In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Input: Consider Input: The mucus-dwelling parasite Ostertagia ostertagi is one of the most important gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. Our group has previously demonstrated the protective capacity of a vaccine against this parasite based on a native activation-associated secreted protein ASP1 (nASP) in combination with the saponin adjuvant QuilA. The aim of the current study was to analyse the effect of both antigen and adjuvant on the cellular and humoral vaccine-induced immune responses by comparing the native ASP to a recombinant version expressed in Pichia pastoris (pASP) and replacing QuilA by Al(OH) 3 . Immunization of cattle with the protective nASP+QuilA vaccine was associated with antigen-induced proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells combined with IFN-γ secretion and the induction of a mixed IgG1/IgG2 antibody response. ASP-specific activation and proliferation of NK cells was also observed in mice following the same vaccination regime. Replacing QuilA by Al(OH) 3 or nASP by pASP significantly decreased the capacity of the vaccines to trigger both NK cell activation and antibody responses and failed to induce protection against a challenge infection. Reduction of the structurally anchoring disulphide bonds of the nASP completely abolished its ability to induce NK cell activation and antibody responses, highlighting the importance of protein conformation for the immunostimulatory activity.

Output: Host protective ASP-based vaccine against the parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostertagi triggers NK cell activation and mixed IgG1-IgG2 response


Input: Consider Input: Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) is the simplest form of genetic molecule and constitutes the genome in some viruses and presumably in primitive life-forms. However, an innate and unsolved problem regarding the ssRNA genome is formation of inactive doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) during replication. Here, we addressed this problem by focusing on the secondary structure. We systematically designed RNAs with various structures and observed dsRNA formation during replication using an RNA replicase (Q␤ replicase). From the results, we extracted a simple rule regarding ssRNA genome replication with less dsRNA formation (less GC number in loops) and then designed an artificial RNA that encodes a domain of the ␤-galactosidase gene based on this rule. We also obtained evidence that this rule governs the natural genomes of all bacterial and most fungal viruses presently known. This study revealed one of the structural design principles of an ssRNA genome that replicates continuously with less dsRNA formation.

Output: A design principle for a single-stranded RNA genome that replicates with less double-strand formation


Input: Consider Input: Objectives To determine the inhibitory activities of flavonoids against NS2B-NS3 protease of ZIKA virus (ZIKV NS2B-NS3 pro ) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and their structure activity relationship. Results ZIKV NS2B-NS3 pro was expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) as a 35 kDa protein. It had a K m of 26 lM with the fluorogenic peptide Dabcyl-KTSAVLQS GFRKME-Edan. The purified ZIKV NS2B-NS3 pro was used for inhibition and kinetic assays to determine the activities of 22 polyphenol compounds. These polyphenol compounds at 100 lM inhibited the activity of ZIKV NS2B-NS3 pro by 6.2-88%. Seven polyphenol compounds had IC 50 ranging from 22 ± 0.2 to 112 ± 5.5 lM. Myricetin showed a mixed type inhibitory pattern against ZIKV NS2B-NS3 pro protease. Its IC 50 value was 22 ± 0.2 lM with a K i value of 8.9 ± 1.9 lM. Conclusion The chemical structure of a polyphenol compound and its inhibitory activity against ZIKV NS2B-NS3 pro can be explored to develop highly selective inhibitors against ZIKV NS2B-NS3 pro .


Output: Inhibitory effect of flavonoids against NS2B-NS3 protease of ZIKA virus and their structure activity relationship