Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Completeness of cytoreduction is a significant predictor of long-term outcome after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Imaging has limited sensitivity to identify peritoneal metastases and therefore predict whether complete cytoreduction is possible. We reviewed our experience using laparoscopy to determine candidates for complete cytoreduction and HIPEC.', 'This single-center, retrospective study examined patients from 2007 to 2014 who underwent laparoscopy to determine complete cytoreduction (CC-0/1)/HIPEC candidacy. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were collected.', 'A total of 145 laparoscopies were performed on 141 patients, 72 (51.1\xa0%) of whom were female, with a median age of 53\xa0years (range 20-79). The primary site was appendiceal in 67 (47.5\xa0%) patients, colorectal in 43 (30.5\xa0%), mesothelioma in 17 (12.1\xa0%), unknown in 9 (6.4\xa0%), small bowel in 3 (2.1\xa0%), gastric in 1, and ovarian in 1 (0.7\xa0% each). Overall, 115 (81.6\xa0%) patients had prior abdominal surgery, 111 (76.6\xa0%) had evidence of disease on imaging, and 117 (80.7\xa0%) underwent prior chemotherapy, with a median of 5.9\xa0weeks between the last treatment and laparoscopy (0.9-498.9\xa0weeks). Four (2.8\xa0%) intraoperative complications were observed (one liver laceration, two enterotomies, and one air embolus), and nine (6.2\xa0%) postoperative complications [four (2.8\xa0%) Clavien grade (CG) I, three (2.8\xa0%) CG II, one (0.7\xa0%) CG III (return to operating room) and one (0.7\xa0%) CG IV (transient ischemic attack)]. Forty-eight patients deemed candidates by laparoscopy underwent CRS/HIPEC (positive predictive value 82.8\xa0%).
Answer: Diagnostic laparoscopy is a safe, feasible, and accurate staging tool in patients with suspected peritoneal metastases being considered for CRS.

Output: Is laparoscopy Safe and Accurate to Evaluate Peritoneal Surface Metastasis Prior to Cytoreductive Surgery?


Input: Consider Input: Context: To investigate the significance of respiratory muscle weakness in chronic heart failure and its relation both to maximum oxygen consumption during cardiopulmonary exercise testing and to skeletal muscle (quadriceps) strength.', 'Seven healthy men aged 54.9 (SEM 4.3) years and 20 men with chronic heart failure aged 61.4 (1.6) years (P = 0.20) with radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction of 25.4 (3.0)%.', 'Mouth pressures during maximum static inspiratory effort (PImax) at functional residual capacity (FRC) and residual volume (RV) were measured in all subjects and taken as indices of inspiratory muscle strength. Similarly, mouth pressures during maximum static expiratory effort (PEmax) at FRC and total lung capacity (TLC) were taken as indices of expiratory muscle strength. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed in all subjects. All controls and 15 heart failure patients also had their right quadriceps muscle strength measured.', 'There was respiratory muscle weakness in heart failure patients, with reduction of PImax at FRC (59.7) (6.3) v 85.6 (9.6) cm H2O, P = 0.045), PEmax at FRC (94.8 (6.2) v 134.6 (9.1) cm H2O, P = 0.004), and PEmax at TLC (121.7 (8.5) v 160.7 (13) cm H2O, P = 0.028). PImax at RV was also reduced but this did not reach statistical significance (77.3 (6.6) v 89.3 (13) cm H2O, P = 0.44). There was also significant weakness of the right quadriceps muscle (308.5 (22) v 446.2 (28) N, P = 0.001). PImax at both FRC and RV correlated with maximum oxygen consumption (r = 0.59, P = 0.006, and r = 0.45, P = 0.048 respectively) but not PEmax. There was, however, no significant correlation between PImax and right quadriceps strength.
Answer: Respiratory muscle weakness is seen in chronic heart failure. The results suggest that inspiratory muscles are important in determining maximum oxygen consumption and exercise tolerance in these patients. The lack of correlation between respiratory and right quadriceps muscle strength further suggests that the magnitude and time course of respiratory and locomotor muscle weakness may differ in individual patients. Treatment aimed at improving the function of the involved muscle groups may alleviate symptoms.

Output: Is inspiratory muscle strength a determinant of maximum oxygen consumption in chronic heart failure?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Microchimerism may play a part in transfusion complications. The aim of this study was to examine whether establishment of post-transfusion microchimerism was related to leukocyte content.', 'Twenty non-pregnant female patients, without known malignant or immunological diseases, mean age 68 years, receiving 2-4 units of red blood cell concentrates during elective surgery, were included. One or two of the units were from male donors. Ten patients received buffy-coat depleted red blood cell concentrates, leukocyte count 108-109 per unit, and 10 patients received red blood cells leukoreduced by prestorage leukocyte filtration, with a leukocyte count of <106 per unit. EDTA samples were collected in vacuum tubes before and after 1 week and 6 months after transfusion. The tubes were frozen and stored at -400 degrees C. Genomic DNA was isolated and PCR performed using four primer sets amplifying markers on the Y-chromosome.', 'Microchimerism was detected in a total of eight out of the 20 patients. In three patients microchimerism was detected only before transfusion. These patients had given birth to one or two boys each, and had no history of previous transfusion. Two patients receiving buffy-coat depleted red blood cell concentrates and two patients receiving leukoreduced red blood cell concentrates had detectable microchimerism 1 week after transfusion. The age of the transfused red blood cell concentrates was 6, 24, 8 and 7 days, respectively. One patient receiving leukoreduced red blood cell concentrates had detectable microchimerism after 6 months. The age of this concentrate was 22 days.
Answer: This study demonstrates that microchimerism after transfusion does not seem to be dose dependent, and can be induced even by a >3 week old leukoreduced red blood cell concentrate with a very low leukocyte content.


Output: Does microchimerism in immune competent patients related to the leukocyte content of transfused red blood cell concentrate?