In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Q: Background: We undertook a 2X2 factorial, randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess whether vitamin D 3 supplementation (10,000 international units per week) versus placebo and gargling versus no gargling could prevent viral, clinical upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in university students. Methods: We randomized 600 students into 4 treatment arms: 1) vitamin D 3 and gargling, 2) placebo and gargling, 3) vitamin D 3 and no gargling, and 4) placebo and no gargling. Students completed weekly electronic surveys and submitted self-collected mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs during September and October in 2010 or 2011. Symptomatic students also completed an electronic symptom diary. The primary and secondary outcomes were the occurrence of symptomatic clinical URTI and laboratory confirmed URTI respectively. Results: Of 600 participants, 471 (78.5%) completed all surveys while 43 (7.2%) completed none; 150 (25.0%) reported clinical URTI. Seventy participants (23.3%) randomized to vitamin D 3 reported clinical URTI compared to 80 (26.7%) randomized to placebo (RR:0.79, CI 95 :0.61-1.03, p = 0.09). Eighty-five participants (28.3%) randomized to gargling reported clinical URTI compared to 65 participants (21.7%) randomized to the no gargling arm (RR:1.3, CI 95 :0.92-1.57, p = 0.19). Laboratory testing identified 70 infections (46.7 per 100 URTIs). Vitamin D 3 treatment was associated with a significantly lower risk for laboratory confirmed URTI (RR: 0.54, CI 95 :0.34-0.84, p = 0.007) and with a significantly lower mean viral load measured as log 10 viral copies/mL (mean difference: −0.89, CI 95: -1.7, −0.06, p = 0.04). Fewer students assigned to gargling experienced laboratory confirmed URTI, however this was not statistically significant (RR:0.82, CI 95 :0.53-1.26, p = 0.36). Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin D 3 is a promising intervention for the prevention of URTI. Vitamin D 3 significantly reduced the risk of laboratory confirmed URTI and may reduce the risk of clinical infections. Trial registration: Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01158560.

A: Vitamin D 3 and gargling for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial
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Q: for detecting the gene encoding the σB major outer-capsid protein of novel duck reovirus (NDRV). A set of primers, composed of two outer primers, two inner primers and two loop primers, was designed based on the gene of interest. The LAMP reaction was conducted in a traditional laboratory water bath at 65 °C for 50 min. We compared the performance of calcein/Mn 2+ and SYBR Green I dyes, as well as electrophoresis on agarose gel stained with GoldView nucleic acid dye to detect the RT-LAMP-amplified products and all assays could be employed to discriminate between positive and negative specimens in visible or UV light. Our data showed that there is no cross-reaction with other viruses and the RT-LAMP technique displayed high sensitivity for detecting NDRV with a minimal detection limit of 200 fg RNA input. This assay was more sensitive than conventional PCR in detecting NDRV both in natural and experimental infection. In conclusion, the RT-LAMP technique was remarkably sensitive, specific, rapid, simple and profitable for the identification of NDRV.

A: Detection of Novel duck reovirus (NDRV) using visual reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)
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Q: Using six monoclonal antibodies to epitopes a-f on the glycoprotein E2 of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) we found antigenic differences between E2 in infected cells and in virus particles, respectively, if glycosylation was impaired by 2-deoxy-D-glucose or inhibited by N-methyl-l-deoxynojirimycin. Furthermore we concluded that a conformational change of E2 takes place on virus budding. The composition and structure of carbohydrate side chains attached to viral glycoproteins is important for virus maturation. They may influence virus adsorption and penetration, transport of viral glycoproteins [12] , proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins [1, 7] , association of spike glycoproteins [13] or their antigenicities [5, 11] . With Semliki Forest virus (SFV), a togavirus containing the nucleocapsid protein C and three envelope glycoproteins El, E2 and E3, we previously observed that virus maturation could be inhibited by impairment of glycosylation, e.g. by treatment of infected cells with tunicamycin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) [5] . Using polyclonal antisera, we have shown in addition that antigenicities of glycoproteins with no carbohydrate side chains (after treatment with tunicamycin) or with truncated chains (after treatment with 2-DG) differed from those of virus particles [2, 4, 9-]. Using six monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for six epitopes a-f on virion E2 we recently found changes in antigenicity of virion E2, if SFV was propagated in cells in presence of N-methyl-l-deoxynojirimycin (MdN): released, infectious virus particles contained mannose-rich carbohydrate side chains of the composition GI%ManT.8,9(GlcNAc)2; epitope d reacted very well, epitopes c and e reacted less, and epitopes a, b and f only very slightly [6, 10-].

A:
Differences in antigenicity of E2 in Semliki Forest virus particles and in infected cells Brief Report
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