Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Multiple population-based studies have suggested increasing omission of radiation therapy in favor of alternative treatment strategies in lymphomas, with an associated negative impact on survival. Radiation therapy has long been considered the standard management for many mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. Thus, we aimed to evaluate patterns of treatment utilization and survival.', 'A retrospective analysis based on the National Cancer Database was performed on 22,378 patients with splenic, nodal, or extranodal stage I-II marginal zone lymphoma diagnosed between 1998 and 2012. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between sociodemographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics and the utilization of radiation therapy. Multivariate propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were performed to identify factors independently associated with overall survival (OS).', 'Of 22,378 patients, 82% had stage I disease, 77% had extranodal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, 5% had splenic marginal zone lymphoma, and 64% were older than 60 years. Radiation therapy utilization decreased from a peak of 39% in 2007 to 33% in 2011 (P < .001), with a corresponding significant increase in systemic therapy utilization. Radiation therapy was associated with a 5- and 10-year OS of 86.7% and 68.8% compared with 78.3% and 54.3% for no radiation therapy (P < .001). On multivariate propensity score-adjusted survival analysis, radiation therapy remained independently associated with improved OS (hazard of death, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.85; P < .001).
Answer: Although clinical guidelines endorse radiation therapy as the preferred initial therapy for early-stage nongastric and Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, radiation therapy is underused. Radiation therapy with or without systemic therapy was associated with a significant improvement in OS and should remain standard of care.

Output: Does underutilization of radiation therapy in early-stage marginal zone lymphoma negatively impact overall survival?


Input: Consider Input: Context: To determine whether tissue factor (TF) contributes to the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in mice.', 'We determined the effect of a 50% reduction of TF levels in all cells on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. No differences were observed in the extent of atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-)/TF(+/+) and apoE(-/-)/TF(+/-) mice fed regular chow for 34 weeks. Atherosclerosis could not be analyzed in apoE(-/-) mice expressing low levels of TF because of premature death of these mice. Macrophages are a major source of TF in atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, in a second series of experiments, we investigated the effect on atherosclerosis of selectively reducing hematopoietic cell-derived TF by transplanting bone marrow from mice expressing low levels of TF into low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice. Atherosclerosis within the arterial tree and aortic root were similar in LDLR(-/-) mice with low-TF bone marrow compared with control bone marrow (TF(+/+) or TF(+/-)) after 4 and 16 weeks on an atherogenic diet. Furthermore, the cellular composition of the aortic root lesions was similar between the 2 groups.
Answer: Our data indicate that either a 50% reduction of TF in all cells or a selective reduction in hematopoietic cell-derived TF does not affect the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice.

Output: Is atherosclerosis in mice affected by a reduction in tissue factor expression?


Input: Consider Input: Context: To compare oncologic outcomes in a contemporary series of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RCX) by the laparoscopic or open approach.', 'Laparoscopic RCX with extracorporeally constructed urinary diversion is a safe and effective operation for appropriate patients with bladder cancer. Perioperative and functional outcomes are comparable with open surgery. Worldwide experience continues to increase; more than 1000 surgeries have already been performed. Intermediate-term oncologic outcomes appear to be comparable to open approach.
Answer: When stage distribution (organ-confined versus nonorgan-confined) and survival rates of laparoscopic and open RCX are cross-checked against surrogate markers (LN+, margin+, distant failure, local recurrence rate, etc.), it becomes easily obvious that the laparoscopic RCX and open cohorts are not identical. To explain the observed discrepancy, there must be a strong selection bias. Data on overall, disease-specific and recurrence-free survival on laparoscopic RCX are still immature compared with the standard of care that must remain in open RCX. To prove the noninferiority of laparoscopic compared with open surgery regarding outcome, multicenter prospective trials are urgently needed. Until then laparoscopic RCX must be considered experimental surgery.


Output: Are the oncologic results of laparoscopic radical cystectomy ( yet ) equivalent to open cystectomy?