In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Platelet concentrates are important for support of patients with malignancies requiring myelotoxic chemotherapy. During storage, 10% to 15% of platelets may become activated resulting in the release of alpha-granules, which contain growth factors. We hypothesize that, during storage, growth factors accumulate in the plasma, specifically platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-beta, and fibroblast growth factor-2, which may adversely affect cancer patients.', 'The concentrations of growth factors were measured by ELISA from the plasma of apheresis platelets serially throughout storage (days 1, 3, 5, and 7) and compared with concentrations in fresh plasma from healthy blood donors. Washing was evaluated as a method of growth factor removal, and an in vitro model of platelet transfusion in a patient receiving Bevacizumab (Avastin) using immunoprecipitation was employed to determine if Bevacizumab would be bound by the VEGF in apheresis platelets.', 'VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta were increased on day 1 versus fresh plasma and throughout storage reaching a relative maximum at outdate (P < 0.01, day 5 or 7). Fibroblast growth factor-2 concentrations were significantly increased on day 7 alone versus day 1 or to fresh plasma (P < 0.01). Washing removed 41 +/- 11% to 56 +/- 2% of the growth factors. Bevacizumab effectively bound the VEGF from apheresis platelets, with significant amounts of VEGF remaining in the supernatant.\Question: Do oncogenic and angiogenic growth factors accumulate during routine storage of apheresis platelet concentrates?

Ex Output:
Significant amounts of growth factors are present in apheresis platelets due to the isolation procedures, and these concentrations increase over storage, which may be partially removed by washing. In addition, apheresis platelet transfusion could affect cancer treatment by binding monoclonal antibodies directed against growth factors of tumor origin.


Ex Input:
Context: To determine the role of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation in the pathogenesis of unexplained second and third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss.', 'One hundred and fourteen women with unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss made up the study group, and 106 normal pregnant women with a history of delivery of at least one healthy fetus and no history of late fetal loss made up the control group. The study group was further divided into two subgroups: second (n = 36) and third (n = 78) trimester fetal loss. All women were tested for factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin gene mutations.', 'Twenty-one (18.4%) of the women in the study group and seven (6.6%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden mutation (OR = 3.19). Eleven (9.6%) of the women in the study group and three (2.8%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of prothrombin gene mutation (OR = 3.66). In assessing with regard to trimesters, 18 (23%) factor V Leiden and 10 (12.8%) prothrombin gene mutations were present in the group of third trimester fetal loss (OR = 4.24 and OR = 5.04, respectively). Three (8.3%) factor V Leiden and one (2.7%) prothrombin gene mutation were detected in women with second trimester fetal loss (OR = 1.28 and OR = 0.40, respectively).\Question: Is third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations?

Ex Output:
Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations were associated with third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss. These mutations should be screened in women with third trimester but not second trimester unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss.


Ex Input:
Context: Determination of endothelial function has emerged as a crucial factor in the assessment of individual cardiovascular risk. Sonographic measurement of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is the most widespread technique to assess endothelial function, but analysis is very time-consuming and requires an experienced examiner. Recently, it was speculated that a reduction of small artery compliance (C2) measured by pulse wave analysis might be an indicator of endothelial dysfunction. In the present study, we investigated the correlation of pulse wave analysis parameters and endothelial function with special regard to patients who are at increased risk for endothelial dysfunction.', 'One hundred and thirty-six subjects (65 male, 71 female) were included in the study. One hundred and twenty-three probands were hypertensive. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed sonographically (flow-mediated dilation) using standard protocols and as a change of reflection index (deltaRI) after application of salbutamol by photoplethysmography. Small artery compliance, large artery compliance (C1), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were measured by computerized pulse wave analysis of the radial artery (CR-2000; Hypertension Diagnostics, Eagan, Minnesota, USA) and were tested for correlation with FMD.', 'Mean FMD was 6.29 +/- 2.86%. Means of pulse wave analysis-derived vascular parameters were 4.91 +/- 2.86 ml/mmHg x 100 (C2), 13.35 +/- 5.41 ml/mmHg x 10 (C1) and 1611.6 +/- 348.5 dynes x s x cm(-5) (SVR). Regression analysis excluded a significant correlation between FMD, C2, C1 and SVR (r2 < 0.05 each) both in hypertensives and normotensives. There was no significant correlation between C2 and deltaRI (r2 = 0.023).\Question: Is small artery elasticity assessed by pulse wave analysis no measure of endothelial dysfunction?

Ex Output:

Our findings show that static measurement of vascular parameters by an automated pulse-wave analysis procedure cannot be used to assess endothelial function. Further studies are needed to examine whether a dynamic measurement of arterial compliance before and after stimulation of the endothelium (e.g. by ischemia) might quantify endothelial dilatory capacity in a better way.