Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: A complex network of putative molecular interactions underlies the architecture and function of cell-matrix adhesions. Most of these interactions are implicated from coimmunoprecipitation studies using expressed components, but few have been demonstrated or characterized functionally in living cells.', 'We introduce fluorescence fluctuation methods to determine, at high spatial and temporal resolution, "when" and "where" molecular complexes form and their stoichiometry in nascent adhesions (NAs). We focus on integrin-associated molecules implicated in integrin activation and in the integrin-actin linkage in NAs and show that these molecules form integrin-containing complexes hierarchically within the adhesion itself. Integrin and kindlin reside in a molecular complex as soon as adhesions are visible; talin, although also present early, associates with the integrin-kindlin complex only after NAs have formed and in response to myosin II activity. Furthermore, talin and vinculin association precedes the formation of the integrin-talin complex. Finally, α-actinin enters NAs periodically and in clusters that transiently associate with integrins. The absolute number and stoichiometry of these molecules varies among the molecules studied and changes as adhesions mature.
Answer: These observations suggest a working model for NA assembly whereby transient α-actinin-integrin complexes help nucleate NAs within the lamellipodium. Subsequently, integrin complexes containing kindlin, but not talin, emerge. Once NAs have formed, myosin II activity promotes talin association with the integrin-kindlin complex in a stoichiometry consistent with each talin molecule linking two integrin-kindlin complexes.
Do integrin-associated complexes form hierarchically with variable stoichiometry in nascent adhesions?

Context: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) mitigates ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in experimental models. However, the clinical significance of this protection has been unclear and a mortality reduction has not been previously reported in noncardiac models. This study examined the local and remote protection afforded by skeletal muscle IPC and sought to determine the significance of this protection on mortality.', "Mice subjected to 2 h hindlimb ischemia/24 h reperfusion (standard I/R injury) were compared with those undergoing a regimen of two 20-min cycles of IPC followed by standard I/R injury. Local injury was assessed via gastrocnemius histology, and remote injury was evaluated via intestinal histology and pulmonary neutrophil infiltration (n = 7). Mortality was compared in parallel groups for 1 week (n = 6). Groups were analyzed using an unpaired Student's t-test for gastrocnemius and pulmonary injury, and a Mann-Whitney rank sum test for intestinal injury. Mortality differences were interpreted through a hazard ratio.", 'Significant protection was observed in preconditioned animals. There was a 35% local injury reduction in skeletal muscle (71.2% versus 46.0%, P < 0.01), a 50% reduction in remote intestinal injury (2.3 versus 1.1, P < 0.01), and a 43% reduction in remote pulmonary injury (14.9 versus 8.5, P < 0.01) compared with standard injury controls. Preconditioned animals were also significantly protected from mortality, demonstrating a 66.7% survival at 1 wk compared with 0% survival after standard injury alone (hazard ratio 0.20, 95% CI: 0.02-0.59).
Answer: We have developed a murine model of IPC that demonstrates local and remote protection against I/R injury, and exhibits significant mortality reduction. This model demonstrates the powerful effect of IPC on local and remote tissues and will facilitate further study of potential mechanisms and therapies.
Does ischemic preconditioning of skeletal muscle mitigate remote injury and mortality?

Context: Polyalthia cerasoides is a medicinal plant known for its ethnopharmacological importance. Despite this, investigation related to its therapeutic benefit is still unexplored.', 'To evaluate the stem bark extracts of Polyalthia cerasoides for pharmacological activities relating to inflammation, nociception and oxidative stress using in vivo and in vitro models.', 'Pet ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of the stem bark were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. Anti-nociceptive activity in mice was assessed using thermally and chemically induced analgesic models. The free radical quenching potential of the extracts was initially analyzed using the in vitro DPPH photometric assay, Hydroxyl radical scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation assays. Then modulatory effect of the extracts on in vivo antioxidant system was evaluated by carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity and subsequent measurements of antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Peroxidase from the liver homogenate.', 'Among the tested fractions, ethyl acetate extract had substantially inhibited the inflammation by 68.5% that was induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection whereas pet ether and chloroform extract showed only minimal inhibitory effect. Investigation of the anti-nociceptive activity revealed that the ethyl acetate fractions had significantly repressed the algesia in both the analgesic experimental models. In vitro and in vivo individual antioxidant assays demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction has strong free radical quenching potential which also restores the endogenous hepatic enzymes.
Answer: The ethyl acetate fraction enriched with flavinoids and steroids from Polyalthia cerasoides stem bark has potent bioactivity to combat inflammation, ROS and pain. This needs further characterization for potential therapeutic applications.

Do therapeutic potential of Polyalthia cerasoides stem bark extracts against oxidative stress and nociception?