In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

we therefore overrule leonard and palmer.
overruling

(shoemaker v. myers (1990) 52 cal.3d 1, 7.)
non-overruling

see scott, supra at 352; commonwealth v. ruffin, 475 mass. 1003, 1004 (2016).

non-overruling