In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

[Q]: Context: In humans, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is the most common cause of medication-induced osteoporosis. Recent clinical data suggest that glucocorticoid therapy increases the risk of vertebral fractures within a short treatment period. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating vertebral bone in a rat model of glucocorticoid-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis.', 'Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three groups: 1) untreated controls, 2) Sham-operated group, and 3) ovariectomized rats treated with glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) for 3 months (3M) after recovery from bilateral ovariectomy. Osteoporotic bone status was determined by means of the gold standard dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. Vertebral bodies were examined using µCT, histological analysis, mRNA expression analysis, and biomechanical compression testing. Further systemic effects were studied biochemically using serum marker analysis.', 'Dexamethasone treatment showed at 3M a significantly lower bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats compared to Sham-operated control (p < 0.0001) as analyzed in vivo by DEXA. Furthermore, Z scores reached levels of -5.7 in the spine indicating sever osteoporotic bone status. Biomechanical testing of compression stability indicated a lower functional competence (p < 0.0001) in the spine of treated rats. µCT analysis showed significant reduction of bone volume density (BV/TV%; p < 0.0001), significantly enhanced trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp; p < 0.0001) with less trabecular number (Tb.N; p < 0.001) and complete loss of trabecular structures in glucocorticoid-treated ovariectomized rats. Histological analysis by osteoblast and osteoclast activities reflected a higher bone catabolism reflected by osteoclast counts by TRAP (p < 0.019) and lower bone catabolism indicated by ALP-stained area (p < 0.035).Serum analysis showed a significant increase in osteocalcin (p < 0.0001), osteopontin (p < 0.01) and insulin (p < 0.001) at 3M. Expression analysis of molecular markers in the vertebral body revealed lower expression in tenascin C in the OVX-steroid animals at 3M.\Question: Does short-term glucocorticoid treatment cause spinal osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats?
[A]: Short-term glucocorticoid treatment of ovariectomized rats indicates according to DEXA standards a severe osteoporotic bone status in vertebral bone. Nonetheless, dysfunctional bone anabolism and enhanced bone catabolism are observed. Alterations of bone extracellular matrix proteins that correlate to inferior mechanical stability and affected microstructure were noticed and suggest further investigation. Treatment with dexamethasone was also seen to affect insulin and osteopontin levels and thus osteoblast function and maturation. This described animal model presents a recapitulation of clinically obtained data from early phase glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis observed in patients.


[Q]: Context: Poor decision-making is a hallmark of addiction, whether to substances or activities. Performance on a widely used test of decision-making, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), can discriminate controls from persons with ventral medial frontal lesions, substance-dependence, and pathological gambling. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies indicate that substance-dependent individuals show altered prefrontal activity on the task. Here we adapted the IGT to an fMRI setting to test the hypothesis that defects in ventral medial and prefrontal processing are associated with impaired decisions that involve risk but may differ depending on whether substance dependence is comorbid with gambling problems.', '18 controls, 14 substance-dependent individuals (SD), and 16 SD with gambling problems (SDPG) underwent fMRI while performing a modified version of the IGT.', 'Group differences were observed in ventral medial frontal, right frontopolar, and superior frontal cortex during decision-making. Controls showed the greatest activity, followed by SDPG, followed by SD.\Question: Is prefrontal cortex activity reduced in gambling and nongambling substance users during decision-making?
[A]: Our results support a hypothesis that defects in ventral medial frontal processing lead to impaired decisions that involve risk. Reductions in right prefrontal activity during decision-making appear to be modulated by the presence of gambling problems and may reflect impaired working memory, stimulus reward valuation, or cue reactivity in substance-dependent individuals.


[Q]: Context: The purpose of this study was to determine whether morphologic and functional changes in intestinal smooth muscle occur after small bowel transplantation (SBTx) and during chronic rejection.', 'Orthotopic SBTx was performed in syngeneic (ACI-ACI, n = 6) and allogeneic (ACI-Lewis, n = 6) rat strain combinations. The latter received temporary immunosuppression (cyclosporine 15 mg/kg/body weight on postoperative days 0 to 6 once a day, postoperative days 7 to 28 every other day), which led to clinically quiescent chronic rejection of the graft by 90 days after SBTx. At that time structure and function of the jejunal muscularis externa were evaluated with histochemistry, mechanical organ bath, and intracellular electrical recording techniques.', 'Histochemistry showed a 1.5-fold thickening of the intestinal muscularis externa of syngeneic grafts, although contractile properties and intracellular electrical activity were not significantly different from controls. Allogeneic, chronically rejecting grafts showed a threefold increase in the thickness of the muscularis externa as a result of both smooth muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Muscle strips from chronically rejecting grafts generated only 23% of the maximal contractile force generated by controls (bethanechol 300 mumol/L). Median effective concentration and threshold values were not significantly different. Intracellular electrical activity of circular smooth muscle cells revealed a significantly more depolarized resting membrane potential and a reduction in slow wave amplitude compared with controls.\Question: Do small bowel transplantation and chronic rejection alter rat intestinal smooth muscle structure and function?
[A]:
Syngeneic SBTx resulted in a significant thickening of the muscularis externa with an apparent adaptation to control in vitro physiologic function. Allogeneic SBTx subject to chronic rejection leads to profound morphologic changes and functional impairments. Changes in muscle structure and function evolve before the clinical signs of graft rejection.