instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
Anxiety is a common non-motor symptom among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the etiology of anxiety in PD is likely to be multifactorial, a dysfunction in the dopaminergic system might be implicated in its pathogenesis. The aim of our study was to investigate a possible dopaminergic mechanism involved in anxiety in newly diagnosed never-medicated PD patients using SPECT and ¹²³I-FP-CIT as the dopamine transporter ligand.", 'Thirty-four newly diagnosed, untreated PD patients with asymmetric motor symptoms were included in the study: 17 patients with right- and 17 with left-motor onset, matched for age, disease duration and motor disability constituted the group. They were all evaluated for anxiety and depression and underwent an SPECT with ¹²³I-FP-CIT. Dopamine transporter (DAT) availability values for right and left caudate and putamen were calculated and compared between patients with and without anxiety. Regression analyses were also performed in order to correlate DAT availability with the severity of the anxiety symptoms.', 'Comparison between PD patients with and those without anxiety revealed significant differences of DAT availability in all the examined regions except the right putamen. In the group of patients considered as a whole, a significant correlation was found between increased anxiety severity and decreased DAT availability in right caudate.
answer:
0


question:
Advanced heart failure (HF) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality; traditionally used prognostic factors often fail to predict the outcome. Increased red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has recently been recognized as an important unfavorable prognostic factor in HF, independent of anemia; however, the role of RDW in patients with advanced HF has not yet been investigated.', 'Eighty consecutive patients with stage D heart failure, recently hospitalized for HF decompensation, were enrolled. A Cox proportional-hazard model was used to determine whether RDW was independently associated with outcome.', 'At study entry, ejection fraction (EF), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), hemoglobin (Hb) and RDW were 25 ± 8.6%, 27.5 ± 8 mmHg, 12.5 ± 1.9 mg/dL and 18 ± 3.5% (normal <14.5%) respectively. At 6 months, 44 patients (55%) had died. In this patient population, EF (p=0.45), PCWP (p=0.106), age (p=0.54), albumin (0.678), iron (p=0.37), creatinine (p=0.432), iron deficiency defined by bone marrow aspiration (p=0.37), bilirubin (p=0.422), peak VO2 (p=0.057) and Hb (p=0.95) were not significant predictors of a worse outcome. However, RDW was a significant marker for adverse prognosis (p=0.007, HR: 1.14, CI: 1.04-1.24) and retained its prognostic significance even when corrected for Hb values (HR: 1.15, CI: 1.05-1.27, p=0.003).
answer:
0


question:
Evidence suggests that induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and intimal thickening after arterial injury, and therapeutic molecules induce HO-1. Probucol is the only oral drug that inhibits restenosis in humans and intimal thickening in animals, although its underlying mechanism remains unclear.', 'Aortas were harvested from New Zealand White rabbits fed normal or 0.75% (wt/wt) probucol-fortified chow, with or without endothelial denudation of the abdominal aorta on day 21, and analyzed for heme oxygenase and apoptosis. Uninjured aortas were harvested on day 21 and balloon-injured aortas on days 22 and 25. Probucol significantly increased mRNA of HO-1 assessed by real-time PCR and HO activity in aortas at all time points. Probucol also enhanced apoptosis of medial cells in the injured aorta, as evidenced by the TUNEL assay. Furthermore, probucol (100 micromol/L) increased HO-1 mRNA and HO activity when added to rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) cultured in serum-free medium for 24 hours. Induction of HO-1 mRNA was inhibited by actinomycin D and was associated with inhibition of RASMC proliferation. This probucol-induced increase in HO-1 mRNA and inhibition of RASMC proliferation was prevented by the HO inhibitor Sn(IV) protoporphyrin or transfection with small interference RNA (siRNA) to knockdown HO-1, but not by inactive Cu(II) protoporphyrin or scrambled siRNA.
answer:

0