Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

The Tonnis radiographic classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has been used as a prognostic indicator for patients with walking-age DDH. The International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) classification, a new radiographic classification system, has been proposed to be more reliable by its creators. We sought to validate its reliability using independent observers, to compare it to the Tonnis method, and to assess its prognostic significance in a large cohort of patients.', 'A consecutive series of walking-age DDH patients were examined radiographically and classified by the Tonnis and IHDI schemes by 3 independent observers. Interobserver agreement was determined using the Kappa method. Clinical data were collected on patients with regard to success of closed reduction, need for later pelvic osteotomy, and presence of subsequent radiographic avascular necrosis (AVN). The prognostic value of the Tonnis and IHDI classifications to predict these clinical outcomes was determined.', 'A total of 287 hips were available for analysis of the classification schemes. In total, 235 hips underwent attempted closed reduction and were eligible for analysis of successful closed reduction, and 131 hips had >4-year follow-up and were utilized for analysis of late pelvic osteotomy and AVN. Both classifications showed excellent interobserver reliability and in general, there was nonstatistically significant better reliability for the IHDI versus the Tonnis classification. In multivariate analysis, both IHDI and Tonnis classifications were found to be predictive of successful closed reduction and need for late pelvic osteotomy. Both methods showed trends toward being predictive of AVN rate, without statistical significance.
Is a New Radiographic Classification System for Developmental Hip Dysplasia Reliable and Predictive of Successful Closed Reduction and Late Pelvic Osteotomy?

To analyze the functional connectivity patterns of the different EEG bands during wakefulness and sleep (different sleep stages and cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) conditions), using concepts derived from Graph Theory.', 'We evaluated spatial patterns of EEG band synchronization between all possible pairs of electrodes (19) placed over the scalp of 10 sleeping healthy young normal subjects using two graph theoretical measures: the clustering coefficient (Cp) and the characteristic path length (Lp). The measures were obtained during wakefulness and the different sleep stages/CAP conditions from the real EEG connectivity networks and randomized control (surrogate) networks (Cp-s and Lp-s).', 'We found values of Cp and Lp compatible with a small-world network organization in all sleep stages and for all EEG bands. All bands below 15Hz showed an increase of these features during sleep (and during CAP-A phases in particular), compared to wakefulness.
Does the functional connectivity of different EEG bands move towards small-world network organization during sleep?

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by left ventricular enlargement, systolic dysfunction, and heart failure. Both genetic and non-genetic factors have been linked to DCM pathogenesis. Familial DCM (FDCM) accounts for 20%-50% of all DCM cases, highlighting the importance of genetics in pathogenesis. Indeed, more than 40 DCM-associated genes have been identified, including the gene encoding cardiac troponin T type-2 (TNNT2). We examined polymorphisms of the TNNT2 gene in idiopathic DCM (IDCM) patients of Kazak and Han ethnicity compared with healthy Kazak and Han controls.', 'Peripheral blood samples were collected from 180 patients with IDCM (90 Kazak and 90 Han), and 180 healthy controls (90 Kazak and 90 Han). PCR was used to amplify 15 exons and nearby introns of the TNNT2 gene. The amplified products were sequenced and compared to the standard sequence in PubMed by BLAST and CHROMAS software, to identify mutation sites.', 'Results from Kazak and Han IDCM patients were complied for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis. There was a significant difference in the genotype distribution (χ2=6.67, P=0.015) and allele frequency (χ2=5.71, P=0.017) between Kazaks with IDCM and Kazak controls of SNP rs3729547. There was also a difference in the genotype distribution (χ2=6.62, P=0.036) and allele frequency (χ2=4.91, P=0.018) between Han with IDCM and Han controls. The TNNT2 gene polymorphism loci rs3729547 may be associated with the IDCM onset in Kazak and Han patients (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.233~5.068).

Are tNNT2 Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Susceptibility to Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Kazak and Han Chinese?