TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: This study aims to evaluate the relationship between serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) levels with various clinicopathological conditions in patients with drug eruptions. The value of TARC in diagnosing drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) was also examined.', 'Study participants included 84 patients who presented with generalized eruptions suspected to be drug-related, including DIHS, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), maculopapular exanthema (MPE), erythema multiforme (EM), erythroderma, and toxicoderma. The correlation coefficients between serum TARC levels and clinical parameters in peripheral blood samples were calculated.', 'Serum TARC levels in patients with DIHS were higher than those found in patients with SJS/TEN, MPE, EM, and toxicoderma. TARC levels had 100% sensitivity and 92.3% specificity in diagnosing DIHS, with a threshold value of 13,900\xa0pg/mL. Serum TARC levels positively correlated with age, white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, eosinophil count, monocyte count, atypical lymphocyte (Aty-ly) count, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and creatinine (Cr) levels. It negatively correlated with serum total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Among these clinical parameters, blood eosinophil counts were most strongly correlated with serum TARC levels, with a correlation coefficient of 0.53.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: To determine whether all-trans retinoic acid or a synthetic retinoic acid receptor-α/β-specific agonist, Am80, can reduce the degree of experimental autoimmune optic neuritis in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.', 'Optic neuritis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunizing them with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 . All-trans retinoic acid (350\u2009μg/mouse/time point) or Am80 (5\u2009mg/kg/time point) was administered every other day from day 0 to day 20. The degree of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was scored and histopathological analysis of the optic neuritis was performed on day 22 after the immunization. In vivo-primed draining lymph node cells obtained from vehicle-treated or all-trans retinoic acid-treated mice were stimulated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 , and the culture supernatant was collected for assays of interferon-γ and interleukin-17.', 'All-trans retinoic acid treatment significantly reduced the clinical score of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the severity of the optic neuritis by histopathological analysis. The production of interferon-γ and interleukin-17 was significantly reduced in all-trans retinoic acid-treated mice compared with vehicle-treated mice. Am80 treatment also significantly decreased the severity of the optic neuritis in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Although epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have become key therapeutic agents for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutation, little is known about the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs according to different treatment timings.', 'A total of 1,250 patients with NSCLC were screened for EGFR mutations at a single institution between March 2006 and May 2010. The efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in terms of response rate (RR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared according to the treatment timing.', 'Among the 437 patients (36.1 %) with EGFR mutation, we analyzed 222 patients who received EGFR-TKI treatment. With a median follow-up duration of 27.5 months (range 8.3-69.2), EGFR-TKI was given to 97 (43.7 %), 109 (49.1 %), and 16 (7.2 %) patients as first-line, second-line, and third-line therapy, respectively. All three groups showed similar RR (71.1, 72.5, and 75.0 %, respectively) to EGFR-TKI (p = 0.802). No significant difference was observed according to treatment timing of EGFR-TKI in terms of PFS (median 10.6, 13.0, and 10.4 months; p = 0.670) and OS (median 20.5, 26.2, and 17.1 months; p = 0.142). The treatment timing of EGFR-TKI still showed no association with PFS or OS after adjusting significant prognostic factors including performance, disease status, and EGFR mutation types.

SOLUTION:
1