In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Ex Input:
We investigated the ability of monoclonal B cells to restore primary and secondary T-cell dependent antibody responses in adoptive immune-deficient hosts. Priming induced B cell activation and expansion, AID expression, antibody production and the generation of IgM + IgGand IgM -IgG + antigen-experienced B-cell subsets that persisted in the lymphopenic environment by cell division. Upon secondary transfer and recall the IgM -IgG + cells responded by the production of antigen-specific IgG while the IgM + memory cells secreted mainly IgM and little IgG, but generated new B cells expressing germinal center markers. The recall responses were more efficient if the antigenic boost was delayed suggesting that a period of adaptation is necessary before the transferred cells are able to respond. Overall these findings indicate that reconstitution of a functional and complete memory pool requires transfer of all different antigen-experienced B cell subsets. We also found that the size of the memory B cell pool did not rely on the number of the responding naïve B cells, suggesting autonomous homeostatic controls for naïve and memory B cells. By reconstituting a stable memory B cell pool in immune-deficient hosts using a monoclonal high-affinity B cell population we demonstrate the potential value of B cell adoptive immunotherapy.

Ex Output:
Regulation and Maintenance of an Adoptive T-Cell Dependent Memory B Cell Pool


Ex Input:
Background: Houttuynia cordata Thunb. is an important traditional medical herb in China and other Asian countries, with high medicinal and economic value. However, a lack of available genomic information has become a limitation for research on this species. Thus, we carried out high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing of H. cordata to generate an enormous transcriptome sequence dataset for gene discovery and molecular marker development. Principal Findings: Illumina paired-end sequencing technology produced over 56 million sequencing reads from H. cordata mRNA. Subsequent de novo assembly yielded 63,954 unigenes, 39,982 (62.52%) and 26,122 (40.84%) of which had significant similarity to proteins in the NCBI nonredundant protein and Swiss-Prot databases (E-value ,10 25 ), respectively. Of these annotated unigenes, 30,131 and 15,363 unigenes were assigned to gene ontology categories and clusters of orthologous groups, respectively. In addition, 24,434 (38.21%) unigenes were mapped onto 128 pathways using the KEGG pathway database and 17,964 (44.93%) unigenes showed homology to Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) genes in BLASTx analysis. Furthermore, 4,800 cDNA SSRs were identified as potential molecular markers. Fifty primer pairs were randomly selected to detect polymorphism among 30 samples of H. cordata; 43 (86%) produced fragments of expected size, suggesting that the unigenes were suitable for specific primer design and of high quality, and the SSR marker could be widely used in markerassisted selection and molecular breeding of H. cordata in the future. Conclusions: This is the first application of Illumina paired-end sequencing technology to investigate the whole transcriptome of H. cordata and to assemble RNA-seq reads without a reference genome. These data should help researchers investigating the evolution and biological processes of this species. The SSR markers developed can be used for construction of high-resolution genetic linkage maps and for gene-based association analyses in H. cordata. This work will enable future functional genomic research and research into the distinctive active constituents of this genus.

Ex Output:
Transcriptome Analysis of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. by Illumina Paired-End RNA Sequencing and SSR Marker Discovery


Ex Input:
Bacterial extracellular nucleases play important roles in virulence, biofilm formation, utilization of extracellular DNA as a nutrient, and degradation of neutrophil DNA extracellular traps. However, there is no current data available for extracellular nucleases derived from M. tuberculosis. Herein, we have identified and characterized Rv0888, an extracellular nuclease in M. tuberculosis. The protein was overexpressed in E. coli, and the purified Rv0888 protein was found to require divalent cations for activity, with an optimal temperature and pH of 41 °C and 6.5, respectively. Further results demonstrated that Rv0888 nuclease activity could be inhibited by four Chinese medicine monomers. Based on sequence analysis, Rv0888 nuclease exhibited no homology with any known extracellular nucleases, indicating that Rv0888 is a novel nuclease. Site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that the H353, D387, and D438 residues play catalytic roles in Rv0888. In vivo infection studies confirmed that Rv0888 is required for infection and is related to pathogenicity, as the persistent ability of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis (rMS) Rv0888NS/MS and Rv0888S/MS is significantly higher than pMV262/MS in the lung tissue, and the Rv0888NS/MS and Rv0888S/MS could produce pathological changes in the mice lung. These results show that Rv0888 is relevant to pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis. A variety of bacteria produce extracellular DNases/nucleases that are important for virulence, biofilm formation, utilization of extracellular DNA as a nutrient, and degradation of neutrophil DNA extracellular traps (NETs). Extracellular nucleases produced by Shewanella, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus allow these bacteria to degrade extracellular DNA to its basic components: phosphate, carbon, and nitrogen 1-3 . A recent study by Seper et al. demonstrated that wild-type Vibrio cholerae rapidly degraded the DNA component of NETs through the combined activity of two extracellular nucleases, Dns and Xds 4 . In S. aureus, an extracellular nuclease also degraded NETs, triggering caspase-3-mediated death of immune cells 5 . Moreover, nuclease A (Gbs0661), an extracellular nuclease of Streptococcus agalactiae, is required for full virulence of the organism 6 and attacks NETs, which are a component of the host defense response that immobilizes microbes for subsequent clearance by innate immunity machinery, including phagocytosis by macrophages. A Mn 2+ -stimulated deoxyribonuclease (Nuc B) is released by Bacillus subtilis 168 during sporulation in glucose-deficient medium, which degrades structurally important nucleic acids, thereby controlling the development and dispersal of bacterial biofilms 7,8 . Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB), which remains one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. In 2013, an estimated 9.0 million people contracted TB and a subsequent 1.5 million people died from the disease, of whom 360,000 were HIV-positive 9 . M. tuberculosis is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells after inhalation into the lung. However, M. tuberculosis can proliferate within these immune cells, eventually escaping from the phagosome and migrating to draining lymph nodes to spread the infection 10-12 . Rv0888, a protein that belongs to the large endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase family (Pfam family PF03372) 13 , has sphingomyelinase activity that has been detected in M. tuberculosis culture filtrates 14 . In this study, we identified and characterized Rv0888, the first extracellular nuclease to be reported from M. tuberculosis. We demonstrate that this enzyme is highly active in degrading different types of nucleic acids (chromosomal DNA, double-stranded PCR products, plasmid DNA, and baker's yeast RNA) utilizing divalent metal cations (Ca 2+ and Mn 2+ ). In addition, the nuclease activity of Rv0888 is inhibited by four Chinese medicine monomers (Oleuropein, 6-Gingerol, Corylifolinin, and Acteoside). Finally, we confirmed that Rv0888 is relevant to mycobacterial pathogenicity.

Ex Output:

Characterization of Rv0888, a Novel Extracellular Nuclease from Mycobacterium tuberculosis OPEN