In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
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Question: Background: One of the most commonly applied protectotype vaccination protocol against infectious bronchitis (IB) in broiler chickens in the EU is simultaneous or alternate use of Ma5 and 4/91 vaccine strains. After IB vaccination and infection, systemic and upper respiratory tract (URT), humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI), are stimulated. The level of this stimulation correlates with the level of protection against IB. Results: We've investigated the development of URT and systemic, cell-mediated and humoral immunity in commercial broiler chickens vaccinated with Ma5 and/or 4/91 strains at hatch day. We've demonstrated that the group vaccinated with Ma5 and 4/91 strain simultaneously developed the most desirable immunity which reflects the level of CD8 + T cells stimulation in spleen and Harderian gland, as well as the level of IgA and IgY in URT washings and serum and their cross-reactivity with 7 IBV strains. Conclusions: Although we did not demonstrate directly why Ma5 + 4/91 protocol is so efficient it seems that it combines the benefits of monovalent vaccination with either Ma5 or 4/91 and while Ma5 seems to stimulate CMI more efficiently, the 4/91 strain generates a wider spectrum of immune system cross-reactivity and higher URT IgA production.

Answer: Immunological aspects of the efficiency of protectotype vaccination strategy against chicken infectious bronchitis


Question: Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome. To clarify the effects of FAdV-4 on immune organs in birds, we conducted a detailed examination of dynamic morphology and damage mechanisms in chickens randomly divided into 4 groups (FAdV-4, vaccination, FAdV-4 plus vaccination, and control). FAdV-4 caused the depletion of lymphocytes and subsequent growth impairment in the thymus and bursa. Chickens infected with FAdV-4 and subjected to vaccination experienced greater inhibition of antibody responses to inactivated vaccines against Newcastle disease and avian influenza virus subtype H9 than uninfected and vaccinated chickens. The mechanisms underlying adenovirus-mediated lymphoid organ damage were further investigated via transferase-mediated dUTP nickend labeling and apoptotic genes transcription analyses. Notably, lymphocytes apoptosis in lymphoid organs and expression of specific gene transcripts was significantly upregulated after infection (P < 0.05). Furthermore, increased expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA was observed (P < 0.05), compared to the control group. Our collective findings suggested that FAdV-4 caused structural and functional damage of immune organs via apoptosis along with induction of a severe inflammatory response.

Answer: Immunosuppressive potential of fowl adenovirus serotype 4


Question: required for defective interfering RNA replication, subgenomic RNA synthesis, and presumably also for virus genome replication. 1-3 For the BCoV 5' UTR, the minimum free energy structure is predicted to contain three stem-loops. 3 We have analyzed the entire 5' UTR sequences of nine group 1 and group 2 coronaviruses, including the newly discovered SARS and HKU1 coronaviruses, using consensus, covariation secondary structure predictions. Our analysis shows that the predicted secondary structures of all coronavirus 5' UTRs are strikingly similar and contain three or four stem-loops, including a previously unrecognized highly conserved UNR stem-loop. Computer-assisted modeling predicts an invariant and previously unrecognized UNR stem-loop among nine coronavirus UTR sequences, denoted SL2. This predicted conserved structure encompasses nucleotides 42-56 for both MHV and the SARScoronavirus. NMR spectroscopy of the 16-nt RNA SL2 sars reveals spectral features consistent with a UNR hairpin loop. Reverse genetics studies revealed that SL2 is required for MHV replication; MHV genomes containing a substitution of the required U48 with C in the UNR loop (U48C) were not viable. RT-PCR analysis of the U48C mutant indicated that negative sense genome sized RNAs were present in cells electroporated with this mutant; however, neither positive nor negative sense subgenomic RNAs were detected. Mutations that destabilized the stem of SL2 were viable but had moderately to severely impaired replication phenotypes. Mutants that maintained the stem-loop structure replicated similarly to wild-type MHV. These genetic data strongly support the existence of the predicted UNR stem loop and its functional importance in viral replication.

Answer:
A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED UNR STEM-LOOP STRUCTURE IN THE CORONAVIRUS 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION PLAYS A FUNCTIONAL ROLE IN REPLICATION