In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
--------
Question: One sentence summary: CmpA is an OmpA-like protein in Legionella pneumophila that is required for efficient intracellular replication in both primary macrophages and in the environmental host Acanthamoeba castellanii. Editor: Akio Nakane The OmpA-like protein domain has been associated with peptidoglycan-binding proteins, and is often found in virulence factors of bacterial pathogens. The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila encodes for six proteins that contain the OmpA-like domain, among them the highly conserved uncharacterized protein we named CmpA. Here we set out to characterize the CmpA protein and determine its contribution to intracellular survival of L. pneumophila. Secondary structure analysis suggests that CmpA is an inner membrane protein with a peptidoglycan-binding domain at the C-teminus. A cmpA mutant was able to replicate normally in broth, but failed to compete with an isogenic wild-type strain in an intracellular growth competition assay. The cmpA mutant also displayed significant intracellular growth defects in both the protozoan host Acanthamoeba castellanii and in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, where uptake into the cells was also impaired. The cmpA phenotypes were completely restored upon expression of CmpA in trans. The data presented here establish CmpA as a novel virulence factor of L. pneumophila that is required for efficient intracellular replication in both mammalian and protozoan hosts.

Answer: A conserved OmpA-like protein in Legionella pneumophila required for efficient intracellular replication


Question: The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the maintenance of blood pressure homeostasis. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II, which binds the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R), is a potent vasoconstrictor. On a pathophysiological basis, both ACE I/D and AT1R A1166C polymorphism lead to an enhanced activity of the angiotensin II-AT1R axis, thereby possibly contributing to circulatory disturbances. A mutually facilitatory effect may be presumed between the two polymorphisms. We examined whether this synergistic effect is involved in the evolution of different types of ischemic stroke. Genetic and clinical data on 308 consecutive patients with acutely developing ischemic stroke were analyzed. A total of 272 stroke and neuroimaging alteration-free subjects served as a control group. Univariate and logistic regression statistical approaches were used. The ACE D allele combined with the AT1R 1166C allele did not yield a risk of ischemic stroke. However, the co-occurrence of the homozygous ACE D/D and at least one AT1R 1166C allele was more frequent in the ischemic stroke group than in the control group (22.4 vs 11%, p < 0.005, OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.46-3.7). After specific subgroup analysis, this synergistic association was even stronger for small-vessel ischemic stroke (OR, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.9-6.24; p < 0.0005). Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the data confirmed this association (adjusted OR, 3.54, 95% CI, 1.88-7.16; p < 0.0005). Our results demonstrate that ACE D/D and AT1R 1166C NeuroMolecular Medicine

Answer: Coexistence of Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor A1166C and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme D/D Polymorphism Suggests Susceptibility for Small-Vessel-Associated Ischemic Stroke


Question: C ell-to-cell spread of retroviruses via virological synapse (VS) contributes to overall progression of disease. VS are specialized pathogen-induced cellular structures that facilitate cell-to-cell transfer of HIV-1 and HTLV-1. VS provide a mechanistic explanation for cell-associated retroviral replication. While VS share some common features with neurological or immunological synapses, they also exhibit important differences. The role of VS might not be limited to human retroviruses and the emerging role of a plant synapse suggests that VS might well be conserved structures for cell-cell spreading of both animal and plant viruses. Dissection of the VS is just at its beginning, but already offers ample information and fascinating insights into mechanisms of viral replication and cell-to-cell communication. The complex functioning of biological systems requires the capacity of cells to interact in a synchronized manner. The capacity of cells to come in close contact with one another enables rapid exchange of information through directed secretion. In complex systems such as the nervous and immune systems, characteristic rearrangements of plasma membrane proteins appear at the cell-cell junction, called synapse. A synapse is defined as "a stable adhesive junction across which information is relayed by directed secretion".^ The concept of the neural synapse (NS) was first introduced over a century ago and was depicted as a stable structure organized and specialized in intercellular signaling between neurons. Plasma membranes of the pre and post-synaptic neurons are contiguous and information is conveyed to the downstream cell via secretion of neurotransmitters. In order to generate a favorable microenvironment, stabilization of synapse by scaffolding proteins, mainly cadherins and other adhesion molecules, is required (reviewed in re£ 1). In the immune system, interactions between T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) are essential for an effective adaptive immune response. By analogy with the nervous system, these specialized interactions occur via an immunological synapse (IS). The concept of the IS has been extended to several types of cell-cell interactions within the context of the immune system (signaling via receptor engagement, lytic granules, directed secretion of cytokines) since its first description 20 years ago (reviewed in refs. 2,3) . Although the IS shares many similarities with the NS, it also differs in two aspects. First, the panel of receptors and adhesion proteins recruited to the IS diverges from those in the neural synapse: integrins play the central role in stabilizing IS. Second, the establishment of an IS is a dynamic process between moving cells, whereas the neural synapse is long-lived. Therefore, in

Answer:
Virological Synapse for Cell-Cell Spread of Viruses