In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

In 1999, McIlroy created an adversary for this algorithm that guarantees that it will run in worst-case time. Its worst-case runtime can be avoided by switching to heapsort after a certain recursion depth, a construction known as introsort. Like mergesort, it is easily parallelizable, and its runtime can be decreased by first selecting the median of the unsorted input list. It was invented by C.A.R. Hoare, and its second phase is the partition function, which splits the original list into lists of elements that are greater or less than the chosen pivot value. For 10 points, identify this divide-and-conquer sorting algorithm which runs in big O of n log n time, named for its speed.
Science

Matousek developed a method for analyzing covered objects by taking the difference between two close measurements called the spatially-offset variety of spectroscopy named for this effect, which has another variety with competing explanations proposed by Albrecht and Creighton and by Jeanmaire and Van Duyne, and occurs on rough metal surfaces. Another form can, due to the properties of the Kramers-Heisenberg formula, dominate the x-ray fluorescence spectrum. This effect, which comes in the aforementioned surface-enhanced and resonance varieties, was discovered independently by Mandelstam and Landsburg. This process can be described as a photon exciting a molecule into a virtual energy state, and it sees energy either absorbed or released in its Stokes and anti-Stokes forms. For 10 points, name this process by which a photon is inelastically scattered.
Science

In 1789, a mural of the Virgin Mary appeared in a mineshaft in this country in an apparent miracle; a few years later, the Virgin of the Mineshaft was named the patron saint of its Oruro Carnival. Its popular foods include a baked empanada called a saltena. Two of this country's lakes are Lake Rogagua and Lake Rogoaguado, both of which lie in its Beni Department. The Beni and Mamore Rivers join to form the Madeira River at Villa Bella on this country's northern border. Near this country's warm Yungas region is the higher elevation site of Lake Poopo and the Salar de Uyuni. That plateau is known as the Altiplano and also contains the eastern part of Lake Titicaca. For 10 points, name this landlocked South American nation with capitals at La Paz and Sucre.

Social Science