2 g/day FO (including 1.1 g/day eicosopentaenoic acid and 0.7 g/day decosahexaenoic acid) during 14 days. Their VO(2 max) was measured on cycle ergometer. Thereafter, energy metabolism (substrate oxidation, energy expenditure and energy efficiency) was assessed during a 30 min cycling exercise at 50% VO(2 max) performed 2 h 30 after a standardized, high carbohydrate breakfast.', 'VO(2 max) was 38.6+/-2.2 after FO and 38.4+/-2.0 (mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) in control conditions (NS). Basal plasma glucose, insulin and NEFA concentrations, and energy metabolism were similar with FO and in controls. During exercise, the increases in plasma NEFA concentrations, energy expenditure, glucose and lipid oxidation, and the decreases in glycaemia and insulinemia were not altered by FO intake. Energy efficiency was 22.4+/-0.6% after FO vs 21.8+/-0.7% in controls. In order to ascertain that the absence of effects of FO was not due to consumption of a carbohydrate meal immediately before exercise, 4 of the 8 subjects were re-studied in fasting conditions, FO also failed to alter energy efficiency in this subset of studies.

A: Does fish oil supplementation alter energy efficiency in healthy males?
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Q: Multiple rib fractures cause significant pain and potential for chest wall instability. Despite an emerging trend of surgical management of flail chest injuries, there are no studies examining the effect of rib fracture fixation on respiratory function.', 'Using a novel full thorax human cadaveric breathing model, we sought to explore the effect of flail chest injury and subsequent rib fracture fixation on respiratory outcomes.', 'We used five fresh human cadavers to generate negative breathing models in the left thorax to mimic physiologic respiration. Inspiratory volumes and peak flows were measured using a flow meter for all three chest wall states: intact chest, left-sided flail chest (segmental fractures of ribs 3 - 7), and post-fracture open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the chest wall with a pre-contoured rib specific plate fixation system.', 'A wide variation in the mean inspiratory volumes and peak flows were measured between specimens; however, the effect of a flail chest wall and the subsequent internal fixation of the unstable rib fractures was consistent across all samples. Compared to the intact chest wall, the inspiratory volume decreased by 40 ± 19% in the flail chest model (P = 0.04). Open reduction and internal fixation of the flail chest returned the inspiratory volume to 130 ± 71% of the intact chest volumes (P = 0.68). A similar 35 ± 19% decrease in peak flows was seen in the flail chest (P = 0.007) and this returned to 125 ± 71% of the intact chest following ORIF (P = 0.62).

A: Does rib Fracture Fixation restore Inspiratory Volume and Peak Flow in a Full Thorax Human Cadaveric Breathing Model?
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Q: The goal of the present study was to identify predictors of event-free survival in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) patients after administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and beta-blockers.', "The study group comprised 78 consecutive patients with NIDCM between 1997 and 2002. NIDCM was defined as ejection fraction (EF) <0.40 and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) >55 mm on echocardiography and normal coronary angiography. The mean EF and LVEDD was 26.3 +/- 10.5%, and 62.9 +/- 7.1 mm, respectively. Patients were treated with optimal medical therapy including ACEI/ARBs and/or beta-blockers and followed up for 35.6 +/- 27.8 months. The primary endpoint was either cardiac death or hospitalization because of deterioration of heart failure. Cox's regression analysis was used to establish the association of age, sex, EF, LVEDD, left atrial diameter, cardiac index, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, QRS duration, severity of mitral regurgitation, body mass index, New York Heart Association class and the presence of atrial fibrillation with these events. During follow-up, 23 patients reached the primary endpoint. In a multivariate analysis, EF (chi-square 5.74, p=0.0166), severity of mitral regurgitation (chi-square 12.31, p=0.0004), and QRS duration (chi-square 11.20, p=0.0008) remained significant predictors.

A:
Are prolonged QRS duration and severity of mitral regurgitation unfavorable prognostic markers of heart failure in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy?
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