In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

Q: after careful and deliberate study of each of the cases and treatises cited by counsel for the respective parties, as supplemented by own independent research, we are constrained to overrule collins and adopt justice (later chief justice) gardner's dissent in that case.

A: overruling
****
Q: accordingly cochran and similar past holdings are hereby expressly overruled insofar as they collide with the enlightened view now here adopted.

A: overruling
****
Q: first, a.p.'s prior statements were admitted as evidence of the material fact that appellant committed the charged offenses.

A:
non-overruling
****