TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Centrifuge training, while an integral component in pilot training, is not without risks. To date there has never been a reported case of isolated transverse process fractures associated with centrifuge training.', 'A 32-yr-old Flight Surgeon underwent centrifuge training as part of an educational course. She had increasing back pain after exposure to the centrifuge. Follow-up studies showed left L2 and bilateral L3 transverse process fractures. No other contributory causes could be identified except for mild vitamin D deficiency.\Question: Do a Report of Transverse Process Fractures Secondary to the Centrifuge in a Healthy Aviator?

SOLUTION: The etiology, incidence, and treatment of transverse process fractures are examined to better prepare the clinician for the management of these cases. Puderbaugh MA. A report of transverse process fractures secondary to the centrifuge in a healthy aviator. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(7):655-658.

PROBLEM: Context: To determine the association of statin use with oncological outcomes and risk of pathologic upgrading following radical prostatectomy.', 'Using a prospectively populated database of 3042 men who underwent open radical prostatectomy, patients were grouped according to reported statin use at the time of surgery. The primary outcome was time to biochemical recurrence. The secondary outcome was risk of pathologic upgrading among a subset of 1256 patients with Gleason pattern 3\u2009+\u20093\u2009=\u20096 on biopsy. A multivariable Cox model was used to assess risk of biochemical recurrence, and multivariable logistic regression was used to assess risk of pathologic upgrading.', 'Eight hundred twenty-four men (27%) reported statin use at the time of radical prostatectomy. Statin users were older and had higher body mass index, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, and lower pretreatment prostate-specific antigen values than statin nonusers. Over a median follow-up of 70 months (interquartile range: 36-107), a total of 455 men (15%) experienced biochemical recurrence. Statin use was not associated with biochemical recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.86-1.31). Of those men with biopsy Gleason 3\u2009+\u20093\u2009=\u20096 disease, 647 (52%) were upgraded to higher grade disease following radical prostatectomy; however, statin use was not associated with pathologic upgrading (adjusted odds ratio: 0.78, 95% confidence interval: 0.58-1.04).\Question: Is preoperative Statin Use at the Time of Radical Prostatectomy Associated With Biochemical Recurrence or Pathologic Upgrading?

SOLUTION: Preoperative statin use at the time of radical prostatectomy was not associated with biochemical recurrence or risk of pathologic upgrading in this cohort. These data add to the existing body of literature suggesting that statin use is not associated with more favorable clinical outcomes following radical prostatectomy.

PROBLEM: Context: The intestine adapts morphologically or functionally in response to environmental stimuli. Dietary lipids modify brush border membrane (BBM) permeability and nutrient transporter activities. Gangliosides (GANG) are glycolipids in human milk that are present only in low amounts in infant formula. Exogenous GANG are incorporated into cell membranes and increase their permeability. The objective of this study was to determine whether feeding a GANG-enriched diet alters in vitro intestinal lipid absorption.', 'Weanling rats were fed either (1) GANG-enriched diet; (2) diet enriched with polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids; or (3) isocaloric control diet for 2 weeks, after which in vitro intestinal lipid uptake was measured.', 'Feeding GANG did not alter weight gain or intestinal morphology. Enhanced uptake of stearic acid (18:0) in the ileum and stearic and linoleic acid (18:2) in the jejunum was not associated with a change in the abundance of the ileal lipid binding protein (ILBP), the intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), or the liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP).\Question: Do dietary gangliosides enhance in vitro lipid uptake in weanling rats?

SOLUTION:
We speculate that the enhanced uptake of long-chain fatty acids in weanling rats fed GANG may be caused by a modification in physical properties of the BBM.