Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: Contralateral groin exploration in children with unilateral inguinal hernia is still controversial, particularly in infants. The patency rate of processus vaginalis is highest in infants but there are few data on the subsequent risk of contralateral hernia development in infants. In this retrospective study, we aimed to find out the incidence of contralateral inguinal hernia following unilateral inguinal herniotomy in infants aged less than one year.', 'All infants who underwent a unilateral Inguinal herniotomy between January 1990 and December 1998 were studied retrospectively. Infants with bilateral hernia (n = 7) were excluded from the study.', 'One hundred and one infants (93 boys and 8 girls) were studied. Median age at operation was 23 (range 2-52) weeks. The herniotomy was right-sided in 75% of the infants. Follow-up ranged from three and a half years to 11 years. A contralateral hernia developed in nine infants (9.0%). One of the initial hernias was incarcerated. Median time from operation to occurrence of contralateral hernia was 18 (range 2-60) months. None of the contralateral hernia was incarcerated. Age, sex, incarceration and side of initial hernia did not influence the development of contralateral hernia.
Answer: The low incidence and benign nature of contralateral hernia development in infants undergoing a unilateral inguinal herniotomy does not justify routine contralateral groin exploration.

A: Is contralateral groin exploration justified in infants with a unilateral inguinal hernia?
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Q: Context: Interferon regulatory factor 5 is a transcription factor involved in type I interferon (IFN) secretion. This study was undertaken to investigate whether a 5-bp (CGGGG insertion/deletion) promoter polymorphism is involved in genetic predisposition to primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and to assess the functional consequences of this polymorphism.", 'The exploratory cohort consisted of 185 patients with primary SS and 157 healthy controls, and the replication cohort consisted of 200 patients with primary SS and 282 healthy controls. Levels of IRF5 messenger RNA (mRNA) were assessed at baseline and after in vitro infection with reovirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 30 patients with primary SS and from salivary gland epithelial cells that had been cultured for 4 weeks from patients with primary SS or sicca symptoms.', 'Carriage of the IRF5 4R CGGGG allele was associated with a greatly increased risk of primary SS in both cohorts (odds ratio 2.00 [95% confidence interval 1.5-2.7], P = 6.6 x 10(-6)). The CGGGG insertion/deletion polymorphism alone was sufficient to explain the association of primary SS with IRF5. The level of IRF5 mRNA in PBMCs depended significantly on genotype (P = 0.002) and was correlated with the levels of mRNA for the IFN-induced genes MX1 and IFITM1. Cultured salivary gland epithelial cells from patients carrying the 4R CGGGG IRF5 allele showed a high level of IRF5 mRNA (P = 0.04), which was amplified after reovirus infection (P = 0.026).
Answer: Our findings indicate an association of the CGGGG insertion/deletion polymorphism of the IRF5 promoter with primary SS. Patients carrying the 4R CGGGG IRF5 allele had a high level of mRNA for IRF5 in PBMCs and salivary gland epithelial cells, mainly after in vitro viral infection. Patients with high levels of mRNA for IRF5 also had high levels of mRNA for type I IFN-induced genes in PBMCs.

A: Is the CGGGG insertion/deletion polymorphism of the IRF5 promoter a strong risk factor for primary Sjögren 's syndrome?
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Q: Context: Current conceptualizations of drug reinforcement assume that drug-taking behavior is a consequence of the contingent, temporal relationship between the behavior and drug reward. However, stimulant drugs also potentiate the rewarding effects of other reinforcers when administered noncontingently.', 'These studies were designed to determine whether noncontingent nicotine enhances the reinforcing properties of a nonpharmacological reinforcer and whether this direct effect facilitates operant behavior within the context of a nicotine self-administration procedure.', 'Rats self-administered nicotine or food, or received noncontingent nicotine, saline, or food either with or without a response-contingent, unconditioned reinforcing visual stimulus (VS).', 'Noncontingent nicotine, whether delivered as discrete injections based on a pattern of self-administered nicotine or as a continuous infusion, increased response rates maintained by the VS. There were no significant differences in responding by animals that received contingent compared with noncontingent nicotine when a VS was available. This increase was not observed in the absence of the VS or as a consequence of noncontingent food delivery. Operant behavior was equally attenuated and reinstated by the removal and subsequent replacement of contingent and noncontingent nicotine. Nicotine supported self-administration in the absence of response-contingent, nicotine-paired stimuli; however, response rates were drastically reduced compared with nicotine self-administration with the VS.
Answer: Nicotine influences operant behavior in two ways: by acting as a primary reinforcer when it is contingent upon behavior, and by directly potentiating the reinforcing properties of other stimuli through a nonassociative mechanism. Nicotine self-administration and smoking may be largely dependent upon this later action.

A:
Is operant responding for a visual reinforcer in rats enhanced by noncontingent nicotine : implications for nicotine self-administration and reinforcement?
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