TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: Recently, a novel clade Botrytis cinerea group S was found to be common in B. cinerea populations from Germany and New Zealand. Fenhexamid, an effective antibotrytis fungicide, has not been registered in China, but our preliminary study detected fenhexamid-resistant (HydR) isolates from strawberry in Zhejiang Province.', 'Genetic identification of 639 B. cinerea isolates from strawberry found that 331 (62.9%) belonged to B. cinerea group S. The frequency of HydR isolates ranged from 0 to 37.5% among the nine locations. Of the 74 HydR isolates, 71 were B. cinerea group S and moderately resistant to fenhexamid (HydR). Seven new mutations S9G, P57A, P269L, V365A, E368D, E375K and A378T in the target gene erg27 were reported for the first time. Sixty-two (83.8%) HydR isolates simultaneously carried P57A and A378T mutations, and further transformation assays showed that integration of one copy of erg27(P57A) (,) (A378T) into a wild-type strain led to partial resistance. Detached fruit studies showed that fenhexamid at the recommended field rate could control the disease incited by moderately resistant isolates but not by highly resistant isolates.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: NI margins have to be chosen appropriately to control the risk of degradation of treatment effects in non-inferiority (NI) trials. We aimed to study whether the current choice of NI margins protects sufficiently against a degradation of treatment effect on an average.', 'NI trials reflecting current practice were assembled and for each trial, the NI margin was translated into a likelihood of degradation. The likelihood of degradation was calculated as the conditional probability of a treatment being harmful given that it is declared non-inferior in the trial, using simulation. Its distribution among the NI trials was then studied to assess the potential risk of degradation.', "The median (lower/upper quartile) NI margin among 112 binary outcome NI trials corresponded to an odds ratio of 0.57(0.45, 0.66), while among 38 NI trials with continuous outcome, to a Cohen's d of -0.42(-0.54, -0.31) and a hazard ratio of 0.82(0.73, 0.86) among 24 survival outcome NI trials. Overall, the median likelihood of degradation was 56% (45%, 62%).

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: A previous study by the authors has shown that recombinant myocilin purified from a prokaryotic expression system increases outflow resistance in cultured human anterior segments. The present study was performed to determine whether full-length myocilin purified from a human trabecular meshwork cell expression system alters outflow resistance after infusion into human anterior segments.', "A feline immunodeficiency virus vector encoding both full-length myocilin (amino acids 1-503 fused to C-terminal V5 and six-histidine epitopes) and puromycin resistance was used to transduce a transformed trabecular meshwork cell line (TM5). Stably expressing cells were selected with puromycin. Recombinant myocilin was purified from the media using nickel ion affinity chromatography. Control purifications were performed on media from parental TM5 cells. Anterior segments of human eyes were placed in organ culture and perfused with either Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) or DMEM supplemented with 50% porcine aqueous humor. One eye received an anterior chamber exchange with recombinant myocilin (2 microg/mL), whereas the fellow eye received an equal volume of control. Immunohistochemistry was performed with anti-myocilin and anti-V5 antibodies. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze myocilin complex formation in porcine aqueous humor.", 'Recombinant myocilin in porcine aqueous humor increased outflow resistance in cultured human anterior segments (91% +/- 68% [mean +/- SD] versus 18% +/- 31% in fellow control eye; n = 9, P = 0.004). Maximum outflow resistance was obtained 5 to 17 hours after infusion and remained above baseline for >3 days. Recombinant myocilin also increased outflow resistance in eyes incubated in DMEM, but only if myocilin was preincubated with porcine aqueous humor (78% +/- 77% when preincubated in DMEM containing porcine aqueous humor versus 13% +/- 15% when preincubated with DMEM alone, n = 6, P = 0.03). Recombinant myocilin appears to form a complex in porcine aqueous humor with a heat-labile protein(s). Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of myocilin in the juxtacanalicular region of the trabecular meshwork.

SOLUTION:
1