Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: We investigated the clinical significance of GALNT4 expression in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.', 'Enrolled in this study were 104 patients treated with curative nephrectomy at Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai during 2004. Of the cohort 23 patients died of disease, 33 experienced recurrence and 3 died of another cause. GALNT4 density was assessed by immunohistochemistry in patient specimens. Univariate and multivariate Cox models, and ROC analysis were used to analyze the impact of prognostic factors on overall and relapse-free survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log rank test was done to compare clinical outcomes between subgroups.', 'Intratumor GALNT4 expression was significantly lower than peritumor expression. Low GALNT4 expression was associated with poor overall and relapse-free survival (p = 0.001 and 0.004, respectively). Intratumor GALNT4 expression, which negatively correlated with tumor size (p = 0.032), necrosis (p\xa0=\xa00.013) and TNM stage (p = 0.017), was an independent prognostic indicator for overall and relapse-free survival (HR 3.088, p = 0.020 and 2.173, p = 0.047, respectively). Extending the TNM staging system according to GALNT4 expression showed a better prognostic value for overall and relapse-free survival (AUC 0.786, p = 0.029 and 0.761, p = 0.040, respectively).

Output: Does gALNT4 predict clinical outcome in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma?


Input: Consider Input: The DSM-5 encompasses a wide range of symptoms for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Symptoms are commonly added up to sum-scores, and thresholds differentiate between healthy and depressed individuals. The underlying assumption is that all patients diagnosed with MDD have a similar condition, and that sum-scores accurately reflect the severity of this condition. To test this assumption, we examined the number of DSM-5 depression symptom patterns in the "Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression" (STAR*D) study.', 'We investigated the number of unique symptom profiles reported by 3703 depressed outpatients at the beginning of the first treatment stage of STAR*D.', 'Overall, we identified 1030 unique symptom profiles. Of these profiles, 864 profiles (83.9%) were endorsed by five or fewer subjects, and 501 profiles (48.6%) were endorsed by only one individual. The most common symptom profile exhibited a frequency of only 1.8%. Controlling for overall depression severity did not reduce the amount of observed heterogeneity.

Output: Is depression a consistent syndrome : An investigation of unique symptom patterns in the STAR*D study?


Input: Consider Input: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is expressed in epithelial cells, macrophage, and T and B lymphocytes. Ligand induced activation of PPARgamma was reported to attenuate colitis activity but it is not clear whether this protection is mediated by epithelial or leucocyte PPARgamma.', 'Mice with targeted disruption of the PPARgamma gene in intestinal epithelial cells, generated using a villin-Cre transgene and floxed PPARgamma allele and designated PPARgamma(DeltaIEpC), were compared with littermate mice having only the PPARgamma floxed allele with no Cre transgene that expressed PPARgamma in the gut, designated PPARgamma(F/F). Colitis was induced by administering dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) and the two mouse lines compared for typical symptoms of disease and expression of inflammatory cytokines.', 'PPARgamma(DeltaIEpC) mice displayed reduced expression of the PPARgamma target genes ADRP and FABP in the gut but were otherwise normal. Increased susceptibility to DSS induced colitis, as defined by body weight loss, colon length, diarrhoea, bleeding score, and altered histology, was found in PPARgamma(DeltaIEpC) mice in comparison with PPARgamma(F/F) mice. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, and tumour necrosis factor alpha mRNA levels in colons of PPARgamma(DeltaIEpC) mice treated with DSS were higher than in similarly treated PPARgamma(F/F) mice. The PPARgamma ligand rosiglitazone decreased the severity of DSS induced colitis and suppressed cytokine production in both PPARgamma(F/F) and PPARgamma(DeltaIEpC) mice.


Output: Does peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma in colonic epithelial cells protect against experimental inflammatory bowel disease?