Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Example Input: Context: Understanding the dynamics of the gut-brain axis has clinical implications for physical and mental health conditions, including obesity and anxiety. As such disorders have early life antecedents, it is of value to determine if associations between the gut microbiome and behavior are present in early life in humans.', 'We used next generation pyrosequencing to examine associations between the community structure of the gut microbiome and maternal ratings of child temperament in 77 children at 18-27months of age. It was hypothesized that children would differ in their gut microbial structure, as indicated by measures of alpha and beta diversity, based on their temperamental characteristics.', 'Among both boys and girls, greater Surgency/Extraversion was associated greater phylogenetic diversity. In addition, among boys only, subscales loading on this composite scale were associated with differences in phylogenetic diversity, the Shannon Diversity index (SDI), beta diversity, and differences in abundances of Dialister, Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Parabacteroides. In girls only, higher Effortful Control was associated with a lower SDI score and differences in both beta diversity and Rikenellaceae were observed in relation to Fear. Some differences in dietary patterns were observed in relation to temperament, but these did not account for the observed differences in the microbiome.
Answer: Differences in gut microbiome composition, including alpha diversity, beta diversity, and abundances of specific bacterial species, were observed in association with temperament in toddlers. This study was cross-sectional and observational and, therefore, does not permit determination of the causal direction of effects. However, if bidirectional brain-gut relationships are present in humans in early life, this may represent an opportunity for intervention relevant to physical as well as mental health disorders.
Example Output: Is gut microbiome composition associated with temperament during early childhood?

Example Input: Context: Current views on the control of cell development are anchored on the notion that phenotypes are defined by networks of transcriptional activity. The large amounts of information brought about by transcriptomics should allow the definition of these networks through the analysis of cell-specific transcriptional signatures. Here we test this principle by applying an analogue to comparative anatomy at the cellular level, searching for conserved transcriptional signatures, or conserved small gene-regulatory networks (GRNs) on root hairs (RH) and pollen tubes (PT), two filamentous apical growing cells that are a striking example of conservation of structure and function in plants.', 'We developed a new method for isolation of growing and mature root hair cells, analysed their transcriptome by microarray analysis, and further compared it with pollen and other single cell transcriptomics data. Principal component analysis shows a statistical relation between the datasets of RHs and PTs which is suggestive of a common transcriptional profile pattern for the apical growing cells in a plant, with overlapping profiles and clear similarities at the level of small GTPases, vesicle-mediated transport and various specific metabolic responses. Furthermore, cis-regulatory element analysis of co-regulated genes between RHs and PTs revealed conserved binding sequences that are likely required for the expression of genes comprising the apical signature. This included a significant occurrence of motifs associated to a defined transcriptional response upon anaerobiosis.
Answer: Our results suggest that maintaining apical growth mechanisms synchronized with energy yielding might require a combinatorial network of transcriptional regulation. We propose that this study should constitute the foundation for further genetic and physiological dissection of the mechanisms underlying apical growth of plant cells.
Example Output: Does transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis root hairs and pollen define an apical cell growth signature?

Example Input: Context: The anti-inflammatory effect of low-dose radiotherapy (LD-RT) still is not understood. The adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells (EC) of the vessel wall is the initial event of tissue invasion, and thus, crucially contributes to the regulation of inflammation. We investigated the influence of LD-RT on the adhesion process in vitro.', 'Isolated peripheral-blood-mononuclear-cells (PBMC) were incubated with an activated murine endothelioma cell-line under shear conditions at 4 degrees C after irradiation with single doses between 0.1 and 10.0 Gy. Adherent cells were counted microscopically and compared to a non-irradiated control. In parallel, viability and expression of adhesion molecules, especially of L-selectin, and lineage-specific markers on the cell surface were determined by dye exclusion and cytofluorometry, respectively. Modulation of adhesion by soluble L-selectin was tested in the adhesion assay.', 'Radiation doses of 0.1-0.5 Gy reduced the adhesion of viable PBMC to EC in vitro by 70% of the control level 4 h after irradiation. Leukocytes showed a marked reduction of L-selectin expression after LD-RT. Soluble L-selectin can inhibit the adhesion of PBMC to EC.
Answer: The anti-inflammatory effect of LD-RT might, in part, be due to the reduction in the adhesion of PBMC to EC. This reduction in adhesion might be a consequence of the reduced expression of L-selectin on the surface of PBMC, and the inhibition of adherence by soluble L-selectin shed by PBMC in vitro.
Example Output:
Does low-dose radiotherapy selectively reduce adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to endothelium in vitro?