instruction:
In this task, you are given a set of context paragraph and some supporting facts to answer a question. Your task is to generate answer for given question based on set of context paragraphs and supporting facts.
question:
Context_1 : Shattered is a 1991 American neo-noir/psychological thriller starring Tom Berenger, Greta Scacchi, Bob Hoskins, Joanne Whalley and Corbin Bernsen. It was directed and written for the screen by Wolfgang Petersen, based on the novel by Richard Neely. Context_2 : The Traveler is a 2010 horror film directed by Michael Oblowitz, written by Joseph C. Muscat, and starring Val Kilmer and Dylan Neal. Kilmer plays a stranger who walks into a small town's police station, confesses to murder, and is interrogated by detective Alexander Black (Neal). Context_3 : Joanne Whalley (born 25 August 1964) is an English actress who began her career in 1974. She has since amassed numerous credits, primarily on television, but also in nearly 30 feature films, including "Dance with a Stranger" (1985), "Willow" (1988), "Scandal" (1989), "The Secret Rapture" (1993) and "Mother's Boys" (1994). Following her marriage to Val Kilmer in 1988, she was credited as Joanne Whalley-Kilmer until their divorce in 1996. Context_4 : Top Gun is a 1986 American romantic military action drama film directed by Tony Scott, and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer, in association with Paramount Pictures. The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr., and was inspired by an article titled "Top Guns" published in "California" magazine three years earlier. The film stars Tom Cruise, Kelly McGillis, Val Kilmer, Anthony Edwards, and Tom Skerritt. Cruise plays Lieutenant Pete "Maverick" Mitchell, a young Naval aviator aboard the aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise" . He and his Radar Intercept Officer (RIO) Nick "Goose" Bradshaw (Edwards) are given the chance to train at the Navy's Fighter Weapons School at the former Naval Air Station (NAS) Miramar in San Diego. Context_5 : Heat is a 1995 American crime film written, produced and directed by Michael Mann, and starring Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, and Val Kilmer. De Niro plays Neil McCauley, a professional thief, while Pacino plays Lt. Vincent Hanna, a LAPD robbery-homicide detective tracking down McCauley's crew. The story is based on the former Chicago police officer Chuck Adamson's pursuit during the 1960s of a criminal named McCauley, after whom De Niro's character is named. Heat is a remake by Mann of a TV series he had worked on, the pilot of which was released as a TV movie, "L.A. Takedown" in 1989. Context_6 : Palo Alto is a 2013 American drama film written and directed by Gia Coppola, based on James Franco's short story collection "Palo Alto" (2010). Franco stars, along with Emma Roberts, Jack Kilmer, Nat Wolff and Zoe Levin. Jack Kilmer's father, Val Kilmer, also appears briefly in the film as Stewart, Emma Roberts' stepdad. Context_7 : The Fourth Dimension is a 2012 independent film composed of three segments all created by different directors. In 2013 VICE Films worked with Grolsch Films Works to produce the film, which starred Val Kilmer and Rachel Korine. Context_8 : Wonderland is a 2003 American crime drama film, co-written and directed by James Cox and based on the real-life Wonderland Murders that occurred in 1981. The film stars Val Kilmer, Kate Bosworth, Dylan McDermott, Carrie Fisher, Lisa Kudrow, Josh Lucas, Christina Applegate, Tim Blake Nelson, and Janeane Garofalo. Kilmer plays the role of John Holmes, a pornographic film star and suspected accomplice in four grisly murders committed in an apartment on Wonderland Avenue, in the Laurel Canyon section of Los Angeles. Mr. Holmes was famous for playing the role of "Johnny Wadd" in a related series of pornographic adult films. Context_9 : MacGruber is a 2010 American action comedy film based on the "Saturday Night Live" sketch of the same name, itself a parody of action-adventure television series "MacGyver". Jorma Taccone of the comedy trio The Lonely Island directed the film, which stars Will Forte in the title role; Kristen Wiig as his love interest/partner, Vicki St. Elmo; Ryan Phillippe as Dixon Piper, a young lieutenant who becomes part of MacGruber's team; Maya Rudolph as MacGruber's dead wife, Casey; and Val Kilmer as the villain, Dieter von Cunth. Context_10 : The fictional superhero Batman, who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics, has appeared in various films since his inception. Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger, the character first starred in two serial films in the 1940s, "Batman" and "Batman and Robin". The character also appeared in the 1966 film "Batman", which was a feature film adaptation of the 1960s "Batman" TV series starring Adam West and Burt Ward, who also starred in the film. Toward the end of the 1980s, the Warner Bros. studio began producing a series of feature films starring Batman, beginning with the 1989 film "Batman", directed by Tim Burton and starring Michael Keaton. Burton and Keaton returned for the 1992 sequel "Batman Returns", and in 1995, Joel Schumacher directed "Batman Forever" with Val Kilmer as Batman. Schumacher also directed the 1997 sequel "Batman & Robin", which starred George Clooney. "Batman & Robin" was poorly received by both critics and fans, leading to the cancellation of "Batman Unchained". fact_1 : Shattered is a 1991 American neo-noir/psychological thriller starring Tom Berenger, Greta Scacchi, Bob Hoskins, Joanne Whalley and Corbin Bernsen. fact_2 :  It was directed and written for the screen by Wolfgang Petersen, based on the novel by Richard Neely. fact_3 :  Following her marriage to Val Kilmer in 1988, she was credited as Joanne Whalley-Kilmer until their divorce in 1996. Question: Who directed the film that starred Val Kilmer's former wife?
