Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Three surgical approaches: cochleostomy (C), round window (RW), and extended round window (ERW); and two electrodes types: lateral wall (LW) and perimodiolar (PM), account for the vast majority of cochlear implantations. The goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between surgical approach and electrode type with final intracochlear position of the electrode array and subsequent hearing outcomes.', 'Comparative longitudinal study.', 'One hundred postlingually implanted adult patients were enrolled in the study. From the postoperative scan, intracochlear electrode location was determined and using rigid registration, transformed back to the preoperative computed tomography which had intracochlear anatomy (scala tympani and scala vestibuli) specified using a statistical shape model based on 10 microCT scans of human cadaveric cochleae. Likelihood ratio chi-square statistics were used to evaluate for differences in electrode placement with respect to surgical approach (C, RW, ERW) and type of electrode (LW, PM).', 'Electrode placement completely within the scala tympani (ST) was more common for LW than were PM designs (89% vs. 58%; P\u2009<\u20090.001). RW and ERW approaches were associated with lower rates of electrode placement outside the ST than was the cochleostomy approach (9%, 16%, and 63%, respectively; P\u2009<\u20090.001). This pattern held true regardless of whether the implant was LW or PM. When examining electrode placement and hearing outcome, those with electrode residing completely within the ST had better consonant-nucleus-consonant word scores than did patients with any number of electrodes located outside the ST (P\u2009=\u20090.045).
[EX A]: Do impact of electrode design and surgical approach on scalar location and cochlear implant outcomes?

[EX Q]: A defect in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells may cause dysfunction of the neural retina, so rapid recovery of differentiated RPE cells is required after RPE injury. We investigated the effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on wound healing in RPE cells.', 'Confluent monolayers of bovine RPE cells were denuded, and the cells were allowed to recover in the presence or absence of HGF. The effect of HGF on RPE cell proliferation was evaluated by a 3-(4;5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetraz olium assay. In a migration assay, mitomycin C was used to inhibit proliferation, and the number of migrated cells was counted. The signaling pathways involved were examined using inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase and protein kinase C pathways.', 'At 80 ng/mL, HGF stimulated the wound closure of RPE monolayers and rendered the restituted cells more epithelioid in shape. HGF at 10 ng/mL stimulated RPE cell migration the most, whereas 80 ng/mL of HGF inhibited migration, but stimulated proliferation the most. In particular, PI3 kinase and MAPK inhibitor inhibited PRE cell migration and proliferation, respectively.
[EX A]: Does hepatocyte growth factor stimulate proliferation and migration during wound healing of retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro?

[EX Q]: To elucidate the detailed mechanisms underlying the appreciable effects of JG3, a novel marine-derived oligosaccharide, on cell migration using a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line stably over-expressing heparanase.', 'A retrovirus infection system was used to establish a CHO-K1 cell line stably transfected with heparanase. Immunocytochemistry was used to assess cell morphology. Flow cytometry was selected to analyze the activation of beta1-integrin, and Western blotting was used to analyze the downstream effects on the cell adhesion pathway. An affinity precipitation assay was used to determine activation of the small GTPases, Rac1, and RhoA.', 'JG3 abolished heparanase-driven formation of focal adhesions and cell spreading. Although JG3 failed to block the heparanase-triggered activation of beta1-integrin or the phosphorylation of Src, the oligosaccharide caused a significant dephosphorylation of FAK and subsequent inactivation of Erk. Furthermore, JG3 was found to arrest the activation of Rac1.
[EX A]:
Does marine-derived oligosaccharide sulfate ( JG3 ) suppress heparanase-driven cell adhesion events in heparanase over-expressing CHO-K1 cells?