TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Although meperidine is an effective treatment of postanesthetic shivering, its mechanism of action remains unknown. Investigation of other drugs might help clarify the mechanisms by which shivering can be controlled. Accordingly, we investigated the efficacy of clonidine, an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, and ketanserin, a 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist, in treating postanesthetic shivering.', 'First, 54 patients shivering after general anesthesia were allocated randomly to receive an intravenous bolus of saline, 150 micrograms clonidine, or 10 mg ketanserin. A second study explored the dose-dependence of clonidine. Forty shivering patients were given saline or clonidine, 37.5, 75, or 150 micrograms.', 'The duration of shivering was significantly shorter in those given clonidine (2.1 +/- 0.9 min) than in the other two groups and shorter in the ketanserin group (4.3 +/- 0.9 min) than in the saline group (12.0 +/- 1.6 min). Clonidine and ketanserin significantly decreased systolic arterial blood pressure when compared to saline. Core rewarming was significantly slower in the clonidine group. In the second study, 37.5 micrograms clonidine was no more effective than saline. Two minutes after treatment, 150 micrograms obliterated shivering in all patients. Five minutes after treatment, all patients given 75 micrograms had stopped shivering. Systolic arterial pressure and heart rate decreased significantly in patients given 75 and 150 micrograms clonidine.\Question: Are clonidine and ketanserin both effective treatment for postanesthetic shivering?

SOLUTION: Clonidine (150 micrograms) and ketanserin (10 mg) both are effective treatment for postanesthetic shivering. The effect of clonidine on shivering is dose-dependent: whereas 37.5 micrograms had no effect, 75 micrograms clonidine stopped shivering within 5 min.

PROBLEM: Context: The aim of this exploratory study was to identify those factors associated with asthma control assessed according to GINA Guidelines.', '809 (56% female) subjects with asthma were recruited consecutively from both specialist and primary care centres. Asthma control was assessed over a 4-week follow-up period using a composite measure. A multivariate analysis was performed, in which asthma control was included as the dependent variable and several explanatory variables were included as independent variables.', 'Analysis performed on the whole population rendered gender (p=0.003), the type of physician (p<0.001), and age group (p<0.001), as significant factors associated with asthma control. In adults, gender (p=0.001), asthma severity (p<0.001), and type of physician (p<0.001) were significant, and only asthma severity was significant (p=0.043) in children.\Question: Are women , patients with severe asthma , and patients attended by primary care physicians , at higher risk of suffering from poorly controlled asthma?

SOLUTION: After model adjustment, we suggest that being female, suffering from more severe asthma, or being attended by a primary care physician, could pose a significantly higher risk of having poorly controlled asthma in adults.

PROBLEM: Context: Critically ill preterm and term neonates are at high risk for negative iron balance due to phlebotomy that occurs with frequent laboratory monitoring, and the high iron demand of rapid growth. Understanding the prioritization of iron between red blood cells (RBCs) and brain is important given iron's role in neurodevelopment.", 'Ten neonatal twin lamb pairs (n = 20) underwent regular phlebotomy for 11 d. Lambs were randomized to receive no iron or i.v. daily iron supplementation from 1 to 5\u2009mg/kg. Serum hemoglobin concentration and reticulocyte count were assayed, iron balance calculated, and iron content of RBCs, liver, brain, muscle, and heart measured at autopsy.', 'Among phlebotomized lambs: (i) liver iron concentration was directly related to net iron balance (r = 0.87; P < 0.001) and (ii) brain iron concentration was reduced as a function of net iron balance (r = 0.63) only after liver iron was depleted. In animals with negative iron balance, total RBC iron was maintained while brain iron concentration decreased as a percentage of the iron present in RBCs (r = -0.70; P < 0.01) and as a function of reticulocyte count (r = -0.63; P < 0.05).\Question: Is iron prioritized to red blood cells over the brain in phlebotomized anemic newborn lambs?

SOLUTION:
Phlebotomy-induced negative iron balance limits iron availability to the developing brain.