Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Example Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in response to retinoic acid (RA) in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.', 'Expression of VEGF in human ARPE-19 cells was determined by a semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). mRNA stability was assessed after the administration of actinomycin D. The induction of the VEGF gene by various RAs was also determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR.', 'All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) time-dependently increased VEGF mRNA levels. The effect of atRA was dose-dependent in a range between 10(-7) M and 10(-6) M. Treatment with actinomycin D revealed that atRA induces the VEGF gene at the transcriptional level. Of the various RAs tested, atRA was the most potent inducer of the VEGF gene.
Example Output: 1

Example Input: Vein bypass is an essential therapy for patients with advanced peripheral and coronary artery disease despite development of neointimal hyperplasia. We have shown that stimulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase ephrin type-B receptor 4 (Eph-B4) with its ligand ephrin-B2 prevents neointimal hyperplasia in murine vein grafts. This study determines whether Eph-B4 in adult human veins is capable of phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways, as well as functional to release nitric oxide (NO) and prevent neointimal hyperplasia in vitro.', 'Discarded human saphenous veins were taken from the operating room and placed in organ culture without or with ephrin-B2/Fc (2 μg/mL) for 14 days, and the neointima/media ratio was measured in matched veins. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with ephrin-B2/Fc (2 μg/mL) and examined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunoassays, and for release of NO. Ephrin-B2/Fc (2 μg/mL) was placed on the adventitia of saphenous veins treated with arterial shear stress for 24 hours in a bioreactor and activated Eph-B4 examined with immunofluorescence.', 'The baseline intima/media ratio in saphenous vein rings was 0.456 ± 0.097, which increased to 0.726 ± 0.142 in untreated veins after 14 days in organ culture but only to 0.630 ± 0.132 in veins treated with ephrin-B2/Fc (n = 19, P = .017). Ephrin-B2/Fc stimulated Akt, endothelial NO synthase and caveolin-1 phosphorylation, and NO release (P = .007) from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (n = 6). Ephrin-B2/Fc delivered to the adventitia stimulated endothelial Eph-B4 phosphorylation after 24 hours of arterial stress in a bioreactor (n = 3).
Example Output: 0

Example Input: Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptive (OC) use is associated with abnormal lipid metabolism, impaired glucose tolerance and high prevalence of vascular complications. OC use has been shown to alter the requirements for folic acid. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to clarify the influence of dietary folic acid on OC-induced impaired glucose tolerance and abnormal plasma lipid profile in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Vehicle-treated and OC-treated rats were fed for 6 weeks with a control diet (750mug folic acid/kg diet) while OC-treated folic acid deficient (FD) rats were fed for 6 weeks with a folic acid-deficient diet (250mug folic acid/kg diet). OC receiving rats were treated with a combination of OC steroids (ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel) by oral gavage. OC treatment resulted in rats receiving folic acid deficient diet in impaired glucose tolerance, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol when compared with control rats. However, OC treatment did not result in impaired glucose tolerance or disturbed plasma lipid profile in rats receiving the same folic acid level as the controls. OC treatment led to significant decreases in plasma levels of 17beta-estradiol and testosterone in both groups. OC administration in rats with folic acid deficient diet significantly lower HDL-cholesterol and higher LDL-cholesterol levels while plasma levels of 17beta-estradiol and testosterone were similar in both OC-treated groups.
Example Output:
0