Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Previous research in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency (NT) showed abnormal lymphatic endothelial differentiation characteristics, including increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A expression, and aberrant smooth muscle cells (SMCs) surrounding enlarged jugular lymphatic sacs (JLS). We hypothesized that abnormal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression would result in altered VEGF-A signaling in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS and that aberrant acquisition of SMCs could be caused by downregulation of forkhead transcription factor FOXC2 and upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS.', 'Five trisomy 21 fetuses and four controls were investigated using immunohistochemistry for Shh, VEGF-A, FOXC2 and PDGF-B expression in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS.', 'An increased Shh, VEGF-A and PDGF-B expression, and decreased FOXC2 expression were shown in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS of the trisomic fetuses.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: The main objective of the present study was the investigation of possible influence of lens opacification on macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements.', 'Eighty-six eyes of 64 patients (mean age 73.4 ± 8.3 years) were included in the study. MPOD was prospectively measured using the one-wavelength reflection method (Visucam500, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) before and after cataract extraction, with implantation of a blue-light filtering intraocular lens (AlconSN60WF). The median of the maximum optical density (MaxOD) and the median of the mean optical density (MeanOD) measurements of macular pigment across the subject group were evaluated.', 'Statistically significant differences were noticed between pre-operative and post-operative measurements, the absolute values were generally lower after cataract extraction. The following median (lower/upper quartile) differences across the group were determined: MaxOD -33.8 % (-46.2 to -19.1 %), MeanOD -44.0 % (-54.6 to -26.6 %). Larger changes were observed in elderly patients [<70 years of age (n\u2009=\u200925 eyes): MaxOD -13.4 % (-20.5 to 3.6 %), MeanOD -23.6 % (-30.5 to -15.3 %) versus patients ≥70 years (n\u2009=\u200961 eyes) MaxOD -40.5 % (-53.2 to -30.1 %), MeanOD -47.2 % (-57.8 to -40.1 %)] and in patients with progressed stage of cataract. MaxOD for lens opacification grade 1 (n\u2009=\u20099 eyes): -27.4 % (-42.1 to -19.6 %), grade 2 (n\u2009=\u200926 eyes): -35.0 % (-44.2 to -25.3 %), grade 3 (n\u2009=\u200921 eyes): -34.4 % (-45.4 to -11.4 %), grade 4 (n\u2009=\u200925 eyes): -32.6 % (-53.2 to -6.4 %), and grade 5 (n\u2009=\u20095 eyes): -53.5 % (-61.7 to -38.7 %) and MeanOD for cataract stage 1 (n\u2009=\u20099 eyes): -42.6 % (-46.0 to -26.0 %), stage 2 (n\u2009=\u200926 eyes): -44.1 % (-51.8 to -26.2 %), stage 3 (n\u2009=\u200921 eyes): -45.7 % (-54.7 to -24.7 %), stage 4 (n\u2009=\u200925 eyes): -39.5 % (-59.4 to -26.1 %), and stage 5 (n\u2009=\u20095 eyes): -57.0 % (-66.1 to -51.4 %).

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to assess the struts of implanted stents in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).', 'A totle of 10,756 stent struts were analyzed with OCT in 42 patients of ACS. Of them, both of IVUS and OCT imaging were performed in 33 patients. Appearance of stent struts was classified as well apposed, buried, malapposed, and nondetectable, and the number of stent struts were counted by OCT and IVUS was compared.', 'Most of stent struts were well apposed (78.1%, 8,407/10,756). However, malapposed struts were 5.6% (607/10,756), and 14.1% (1,514/10,756) of stent struts were buried by thrombus. The nondetectable struts were 2.11% (228/10,756) in ACS. 94.7% (216/228) of nondetectable stent struts were associated with red thrombus, and plaque prolapse was in 5.3% (12/228). The number of stent struts counted by OCT were larger than that of IVUS. The mean number of stent struts at the proximal and distal stent edges were 24\u2009±\u20096.57 in OCT, the stent struts IVUS counted were 20\u2009±\u20094.18 (P\u2009<\u20090.0001). Although the frequency of malapposed struts were similar 4.6% (376/8,248) in OCT versus 4.8% (369/7,674) in IVUS (P\u2009=\u20090.788). Stent struts were often buried by thrombus in ACS 15.2% (1,252/8,248) in OCT versus 9.7% (747/7,674) in IVUS; P\u2009=\u20090.006. The nondetectable struts were fewer in IVUS than OCT 0.2% (16/7,674) in IVUS versus 2.2% (187/8,248) in OCT; P\u2009<\u20090.0001.


Output: 0