Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Example Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of a newly synthesized molecule named paracetamol acetohydroxamic acid (PaCaHa) on human neoplastic cell lines.', 'A549, CRL 2923, HeLa, and ARPE were treated with various concentrations of PaCaHa and DMSO (vehicle control). The cytotoxic/cytostatic effects of PaCaHa were determined after a 24-h incubation period and compared to the DMSO control. The cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects were determined by the trypan blue dye exclusion and MTT methods.', 'A higher susceptibility to PaCaHA was found in CRL 2923 and HeLa cells, while A549 and ARPE cells were less responsive to PaCaHa. The percent of cytotoxicity resulting from 400 µg/mL of PaCaHa were >90 for CRL-2923 and HeLa, 68 for A549, and 64 for ARPE cells. The cytotoxic difference between CRL-2923/HeLa and ARPE/A549 cells was significant (P < 0.05).
Example Output: 1

Example Input: Depression is the most common psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy patients. The lack of success with current pharmacological interventions for this patient population, highlights the importance of optimizing non-pharmacological neuromodulatory treatments such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Studies on the antidepressant effect of VNS in epilepsy patients may be confounded by concurrent anti-epileptic drug therapy. To date, studies in epilepsy models overcoming this problem are lacking.', 'We investigated whether VNS affects anhedonia, a key symptom of major depression, in the kainic acid rat model for temporal lobe epilepsy.', 'Anhedonia was assessed in kainic acid (KA) and saline (SAL) injected rats using the saccharin preference test (SPT). To exclude differences in taste perception, the quinine aversion test (QAT) was performed. Both groups were randomly subdivided in a VNS and a SHAM group, yielding 4 experimental arms: KA-VNS, KA-SHAM, SAL-VNS and SAL-SHAM. Both VNS groups received 2 weeks of VNS, while the SHAM groups were not stimulated. Thereafter, the SPT and QAT were repeated.', 'Saccharin preference was significantly reduced in the KA compared to the SAL rats (P\xa0<\xa00.05), without differences in quinine aversion. Two weeks of VNS significantly increased the saccharin preference in the KA-VNS group (P\xa0<\xa00.05), while it had no effect on quinine aversion. No effects of VNS or SHAM were found in the other groups.
Example Output: 1

Example Input: The effect of combined administration of the multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor (Sorafenib) and chemotherapy (Pemetrexed) is still unknown. The cytotoxicity, the optimal combined modality, and the mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic synergism between sorafenib and pemetrexed for EGFR TKI-resistant NSCLC cell lines were then investigated.', 'A549 (EGFR wild-type and KRAS mutation) and H1975 (EGFR mutation and KRAS wild-type) cell lines were treated with pemetrexed and/or sorafenib in vitro. IC50 values, CI (combination index), cell cycle distribution, and phospho-p44/42MAPK were assessed for both cell lines.', 'The cytotoxic interactions between sorafenib and pemetrexed were dose dependent in EGFR TKI-resistant NSCLC cell lines. The administration of the pemetrexed-sorafenib sequence had a synergistic effect and an advantage over the sorafenib-pemetrexed sequence and concomitant administration in both cell lines. Cell cycle analysis showed that sorafenib arrested cells mainly in G1 phase while pemetrexed arrested cell mainly in S phase. Exposure to sorafenib first induced G1 arrest and subsequently prevented the cytotoxicity of S phase specific drug pemetrexed. Exposure to pemetrexed resulted in an increased phospho-p44/42MAPK level which was inhibited by subsequent exposure to sorafenib. U0126, an inhibitor of the MAPK kinase, also enhanced cytotoxicity of pemetrexed in a sequence dependent manner in TKI-resistant cell lines. Likewise, the pemetrexed-activated MAPK signaling pathway was subsequently inhibited by U0126.
Example Output:
0