Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Depression is the most common psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy patients. The lack of success with current pharmacological interventions for this patient population, highlights the importance of optimizing non-pharmacological neuromodulatory treatments such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Studies on the antidepressant effect of VNS in epilepsy patients may be confounded by concurrent anti-epileptic drug therapy. To date, studies in epilepsy models overcoming this problem are lacking.', 'We investigated whether VNS affects anhedonia, a key symptom of major depression, in the kainic acid rat model for temporal lobe epilepsy.', 'Anhedonia was assessed in kainic acid (KA) and saline (SAL) injected rats using the saccharin preference test (SPT). To exclude differences in taste perception, the quinine aversion test (QAT) was performed. Both groups were randomly subdivided in a VNS and a SHAM group, yielding 4 experimental arms: KA-VNS, KA-SHAM, SAL-VNS and SAL-SHAM. Both VNS groups received 2 weeks of VNS, while the SHAM groups were not stimulated. Thereafter, the SPT and QAT were repeated.', 'Saccharin preference was significantly reduced in the KA compared to the SAL rats (P\xa0<\xa00.05), without differences in quinine aversion. Two weeks of VNS significantly increased the saccharin preference in the KA-VNS group (P\xa0<\xa00.05), while it had no effect on quinine aversion. No effects of VNS or SHAM were found in the other groups.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays an important role in appetite and food intake regulation.', 'Because previous data revealed that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the DLPFC reduces food cravings, we hypothesized that repetitive electric stimulation of the right DLPFC would lower food intake behavior in humans.', 'In a single-blind, code-based, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, randomized crossover experiment, 14 healthy young men with body mass index (in kg/m(2)) from 20 to 25 were examined during 8 d of daily tDCS or a sham stimulation. After tDCS or sham stimulation on the first and the last day of both experimental conditions, participants consumed food ad libitum from a standardized test buffet.', 'One week of daily anodal tDCS reduced overall caloric intake by 14% in comparison with sham stimulation. Moreover, repetitive tDCS diminished self-reported appetite scores.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: To assess quantitatively the influence of rotigotine transdermal patch on daytime sleepiness, the most common adverse event by non-ergot dopamine agonists (DAs), in Parkinson disease (PD) patients.', 'An open-label study enrolled PD patients with unsatisfactory control of motor symptoms. Treatment with rotigotine transdermal patch was titrated to optimal dose (4-8 mg/24 hours) over 2 to 4 weeks. Primary outcome was Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for daytime sleepiness. Secondary outcomes included Hoehn&Yahr stage, time spent with dyskinesia, Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) of motor symptoms, adverse events, and compliance.', 'The subjects were 31 PD patients (age 72 ± 8, Hoehn &Yahr stage 2.7 ± 0.9, mean ± SD). The ESS did not increase after rotigotine treatment (7.2 ± 4.9 before treatment, 6.2 ± 4.0 with 4 mg/24 hour, and 8.1 ± 6.4 with 8 mg/24 hour). The CGI-I score improved after treatment; responder rate reached 88.9% with 8 mg/24 hours. No patients showed worsening in other secondary outcomes. In 13 patients treated with equivalent doses of rotigotine switched from other DAs (pramipexole, ropinirole, and cabergoline), ESS did not increase after treatment (10.0 ± 4.6 before and 8.6 ± 4.5 after treatment) and decreased without worsening of CGI-I in 54% patients. Other secondary outcomes did not worsen after treatment.


Output: 1