answer:
Wolfgang Petersen


question:
Context_1 : The Keep the Clause campaign was a privately funded political campaign organised in 2000 with the aim of resisting the repeal of legislation known as Clause 28 of the Local Government Act 1988 in Scotland and the United Kingdom, which forbade local authorities to "intentionally promote homosexuality". (Clause 28 was known as Section 2A of the relevant Scottish legislation). The campaign involved the first privately funded referendum to take place across Scotland. The campaign was ultimately unsuccessful. Context_2 : The Google Lunar XPRIZE (GLXP), sometimes referred to as Moon 2.0, is an inducement prize space competition organized by XPRIZE, and sponsored by Google. The challenge calls for privately funded spaceflight teams to be the first to land a privately funded robotic spacecraft on the Moon, travel 500 meters, and transmit back high-definition video and images. Context_3 : The Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery is a public-private biomedical research partnership that is located on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus. It consists of two institutions: the privately funded Morgridge Institute for Research, and the publicly funded Wisconsin Institute for Discovery. Both institutes opened in 2010. The publicly funded institute is headed by David Krakauer, and the privately funded institute is led by chief executive officer Brad Schwartz. Jo Handelsman has been appointed as Director of the Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, effective on February 1, 2017. Context_4 : Tanoto Foundation is a privately funded non-profit organisation founded by Indonesian entrepreneur Sukanto Tanoto and his wife Tinah Bingei Tanoto. The Foundation focuses mainly on poverty alleviation, funding and developing programs aimed at improving access and quality to education, empowering rural and under-privileged communities to be self-sufficient, and enhancing rural quality of life. The Foundation operates in countries in which Tanoto has business presence. Context_5 : William Grant Still (May 11, 1895 – December 3, 1978) was an American composer, who composed more than 150 works, including five symphonies and eight operas. Context_6 : The Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters (MIAL) is a privately funded foundation created to recognize annually the greatest accomplishments in art, music, literature, and photography among Mississippians. The idea was conceived by, among others, former Mississippi Governor William Winter, Dr. Cora Norman, Dr. Aubrey Lucas, and Dr. Noel Polk in 1978, and the first awards were given out in 1980. Nominations for these awards may be made only by registered members of the Institute. The winners are chosen by a jury of prominent academics in each of the seven fields: Fiction, Non-fiction, Visual Art, Concert Musical Composition, Popular Musical Composition, Photography, and Poetry. The ceremony is held in a different Mississippi city each year. Past winners have included Walker Percy, Ellen Douglas, Ellen Gilchrist, Richard Ford, Larry Brown, Rick Bass, Lewis Nordan, Beverly Lowry, Donna Tartt, Clifton Taulbert, Barry Hannah, Willie Morris, Leontyne Price, Cynthia Shearer, Stephen Ambrose, Steve Yarbrough, Tom Franklin, Brad Watson, Shelby Foote, Natasha Trethewey, Birney Imes, Maude Schyler Clay, William Grant Still, Morgan Freeman, Christopher Maurer, Wyatt Waters, Logan Skelton, and many others. Lifetime achievement awards have been presented to artists such as Gulf Coast painter and potter Walter