In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Besides chronic stress, chronic pain is a prevalent determinant for depression. Changes induced in specific brain regions by sustained pain may alter the processing of affective information, thus resulting in anxiodepressive disorders. Here, we compared the role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the posterior insular cortex in the anxiodepressive, sensory, and affective aspects of chronic pain.', 'Neuropathic pain was induced by cuffing the right sciatic nerve of C57BL/6J mice. Lesions were performed by local injection of ibotenic acid and chronic activation of the ACC by optogenetic stimulation. Anxiodepressive-related behaviors were evaluated through the novelty suppressed feeding, marble burying, splash, and forced swimming tests. Mechanical thresholds were determined using von Frey filaments, and the relief of spontaneous pain was determined by using place conditioning.', 'The ACC lesion prevented the anxiodepressive consequences of chronic pain without affecting the sensory mechanical allodynia. Conversely, the tonic or spontaneous pain and the anxiodepressive consequences of pain remained present after posterior insular cortex lesion, even though the mechanical allodynia was suppressed. Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation of the ACC was sufficient to induce anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in naïve animals.\Question: Is the anterior cingulate cortex a critical hub for pain-induced depression?

Output: Our results show that, at cortical level, the sensory component of chronic pain remains functionally segregated from its affective and anxiodepressive components. Spontaneous tonic pain and evoked allodynia can be experimentally dissociated. Furthermore, the ACC appears as a critical hub for mood disorders, including for the anxiodepressive consequences of chronic pain, and thus constitutes an important target for divulging the underlying mechanism.


Input: Consider Input: Context: To assess plantarflexion moment and hip joint moment after-effects following walking on a split-belt treadmill in healthy individuals and individuals post-stroke.', 'Cross-sectional study.', 'Ten healthy individuals (mean age 57.6 years (standard deviation; SD 17.2)) and twenty individuals post-stroke (mean age 49.3 years (SD 13.2)).', 'Participants walked on an instrumented split-belt treadmill under 3 gait periods: i) baseline (tied-belt); ii) adaptation (split-belt); and iii) post-adaptation (tied-belt). Participants post-stroke performed the protocol with the paretic and nonparetic leg on the faster belt when belts were split. Kinematic data were recorded with the Optotrak system and ground reaction forces were collected via the instrumented split-belt treadmill.', 'In both groups, the fast plantarflexion moment was reduced and the slow plantarflexion moment was increased from mid-stance to toe-off in the post-adaptation period. Significant relationships were found between the plantarflexion moment and contralateral step length.\Question: Is plantarflexion moment a contributor to step length after-effect following walking on a split-belt treadmill in individuals with stroke and healthy individuals?

Output: Split-belt treadmills could be useful for restoring step length symmetry in individuals post-stroke who present with a longer paretic step length because the use of this type of intervention increases paretic plantarflexion moments. This intervention might be less recommended for individuals post-stroke with a shorter paretic step length because it reduces the paretic plantarflexion moment.


Input: Consider Input: Context: To evaluate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of bishydroxycoumarin (BHC) against human glioma cells and to study their mode of action.', 'Three cells were used in the experiments. MTT and LDH assays were used to assess the cytotoxic effects of BHC while an in vitro wound healing assay was used to study the effect of BHC on cell migration. Fluorescence microscopy and annexin V-FITC assay were used to study the cellular morphology and apoptotic effects while flow cytometry in combination with propidium iodide (PI) were used to study cell cycle arrest induced by BHC.', 'BHC induced substantial and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against all three cell lines with U87MG cell line being most susceptible. BHC also inhibited cell migration and induced characteristic morphological changes including chromatin condensation, nuclear shrinkage which increased with increasing dose of BHC. The apoptotic cell population (both early and late apoptotic cells) increased with increasing dose of BHC which also induced substantial G0/G1 cell cycle growth arrest in U87MG cells.\Question: Are anticancer effects of bishydroxycoumarin mediated through apoptosis induction , cell migration inhibition and cell cycle arrest in human glioma cells?


Output: This study provides help to elucidate the translational potential of the in vitro results to be used for further in vivo studies on human glioma using animal or human subjects. The mechanistic pathway studied in this report could be helpful in explaining the mode of action of these classes of natural products.