Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Joint instability is believed to promote early osteoarthritic changes in the knee. Inflammatory reactions are associated with cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) but their possible synergistic or additive effects remain largely unexplored. The goal of the present study was to investigate the in\xa0vivo effects of Botulinum Toxin A (BTX-A) induced joint instability on intraarticular alterations in an otherwise intact rabbit knee joint model.', 'Ten 1-year-old female New Zealand White rabbits (average 5.7\xa0kg, range 4.8-6.6\xa0kg) were randomly assigned to receive three monthly unilateral intramuscular injections of BTX-A (experimental group), or no treatment (control group). After 90\xa0days, all knees were analyzed for specific mRNA levels using RT-qPCR. The synovium and cartilage tissue was assessed for histological alterations using the OARSI scoring system.', 'Cartilage and synovial histology showed significant higher OARSI scores in the BTX-A group animals compared to the untreated controls and contralateral limbs. There were no differences between the untreated control and the contralateral experimental limbs. Gene expression showed significant elevations for collagen I, collagen III, nitric oxide, TGF-β, IL-1 and IL-6 compared to the healthy controls.

Output: Does joint instability lead to long-term alterations to knee synovium and osteoarthritis in a rabbit model?


Input: Consider Input: To determine the role of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation in the pathogenesis of unexplained second and third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss.', 'One hundred and fourteen women with unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss made up the study group, and 106 normal pregnant women with a history of delivery of at least one healthy fetus and no history of late fetal loss made up the control group. The study group was further divided into two subgroups: second (n = 36) and third (n = 78) trimester fetal loss. All women were tested for factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin gene mutations.', 'Twenty-one (18.4%) of the women in the study group and seven (6.6%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden mutation (OR = 3.19). Eleven (9.6%) of the women in the study group and three (2.8%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of prothrombin gene mutation (OR = 3.66). In assessing with regard to trimesters, 18 (23%) factor V Leiden and 10 (12.8%) prothrombin gene mutations were present in the group of third trimester fetal loss (OR = 4.24 and OR = 5.04, respectively). Three (8.3%) factor V Leiden and one (2.7%) prothrombin gene mutation were detected in women with second trimester fetal loss (OR = 1.28 and OR = 0.40, respectively).

Output: Is third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations?


Input: Consider Input: Solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a good candidate for surgical resection. However, the significance of the size of the tumor in solitary HCC remains unclear.', 'The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of tumor size on overall and recurrence-free survival of patients with solitary HCC.', 'We retrospectively reviewed 616 patients with histologically confirmed solitary HCC who underwent curative surgical resection between 1994 and 2010. The characteristics and prognosis of patients with HCC were analyzed stratified by tumor size.', 'A total of 403 patients (65 %) had tumors <5 cm, 172 (28 %) had tumors between 5 and 10 cm, and 41 (7 %) had tumors >10 cm. The incidence of microvascular invasion, satellite nodules, and advanced tumor grade significantly increased with tumor size. The 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival rates of HCC <5 cm were 69.6 % and 32 %, respectively, which were significantly better than those of HCC between 5 and 10 cm (58 % and 26 %, respectively) and HCC >10 cm (53 % and 24 %, respectively). On multivariate analysis, cirrhosis (p = 0.0307), Child-Pugh B (p = 0.0159), indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min >10 % (p = 0.0071), microvascular invasion (p < 0.0001), and satellite nodules (p = 0.0009) were independent predictors of poor survival, whereas tumor size >5 cm was not.


Output: Does above 5 cm , size matter anymore in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma?