Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Context: We compare the effects of postinjury administration of allopregnanolone, a metabolite of progesterone, to progesterone in an animal model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.', 'Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in age-matched, adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats by using an intraluminal filament and suture method to occlude the right middle cerebral artery. After 120 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion, the occluding filament was withdrawn to allow reperfusion. Laser-Doppler flowmetry was used to monitor cerebral blood flow for the entire 2-hour period of occlusion and for 5 minutes after reperfusion. Animals subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion received injections of allopregnanolone (8 mg/kg, n=6), progesterone (8 mg/kg, n=6) and vehicle (2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, n=7) at 2 hours (intraperitoneally 5 minutes before reperfusion) and 6 hours (subcutaneously) postocclusion. Brains were removed at 72 hours post-middle cerebral artery occlusion, sectioned into coronal slices, and stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). In a blinded analysis, infarct volume was calculated by using computer-aided morphometry to measure brain areas not stained with TTC.', 'After progesterone or allopregnanolone treatment, stained sections revealed a significant reduction in cortical, caudate-putamen, and hemispheric infarct volumes (percentage of contralateral structure) compared with vehicle-injected controls. Cortical infarction (percentage of contralateral cortex) was 37.47%+/-10.57% (vehicle), 25.49%+/-7.38% (progesterone; P<.05 from vehicle), and 11.40%+/-7.09% (allopregnanolone; P<.05 from vehicle; P<.05 from progesterone). Caudate-putamen infarction (percentage of contralateral caudate-putamen) was 78.02%+/-22.81% (vehicle), 48.41%+/-22.44% (progesterone; P<.05 from vehicle), and 50.44%+/-10.90% (allopregnanolone; P<.05 from vehicle). Total hemispheric infarction (percentage of contralateral hemisphere) was 24.37%+/-6.69% (vehicle), 15.95%+/-3.59% (progesterone; P<.05 from vehicle), and 11.54%+/-3.71% (allopregnanolone; P<.05 from vehicle). No significant differences in cerebral blood flow between groups and time points during ischemia and early reperfusion were observed, suggesting that the relative ischemic insult was equivalent among all groups.
Answer: Although progesterone and allopregnanolone are effective in reducing infarct pathology, allopregnanolone is more potent than progesterone in attenuating cortical damage. Our results suggest that both neurosteroids should be examined for safety and efficacy in a clinical trial for ischemic stroke.

Ex Output:
Is allopregnanolone , a progesterone metabolite , more effective than progesterone in reducing cortical infarct volume after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion?


Ex Input:
Context: Humans can easily restore a speech signal that is temporally masked by an interfering sound (e.g., a cough masking parts of a word in a conversation), and listeners have the illusion that the speech continues through the interfering sound. This perceptual restoration for human speech is affected by prior experience. Here we provide evidence for perceptual restoration in complex vocalizations of a songbird that are acquired by vocal learning in a similar way as humans learn their language.', "European starlings were trained in a same/different paradigm to report salient differences between successive sounds. The birds' response latency for discriminating between a stimulus pair is an indicator for the salience of the difference, and these latencies can be used to evaluate perceptual distances using multi-dimensional scaling. For familiar motifs the birds showed a large perceptual distance if discriminating between song motifs that were muted for brief time periods and complete motifs. If the muted periods were filled with noise, the perceptual distance was reduced. For unfamiliar motifs no such difference was observed.
Answer: The results suggest that starlings are able to perceptually restore partly masked sounds and, similarly to humans, rely on prior experience. They may be a suitable model to study the mechanism underlying experience-dependent perceptual restoration.

Ex Output:
Does stimulus familiarity affect perceptual restoration in the European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris )?


Ex Input:
Context: Calcipotriol ameliorates psoriasis through inducing keratinocyte apoptosis and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, while zinc finger protein A20 exhibits an anti-apoptotic effect on various types of cells.', 'To understand the potential role of A20 in calcipotriol function.', 'The A20 levels were evaluated in the psoriatic skins from both human patients and K14-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transgenic mice that received or did not receive topical calcipotriol treatment. The in vitro effect of calcipotriol on A20 expression and the downstream NF-κB pathway was studied using a model of human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) that were stimulated with psoriatic cytokines [M5, a cocktail of interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-17A, IL-22, Oncostatin M and tumour necrosis factor-α, each at 10 ng mL(-1) ].', 'A20 expression was enhanced in both psoriatic tissues and keratinocytes when compared with controls, but decreased on calcipotriol treatment. The transfection of A20 small interfering RNA (siRNA) improved cell differentiation, and inhibited psoriatic inflammation in a HFK model. Moreover, the nuclear expression of NF-κB p65 decreased on A20 downregulation in psoriatic tissues and keratinocytes. Interestingly, calcipotriol enhanced the binding of A20 to ring finger protein 114 (RNF114) and A20-binding inhibitor of NF-κB-1 (ABIN-1) in HFKs, two negative regulators of the NF-κB pathway.
Answer: Calcipotriol exhibits its antipsoriatic function through suppressing A20 expression and stabilizing negative regulators of the NF-κB pathway.

Ex Output:

Is zinc finger protein A20 involved in the antipsoriatic effect of calcipotriol?