In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Q: Fifty-five volunteers treated with either intranasal recombinant interferon (rIFN; 2 x 10 6 IV/day) or placebo for 15 days were exposed to coronavirus by direct intranasal inoculation on the eighth day of treatment. Symptom scores were recorded, and cultures of virus were taken daily for all volunteers for seven days after inoculation. Nineteen (73%) of the 26 placebo recipients met symptom-score criteria for a cold, compared with 12 (41070) of the IFN recipients (P = .02). The mean nasal symptom scores in the placebo and IFN groups were 9.2 and 5.4, respectively (P = .03), and the mean total symptom scores in the two groups were 23.2 and 9.4, respectively (P = .003). The mean number of days with a total symptom score >4 was 1.6 in the placebo recipients and 0.5 in the rIFN recipients (P = .02). Prophylactic intranasal rIFN effectively shortened the duration and reduced the severity of coronavirus cold symptoms.

A: Prevention of Experimental Coronavirus Colds with Intranasal (l-2b Interferon
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Q: Objectives: We aimed to develop a prospective prediction tool on CrimeaneCongo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) to identify geographic regions at risk. The tool could support public health decision-makers in implementation of an effective control strategy in a timely manner. Methods: We used monthly surveillance data between 2004 and 2015 to predict case counts between 2016 and 2017 prospectively. The Turkish nationwide surveillance data set collected by the Ministry of Health contained 10 411 confirmed CCHF cases. We collected potential explanatory covariates about climate, land use, and animal and human populations at risk to capture spatiotemporal transmission dynamics. We developed a structured Gaussian process algorithm and prospectively tested this tool predicting the future year's cases given past years' cases. Results: We predicted the annual cases in 2016 and 2017 as 438 and 341, whereas the observed cases were 432 and 343, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient and normalized root mean squared error values for 2016 and 2017 predictions were (0.83; 0.58) and (0.87; 0.52), respectively. The most important covariates were found to be the number of settlements with fewer than 25 000 inhabitants, latitude, longitude and potential evapotranspiration (evaporation and transpiration). Conclusions: Main driving factors of CCHF dynamics were human population at risk in rural areas, geographical dependency and climate effect on ticks. Our model was able to prospectively predict the numbers of CCHF cases. Our proof-of-concept study also provided insight for understanding possible mechanisms of infectious diseases and found important directions for practice and policy to combat against emerging infectious diseases. Ç. Ak, Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;26:123.e1e123.e7

A: A prospective prediction tool for understanding CrimeaneCongo haemorrhagic fever dynamics in Turkey
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Q: Retroviruses are classified as exogenous and endogenous retroviruses according to the mode of transmission. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are retroviruses which have been integrated into germ-line cells and inherited from parents to offspring. Most ERVs are inactivated by deletions and mutations; however, certain ERVs maintain their infectivity and infect the same host and new hosts as exogenous retroviruses. All domestic cats have infectious ERVs, termed RD-114 virus. Several canine and feline attenuated vaccines are manufactured using RD-114 virus-producing cell lines such as Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells; therefore, it is possible that infectious RD-114 virus contaminates live attenuated vaccines. Recently, Japanese and UK research groups found that several feline and canine vaccines were indeed contaminated with infectious RD-114 virus. This was the first incidence of contamination of 'infectious' ERVs in live attenuated vaccines. RD-114 virus replicates efficiently in canine cell lines and primary cells. Therefore, it is possible that RD-114 virus infects dogs following inoculation with contaminated vaccines and induces proliferative diseases and immune suppression, if it adapts to grow efficiently in dogs. In this review, we summarize the incidence of contamination of RD-114 virus in live attenuated vaccines and potential risks of infection with RD-114 virus in dogs. Retroviruses enter host cells via binding of the envelope proteins with the host receptor(s). After entering the cells, viral RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA and then the DNA is integrated into the host genome to be a provirus. Viral RNA is transcribed from the provirus and the structural and enzymatic proteins of the virus are synthesized from the transcribed viral RNA. Retroviruses are classified as exogenous and endogenous retroviruses according to the mode of transmission [14] . Usually, exogenous retroviruses infect somatic cells but not germ-line cells, and they are transmitted horizontally by infection via viral particles. On the other hand, ERVs are retroviruses which have been integrated into germ-line cells. ERVs behave like normal genes and are inherited from parents to offspring as Mendelian's law. ERVs occupy about 10 % of mammalian genomes and are mostly inactivated by deletions and mutations [14, 15, 17, 27] . However, a limited number of ERVs maintain their infectivity and infect new hosts as exogenous retroviruses [6] . Exogenous retroviruses are classified into seven genera, i.e., alpharetrovirus, betaretrovirus, gammaretrovirus, deltaretrovirus, epsilonretrovirus, spumaretrovirus and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

A:
Contamination of live attenuated vaccines with an infectious feline endogenous retrovirus (RD-114 virus)
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