Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[Q]: We aimed to investigate structural abnormalities in first-episode remitted geriatric depression (RGD) with optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in closely matched patients and healthy control subjects and examine the relationship of performances on neuropsychological tests with regional gray matter volumes.', 'Nineteen subjects with first-episode RGD and 16 well-matched healthy control subjects were recruited for this study, and neuropsychological tests and magnetic resonance imaging were conducted on the subjects. The differences in regional gray matter volume were determined between these two groups by optimized VBM.', 'The volumes of right superior frontal cortex, left postcentral cortex, and right middle temporal gyrus were significantly smaller in patients with RGD relative to healthy control subjects. However, patients with RGD had larger left cingulate gyrus volume compared with healthy control subjects. There was a significant negative correlation between left cingulate gyrus volume and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test delayed recall raw score in patients with RGD.
[A]: 0


[Q]: Defects in phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) function cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a primary immunodeficiency characterized by dysfunctional microbicidal activity and chronic inflammation.', 'We sought to study the effect of chronic inflammation on the hematopoietic compartment in patients and mice with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD).', 'We used immunostaining and functional analyses to study the hematopoietic compartment in patients with CGD.', 'An analysis of bone marrow cells from patients and mice with X-CGD revealed a dysregulated hematopoiesis characterized by increased numbers of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) at the expense of repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In patients with X-CGD, there was a clear reduction in the proportion of HSCs in bone marrow and peripheral blood, and they were also more rapidly exhausted after in vitro culture. In mice with X-CGD, increased cycling of HSCs, expansion of HPCs, and impaired long-term engraftment capacity were found to be associated with high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β. Treatment of wild-type mice with IL-1β induced enhanced cell-cycle entry of HSCs, expansion of HPCs, and defects in long-term engraftment, mimicking the effects observed in mice with X-CGD. Inhibition of cytokine signaling in mice with X-CGD reduced HPC numbers but had only minor effects on the repopulating ability of HSCs.
[A]: 1


[Q]: We investigated suspected food intolerances in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) using confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) for real-time visualization of structural/functional changes in the intestinal mucosa after food challenge. Patients with functional changes after food challenge (CLE+) were placed on personalized exclusion diets and followed up for long-term symptom relief.', "Thirty-six IBS patients with suspected food intolerance and 10 patients with Barrett's esophagus (controls) without IBS symptoms were examined by CLE at University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (Kiel, Germany). Diluted food antigens were administered directly to the duodenal mucosa through the working channel of the endoscope. Epithelial breaks, intervillous spaces, and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) were measured before and after the food challenge. CLE+ patients were placed on exclusion diets, given symptom score questionnaires, and followed up for 1 year; controls resumed their previous diet.", 'CLE showed a real-time response to food antigens in 22 of 36 patients; no responses were observed in 14 of 36 patients (CLE-) or any of the controls. Baseline IELs were significantly higher in CLE+ than CLE- subjects (P\xa0= .004); numbers increased significantly after food challenge (P\xa0= .0008). Within 5 minutes of exposure of CLE+ patients to food antigens, IELs increased, epithelial leaks/gaps formed, and intervillous spaces widened. Epithelial leaks and intervillous spaces also increased significantly in CLE+ vs baseline (both P < .001). The concordance of IELs measured by CLE and conventional histology was 70.6%; they did not correlate (P\xa0= .89; r(2)\xa0= 0.027). Symptom scores improved more than 50% in CLE+ patients after a 4-week exclusion diet and increased to 74% at 12 months; symptoms continued in CLE- patients.
[A]:
1