In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

[Q]: Context: Hypercholesterolemia is a well-established risk factor for the development of kidney injury. Considering that female sex hormones may play a preventative role in both cardiovascular and renal diseases, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of female sex hormones on hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction.', "Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE) and C57 control female mice underwent an ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery and after 2 months, creatinine clearance, uremia and proteinuria were determined. Renal oxidative stress and lipid deposition were also quantified. Values are presented as mean\u2009±\u2009SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test.", 'Creatinine clearance (μL/min) was similar between C57 (171\u2009±\u200917) and ApoE (140\u2009±\u200926) mice underwent sham surgery. OVX resulted in a reduced glomerular filtration rate in both C57 (112\u2009±\u20098, ~\u2009-\u200935%, p\u2009<\u20090.05) and ApoE (61\u2009±\u200910, ~\u2009-\u200956%, p\u2009<\u20090.05) animals. Plasma levels of urea (mg/dL) were higher in both ApoE groups (Sham: 73\u2009±\u20097; OVX: 73\u2009±\u20098, p\u2009<\u20090.05) when compared to C57 animals (Sham: 49\u2009±\u20093; OVX: 60\u2009±\u20094), with no changes among ovariectomized groups. Proteinuria levels (mg/24 h) were similar between C57 (Sham: 25.1\u2009±\u20095.7; OVX: 33.7\u2009±\u20094.7) and ApoE sham animals (26.4\u2009±\u20093.5), however, 24-h urine protein excretion was augmented in ApoE OVX animals (49.6\u2009±\u20095.8, p\u2009<\u20090.05). Histological kidney analysis demonstrated that the absence of female sex hormones resulted in increased oxidative stress, which was more severe in ApoE mice (C57 Sham: 9.2\u2009±\u20090.4; C57 OVX: 22.9\u2009±\u20091.0; ApoE Sham: 13.9\u2009±\u20090.7; ApoE OVX: 34.0\u2009±\u20091.4 au x 103, p\u2009<\u20090.05). As expected, ApoE mice presented higher lipid deposition, which was not affected by OVX (C57 Sham: 0\u2009±\u20090; C57 OVX: 0\u2009±\u20090; ApoE Sham: 6.8\u2009±\u20091.6; ApoE OVX: 5.2\u2009±\u20090.8% x 10-2, p\u2009<\u20090.05). Ovariectomy resulted in a similar reduction in ER-α protein expression in the renal cortex (C57: 0.78\u2009±\u20090.04; ApoE: 0.81\u2009±\u20090.04 au, p\u2009<\u20090.05) when compared to sham animals (C57:1.00\u2009±\u20090.04; ApoE: 1.03\u2009±\u20090.03 au).\Question: Do endogenous female sex hormones delay the development of renal dysfunction in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice?
[A]: Taken together these data indicate that female sex hormones may delay hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction and emphasizes the importance of plasma cholesterol control in post-menopausal women.


[Q]: Context: Recent work has identified deficits in dual-task gait balance control for up to 2 months after adolescent concussion; however, how resumption of preinjury physical activities affects recovery is unknown.', 'The objective of this study is to examine how return to activity (RTA) affects recovery from concussion on measures of symptom severity, cognition, and balance control during single-task and dual-task walking.', 'Nineteen adolescents with concussion who returned to preinjury activity within 2 months after injury and 19 uninjured, matched controls completed symptom inventories, computerized cognitive testing, and single-task and dual-task gait analyses. Concussion participants were assessed at five time points: within 72 h, 1 wk, 2 wk, 1 month, and 2 months postinjury. Control participants were assessed at the same time points as their matched concussion counterparts. RTA day was documented as the postinjury day in which physical activity participation was allowed. The effect of returning to physical activity was assessed by examining the percent change on each dependent variable across time before and directly after the RTA. Data were analyzed by two-way mixed effects ANOVAs.', 'After the RTA day, concussion participants significantly increased their total center-of-mass medial/lateral displacement (P = 0.009, ηp = .175) and peak velocity (P = 0.048, ηp = 0.104) during dual-task walking when compared with pre-RTA data, whereas no changes for the concussion group or between groups were detected on measures of single-task walking, forward movement, or cognition.\Question: Does return to activity after concussion affect dual-task gait balance control recovery?
[A]: Adolescents with concussion displayed increased center-of-mass medial/lateral displacement and velocity during dual-task walking after RTA, suggesting a regression of recovery in gait balance control. This study reinforces the need for a multifaceted approach to concussion management and continued monitoring beyond the point of clinical recovery.


[Q]: Context: Health care-associated infections result in significant patient morbidity and mortality. Although cleaning can remove pathogens present on hospital surfaces, those surfaces may be inadequately cleaned or recontaminated within minutes. Because of copper's inherent and continuous antimicrobial properties, copper surfaces offer a solution to complement cleaning. The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the bacterial microbial burden coincident with an assessment of the ability of antimicrobial copper to limit the microbial burden associated with 3 surfaces in a pediatric intensive care unit.", 'A pragmatic trial was conducted enrolling 1,012 patients from 2 high acuity care units within a\xa0249-bed tertiary care pediatric hospital over 12 months. The microbial burden was determined from 3\xa0frequently encountered surfaces, regardless of room occupancy, twice monthly, from 16 rooms, 8\xa0outfitted normally and 8 outfitted with antimicrobial copper.', 'Copper surfaces were found to be equivalently antimicrobial in pediatric settings to activities reported for adult medical intensive care units. The log10 reduction to the microbial burden from antimicrobial copper surfaced bed rails was 1.996 (99%). Surprisingly, introduction of copper objects to 8\xa0study rooms was found to suppress the microbial burden recovered from objects assessed in control rooms by log10 of 1.863 (73%).\Question: Are copper surfaces associated with significantly lower concentrations of bacteria on selected surfaces within a pediatric intensive care unit?
[A]:
Copper surfaces warrant serious consideration when contemplating the introduction of no-touch disinfection technologies for reducing burden to limit acquisition of HAIs.