Anderson, Jackson writer Eudora Welty, and the distinguished film actor from the Delta, Morgan Freeman. Context_7 : The NEXT Foundation is a privately funded New Zealand philanthropic foundation that was launched in March 2014. It has a mandate to invest $100 million over 10 years into environmental and educational projects that will benefit New Zealanders. NEXT Foundation is aiming to make large-scale commitments of approximately $5–15 million per annum over 10 years to a small number of projects. Context_8 : Operation USA (also known as OpUSA, Operation California, or OpCal) is a non profit humanitarian organization dedicated to helping communities alleviate the effects of disaster, disease, and endemic poverty throughout the world by providing privately funded relief, reconstruction, humanitarian aid and development aid. It is exclusively privately funded, receiving no assistance from the United States federal government. OPUSA had a revenue of over $22 million in fiscal year 2012 and has shipped over $425 million worth of "high-priority medical, nutritional and shelter supplies" since its inception, including shipments to Haiti, Japan, Chile, Kenya and Pakistan in 2011 and 2011. Context_9 : Claude Moore Colonial Farm, originally Turkey Run Farm, is a U.S. park in Virginia recreating and reenacting life on a tenant farm c. 1771. Turkey Run is the only privately run park in the U.S. National Park Service (NPS). The Friends of Claude Moore Colonial Farm at Turkey Run Inc., a privately funded foundation, pays for all activities on the farm, while the land is owned by the NPS. They receive only certain maintenance tasks from the Park Service. The Farm is located in Langley, Virginia, a suburb of McLean, Virginia, next to the George Bush Center for Intelligence and the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. Market Fair events are held at the park. Context_10 : Soyuz TM-30 (Russian: Союз ТМ-30 , "Union TM-30"), also known as Mir EO-28, was a Soyuz mission, the 39th and final human spaceflight to the Mir space station. The crew of the mission was sent by MirCorp, a privately funded company, to reactivate and repair the station. The crew also resupplied the station and boosted the station to an orbit with a low point (perigee) of 360 and a high point (apogee) of 378 kilometers (223 and 235 miles, respectively). The boost in the station's orbit, which was done by utilizing the engines of the Progress M1-1 and M1-2 spacecraft, made transit between Mir and the International Space Station impossible, as desired by NASA. The mission was the first privately funded mission to a space station. fact_1 :  The idea was conceived by, among others, former Mississippi Governor William Winter, Dr. Cora Norman, Dr. Aubrey Lucas, and Dr. Noel Polk in 1978, and the first awards were given out in 1980. fact_2 :  Past winners have included Walker Percy, Ellen Douglas, Ellen Gilchrist, Richard Ford, Larry Brown, Rick Bass, Lewis Nordan, Beverly Lowry, Donna Tartt, Clifton Taulbert, Barry Hannah, Willie Morris, Leontyne Price, Cynthia Shearer, Stephen Ambrose, Steve Yarbrough, Tom Franklin, Brad Watson, Shelby Foote, Natasha Trethewey, Birney Imes, Maude Schyler Clay, William Grant Still, Morgan Freeman, Christopher Maurer, Wyatt Waters, Logan Skelton, and many others. fact_3 : William Grant Still (May 11, 1895 – December 3, 1978) was an American composer, who composed more than 150 works, including five symphonies and eight operas. Question: What American composer was recognized by a privately funded foundation that was concevied in 1978?
