instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Ficus religiosa L. is one of the most relevant members of the family of Moraceae. It is the most sacred tree of South Asia, and it is used in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicine to cure respiratory disorders like cough, wheezing and asthma. Some studies were performed to investigate the anti-asthmatic potential of F. religiosa bark, leaves and fruit extracts but none of them tested their antiviral activity against viruses responsible for the exacerbation of wheezing and asthma.', 'The present study was undertaken to investigate the antiviral activity of F. religiosa L. extracts against respiratory viruses such as human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV).', 'The antiviral activity of F. religiosa L. was tested in vitro by plaque reduction and virus yield assays and the major mechanism of action was investigated by virus inactivation and time-of-addition assays.', 'F. religiosa L. methanol bark extract was the most active against HRV with an EC50 of 5.52 µg/mL. This extract likely inhibited late steps of replicative cycle. Water bark extract was the most active against RSV with an EC50 between 2.23 and 4.37 µg/mL. Partial virus inactivation and interference with virus attachment were both found to contribute to the anti-RSV activity. Replication of both viruses was inhibited in viral yield reduction assays.
Answer: The results of the present study demonstrate that F. religiosa L. is endowed with antiviral activity against RSV and HRV in vitro. Further work remains to be done to identify the active components and to assess the therapeutic potential in vivo.
answer:
Do ficus religiosa L. bark extracts inhibit human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro?


question:
Context: Reactive oxygen species have been implicated as signaling molecules modulating the activity of redox-sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). Recently, the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), known to mediate gene expression by hypoxia, has been found to be also activated by nonhypoxic factors in a redox-sensitive manner. We therefore aimed to elucidate the link between these 2 important redox-sensitive transcription factors.', 'In pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, reactive oxygen species generated either by exogenous H2O2 or by a NOX4-containing NADPH oxidase stimulated by thrombin activated or induced NF-kappaB and HIF-1alpha. The reactive oxygen species-mediated HIF-1alpha induction occurred on the transcriptional level and was dependent on NF-kappaB. Transfection experiments with wild-type or mutant HIF-1alpha promoter constructs revealed the presence of a yet unidentified NF-kappaB binding element. Gel shift analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation verified binding of NF-kappaB to this site. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species enhanced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, which was prevented by dominant-negative IkappaB or mutation of the HIF-1 binding site within the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter.
Answer: These findings show for the first time to our knowledge that reactive oxygen species directly link HIF-1alpha and NF-kappaB, implicating an important pathophysiological role of this novel pathway in disorders associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species.
answer:
Do reactive oxygen species activate the HIF-1alpha promoter via a functional NFkappaB site?


question:
Context: To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of 50 mg diclofenac p.o. before surgery and intra-articular ropivacaine injected after diagnostic day-case knee arthroscopy performed under spinal anesthesia.', 'In a randomized, double-blind investigation, 200 ASA physical status 1-2 outpatients, age 18-60 yr, received either 50 mg diclofenac p.o. or placebo one hour before operation (100 patients per group), and intraarticular injections of either 20 ml of ropivacaine 0.5% or 20 ml of saline 0.9% (50 patients in each premedication groups). Patients received 50 mg diclofenac p.o. prn and, if needed, 0.1 mg x kg(-1) oxycodone im for postoperative pain relief. Patients were discharged home with a supply of 50 mg diclofenac tablets and were given a sheet of paper with knee pain VAS scales and a questionnaire of analgesics taken. Patients rated their VAS scores eight hours after surgery and in the moming and at the end of the first and the second postoperative days, respectively.', 'The only statistically significant difference was found when the diclofenac groups were combined and compared with the combined placebo premedication groups. The VAS scores of knee pain at eight hours after the operation were 19+/-22 in the two diclofenac premedication groups and 32+/-28 in the two placebo groups (P = 0.001).
Answer: Diclofenac premedication p.o. reduced the VAS scores at eight hours postoperatively while intra-articular ropivacaine did not.
answer:

Does diclofenac premedication but not intra-articular ropivacaine alleviate pain following day-case knee arthroscopy?