TASK DEFINITION: In this task you are expected to write an SQL query that will return the data asked for in the question. An SQL query works by selecting data from a table where certain conditions apply. A table contains columns where every row in that table must have a value for each column. Every table has a primary key that uniquely identifies each row, usually an id. To choose which columns are returned you specify that after the "SELECT" statement. Next, you use a "FROM" statement to specify what tables you want to select the data from. When you specify a table you can rename it with the "AS" statement. You can reference that table by whatever name follows the "AS" statement. If you want to select data from multiple tables you need to use the "JOIN" statement. This will join the tables together by pairing a row in one table with every row in the other table (Cartesian Product). To limit the number of rows returned you should use the "ON" statement. This will only return rows where the condition specified after the statement is true, this is usually an equals operator with primary keys. You can also use the "WHERE" statement to specify that only rows with column values statisfying a certain condition, should be returned. The "GROUP BY" statement will group rows together that have equal column values for whatever columns follows the statement. The "HAVING" statement will return groups that statisfy whatever condition follows the statement. Any column(s) being returned from grouped rows must either be an aggregate function, (AVG, MAX, COUNT, SUM, ...) of a column, or the column(s) that the data was grouped by. To sort the returned data you can use the "ORDER BY" command which will order the data by whatever aggregate function or column follows the statement. The "DESC" statement will sort in descending order and the "ASC" statement will sort in ascending order. Finally, you can use the "LIMIT" statement to return a certain number of rows. When "*" is used in an SQL statement every column is returned. For example, SELECT * FROM table WHERE attribute = 1, will select every column from rows with the attribute column equal to 1.
PROBLEM: What are the ids and names of all countries that either have more than 3 car makers or produce fiats?

SOLUTION: SELECT T1.countryId ,  T1.CountryName FROM Countries AS T1 JOIN CAR_MAKERS AS T2 ON T1.CountryId  =  T2.Country GROUP BY T1.countryId HAVING count(*)  >  3 UNION SELECT T1.countryId ,  T1.CountryName FROM Countries AS T1 JOIN CAR_MAKERS AS T2 ON T1.CountryId  =  T2.Country JOIN MODEL_LIST AS T3 ON T2.Id  =  T3.Maker WHERE T3.Model  =  'fiat'

PROBLEM: Which cities have lower temperature in March than in Dec and have never served as host cities?

SOLUTION: SELECT T1.city FROM city AS T1 JOIN temperature AS T2 ON T1.city_id  =  T2.city_id WHERE T2.Mar  <  T2.Dec EXCEPT SELECT T3.city FROM city AS T3 JOIN hosting_city AS T4 ON T3.city_id  =  T4.host_city

PROBLEM: Find the number of employees whose title is IT Staff from each city?

SOLUTION:
SELECT count(*) ,  city FROM employees WHERE title  =  'IT Staff' GROUP BY city