answer:
William Grant Still


question:
Context_1 : Norman Adrian de Bruyne FRS was born in Punta Arenas Chile on 8 November 1904, baptised on 19 March 1905 at the Anglican Church St. James Church, by the Rev. Edwin Aspinall. His father was Dutch and his mother English. He grew up in England, studied science at the University of Cambridge and became a physics researcher. Around 1930, he became interested in aviation. de Bruyne was the first student of the new flying school which Arthur Marshall established in Cambridge in 1931 Context_2 : Lorinda Munson Bryant (21 March 1855 − 13 December 1933) was a writer and educator. She was born near Granville, Ohio, in 1855 to Marvin M. Munson, a lawyer, and Emma Sabin Culbertson. In 1875 she married Charles W. Bryant, a druggist; he died in 1886, and Lorinda Bryant took over running his drug store. She received a Bachelor of Science degree from Granville Female College in 1892. The next year she studied at the Chicago College of Pharmacy, and after further studies at Denison University she became the first woman in Ohio to be a registered pharmacist. She subsequently studied science at Cornell University, and later founded the Montrose School for girls in South Orange, New Jersey. The school closed in 1905, and Bryant turned to writing, eventually publishing over twenty books. "A History of Painting", published in 1906, was among her most successful books. Context_3 : Takoradi Senior High School (TADISCO) is a coeducational second-cycle institution in Takoradi in the Western Region of Ghana. Context_4 : Joseph Otsiman was born at Effia Kuma, Takoradi on Saturday afternoon 3 June 1989. He attended Nana Brempong basic and Junior high School. He then attended Takoradi Senior High School where he studied Science. He later continued at the National Institute of Information Technology (NIIT). He is an AMA Awards nominee for the role he played in his first feature film "The Cursed Ones" in 2015. He is the Co-Founder of Greenyard Entertainment; a production house that is currently involved in short films and web series. Context_5 : Gabrielle de Veaux Clements (September 11, 1858 – March 26, 1948) was an American painter, print maker, and muralist. She studied art at the Philadelphia School of Design for Women, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and in Paris at Académie Julian. Clements also studied science at Cornell University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree. She created murals, painted portraits, and made etchings. Clements taught in Philadelphia and in Baltimore at Bryn Mawr School. Her works have been exhibited in the United States and at the Paris Salon. Clements works are in several public collections. Her life companion was fellow artist Ellen Day Hale. Context_6 : Cornelis de Jode (1568 – 17 October 1600) was a cartographer, engraver and publisher from Antwerp. He was the son of Gerard de Jode, also a cartographer. Cornelis studied science at Academy of Douai Context_7 : Sachin Gupta was born in a family of doctors and has studied science at school level. He was in Frank Anthony and spent a couple of years in Apeejay School in New Delhi. Having gotten through IIT-Delhi in Mechanical Engineering, Sachin decided to instead study physics (honours) and went to Sri Venkateswara College in Delhi University. But after a year, he moved to study B.Com (Hons) at Shahid Bhagat Singh College while pursuing music simultaneously. He was introduced to the guitar at the age of 7 by his mother and ever since, he took music as his calling in life. Context_8 : Jakey Kovac (1896–1937) was the oldest of four siblings. The sister thought to be his favorite sister became a radio star as part of a musical trio. Kovac was born in Iowa where his father was a teacher and administrator at Capital City Commercial College. Kovac studied accounting at Capital City after high school and then went to Tarkio College in Missouri where he studied science and taught accounting. Due to the personnel shortage, he became head of the chemistry department during World War I. He graduated in 1920, then got his Master's degree from the University of Illinois the following year. He took a teaching post at the University of South Dakota, and there began working on organic chemistry, especially bonding. He found that he liked research far better than teaching. He obtained his PhD from the University of Illinois in 1924. He became an instructor at Harvard, where he started experimenting with chemical structures of polymers with high molecular weight. Context_9 : Relatively little is in print in English concerning the life of Lajos Winkler. Winkler studied science at the Budapest University of Science, receiving his doctorate there in 1890, while working with Carl von Than. He stayed on to work as a lecturer, among other positions, and directed the Institute of Chemistry, starting in 1909, for more than 25 years. He is said to have published several hundred papers, to have helped found the "Hungarian Journal of Chemistry", and to have been a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. See also the study of Vamos for more information and references. Context_10 : Perkins was born on 15 November 1866 at Badminton, Gloucestershire and was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, St. Albans – his father, Rev Charles Perkins, was the headmaster – and at Merchant Taylors' School before obtaining a scholarship in classics to Jesus College, Oxford in 1885. After two years of studying classics, he switched to reading Natural History, notwithstanding that he had not studied science at school, having been inspired to make the change by the lectures of Edward Poulton on the colour of insects. His first publications in natural history journals came when he was still studying classics. He obtained a fourth-class degree in the Animal Morphology specialism of the Natural Sciences course in 1889. In 1891, a committee appointed by the Royal Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science asked Perkins to investigate the land fauna of the Hawaiian islands, and he was engaged in this for almost ten years, conducting research on the islands and carrying out studies at the University of Cambridge on his trips back home. The fruits of this research first began to be published in 1899, in "Fauna Hawaiiensis" (edited by David Sharp), and he completed his work in 1913 with a general introduction to the series. For this work, he was awarded the Linnean Society's gold medal for eminent services to zoology. fact_1 :  He then attended Takoradi Senior High School where he studied Science. fact_2 : Takoradi Senior High School (TADISCO) is a coeducational second-cycle institution in Takoradi in the Western Region of Ghana. Question: What is the country of the school that Joseph Otsiman studied Science in?
answer:

Ghana