TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
PROBLEM: We determined the interferon-␥ (IFN-␥) cDNA sequence from three porcine breeds, Duroc, Landrance/Duroc hybrid, and Landrance breeds. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of porcine IFN-␥ (PoIFN-␥) were identified, respectively, at positions 269 (A/G), 376 (C/T), 426 (T/C), and 465 (T/C) of the coding sequence in Landrance/Duroc hybrid, and at position 251 (A/G) in Landrance breed. Among them, A269G and A251G polymorphisms resulted in Q67R and K61R replacements in the mature protein. PoIFN-␥ cDNAs of Duroc breed (PoIFN-␥-W) and Landrance/Duroc hybrid (PoIFN-␥-M), which, respectively, encoded Q67 and R67, were introduced into a prokaryotic expression vector pET32 to express recombinant PoIFN-␥-W (rPoIFN-␥-W) and rPoIFN-␥-M protein variants in Escherichia coli. The identity of both protein variants was further confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We then compared bioactivities of these two recombinant proteins. Although both recombinant protein variants exhibited comparable activities in antiproliferation of PK-15 cells and in nitric oxide (NO) induction of porcine peripheral monocytes, antiviral activity of rPoIFN-␥-W protein was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that of rPoIFN-␥-M protein in a plaque inhibition assay using pseudorabies virus (PRV). IC50 values of rPoIFN-␥-W and rPoIFN-␥-M protein in anti-PRV assay were determined as 5.3 ± 1.3 and 9.3 ± 4.3 nM, respectively. In conclusion, we have identified five novel SNPs in PoIFN-␥ cDNA, including two missense polymorphisms that result in Q67R and K61R replacements. Our results further demonstrate that Q67R can markedly reduce antiviral activity of the PoIFN-␥ protein. This is the first report that shows the functional SNP in the coding region of IFN-␥. In the future, it is imperative to determine whether Q67R replacement in IFN-␥ may have disease association.

SOLUTION: A missense polymorphism in porcine interferon-␥ cDNA affects antiviral activity of the protein variant

PROBLEM: Background: Standardized Korean red ginseng extract has become the best-selling influenza-like illness (ILI) remedy in Korea, yet much controversy regarding the efficacy of the Korean red ginseng (KRG) in reducing ILI incidence remains. The aim of the study is to assess the efficacy of the KRG extract on the ILI incidence in healthy adults. Methods/Design: We will conduct a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study at the onset of the influenza seasons. A total of 100 subjects 30-70 years of age will be recruited from the general populations. The subjects will be instructed to take 9 capsules per day of either the KRG extract or a placebo for a period of 3 months. The primary outcome measure is to assess the frequency of ILI onset in participated subjects. Secondary variable measures will be included severity and duration of ILI symptoms. The ILI symptoms will be scored by subjects using a 4-point scale. Discussion: This study is a randomized placebo controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of the KRG extract compared to placebo and will be provided valuable new information about the clinical and physiological effects of the KRG extract on reduction of ILI incidence including flu and upper respiratory tract infections. The study has been pragmatically designed to ensure that the study findings can be implemented into clinical practice if KRG extract can be shown to be an effective reduction strategy in ILI incidence. Trial Registration: NCT01478009.

SOLUTION: A placebo-controlled trial of Korean red ginseng extract for preventing Influenza-like illness in healthy adults

PROBLEM: On the assumption that depho~phoryiation of the n~urotropic.coronavirus J HM (JHMV) nuclcocap~ld protein (NI may be connected with initiation or the infectiaas cycle we ~arehed for a relevant host enxyme activity, Analysi~ of ~ubccllular fractions from L-2 murin© flhrt~bla~ts, ~parate¢l t ~ dual Percoll density g, tadieats, revealed the presence of a pho~phoprotei~ phosphatase (PPPaseL co.~cdimcntinll with the endososomai/prelyso. s~im.I material, which possesses high activity alainxt N, With purified pZPJN as substratc it was demonstrated that this PPPase. d stinilaishable from acid and tdkalin~ phosph~tascs, acts optimalb, at neutral pl'{ in th© pres©nc¢ of Mn ]" following treatment with a detergent, Complete inhibition wi:h okadaic acid at 0.9.-4,$ tIM but not at b, d0 nM relegates thi~ PPPasc ton type I protein phosphatase. Similar PPPase activily for N was present in the endosome fraction of at rat Roc. 1 astrocytoma.olijlodendroc~cte cell line and in homc~lenates of brain and cultured OliltOdendrocytes. Oar d~ta sul/gest that the phosphorylatcd N of the inoculum may be modified by the endosomal PPPa~e in hosl ¢©11~, incladinil tho~c from the CNS so a~ to factlitale the .II.IMV infectious process. In this paper, we present data regarding partial characterization of a phosphoprotein phosphatase, associated with the endosomal fraction of host cells (PPPase), which is highly active against the nucleocapsid protein IN) of JHMV. Among the 3 major structural proteins of JHMV, N is phosphorylated [91 and has the capacity to bind nucleic acid [10]. Implications of dephosphorylation of N on early host-virus interactions are discussed. EXPERIMENTAL Okadaic acid was purchased from Monna Bioproducts0 Hawaii. Acid phosphatase of potato was obtained from Nutritional Bioclaemical Corporation, Ohio, alkaline phosphatase of E. colt from Sigma, St, Louis and Percoll from Pharnaacia, Propagation of L-2 murine fibroblasts [11] as monolayers and coronavirus JHMV, including plaque assays (pfu), followed procedures described previously [5] , Susper~sior, cultures of L-2 cells for biochemical studies were grown in MEM supplemented with 8% Nu-Serum plus 2% FBS, The immortalized Roe.1 cell-cell hybrid fine, of rat C~ glioma x primary oligodendrocyte (a kind gift from Dr. F.A, McMorris, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PAl, was grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10070 FBS, 1.2 g/l NaHCOa and I xHAT supplement (Gibco), Primary cultures enriched for rat oligodendrocytes (95a70 pure) were isolated and cultured for 10 days as described previously [12] . Homogenates obtained by a Dounce homogeniser of oligodendrocyte and whole brain from 2-day-old rats were suspended in Published by Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.

SOLUTION:
Endosomal association of a protein phosphatase with high dephosphorylating activity against a coronavirus nucleocapsid protein