In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

[Q]: doi: bioRxiv preprint 65 required for the antiviral activity of both IFITM3 and IFITM1 [9]. The subcellular localization of 66 IFITMs is a key determinant of their antiviral profile. When expressed singly, IFITM3 and IFITM2 67 preferentially localize to early and late endosomes and lysosomes, and restrict viruses that enter via 68 these endo-lysosomal compartments. In contrast, IFITM1 primarily localizes at the cell surface and 69 can restrict viruses that enter through the plasma membrane [11-14]. Indeed, mutants of IFITM3 70 that lack an N-terminal endocytic sorting motif 20 YEML 23 localize to the plasma membrane and lose 71 their ability to inhibit influenza A virus (IAV), alphavirus and coronavirus infection by endosomal 72 routes [14-18]. 73 74 Studies focusing on IFITM3 restriction of IAV and Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) indicate that virus 75 internalization is unaffected by IFITM3 expression and, for SFV at least, the viral envelope 76 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the . https://doi.org/10.1101/737841 doi: bioRxiv preprint 109 knockout mice show enhanced morbidity after infection with IAV, alphaviruses and flaviviruses [33-110 .
[A]: Comparative analysis reveals adaptive evolution of bat IFITMs and a novel 1 antiviral determinant


[Q]: A major entry route for the gammaretrovirus amphotropic murine leukemia virus (A-MLV) into NIH 3T3 fibroblasts is via caveola-dependent endocytosis. However, during the infection time, few viral particles can be observed intracellularly. Analyzing the dynamics of the A-MLV infection process by using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we show that the majority of viruses are extracellular and bound to the fibronectin matrix. Moreover, the amounts of bound virus and of fibronectin correlated. Using confocal microscopy, nanoparticles targeted to fibronectin by a III1C-fibronectin fragment or anti-fibronectin antibody were detected intracellularly in NIH 3T3 cells; unconjugated nanoparticles neither bound to cells nor were detectable intracellularly. Furthermore, A-MLV colocalized intracellularly with the fibronectin-targeted nanoparticles, suggesting that they were taken up by the same cellular pathway. Both A-MLV entry and fibronectin turnover depend on caveolar endocytosis, and we found that inhibiting viral binding to the extracellular NIH 3T3 fibronectin-matrix dramatically reduced A-MLV infection, indeed, showing an active role of fibronectin in infection. We suggest that binding to the cellular fibronectin matrix provides a new mechanism by which viruses can enter cells.
[A]: Matrix Fibronectin Binds Gammaretrovirus and Assists in Entry: New Light on Viral Infections ᰔ † Downloaded from


[Q]: The shift of wildlife trade from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual online marketplaces is reported 8 ). We compared information on asking 12 prices and what species were traded using two comparative approaches to analyze how species 13 composition may have changed over time (physical markets and online platforms; pre-Internet and 14 Internet era). In comparison to the five previous market surveys, we did not find a statistically 15 significant difference between species and availability of species offered for sale when comparing 16 physical birds market and online markets. In all datasets biological factors such as wingspan were 17 significant factors in explaining price variation. We conclude that sustained monitoring is needed to 18 make direct comparisons between the trade platforms. With a continued increase of wildlife trade on 19 online platforms, we recommend increased regulation and enforcement of wildlife trade laws. 20 21 42 challenges in making direct comparisons between physical markets and online platforms range from 43 disjointed time periods, nuanced social differences in consumer buying behaviour, as well as 44 differences in survey methods and efforts. Nijman et al (2019) directly compared open animal 45 markets and online markets in trade of wild cats and revealed that there is indeed a directional shift of 46 trade towards online platforms but this differs generally between countries. An increased presence of 47 enforcement agencies in many traditional markets may have also contributed to the shift, however, the 48 rate of change occurs at varying degrees dependent on factors such as geographic location and 49 infrastructure limitations. 65 This poses a threat to wild populations. A recent analysis of the global raptor trade from 1975 to 2015 66 revealed that though current legal commercial trade seems to not pose large conservation concern, 67 there remains a lack of quantifiable evidence on the extent and impact of unregulated trade (Panter et
[A]:
Journal Pre-proof Wildlife trade shifts from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual marketplaces: A case study of birds of prey trade in Thailand Wildlife trade shifts from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual marketplaces: A case study of 1 birds of prey trade in Thailand 2