In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

By averaging this quantity, the reduction of a certain intermolecular function to an angle-independent form for polar fluids can be performed in order to express conformal-solution theory. For liquid metals, the upper bound of this quantity can be obtained by the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality. It is equal to the negative product of Boltzmann's constant, temperature, and the natural log of the partition function. The change in this quantity is equal to the maximum work accompanying a process, and it is defined as internal energy minus the product of temperature and entropy. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized by either A or F, a type of free energy named for a German scientist.
Science

In topological insulators, one version of this effect gives rise to a defect-resistant current induced by spin-orbit coupling. In graphene, this effect is shifted by one half, giving rise to an anomalous minimum of the relevant quantity, which can allow for ballistic transport. A more complex version of it was discovered in gallium arsenide and can be explained by Laughlin quasiparticles; this is referred to as the fractional version. This effect can be understood in terms of partial filling of Landau levels and has characteristic "plateaus", and it yields numbers called filling factors. Discovered by Klaus von Klitzing when studying a two-dimensional electron gas, for 10 points, identify this effect in which conductivity in a strong magnetic field is quantized.
Science

The composer of this piece revised its finale in 1899 to include an extra 100 bars of music and a part for organ. One movement in this piece, marked Romanza: Moderato, quotes from Mendelssohn's Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage Overture. Another movement features a solo part for viola that imitates a student's string-crossing exercise, while another portrays an architect's incompetent efforts at playing the piano, and yet another containing a cello solo is dedicated to Basil G. Nevinson, who premiered its composer's Cello Concerto. Most famous for an Adagio depicting the composer's friend Augustus Jaeger titled "Nimrod", for 10 points, this is what group of portraits which contains a mysterious "hidden theme", by Edward Elgar.

Fine Arts