instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Context: Droperidol is useful for postoperative sedation in infants and children after cardiac surgery because it provides sedation and akinesia with minimal respiratory depression. However, droperidol has been associated with QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. We investigated, if neuroleptanalgesic doses of droperidol led to QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias in children undergoing cardiac surgery.', 'We retrospectively analysed electrocardiogram rhythm strips that were obtained before and in time increments after a 100 microg x kg(-1) intravenous bolus of droperidol in 20 children undergoing cardiac surgery. The longest QT interval was determined in each ECG and corrected for heart rate (QTc). All arrhythmias were recorded.', 'Droperidol led to a significant increase in QTc time that was still present at 15 min but had resolved within 30 min after the bolus. No associated arrhythmias were observed.
Answer: The statistically significant prolongation of QTc time after a sedative dose of droperidol is of concern because it may increase the risk for malignant cardiac arrhythmias. A large, prospective study is necessary to identify the true risk for arrhythmias after droperidol in this patient population, but our study suggests that any arrhythmogenic risk, if present, will be very transient, since the increase in QTc time was limited to a period of less than 30 min after the bolus.
answer:
Does droperidol for perioperative sedation cause a transient prolongation of the QTc time in children under volatile anesthesia?


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Context: Facial dog bite injuries pose a significant public health problem.', 'Seventy-five consecutive patients (45 males, 30 females) treated solely by plastic surgery service for facial dog bite injuries at a Level I trauma center in the Denver Metro area between 2006 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. The following information were recorded: breed, relationship of patient to dog, location and number of wounds, the duration between injury and surgical repair and dog bite incident, type of repair, and antibiotic prophylaxis. Primary end points measured were wound infection, the need for revision surgery, and patient satisfaction.', 'Ninety-eight wounds in the head and neck region were repaired (46 children; mean age, 6.8 years) and (29 adults; mean age, 47.3 years). Twelve different breeds were identified. There was no significant association between the type of dog breed and the number of bite injuries. The duration between injury and repair ranged from 4 hours to 72 hours (mean [SD], 13.7 [10.9] hours). The majority of bite wounds (76 of 98) involved the cheek, lip, nose, and chin region. Direct repair was the most common surgical approach (60 of 98 wounds) (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant association between wounds needing reconstruction versus direct repair according to dog breed (p = 0.25). Ten wounds required grafting. Twenty-five wounds were managed by one-stage or two-stage flaps. Only three patients (3.06 %) underwent replantation/revascularization of amputated partial lip (n = 2) and of cheek (n = 1). There was one postoperative infection. Data from five-point Likert scale were available for fifty-two patients. Forty patients were satisfied (5) with the outcome, while five patients were somewhat satisfied (4), and seven were neutral.
Answer: Availability of the plastic surgery service at a Level I trauma center is vital for the optimal treatment of facial dog bite injuries. Direct repair and reconstruction of facial dog bite injuries at the earliest opportunity resulted in good outcomes as evidenced by the satisfaction survey data and low complication rate.
answer:
Do retrospective analysis of facial dog bite injuries at a Level I trauma center in the Denver metro area?


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Context: Lymph node ratio (LNR), positive nodes divided by nodes examined, has been proposed for prognostication in melanoma to mitigate problems with low node counts. However, it is unclear if LNR offers superior prognostication over total counts of positive nodes and nodes examined. Additionally, the prognostic value of LNR may change if a threshold number of nodes are examined. We evaluated whether LNR is more prognostic than positive nodes and nodes examined, and whether the prognostic value of LNR changes with minimum thresholds.', "Using the National Cancer Data Base Participant User File, we identified 74,692 incident cases with nodal dissection during 2000-2006. We compared LNR versus counts of examined and positive nodes based on Harrell's C, a measure of predictive ability. We then stratified by total nodes examined: greater versus fewer than ten for axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and greater versus fewer than five for inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND).", "Overall, LNR had a Harrell's C of 0.628 (95\xa0% confidence interval [CI] 0.625-0.631). Examined and positive nodes were not significantly different from this, with a Harrell's C of 0.625 (95\xa0% CI 0.621-0.630). In ALND, LNR had a Harrell's C of 0.626 (95\xa0% CI 0.610-0.643) with ≥10 nodes versus 0.554 (95\xa0% CI 0.551-0.558)\xa0<\xa010 nodes. In ILND, LNR had a Harrell's C of 0.679 (95\xa0% CI 0.664-0.694) with ≥5 nodes versus C of 0.601 (95\xa0% CI 0.595-0.606)\xa0<\xa05 nodes.
Answer: LNR provides no prognostic superiority versus counts of examined and positive nodes. Moreover, the prognostic value of LNR diminishes when minimum node retrieval thresholds are not met.
answer:

Does lymph Node Ratio be Less Prognostic in Melanoma When Minimum Node Retrieval Thresholds Are Not Met?