In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Context: To evaluate the effects of COX-1 and/or COX-2 inhibition in a model of chronic esophagitis in rabbits.', 'Both high- and low-grade esophagitis were induced in rabbits by the perfusion of acidified pepsin. Rabbits were treated with either a selective COX-2 inhibitor (DFU[3-(3-Fluorophenyl)-4-(4-Methanesulfonyl)-5,5-Dimethyl-5H-Furan-2-One];30 mg/Kg/day), a nonspecific COX inhibitor (indomethacin; 2 mg/Kg/day), or a COX-1 preferential inhibitor (piroxicam; 2 mg/Kg/12 h).', 'Prostaglandins are derived from COX-1 activity in the normal esophagus. Both low- and high-grade esophagitis are associated with a progressive increase of COX activity, which is partially dependent on the COX-2 isoform. DFU reduced muscosal damage in both models of esophagitis. However, indomethacin did not affect significantly mucosal damage, and piroxicam increased damage in low-grade esophagitis.\Question: Is selective COX-2 inhibition associated with decreased mucosal damage induced by acid and pepsin in rabbit esophagitis?
COX-1 activity is constitutive in the rabbit esophageal mucosa, but both COX-2 and COX-1 activity are increased under the impact of acidified pepsin. Treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor DFU is associated with improvement of mucosal damage, which may have therapeutic implications.

Context: Different apoptosis pathways activate caspase-3. In a study involving 27 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), higher caspase-3 levels were found in contusion brain tissue resected from non-survivors than from survivors. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association in TBI patients between serum caspase-3 levels (thus using an easier, quicker, less expensive and less invasive procedure) and mortality, in a larger series of patients.', 'We carried out a prospective, observational and multicenter study in six Spanish Hospital Intensive Care Units including 112 patients with severe TBI. All had Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores lower than 9. Patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) in non-cranial aspects higher than 9 were excluded. Blood samples were collected on day 1 of TBI to measure serum caspas-3 levels. The endpoint was 30-day mortality.', 'We found that non-surviving patients (n = 31) showed higher (p = 0.003) serum caspase-3 levels compared to survivors (n = 81). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a higher risk of death in TBI patients with serum caspase-3 levels >0.20 ng/mL than in patients with lower concentrations (Hazard Ratio = 3.15; 95% CI = 1.40 to 7.08; P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that serum caspase-3 levels > 0.20 ng/mL were associated with mortality at 30 days in TBI patients controlling for Marshall CT classification, age and GCS (Odds ratio = 7.99; 95% CI = 2.116 to 36.744; P = 0.001).\Question: Are serum caspase-3 levels and mortality associated in patients with severe traumatic brain injury?
The association between serum caspase-3 levels and mortality in TBI patients was the major novel finding of our study.

Context: Serum levels of apolipoprotein E (apoE) have been suggested as potential biomarker for dementia, but the long-term association between apoE and risk of dementia is uncertain.', "Between 1990 and 1993, we measured serum apoE by immunoassay in 1042 non-demented individuals (mean ± SD age 68.4 ± 7.3 years; 59.3% women) from the population-based Rotterdam Study. Follow-up for dementia was complete until 2014. We used Cox models to determine the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in relation to apoE, adjusting for age, sex, educational level, cardiovascular risk factors, and additionally APOE genotype.", "Serum apoE was associated to APOE genotype (p-trend=1.0E-51, r(2)=0.21). In men, apoE tended to be lower with age, whereas in women the opposite was observed (p-trend=0.07 and 0.08, respectively). During a median follow-up of 15.7 years (IQR 9.7-21.7), 220 participants developed dementia, of whom 180 had Alzheimer's disease. Lower serum apoE was associated with an increased risk of dementia (HR, 95%CI, per SD decrease: 1.25, 1.05-1.48) and in particular Alzheimer's disease (1.51, 1.23-1.86), which remained statistically significant for Alzheimer's disease after additionally adjusting for APOE genotype (1.28, 1.01-1.62). When stratifying analyses in 5-year time frames, risk estimates were similar throughout the study period. Serum apoE tended to marginally improve 20-year prediction of Alzheimer's disease (IDI 0.008, 95%CI -0.001-0.026, p=0.086), but not all dementia.\Question: Is serum apolipoprotein E associated with long-term risk of Alzheimer 's disease : The Rotterdam Study?

Serum apoE is associated with long-term risk of Alzheimer's disease in the general population, independent of APOE genotype. Additional predictive value of serum apoE was limited.