TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of ankle bracing and taping in preventing recurrencess of ankle sprains, specifically in female athletes.', "Varsity soccer players' medical records over a five-year period were retrospectively reviewed at a Division III women's college. Data were extracted regarding any history of ankle sprain(s), type of intervention used as prophylaxis after the ankle sprain, number of exposures, and any incidence of recurrence.", 'All collegiate varsity soccer players who had suffered a previous sprain to either one or both ankles (38 players) were identified as subjects.', 'Each previously injured ankle (n = 56) was considered as a case for the analysis. Ankles that had a previous sprain received one of four interventions: 1) a canvas, laced ankle brace (n = 19), 2) taping (n = 12), 3) a combination of taping and ankle bracing (n = 8), or 4) no treatment (n = 17).', 'The four intervention groups had a total of 1717 practice exposures and 650 competitive game exposures; exposures did not differ among the 4 groups. Ankle sprain recurrence frequency was 0%, 25%, 25%, and 35% for the braced, taped, combination, and untreated groups, respectively. The recurrence incidence for the braced group was significantly lower than that of the other three groups. The ankle sprain recurrence frequency did not differ among the taped, combination, and no treatment groups.\Question: Does ankle brace effectively reduce recurrence of ankle sprains in female soccer players?

SOLUTION: We suggest that prophylactic ankle bracing is effective in reducing the incidence of ankle sprains in female soccer players with a previous history of ankle sprains.

PROBLEM: Context: Mild hypothermia for 72 hours is neuroprotective in newborns with moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. A core temperature of 33.5 degrees C might reduce drug clearance leading to potential toxicity. Gentamicin is nephrotoxic and ototoxic at high serum concentrations. No study has investigated the influence of 72 hours of hypothermia on serum gentamicin concentrations (SGCs) in children of any age. We aimed to compare the SGCs in encephalopathic infants who underwent intensive care with therapeutic hypothermia or normothermia.', 'Data were collected retrospectively from 2 NICUs in Bristol, United Kingdom, that offered cooling therapy within clinical trials since 1998. Eligible infants (n = 55) developed grade 2/3 encephalopathy after birth and fulfilled the entry criteria defined in the CoolCap trial. Encephalopathic infants with similar demographic values were either nursed under normothermia or 72 h-hypothermia. Once-daily gentamicin dosage (4-5 mg/kg) was administered, and trough SGC was recorded with corresponding creatinine concentrations. The time and number of omitted drug doses were noted.', 'Mean trough SGC (pre-second dose) and mean plasma creatinine concentrations for both treatment groups were similar (gentamicin: 2.19 +/- 1.7 [hypothermia] and 2.30 +/- 2.0 [normothermia] mg/L; creatinine: 115.6 +/- 42.8 [hypothermia] and 121.0 +/- 45.1 [normothermia] mumol/L). Forty percent of the trough SGCs in both groups were above the recommended trough concentration of 2.0 mg/L. A significant correlation (r(2) = 0.36) was found between high SGCs and impaired renal function assessed by raised plasma creatinine levels regardless of treatment options.\Question: Are serum gentamicin concentrations in encephalopathic infants affected by therapeutic hypothermia?

SOLUTION: Our data confirm that impaired renal function is strongly associated with high SGCs. Reduced body temperatures do not affect the clearance of gentamicin.

PROBLEM: Context: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a highly specific vascular complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Calcium dobesilate (DOBE) has been tested in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy showing a slowdown of the progression of the disease after long-term oral treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of DOBE on vascular and diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats.', 'Diabetes was induced in wistar rats by the administration of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Rats were divided into three groups (n = 30). Group 0 (GO): nondiabetic rats. Group 1 (G1): 14 months of insulin treatment after diabetes development. Group 2 (G2): 14 months of insulin treatment after diabetes development plus DOBE (500 mg/kg/day). At the end of the treatment, vascular reactivity was tested. The study of the vascularization of the retina was performed on wholemounts of trypsin retinal digest preparations and retinal sections.', 'Relaxation induced by acetylcholine decreased in the aorta arteries from diabetic rats but it was restored to control values in the DOBE-treated group (71.8 +/- 4.5%, 53.3 +/- 0.5%, 67.4 +/- 4.6% in group 0, 1 and 2 respectively). DOBE treatment also restored noradrenaline (1.08 +/- 0.05 g, 1.70 +/- 0.08 g, 1.13 +/- 0.05 g in group 0, 1 and 2 respectively) and caffeine-induced contractions. Diabetic state did not cause any alteration in mesenteric arteries. The analysis of the retinal digests showed vascular tortuosity, acellular capillaries, focal accumulations of capillaries and reduction of the number of pericytes in G1. The vascular changes observed in G2 seem to be intermediate between the control and the diabetic rats.\Question: Does calcium dobesilate attenuate vascular injury and the progression of diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats?

SOLUTION:
We showed that long-term treatment with DOBE attenuated the progression of diabetic retinopathy and the alterations in vascular reactivity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.