Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[Q]: The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene is located within the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex region, exhibiting the -308 GA promoter region polymorphism and six microsatellites (TNFa-f) spanning the region nearby the TNF locus.', 'In the present study, we evaluated the frequency of -308 GA and TNFa-e polymorphisms and respective haplotypes (in chromosomal sequence: TNFd-TNFe-308GA-TNFc-TNFa-TNFb), in 222 patients with AIDS, 52 of whom exhibited cytomegalovirus retinitis, and in 202 healthy HIV-negative individuals.', 'TNF microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism typings were performed by PCR followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.', 'The TNF-308A allele and the 4-3-G-2-7-1 haplotype were associated with susceptibility to AIDS, whereas the TNFb4 allele and the 3-3-G-1-11-4 haplotype were associated with protection against AIDS development. The TNFc2 allele and the 4-1-G-2-2-1 haplotype, which contains the TNFc2 allele, were associated with cytomegalovirus retinitis.
[A]: 1


[Q]: Microvascular alterations contribute to the development of stroke and vascular dementia. The goal of this study was to evaluate age and hypertension related changes of the basal lamina in cerebral microvessels of individuals, who died from non-cerebral causes.', 'We examined 27 human brains: 11 young and 16 old patients. Old patients were divided into two subgroups, those with hypertension (n = 8) and those without hypertension (n = 8). Basal lamina changes of the cerebral microvessels were determined in the putamen using antibodies against collagen type IV and by quantitative analysis of vessel number, total stained area of collagen, thickness of the vessel wall and lumen, and relative staining intensity using immunofluorescence. The total number of collagen positive vessels per microscopic field was reduced in old compared to young subjects (12.0+/-0.6 vs. 15.1+/-1.2, p = 0.02). The relative collagen content per vessel (1.01+/-0.06 vs. 0.76+/-0.05, p = 0.01) and the relative collagen intensity (233.1+/-4.5 vs. 167.8+/-10.6, p < 0.0001) shown by immunofluorescence were higher in the older compared to the younger patients with a consecutive reduction of the lumen / wall ratio (1.29+/-0.05 vs. 3.29+/-0.15, p < 0.0001). No differences were observed for these parameters between old hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients.
[A]: 0


[Q]: Experimentally measured pullout forces for stent grafts (SGs) are used in clinical discussions and as reference values in bench studies and computer simulations. Previous values of these forces are available from studies in which the SG was pulled out in the straight caudal direction. However, clinical and numerical studies have suggested that displacement forces acting on SGs are directed more anteriorly. The objective of this study was to measure pullout forces as a function of angulation and to test the hypothesis that pullout forces decrease with increasing angulation.', 'Six different SGs (Bolton Treovance, Cook Zenith Flex, Cook Zenith LP, Medtronic Endurant, Medtronic Talent, and Vascutek Anaconda) were deployed in fresh bovine aortas, then pulled out by an electronic motor at 1 mm/s, while tension force was measured continuously with a digital load cell. The SG off-axis angulation was changed from 0 to 90 degrees in increments of 10 degrees. The test system was submerged in a custom-built temperature-controlled saline bath at 37°C. At least three tests were performed for each device at each angle (with the exception of the Cook Zenith Flex, which experienced plastic deformation of its barbs after a single test per device). Each aortic specimen was used only once and then discarded. Hand-sutured graft anastomoses were also tested at 0 degrees to provide a reference value.', 'A total of 374 pullout tests were performed for the SGs and anastomoses. Sixty-four tests were excluded because of failure of the aorta or apparatus before device pullout. The remaining 310 tests showed pullout forces that demonstrated a decrease in the average pullout force for all six devices from 0 to 90 degrees (Bolton Treovance from 39.3 N to 23.9 N; Cook Zenith Flex from 59.8 N to 48.9 N; Cook Zenith LP from 50.3 N to 41.8 N; Medtronic Endurant from 29.9 N to 25.8 N; Medtronic Talent from 6.0 N to 5.5 N; and Vascutek Anaconda from 37.0 N to 30.3 N). For reference, the mean pullout force for the hand-sutured anastomoses was 63 N.
[A]:
1