Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of low-energy femoral insufficiency fractures in elderly patients.', 'The study retrospectively evaluated the clinical course of 4 patients with low-energy femoral shaft and subtrochanteric fractures admitted to our department between 2009 and 2011. Three patients had prior long-term alendronate therapy and one had prior glucocorticoid therapy.', 'There were 5 femoral shaft fractures, 2 incomplete shaft fractures, 2 subtrochanteric and 1 intertrochanteric fractures. All femoral shaft fractures had characteristic fracture patterns with thickened lateral cortices at the proximal fragment. Six femurs had excessive medial femoral bowing, which complicated intramedullary nailing. Additional fractures were seen on both femurs of one patient who had been primarily treated with short implants. A bifocal femoral fracture was seen in one femur. Union was achieved in all patients. Two patients were able to walk independently, one with a cane and one with double crutches.

A: 1
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Q: The Notch signaling pathway has been shown to play a role in bone marrow-derived stromal cell differentiation, however, the precise outcome of Notch activation remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Notch signaling in primary human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (hBMSCs).', 'hBMSCs were transduced to >90% with lentiviral vectors containing either human notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), jagged1, or dominant negative mastermind1. Cells were exposed to adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation stimuli and differentiation was quantified by oil red or alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase liver/bone/kidney (ALPL) activity and expression of adipogenic or osteogenic marker genes.', 'NICD and jagged1 transgene-expressing hBMSCs demonstrated enhanced mineralization, nodule formation, and ALPL activity in osteogenic differentiation media. These findings correlated with increased gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and ALPL. In contrast, NICD or jagged1 transgene expression strongly inhibited adipocyte formation and reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, fatty acid binding protein 4, and adiponectin precursor gene expression. Co-overexpression of dominant negative mastermind1 and NICD or jagged1 led to a partial rescue of the differentiation phenotypes. In addition, high endogenous jagged1 expression levels were observed in hBMSCs samples with strong ALPL activity compared to a group of samples with low ALPL activity.

A: 1
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Q: Coronary artery bypass grafting has been performed for a long period utilizing saphenous vein grafts, the fate of which might be crucial to prognosis following the operation. Metabolic syndrome, on the other hand, has become an increasingly important part of cardiovascular practice. We examined whether there was any negative effect of metabolic syndrome on saphenous vein graft patency in a relatively short term (< or =5 years).', 'Coronary angiograms of 314 consecutive patients (mean age 62.6+/-8.5 years), having at least one saphenous vein bypass graft within the last 5 years, were evaluated.', 'One hundred and twenty-one patients (group 1) had either an occluded saphenous vein graft or a saphenous vein graft with a significant lesion, and 193 patients (group 2) had patent saphenous vein grafts. Metabolic syndrome was present in 46.2% of all patients (n=145), in 57% of patients in group 1 and in 39.4% of patients in group 2 (P=0.002). Having metabolic syndrome increased the risk of saphenous vein graft occlusion or having a significant lesion on saphenous vein grafts by 2.04-folds. In multivariable logistic regression, smoking (P=0.015, odds ratio=1.88), metabolic syndrome (P=0.019, odds ratio=1.81) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.048, odds ratio=1.36) were found to be associated with poor venous graft fate in the relatively short-term period after bypass.

A:
0
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