In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Ex Input:
2H phosphoesterases catalyze reactions on nucleotide substrates and contain two conserved histidine residues in the active site. Very limited information is currently available on the details of the active site and substrate/product binding during the catalytic cycle of these enzymes. We performed a comprehensive X-ray crystallographic study of mouse 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), a membraneassociated enzyme present at high levels in the tetrapod myelin sheath. We determined crystal structures of the CNPase phosphodiesterase domain complexed with substrate, product, and phosphorothioate analogues. The data provide detailed information on the CNPase reaction mechanism, including substrate binding mode and coordination of the nucleophilic water molecule. Linked to the reaction, an open/close motion of the β5-α7 loop is observed. The role of the N terminus of helix α7-unique for CNPase in the 2H family-during the reaction indicates that 2H phosphoesterases differ in their respective reaction mechanisms despite the conserved catalytic residues. Furthermore, based on small-angle X-ray scattering, we present a model for the full-length enzyme, indicating that the two domains of CNPase form an elongated molecule. Finally, based on our structural data and a comprehensive bioinformatics study, we discuss the conservation of CNPase in various organisms.

Ex Output:
Crystallographic Analysis of the Reaction Cycle of 2′,3′-Cyclic Nucleotide 3′-Phosphodiesterase, a Unique Member of the 2H Phosphoesterase Family


Ex Input:
Several kinds of pressure can lead to the emergence of infectious diseases. In the case of zoonoses emerging from livestock, one of the most significant changes that has taken place since the mid twentieth century is what has been termed the "livestock revolution", whereby the stock of food animals, their productivity and their trade has increased rapidly to feed rising and increasingly wealthy and urbanized populations. Further increases are projected in the future in low and middle-income countries. Using avian influenza as an example, we discuss how the emergence of avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9 in China was linked to rapid intensification of the poultry sector taking place in landscapes rich in wetland agriculture and wild waterfowls habitats, providing an extensive interface with the wild reservoir of avian influenza viruses. Trade networks and live-poultry markets further exacerbated the spread and persistence of avian influenza as well as human exposure. However, as the history of emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) demonstrates in high-income countries such as the USA, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom or the Netherlands, this is by no way specific to low and middle-income countries. Many HPAI emergence events took place in countries with generally good biosecurity standards, and the majority of these in regions hosting intensive poultry production systems. Emerging zoonoses are only one of a number of externalities of intensive livestock production systems, alongside antimicrobial consumption, disruption of nutrient cycles and greenhouse gases emissions, with direct or indirect impacts on human health. In parallel, livestock production is essential to nutrition and livelihoods in many low-income countries. Deindustrialization of the most intensive production systems in high-income countries and sustainable intensifications in low-income countries may converge to a situation where the nutritional and livelihood benefits of livestock production would be less overshadowed by its negative impacts on human an ecosystem health.

Ex Output:
Intensifying poultry production systems and the emergence of avian influenza in China: a 'One Health/Ecohealth' epitome


Ex Input:
A series of novel ketoprofen derivatives 4aj bearing both amide and carbamate functionalities were prepared using the benzotriazole method of carboxylic and hydroxy group activation. Selective reduction of ketoprofen produced hydroxy derivative 2, which in the reaction with one or two moles of 1-benzotriazole carboxylic acid chloride (1) gave benzotriazole derivatives 3a and 3b, respectively. Compounds 3a and 3b with various amines afforded amidocarbamates 4a-j. Antioxidative screenings revealed that the prepared compounds 3b and 4a-j possess excellent lipid peroxidation inhibition at 0.1 mM concentration, higher than 95% for the derivatives bearing aromatic, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic substituents. Two of the compounds, 3b and 4g, also show high soybean lipoxygenase inhibition activity (95 and 83.5%, respectively). On the other hand, the amidocarbamate derivatives of ketoprofen show only weak reducing activity against 1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals. No selective antiviral effects were noted for the tested compounds against a broad variety of DNA and RNA viruses. Most compounds were endowed with a moderate (IC 50 : 10-25 lM) cytostatic activity.

Ex Output:

The novel amidocarbamate derivatives of ketoprofen: synthesis and biological activity