Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: To determine the role of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation in the pathogenesis of unexplained second and third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss.', 'One hundred and fourteen women with unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss made up the study group, and 106 normal pregnant women with a history of delivery of at least one healthy fetus and no history of late fetal loss made up the control group. The study group was further divided into two subgroups: second (n = 36) and third (n = 78) trimester fetal loss. All women were tested for factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin gene mutations.', 'Twenty-one (18.4%) of the women in the study group and seven (6.6%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden mutation (OR = 3.19). Eleven (9.6%) of the women in the study group and three (2.8%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of prothrombin gene mutation (OR = 3.66). In assessing with regard to trimesters, 18 (23%) factor V Leiden and 10 (12.8%) prothrombin gene mutations were present in the group of third trimester fetal loss (OR = 4.24 and OR = 5.04, respectively). Three (8.3%) factor V Leiden and one (2.7%) prothrombin gene mutation were detected in women with second trimester fetal loss (OR = 1.28 and OR = 0.40, respectively).
[EX A]: Is third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations?

[EX Q]: The FAS/FASLG system has been proposed to play a key role in germ cell apoptosis. To elucidate the role of the genetic variants of cell death pathway genes in male infertility, we genotyped the polymorphisms of FAS, FASLG and caspase-8 (CASP8) genes and evaluated their effects on sperm apoptosis and semen quality in infertile men.', 'The genotypes of FAS, FASLG and CASP8 were determined in 620 infertile men. Sperm apoptosis rates were measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay, and the semen quality analysis was performed using computer assisted sperm analysis.', 'We found that polymorphisms of FAS-670A/G (rs1800682: A>G) and CASP8-652 6N ins/del (rs3834129: -/CTTACT) were associated with sperm apoptosis and semen quality. Individuals with FAS-670GG showed low apoptosis rate and decreased sperm concentration, compared with the FAS-670AA genotype. Similarly, in comparison with the CASP8-652 6N ins/ins genotype, the CASP8-652 6N (ins/del+del/del) genotypes also showed significantly decreased sperm apoptosis rate and poor sperm motility. Other polymorphisms investigated did not appear to affect sperm apoptosis and semen quality.
[EX A]: Are polymorphisms in cell death pathway genes associated with altered sperm apoptosis and poor semen quality?

[EX Q]: Clinical evidence indicates that hemodynamic conditions influence abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. We modified blood flow to evaluate the effects of wall shear stress (WSS) and relative wall strain (RWS) on aneurysm structure and cellularity.', 'Rodent AAAs were created with porcine pancreatic elastase infusion. In group 1 AAA WSS was increased with left femoral arteriovenous fistula creation, whereas in group 2 AAA WSS was decreased with left iliac artery ligation. Aortic flow, wall motion, and blood pressure were recorded in both groups. AAA diameter, endothelial and smooth muscle cellularity (CD31 and alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining), markers for cell proliferation (5-bromodeoxyuridine), endothelial and smooth muscle cell growth factor production (vascular endothelial growth factor-D and platelet-derived growth factor-beta, respectively), and apoptosis (deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeled [TUNEL] stain) were compared between groups when the animals were killed.', 'Arteriovenous fistula creation increased WSS (high-flow AAA) by 300% and RWS by 150%. Iliac ligation reduced WSS (low-flow AAA) by 60%. Neither procedure significantly altered systolic, diastolic, or mean aortic pressure. When the animals were killed 7 days after elastase infusion, low-flow AAAs were significantly larger than high-flow AAAs. High-flow AAAs also contained more endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and evidence of increased growth factor production, cell proliferation, and decreased apoptosis. No difference in type or severity of AAA inflammatory cell infiltrate was noted between groups.
[EX A]:
Do wall shear stress and strain modulate experimental aneurysm cellularity?