In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) improves the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer who respond, but it is not effective in nonresponders. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a reliable method of predicting response before initiation of chemotherapy. Hypercoagulability, which is thought to be because of upregulation of tissue factor (TF) in cancer cells, was reported to be associated with chemoresistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between TF expression and response to NACT in esophageal cancer.', 'In 67 patients with advanced esophageal cancer, TF expression in pretreatment biopsy samples was evaluated immunohistochemically and correlated with clinicopathologic factors and response to chemotherapy.', 'TF was expressed by 43.3% of the tumors, but there were no correlations observed with any clinicopathologic parameters examined. Clinical and histologic responses to chemotherapy were significantly worse in TF-positive patients compared with TF-negative patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that TF expression was significantly associated with a poor clinical response (P\xa0=\xa00.0431). TF expression was also independently associated with poor progression-free survival (P\xa0=\xa00.0353).\Question: Does tissue factor predict response to chemotherapy in esophageal cancer?

Answer: TF expression levels in pretreatment biopsy samples are useful for predicting response to NACT in advanced esophageal cancer. Further studies of mechanisms underlying the relationship between TF expression and chemosensitivity are needed.


Question: Context: Although right-sided diverticulitis is perceived to have a higher incidence among Asians and infrequently requires surgical management in comparison with sigmoid diverticulitis, it is unknown whether differences in outcomes are due to ethnic disparity or disease pathophysiology.', 'The aim of this study was to determine the surgical outcomes for Asian and non-Asian patients with diverticulitis who underwent colectomy.', 'Patients identifiable by ethnicity in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample with diverticulitis and colectomy between 2004 and 2010 were included. Univariate comparisons were made between Asian and non-Asian patients by using t tests for continuous variables and χ tests for categorical variables. Propensity score matching analysis was performed to compare Asian patients with otherwise similar non-Asian patients.', 'Included were 58,142 non-Asian and 335 Asian patients with diverticulitis who underwent a colectomy.', 'The primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay, and total costs.', 'Asian patients were younger (56.1 vs. 59.2 years, p < 0.0001), were more likely to undergo a right colectomy (22.7% vs. 4.1%, p < 0.0001), and were more likely to have emergent/urgent surgery than the non-Asian patients (67.1% vs. 49.8%, p < 0.0001). Without controlling for patient/disease factors, there were statistically significant differences in mortality (non-Asian 2.2% vs. Asian 4.2%; p = 0.014), length of stay (non-Asian 8.9 vs. Asian 9.8 days; p = 0.0166), and costs (non-Asian $18,783 vs. Asian $21,901; p = 0.001). Propensity score matching comparing 333 non-Asian patients with 333 similar Asian patients showed that, whereas differences in cost and length of stay became insignificant, the difference in mortality remained statistically significant.\Question: Is higher Mortality in Surgically Managed Diverticulitis Associated with Asian Ethnicity and Right-Sided Disease?

Answer: The ethnicity variable was not uniformly collected by all states within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database.


Question: Context: Limited knowledge exists about the value of tumor size in surgically treated cervical cancer (CX) using a tumor size of 2 cm as cut-off value.', 'A total of 366 cases of CX FIGO stage IB who received upfront surgery were evaluated regarding tumor size, the prediction of pelvic lymph node involvement, and recurrence-free and overall survival during a median follow-up time of 94 months. Tumors ≤2.0 cm were defined as small, tumors 2.1-4.0 cm as medium sized and those larger than 4 cm as bulky disease.', 'Small tumors were seen in 28.7%, medium sized in 52.5% and bulky tumors in 18.9%. There was a significant higher frequency of pelvic lymph node involvement with increasing tumor size (13.3% vs. 23.4% vs. 43.5%, respectively; p<0.001) and an increase of recurrent disease (6.7% vs. 18.8% vs. 29.4%, respectively; p<0.001). The 5-year overall survival rate was significantly reduced with increasing tumor size (94.0% vs. 85.1% vs. 69.9%, respectively; p<0.001). Pelvic lymph node involvement and maximal tumor size were independent prognostic factors for both recurrence-free and overall survival in multivariate analysis.\Question: Is a cut-off value of 2 cm in tumor size of prognostic value in surgically treated FIGO stage IB cervical cancer?

Answer:
The results support that tumor size is of prognostic impact in FIGO stage IB cervical carcinomas. A further substaging is suggested for tumors up to 4.0 cm maximum dimension using a cut-off value of 2.0 cm as discriminator. Patients with tumors ≤2.0 cm may represent low risk disease.