instruction:
In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
question:
doi: bioRxiv preprint molecular biology. Our high-resolution data have enabled a precise study of transcription and translation in both pathogenic and attenuated forms of IBV, and expand our understanding of gammacoronaviral gene expression. We demonstrate that gene expression shows considerable intraspecies variation, with single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with altered production of sgmRNA transcripts, and our RiboSeq data sets enabled us to uncover novel ribosomally occupied ORFs in both strains. We also identify numerous cellular genes and gene networks that are differentially expressed during virus infection, giving insights into the host cell reponse to IBV infection. 3 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
answer:
Comparative analysis of gene expression in virulent and attenuated strains of infectious bronchitis virus at sub-codon resolution


question:
The Sec7 domain ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are found in all eukaryotes, and are involved in membrane remodeling processes throughout the cell. This review is focused on members of the GBF/Gea and BIG/Sec7 subfamilies of Arf GEFs, all of which use the class I Arf proteins (Arf1-3) as substrates, and play a fundamental role in traYcking in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi and endosomal membrane systems. Members of the GBF/Gea and BIG/Sec7 subfamilies are large proteins on the order of 200 kDa, and they possess multiple homology domains. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that both of these subfamilies of Arf GEFs have members in at least Wve out of the six eukaryotic supergroups, and hence were likely present very early in eukaryotic evolution. The homology domains of the large Arf1 GEFs play important functional roles, and are involved in interactions with numerous protein partners. The large Arf1 GEFs have been implicated in several human diseases. They are crucial host factors for the replication of several viral pathogens, including poliovirus, coxsackievirus, mouse hepatitis coronavirus, and hepatitis C virus. Mutations in the BIG2 Arf1 GEF have been linked to autosomal recessive periventricular heterotopia, a disorder of neuronal migration that leads to severe malformation of the cerebral cortex. Understanding the roles of the Arf1 GEFs in membrane dynamics is crucial to a full understanding of traYcking in the secretory and endosomal pathways, which in turn will provide essential insights into human diseases that arise from misregulation of these pathways.
answer:
Large Arf1 guanine nucleotide exchange factors: evolution, domain structure, and roles in membrane traYcking and human disease


question:
A sthma is the most common chronic respiratory disorder in childhood, affecting about 10% of local children. 1 Asthma exacerbation resulting in hospitalization accounts for a major fraction of the total cost of asthma care in society. 2 Prospective epidemio-logic studies show that up to 80% of childhood asthma exacerbations are associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections (RTIs). 3 Among respiratory viruses, human rhinovirus (HRV) infection preceded as many as 50% of asthma exacerbations in children. 4 Infl uenza viruses also accounted for substantial morbidity (eg, up to 200 annual outpatient visits per 1,000 children) in children with asthma and other chronic medical conditions. 5 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is another major pathogen causing asthma exacerbation. 4 Background: Up to 80% of asthma exacerbations in white children are associated with viral upper respiratory infections. The relative importance of different respiratory pathogens and relevant microbiological data in Asian children are unclear. This study elucidated the epidemiology of respiratory infections in Hong Kong children with asthma exacerbation. Methods: A total of 209 children aged 3-18 years with asthma exacerbations and 77 controls with stable asthma were recruited. The severity of asthma exacerbations was assessed according to Global Initiative for Asthma guideline, and subjects aged 6 years or older performed exhaled nitric oxide and spirometric measurements. Nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to detect 20 different respiratory pathogens. Results: Respiratory pathogens were detected in 105 (51.0%) subjects. The presence of any respiratory pathogen was associated with asthma exacerbation (odds ratio [OR], 2.77; 95% CI, 1.51-5.11; P , .001). Specifi cally, human rhinovirus (HRV) infection was more common among children with asthma exacerbation (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.09-5.32; P 5 .018). All other pathogens or coinfections were not associated with asthmatic attacks. None of these respiratory infections was associated with the severity of asthma exacerbation ( P . .15 for all). During peak HRV season in the winter of 2007 to 2008, this virus was detected in 46.4% of children with asthma exacerbations. Conclusions: Respiratory viral infections are commonly found in children with asthma exacerbation, with HRV being the most important pathogen in our patients. Respiratory viral infection is a triggering factor for asthma exacerbation but does not correlate with its severity. Abbreviations: FeNO 5 fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration; HBoV 5 human bocavirus; HCoV 5 human coronavirus; HMPV 5 human metapneumovirus; HRV 5 human rhinovirus; ICS 5 inhaled corticosteroid; NPA 5 nasopharyngeal aspirate; OR 5 odds ratio; PCR 5 polymerase chain reaction; RSV 5 respiratory syncytial virus; RTI 5 respiratory tract infection
answer:

Multiplex Molecular Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Children With Asthma Exacerbation