Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
--------
Question: Context: Hepatic resection is well established as a potentially curative treatment for hepatic colorectal cancer metastases. However, only a small proportion of patients with liver metastases are suitable for resection because they either have extrahepatic disease, or the extent and/or the distribution of their hepatic disease would make excision impossible. We have previously described the use of cryotherapy for inadequate resection margins and lesions in the remaining lobe of the liver. Combining such cryodestructive techniques with resection offers the possibility of increasing the proportion of patients to whom potentially curative treatment can be offered. The aim of this study was to compare survival in patients treated with resection and cryotherapy against those of patients treated with resection alone. Potential prognostic variables were also examined.', 'Patients undergoing a hepatic resection with or without cryotherapy at our unit between April 1990 and July 1997 were identified from our database and their notes reviewed. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the Log rank test.', 'One hundred and seven patients were treated in total: 32 underwent resection alone, and 75 underwent resection combined with cryotherapy. There was no significant difference between the survival of patients treated with resection alone and those treated with resection and cryotherapy.
Answer: Edge and contralobe cryotherapy can be combined with hepatic resection to allow a greater proportion of patients with hepatic colorectal metastases to be offered treatment, and results in similar survival figures comparable to hepatic resection for at least 3 years.

Answer: Does resection with cryotherapy of colorectal hepatic metastases have the same survival as hepatic resection alone?


Question: Context: Objective analysis of surgical skill is necessary. A novel method of assessment using simple error analysis in synthetic models is examined for construct validity.', 'Two examination protocols were devised using synthetic models. These contained either a purpose made error or were representative of good surgical practice. Protocol one contained models of skin closure and minor operations. Protocol two in addition more complex procedures. Face validity was established by the approval of senior surgeons. Junior surgeons were recruited to undertake the assessment. A p value of less than 0.05 was deemed to be significant.', 'Eighty-nine surgeons were recruited. Both protocol one and two were able to discriminate between groups at statistically significant levels.
Answer: Construct validity has been established by showing that error analysis is able to distinguish surgeons with varying levels of experience.

Answer: Is the surgical error examination a novel method for objective technical knowledge assessment?


Question: Context: Device-related infections remain a considerable problem of left-ventricular support. We compared the device-related-infections between the HeartMate left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and the Jarvik 2000 permanent LVAD, a device with a novel retroauricular power-supply.', 'Between December 2000 and September 2002 we implanted the HeartMate-vented, electrical-system in 11 patients and the permanent Jarvik 2000 in six patients. Total support time was 1626 patient-days (HeartMate, 26-271 days) versus 1246 patient-days (Jarvik 2000, 8-411 days). As potential risk factors for infection we analyzed age, preoperative hospital-days, total protein, cardiac index, maximal oxygen uptake, use of inotropes, LVAD risk-score-index and Aaronson-Mancini-score, intubation time, and intensive care unit stay. We used the Center of Disease Control definitions for surgical site infections.', 'HeartMate-patients were younger than Jarvik 2000 patients (46+/-13 versus 58+/-6 years, P=0.056), there were no other differences in the risk factors. Four HeartMate-patients needed late (>or=48 h) surgical revisions for bleeding/hematomas versus no revisions in the Jarvik 2000 patients. In the HeartMate-patients, there were seven (64%) driveline-infections, five (45%) device-pocket infections, and three (27%) bloodstream-infections, or 0.43 device-related infections/100 patient-days. Infections occurred early (34+/-31 days). Three patients required urgent transplantation due to bloodstream infection. There were no adverse outcomes in the HeartMate-group due to infection. In the Jarvik 2000 patients, there was one driveline-infection (16%) after 270 days of support (0.08 device-related infections/100 patient-days), significantly less than in the HeartMate-group (P=0.044). Driveline infections resolved with antibiotics and local wound care in the Jarvik 2000 patient, but only in one of seven HeartMate-patients.
Answer: Implantation of the Jarvik 2000 is associated with less device-related infections than the HeartMate-LVAD. The power-supply of the permanent Jarvik 2000 is suitable for long-term mechanical support.

Answer:
Is the Jarvik 2000 associated with less infections than the HeartMate left ventricular assist device?