In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: To investigate the existence condition of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) termination codon bias.', 'A total of 174 reference sequences of all kinds of Hepatitis B virus(HBV) genotypes were chosen from GenBank, and compared by BioEdit. Then secondary structure of RNA was constructed and analyzed together.', '(1) There were two types of HBsAg termination codon: TAA and TGA in 174 reference sequences. TAA was in 124 cases (71.26%); and TGA in 50 cases (28.74%). (2) There was codon bias selection in HBsAg termination codon, and it could affect the secondary structure of RNA and amino acid sequence encoding protein.\Question: Does [ Hepatitis B surface antigen terminate codon bias selection ]?

Ex Output:
HBsAg termination codon bias exists and may be related to RNA structure and the conservation of protein function in the evolutionary progress.


Ex Input:
Context: Accumulation in the brain of small aggregates of amyloid beta-protein 42 (Abeta42) is the major pathogenic event of Alzheimer disease (AD). In familial early-onset AD this event is likely the result of Abeta42 overproduction; in the most common sporadic late-onset form of the disease the mechanisms of Abeta42 accumulation are unknown.', 'To address this issue the authors analyzed plasma levels of Abeta42 in 88 elderly patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), chosen as paradigm of preclinical sporadic AD.', 'The authors found a significant increase of Abeta42 plasma levels in women with MCI, in comparison to the affected men and 72 cognitively normal age-matched subjects. The levels were independent of variables in education, apolipoprotein E genotype, cholesterol, and creatinine plasma concentrations, as well as hemoglobin content.\Question: Are plasma levels of amyloid beta-protein 42 increased in women with mild cognitive impairment?

Ex Output:
The elevation of Abeta42 plasma levels in women with MCI may represent a biologic explanation for the sex-dependent increased incidence of late-onset AD in women identified by epidemiologic studies.


Ex Input:
Context: Induced aboveground plant defenses against pathogens can have negative effects on belowground microbial symbionts. While a considerable number of studies have utilized chemical elicitors to experimentally induce such defenses, there is surprisingly little evidence that actual aboveground pathogens affect root-associated microbes. We report here that an aboveground fungal pathogen of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) induces a defense response that inhibits both the belowground formation of root nodules elicited by rhizobia and the colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).', 'Foliage of plants inoculated with either rhizobia or AMF was treated with both live Colletotrichum gloeosporioides-a generalist hemibiotrophic plant pathogen-and C. gloeosporioides fragments. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activity in leaves and roots, as well as the number of rhizobia nodules and the extent of AMF colonization, were measured after pathogen treatments. Both the live pathogen and pathogen fragments significantly increased PPO, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activity in the leaves, but only PPO activity was increased in roots. The number of rhizobia nodules and the extent of AMF colonization was significantly reduced in treatment plants when compared to controls.\Question: Does an aboveground pathogen inhibit belowground rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Phaseolus vulgaris?

Ex Output:

We demonstrate that aboveground fungal pathogens can affect belowground mutualism with two very different types of microbial symbionts-rhizobia and AMF. Our results suggest that systemically induced PPO activity is functionally involved in this above-belowground interaction. We predict that the top-down effects we show here can drastically impact plant performance in soils with limited nutrients and water; abiotic stress conditions usually mitigated by microbial belowground mutualists.