Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: To determine the role of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation in the pathogenesis of unexplained second and third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss.', 'One hundred and fourteen women with unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss made up the study group, and 106 normal pregnant women with a history of delivery of at least one healthy fetus and no history of late fetal loss made up the control group. The study group was further divided into two subgroups: second (n = 36) and third (n = 78) trimester fetal loss. All women were tested for factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin gene mutations.', 'Twenty-one (18.4%) of the women in the study group and seven (6.6%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden mutation (OR = 3.19). Eleven (9.6%) of the women in the study group and three (2.8%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of prothrombin gene mutation (OR = 3.66). In assessing with regard to trimesters, 18 (23%) factor V Leiden and 10 (12.8%) prothrombin gene mutations were present in the group of third trimester fetal loss (OR = 4.24 and OR = 5.04, respectively). Three (8.3%) factor V Leiden and one (2.7%) prothrombin gene mutation were detected in women with second trimester fetal loss (OR = 1.28 and OR = 0.40, respectively).

Answer: Is third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations?


Question: Inflammatory mediators released by nonparenchymal inflammatory cells in the liver have been implicated in the progression of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. Among hepatic nonparenchymal inflammatory cells, we examined the role of the abundant natural killer (NK) cells and NK cells with T-cell receptors (NKT cells) in APAP-induced liver injury.', 'C57BL/6 mice were administered a toxic dose of APAP intraperitoneally to cause liver injury with or without depletion of NK and NKT cells by anti-NK1.1 monoclonal antibody (MAb). Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, liver histology, hepatic leukocyte accumulation, and cytokine/chemokine expression were assessed.', 'Compared with APAP-treated control mice, depletion of both NK and NKT cells by anti-NK1.1 significantly protected mice from APAP-induced liver injury, as evidenced by decreased serum ALT level, improved survival of mice, decreased hepatic necrosis, inhibition of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), Fas ligand (FasL), and chemokines including KC (Keratinocyte-derived chemokine); MIP-1 alpha (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha); MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1); IP-10 (interferon-inducible protein); Mig (monokine induced by IFN-gamma) and decreased neutrophil accumulation in the liver. Hepatic NK and NKT cells were identified as the major source of IFN-gamma by intracellular cytokine staining. APAP induced much less liver injury in Fas-deficient (lpr) and FasL-deficient (gld) mice compared with that in wild-type mice.

Answer: Does innate immune system play a critical role in determining the progression and severity of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity?


Question: The current study was undertaken to determine if DNA ploidy is a useful prognostic variable for predicting recurrence in stage I endometrial cancer. For cancer of the endometrium, survival following recurrence may depend on a number of factors, including the pattern of recurrence and the response to second line treatment. Previous studies have demonstrated a worse survival for patients with DNA aneuploid tumors. It remains unclear, however, whether this is necessarily due to a higher risk of recurrence. This study was undertaken to assess DNA ploidy and risk of recurrence in patients with stage I endometrial cancer.', 'This is a retrospective study of surgically treated patients with stages IB and IC endometrial cancer treated from 1992 to 2000. All patients underwent definitive surgery, including staging lymphadenectomy. None of the patients received postoperative treatment. DNA ploidy was determined using flow cytometry and image analysis. Grade, lymph-vascular space invasion, stage (stage IB versus IC), and DNA ploidy were analyzed with regard to recurrence and survival.', 'There were 100 patients with stages IB and IC endometrial cancer in this analysis. There were 17 recurrences (17%) and 10 patients that died of cancer (10%). Grade 3 and the presence of lymph-vascular space invasion were associated with increased risk of recurrence; DNA aneuploidy and stage were not. Grade, lymph-vascular space invasion, and DNA ploidy were associated with survival. These findings indicate that DNA aneuploidy does not increase the risk of disease recurrence but is associated with overall survival.

Answer:
Is dNA aneuploidy associated with increased mortality for stage I endometrial cancer?