TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: To find sensitive and specific laboratory examination items for early diagnosing and monitoring liver transplantation reject reaction.', 'Randomly investigate 41 liver transplantation patients, among them there were 16 patients with reject reaction (including 12 with acute rejection, 4 with chronic rejection). Plasma soluble thrombomodulin (STM) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels were measured before operation and every other day after operation.', 'Plasma STM level increased significantly after operation, two days before rejection and after acute rejection (5.58 ng/ml +/- 0.42 ng/ml, 5.93 ng/ml +/- 0.45 ng/ml, and 7.88 ng/ml +/- 0.29 ng/ml, respectively), so did vWF level (101.2% +/- 4.68%, 104.3% +/- 5.78%, and 127.7% +/- 5.74%, respectively). STM level was much higher in acute rejection than that in chronic rejection (7.88 ng/ml +/- 0.29 ng/ml vs. 6.35 ng/ml +/- 0.54 ng/ml, t = 2.46, P < 0.05), in no reaction group after impacting therapy than in effective group (8.30 ng/ml +/- 0.19 ng/ml vs. 3.82 ng/ml +/- 0.22 ng/ml, t = 12.98, P < 0.01), and in dead group after treatment than in living group (7.98 ng/ml +/- 0.18 ng/ml vs. 6.51 ng/ml +/- 0.41 ng/ml, t = 3.39, P < 0.01).
Answer: Plasma STM and vWF can be taken as laboratory items for monitoring liver transplantation rejection. Plasma STM can act as not only an early prognosticating marker, but also suitable to distinguish acute from chronic reject reaction, and as a marker for monitoring impacting therapy effect and judging prognosis.

SOLUTION: Do [ Values of soluble thrombomodulin and von Willebrand factor judging reject reaction in liver transplantation ]?

PROBLEM: Context: A functional vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase (v-ATPase) complex regulates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The goal of this study was to identify the distribution of the v-ATPase in human and murine models of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) and assess its role in Wnt/β-catenin signaling.', 'We evaluated the immunolabeling pattern of the v-ATPase in human PanIN specimens and murine PanIN-1 and PanIN-2 lesions obtained from Ptf1a(Cre/+); LSL-Kras(G12D) mice. Wnt/β-catenin signaling was interrogated in primary PanIN cells by examining the phosphorylated levels of its surface coreceptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-6 (LRP6), and its intracellular effector, nonphosphorylated β-catenin. The response of primary PanIN cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF) was assessed in the absence and presence of the v-ATPase inhibitor, concanamycin.', 'In advanced (PanIN-2), but not early (PanIN-1), lesions, the v-ATPase assumed a polarized phenotype. Blocking the v-ATPase disrupted Wnt/β-catenin signaling in primary PanIN cells despite significantly higher levels of the total and activated Wnt cell surface coreceptor, LRP6. Vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase blockade significantly decreased the total and activated levels of EGF receptor, a determinant of PanIN progression. The activation of EGF receptor and its intracellular mediator, p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase, was also reduced by v-ATPase blockade. This led to diminished proliferation in response to EGF ligand.
Answer: The v-ATPase regulates Wnt/β-catenin and EGF receptor signaling in PanINs.

SOLUTION: Does polarization of the vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase delineate a transition to high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm lesions?

PROBLEM: Context: The detection of asymptomatic embolic signals by Doppler ultrasound may offer a powerful investigational tool in the management of cerebrovascular disease. However, early studies, particularly in patients with carotid artery disease, have reported very different frequencies of embolic signals. While this may reflect differences in patient groups and the criteria used for embolic signal identification, the degree of time-window overlap may be important. If this is insufficient, some embolic signals may fall between two time windows and not appear on the spectral display. Furthermore, the use of nonrectangular time windows, such as the Hanning window, may result in variation of the intensity of an embolic signal depending on where it is detected within the time window.', 'To test the importance of this potential problem, the same 25 embolic signals recorded as the audio signal on digital audiotape were each played repeatedly through a transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) system using fast Fourier transform analysis. An older system with no time-window overlap was used, and a more modern system was also used in which three different degrees of overlap were used: -9%, 27%, and 57%. The number of signals audible but not appearing on the spectral display was recorded. The variability in the relative intensity increase for the same embolic signal played repeatedly was estimated by calculating the coefficient of variation of the relative intensity increase.', 'With the older system, 39/500 (7.8%) of embolic signals were missed. With the newer system, the number of embolic signals missed was fewer and decreased with increasing degrees of overlap (10/500 for -9% overlap, 1/500 for 27% overlap, and 0/500 for 57% overlap). For those setups in which embolic signals were missed, there was a highly significant relationship between duration of embolic signal and number of signals missed. In parallel with these results, the coefficient of variation of the relative intensity increase became progressively less with increasing degrees of time-window overlap. For all processing setups, the coefficient of variation was greater for the less intense and shorter duration signals, but this dependence, as estimated by the slope of the regression line, became less strong with higher degrees of overlap.
Answer: Inadequate degrees of fast Fourier transform time-window overlap will result in the failure of current TCD machines to detect embolic signals. Furthermore, this and the time windowing currently usually used may result in variability in the relative intensity increase of identical embolic signals. These factors need to be taken into account when comparing data on the frequencies of embolic signals recorded by different researchers and in the design of future TCD equipment.

SOLUTION:
Do importance of time-window overlap in the detection and analysis of embolic signals?