In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Epidemiological prospective data on cardiovascular (CV) events in elderly subjects from Mediterranean populations are lacking. We aimed to investigate 15-year incidence of CV events and to evaluate the association with CV risk factors in an elderly Mediterranean population.', 'The population of a small Sicilian village were enrolled, visited and a blood sample was drawn at baseline. CV events were recorded in the 15 years of follow-up. From 1351 subjects (75% of the resident population); 315 were in the age range 65-85 years; 266 subjects free from CV disease were analysed. Seventy-seven CV events were recorded in 73 out of 266 subjects, with a 19.7% rate (in 10 years). Hypertension (HTN) (hazards ratio=2.1) and diabetes mellitus (DM) (hazards ratio=1.8) were independently associated with CV events. Subjects with both DM and HTN showed a lower survival free of CV events compared to those with DM or HTN.\Question: Are hypertension and diabetes mellitus associated with cardiovascular events in the elderly without cardiovascular disease . Results of a 15-year follow-up in a Mediterranean population?

Ex Output:
In a 15-year follow-up of an elderly Mediterranean population free from CV disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were related to CV events. The control of risk factors in the elderly needs to be reinforced to achieve better results in terms of CV prevention.


Ex Input:
Context: Prognosis and treatment of patients with breast carcinoma of no special type (NST) is dependent on a few established parameters, such as tumor size, histological grade, lymph node stage, expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER-2/neu, and proliferation index. The original Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) employs a three-tiered classification system that stratifies patients with breast cancer into good, moderate, and poor prognostic groups. The aim of our study was to use robust immunohistochemical methodology for determination of ER, PR, HER-2/neu, Ki-67, p53, and Bcl-2, and to observe differences in the expression of these markers when patients are stratified according to the original, three-tiered Nottingham Prognostic Index.', 'Paraffin blocks from 120 patients diagnosed with breast carcinoma, NST, were retrieved from our archive. Cases included in the study were female patients previously treated with modified radical mastectomy and axillary dissection.', 'Our study demonstrates that expression of markers of good prognosis, such as ER, PR, and Bcl-2, is seen with higher frequency in good and moderate NPI groups. In contrast, overexpression of HER-2/neu, a marker of adverse prognosis, is more frequent in moderate and poor NPI groups. High proliferation index, as measured by Ki-67, is seen in moderate and poor NPI groups, whereas low proliferation index is seen in good NPI groups.\Question: Does classification of patients with breast cancer according to Nottingham prognostic index highlight significant differences in immunohistochemical marker expression?

Ex Output:
These data confirm that the original, three-tiered NPI statistically correlates with the expression of prognostic immunohistochemical markers in breast carcinoma NST.


Ex Input:
Context: Studies associate atheroemboli with neurologic complications following cardiac surgery. The International Council of Emboli Management (ICEM) has demonstrated debris is captured when intraaortic filtration is employed during cardiac surgery. Particulate debris has been extracted from over 98% of ICEM patients and fibrous atheroma from 73%. Anastomotic device use may reduce aortic manipulation, minimizing debris. This study compares particulate capture among three patient groups: Cohort 1 (n = 745) patients receiving on-pump CABG-only procedures; Cohort 2 (n = 24) patients receiving off-pump CABG-only procedures with conventional anastomoses; Cohort 3 (n = 10) patients receiving off-pump CABG-only procedures with automatic proximal anastomoses.', 'The intraaortic filter was placed distal to anastomoses, and proximal to the innominate artery. Upon removal, filters were fixed in formalin and shipped to a core lab (Stanford, CA). Demographic, procedural, and outcomes data were collected in the ICEM Registry.', 'Of the 745 patients receiving stopped-heart CABG, complete data on preoperative risk factors was reported for 673 patients. At least 19 patients reported complete data in Cohort 2, and 10 reported in Cohort 3. One adverse outcome, a death, occurred in the 24 off-pump patients reporting (4.2%). Histologic analyses showing the number of filters successfully extracting particles, the number of particles and total particulate surface area per filter, and the ranges are shown in below. Histologic Finding Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Cohort 3 Filters with particles 98% 100% 100% Mean # of particles 8.5 9.6 5.6 Range # of particles 0-76 1-29 2-13 Mean surface area (mm2) 11.8 18.4 6.1 Range surface area (mm2) 0-171 0.5-61 0.2-14\Question: Does intraaortic filtration capture particulate debris in OPCAB cases using anastomotic devices?

Ex Output:

These data clearly suggest that there is no difference between the amount of particulate debris generated in OPCAB cases versus CPB cases. In OPCAB cases where an anastomosis device was used without a partial clamp, particulate debris may be reduced but not eliminated. These findings may demonstrate the importance of aortic manipulation, particularly clamping, as a source of particulate material in cardiac surgery. However, more study needs to be done to confirm these findings with a larger number of patients.