instruction:
In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
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Background: Diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) in children has been hampered by difficulty in obtaining convalescent serum and time constraints. In this study, the two diagnostic assays that targeted respectively on Mp-antibody and Mp-DNA were retrospectively investigated. Methods: A total of 3146 children were clinically diagnosed to have CAP and were confirmed by chest X-ray during March 2015 to February 2016 in Children's hospital of Hebei Province (China). Both of the sera and sputum samples were collected in 24 h after their admission. The Mp-antibody was examined by the passive particle agglutination assay and a fourfold or greater increase of antibody titers of paired sera or≧1:160 titer of single serum was set as the serology positive. Mp-DNA in the sputum samples was tested by a multiplex-PCR method named GeXP assay (multiplex PCR combined with automated capillary electrophoresis). In order to eliminate the false positive results caused by the asymptomatic carriage after infected by M. pneumoniae, the inconsistent samples were tested by the real-time isothermal transcription-mediated RNA amplification assay (SAT). The inter-rated agreement test was performed in 3146 CAP patients, with a highest kappa value in the schoolage children as 0.783. There were 6.29% (198/3146) cases showed inconsistent results determined by GeXP and serology assay. All of the 19 GeXP(+)/Serology (−) samples and a randomly chosen 27 from 179 GeXP(−)/Serology (+) samples were tested by SAT assay, and a 97.8% diagnosis agreement was observed between SAT and GeXP assay, but not with the serology assay. In addition, patients who were detected only by serology or only by multiplex-PCR were significantly younger than those with both methods positive (3.0 and 1.5 years vs. 5.0 years, p < 0. 01). The Viral-Mp coinfection accounted for 37.0% (97/262), which was more common in winter and spring (p < 0.05) and in the infantile group (p < 0.01), compared to the pure Mp positive ones. In some children CAP cases, the Mp laboratory diagnosis was inconsistent between serology and multiplex-PCR assay. Verified by the SAT assay, the GeXP showed a more sensitive and reliable performance compared with the serology assay. Furthermore, employing the multiplex-PCR could provide more information on the associated pathogens for clinical assessment of CAP.
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A comparison study between GeXP-based multiplex-PCR and serology assay for Mycoplasma pneumoniae detection in children with community acquired pneumonia


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Background: Despite the seriousness of dengue-related disease, with an estimated 50-100 million cases of dengue fever and 250,000-500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome each year, a clear understanding of dengue pathogenesis remains elusive. Because of the lack of a disease model in animals and the complex immune interaction in dengue infection, the study of host response and immunopathogenesis is difficult. The development of genomics technology, microarray and high throughput quantitative PCR have allowed researchers to study gene expression changes on a much broader scale. We therefore used this approach to investigate the host response in dengue virusinfected cell lines and in patients developing dengue fever. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using microarray and high throughput quantitative PCR method to monitor the host response to dengue viral replication in cell line infection models and in dengue patient blood samples, we identified differentially expressed genes along three major pathways; NF-kB initiated immune responses, type I interferon (IFN) and the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Among the most highly upregulated genes were the chemokines IP-10 and I-TAC, both ligands of the CXCR3 receptor. Increased expression of IP-10 and I-TAC in the peripheral blood of ten patients at the early onset of fever was confirmed by ELISA. A highly upregulated gene in the IFN pathway, viperin, was overexpressed in A549 cells resulting in a significant reduction in viral replication. The upregulation of genes in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway prompted the testing of proteasome inhibitors MG-132 and ALLN, both of which reduced viral replication. Conclusion/Significance: Unbiased gene expression analysis has identified new host genes associated with dengue infection, which we have validated in functional studies. We showed that some parts of the host response can be used as potential biomarkers for the disease while others can be used to control dengue viral replication, thus representing viable targets for drug therapy.
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Host Gene Expression Profiling of Dengue Virus Infection in Cell Lines and Patients


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These authors contributed equally to this work White powder, yield 49%, m. p. >300 o C; 1 H-NMR (DMSO-D 6 ) δ H 6.95 (1H, br, s, H10), 7.49-7.95 (5H, m. H15-H16), 8.58 (2H, s, H2 and H11), 12.41 (1H, s, H1); 13 C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) 121.9 (C15 ). QTOF-MS m/z calcd for C 12 H 9 KN 5 OS M+K + 310.39 found 310.33. 7 General procedure for the N-alkylation of acetamide-thioguanine The synthesis of 17 and 20 followed the general procedure for N-alkylation Salvatore et al., 2002 4 . Briefly, 138.23 mg of 4 Å Molecular Sieves (MS) was suspended into 3 mL of DMF. Cessium hydroxide monohydrate (CsOH.H 2 O) (140 µL) was added into the mixture and then stirred up for 10 minutes at the room temperature. The stirring was continued while adding N-(6-mercapto-9H-purin-2-yl)acetamide (MH022; 0.5 mmol) into the mixture for 30 minutes at the same temperature. Lastly, cyclopentyl bromide (0.6 mmol) was added into the mixture and the stirring was continued while monitoring the reaction's progress using TLC with CHCl 3 : acetone (3:1) as a solvent. After the reaction completed, the mixture was diluted with 70 mL of water and then extracted using 3 x 70 mL of EtO-Ac. The organic phase was collected, washed with 3 x 70 mL of water and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. This organic phase was then evaporated in vacuo and purified using PLC to afford the product as a white off powder. (15) White powder; yield 86%; m.p 154-156 o C; ʋ max / cm -1 (KBr) 3211 (NH), 1585 (C=O); 1 H-NMR (DMSO-D 6 ) δ H 1.73 (4H, m, H12 and H13), 2.19 (3H, s,H19), 2.26 (4H, m, H11 and H14), 2.65 (1H. m, H10), 8.03 (1H, s, H2), 12.85 (1H, br, s, H16); δ C 24.0 (MS m/z calcd for C 12 H 16 N 5 OS M+H + 278.35 found 278.13. White powder, yield 64%, m. p. >300 o C; 1 H-NMR (DMSO-D 6 ) δ H 1.09 (3H, t, H17), 1.19 (3H, t, H19), 2.55 (2H, q, H18), 3.29 (2H, q, H16), 8.61 (1H, s, H2), 11.97 (1H, br, s, H1); 13 C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) 8.
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Supporting Information Thioguanine-based DENV-2 NS2B/NS3 protease inhibitors: Virtual screening, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling