TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Cyclovirobuxinum D (CVB-D), an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Buxus microphylla, has been found to be effective to treat cardiac insufficiency, arrhythmias and coronary heart disease. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CVB-D on the inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages in vitro and the underlying mechanisms.', 'Murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells were incubated in the presence of LPS (0.1 μg/mL) for 24 h. The cell viability was measured using MTT assay. The release of NO and cytokines were detected using the Griess test and ELISA, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels were determined using RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Reporter gene assays were used to analyze the transcriptional activity of NF-κB.', 'Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with CVB-D (25-300 μmol/L) did not affect the cell viability. Pretreatment with CVB-D (50, 100 and 200 μmol/L) concentration-dependently decreased NO release and iNOS expression in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells (its IC50 value in inhibition of NO production was 144 μmol/L). CVB-D also concentration-dependently inhibited the secretion and mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, CVB-D remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3, as well as JAK2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, but did not affect the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs pathways. Pretreatment with the JAK2 specific inhibitor AG490 (30 μmol/L) produced similar effects on NO release and iNOS expression in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells.
Answer: CVB-D exerts anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages in vitro at least in part by blocking the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The anti-inflammatory actions of CVB-D may contribute to its cardioprotection.

SOLUTION: Does cyclovirobuxinum D suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophages in vitro by blocking JAK-STAT signaling pathway?

PROBLEM: Context: To assessdoctor's knowledge on the relevance of the problem of sleep disorders, methods of their diagnosis and treatment.", 'The survey was conducted among90physicians of different the rapeuticspecialties of Kazan medical institutions.', 'The doctors believe that main causes of sleep disorders are stressors (20%), depression (13%), neurosis (13%), chronic diseases (13%), asthenia (10%), pain (10%). An analysis of treatment prescribed to patients with sleep disorders revealed large differences.
Answer: Physicians are not well informed about the problems of sleep disorders, have a small idea of the methods of sleepresearch and drugs for their treatment as well as of a sequence of operations that should be used to resolve this problem.

SOLUTION: Do [ What do the doctors of different specialties know about sleep disorders and their treatment ]?

PROBLEM: Context: During real-time monitoring of the ultrafiltration coefficient (Kuf) in haemodiafiltration (HDF), it was noticed that the ultrafiltration performance of polysulphone membrane dialysers increased when hypertonic glucose (D50%) was administered through the venous blood return.', 'This observation was explored in six non-diabetic chronic dialysis patients during 48 HDF sessions using 1.8 m(2) polysulphone membrane dialysers. In all six patients, 24 sessions were performed with glucose supplementation (as a continuous D50% (500 g/l) infusion at 40 ml/h) and 24 sessions without supplementation.', 'Glucose supplementation led to a marked increase in Kuf from 22.8+/-2.2 (without D50%, n=24) to 32. 1+/-3.9 ml/h/mmHg (with D50%, n=24) (P<0.0001). An increase in percentage reduction ratios for urea and creatinine were also consistently observed during the sessions with glucose administration (from respective mean values of 75+/-5 and 68+/-4% to 79+/-4 and 74+/-10%). Mean double-pool Kt/V, calculated from serum urea concentrations, rose from 1.65+/-0.24 (n=24) to 1.86+/-0.24 (n=24) (P<0.005). Similar results were observed in a subgroup of 18 HDF sessions (nine with glucose and nine without) monitored with an on-line urea sensor of spent dialysate. No detrimental effects were induced at any time.
Answer: We conclude that intravenous glucose administration during high-flux HDF using polysulphone membranes increases significantly both ultrafiltration capacity and dialysis dose delivery.

SOLUTION:
Does intradialytic glucose infusion increase polysulphone membrane permeability and post-dilutional haemodiafiltration performances?