Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: The identification of patients at risk for developing severe postoperative pain and/or opioid-related side effects is difficult due to a lack of sensitive indicators. The patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) ratio of demands to deliveries is a potential tool for early identification of patients who experience severe postoperative pain. The authors hypothesized that the PCA ratio is able to predict morphine requirement in the first 24 hours after scoliosis surgery.', 'The authors performed a retrospective study of adolescents who had surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. They collected data describing PCA demands and deliveries, morphine consumption, numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores, opioid related side effects, and duration of hospital stay. Spearman rank analysis assessed association among 4-hour PCA ratios, NRS pain score, and 24-hour morphine consumption. Patients were divided into groups on the basis of PCA ratios <1.5 and ≥1.5. Univariate analysis and multiple regression were used to identify independent factors predictive for increased 24-hour morphine. Mann-Whitney rank-sum and Fisher exact tests were used to compare data. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.', 'One hundred forty-seven patients were included in the analysis, mean (SD) age and weight were 15 (1.8) years and 55 (27) kg, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the 4-hour PCA ratio and initial 24-hour cumulative morphine consumption (r = 0.33, p = 0.0002). Patients with a 4-hour PCA ratio ≥1.5 demonstrated a significantly greater initial 24-hour morphine consumption (p = 0.0002), greater pain scores at 24 hours after surgery (p = 0.02), a greater incidence of at least one opioid-related side effect within the initial 24 hours after surgery, and a longer duration of hospital stay (p = 0.04) compared with those patients with a 4-hour PCA ratio <1.5. PCA ratio ≥1.5, age, and patient sex were predictive for 24-hour morphine consumption.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: Escalation in monocyte trafficking from the bone marrow into the brain may play a critical role in central nervous system injury and cognitive deterioration in patients with HIV infection. This study tested the hypothesis that the mean diffusivity is sensitive to marrow changes in HIV patients and that these quantitative imaging measurements correlate with the severity of dementia.', 'The mean diffusivity (MD), determined for clival and calvarial marrow regions, was compared in 11 HIV-infected patients and 9 control subjects. The imaging measurements were also evaluated for relationships with dementia severity and markers of disease progression (CD4 and viral load in plasma).', 'The MD was significantly reduced in both clival and calvarial marrow in HIV-infected patients (P =.006). Diffusion measurements for clival (P =.02) and for calvarial (P =.03) regions were significantly correlated with the severity of dementia.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: Serious adverse outcomes from perioperative hypothermia are well documented. Consequently, intraoperative warming has become routine. We thus evaluated the efficacy of a novel, nondisposable carbon-fiber resistive-heating system. Twenty-four patients undergoing open abdominal surgery lasting approximately 4 h were randomly assigned to warming with 1) a full-length circulating water mattress set at 42 degrees C, 2) a lower-body forced-air cover with the blower set on high, or 3) a three-extremity carbon-fiber resistive-heating blanket set to 42 degrees C. Patients were anesthetized with a combination of continuous epidural and general anesthesia. All fluids were warmed to 37 degrees C, and ambient temperature was kept near 22 degrees C. Core (tympanic membrane) temperature changes among the groups were compared by using factorial analysis of variance and Scheffé F tests; results are presented as means +/- SD. Potential confounding factors did not differ significantly among the groups. In the first 2 h of surgery, core temperature decreased by 1.9 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C in the circulating-water group, 1.0 degrees C +/- 0.6 degrees C in the forced-air group, and 0.8 degrees C +/- 0.2 degrees C in the resistive-heating group. At the end of surgery, the decreases were 2.0 degrees C +/- 0.8 degrees C in the circulating-water group, 0.6 degrees C +/- 1.0 degrees C in the forced-air group, and 0.5 degrees C +/- 0.4 degrees C in the resistive-heating group. Core temperature decreases were significantly greater in the circulating-water group at all times after 150 elapsed minutes; however, temperature changes in the forced-air and resistive-heating groups never differed significantly. Even during major abdominal surgery, resistive heating maintains core temperature as effectively as forced air.


Output: 0