Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Several studies have shown excess mortality among hip fracture patients compared with the normal population of the same age. Finnish guidelines for medical treatment of hip fracture patients recommend anti-osteoporosis medication and the daily concomitant use of prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements. However, whether post-fracture use of calcium and vitamin D supplements is associated with survival in such patients has not been evaluated.', "To study the association between survival in hip fracture patients and patients' sex and age, pre-fracture vitamin D status, American Society of Anesthesiologists - Physical Status (ASA-PS) class, type of fracture and post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D and anti-osteoporotic medication.", "The study population was 221 hip fracture patients primarily treated in acute care for a new hip fracture in 2003-4 in two Finnish hospitals. After a median of 27.5 months from the fracture, a questionnaire was sent to all patients who were still alive at the time (n = 137). The patients were queried about their use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and of anti-osteoporotic drugs. The follow-up time for use of anti-osteoporotic medication and prescribed calcium and vitamin D was 19.5-36 months (median 27.5 months). Data on the use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and anti-osteoporotic drugs were checked against information on reimbursement of drug prescriptions held by the Finnish Social Insurance Institution. A total of 4 years' (48 months') survival data for all patients in the study population was also obtained, with the dates of patient deaths being checked against Official National and Regional population statistics. Patient survival was analysed using both the Bayesian multivariate analysis and the life table method.", 'In the multivariate analysis, the combination of variables that best explained post-fracture survival was as follows: age <80 years; ASA-PS class 1-2 (ASA-PS class 1 and 2 data were combined in calculations); post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplements concomitantly with anti-osteoporotic drugs; post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplements; post-fracture use of anti-osteoporotic drugs only; and type of fracture (femoral neck or subtrochanteric). This model correctly predicted 74% of cases. At 36 months, we observed a 36% reduction in deaths in females who used prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and a corresponding 43% reduction in males. Survival of females who used anti-osteoporotic drugs concomitantly was even greater (43% reduction in deaths) over the entire follow-up period. Excess mortality was highest in females and males who used neither anti-osteoporotic drugs nor prescribed calcium and vitamin D.
Answer: Our results indicate a potential relationship between reduced mortality and post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and, in females, concomitant use of anti-osteoporotic drugs. However, further investigations are needed to understand the reason for the reduction in the risk of death. Population-based, randomized, placebo-controlled trials with total mortality as the main endpoint should be conducted to verify our results.
[A]: Is post-fracture prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements alone or , in females , with concomitant anti-osteoporotic drugs associated with lower mortality in elderly hip fracture patients : a prospective analysis?


[Q]: Context: Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a physiologically relevant neurosteroid modulator of GABA(A) receptors, and it exhibits a psychopharmacological profile that closely resembles the post-ingestive effects of ethanol. The 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride (FIN), which inhibits biosynthesis of ALLO and structurally related neurosteroids, was previously demonstrated to reduce the maintenance of limited-access ethanol consumption. The primary aim of the current work was to determine whether FIN would reduce the acquisition of drinking in ethanol-naïve mice.', 'Male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were acclimated to a reverse light/dark schedule, and were provided ad libitum access to chow and water. Following habituation to vehicle injections (VEH; 20% w/v beta-cyclodextrin; i.p.) administered 22-hour prior to drinking sessions with water only, mice were divided into 3 treatment groups: vehicle control (VEH), 50 mg/kg FIN (FIN-50), and 100 mg/kg FIN (FIN-100). Twenty-two hours after the first treatment, mice were permitted the inaugural 2-hour limited access to a 10% v/v ethanol solution (10E) and water. The acquisition of 10E consumption and underlying drinking patterns were assessed during FIN treatment (7 days) and subsequent FIN withdrawal (13 days) phases.', 'FIN dose-dependently blocked the acquisition of 10E drinking and prevented the development of ethanol preference, thereby suggesting that the GABAergic neurosteroids may be important in the establishment of stable drinking patterns. FIN-elicited reductions in 10E intake were primarily attributable to selective and marked reductions in bout frequency, as no changes were observed in bout size, duration, or lick rates following FIN treatment. FIN-treated mice continued to exhibit attenuated ethanol consumption after 2 weeks post-treatment, despite a full recovery in brain ALLO levels. A second study confirmed the rightward and downward shift in the acquisition of ethanol intake following 7 daily FIN injections. While there were no significant group differences in brain ALLO levels following the seventh day of ethanol drinking, ALLO levels were decreased by 28% in the FIN-50 group.
Answer: Although the exact mechanism is unclear, FIN and other pharmacological interventions that modulate the GABAergic system may prove useful in curbing ethanol intake acquisition in at-risk individuals.
[A]: Does inhibition of 5alpha-reduced steroid biosynthesis impede acquisition of ethanol drinking in male C57BL/6J mice?


[Q]: Context: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) correlates with cardiac filling pressures and outcomes in patients with heart failure. In heart transplant recipients, we hypothesize that a within-individual change in BNP over time would be more helpful than absolute BNP in detecting International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) grade 2R or greater rejection.', 'N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) levels were measured in 146 consecutive transplant recipients undergoing routine endomyocardial biopsies. In the cross-sectional analysis, multiple observations per individual were accounted for using generalized estimation equations.', "A cross-sectional analysis demonstrated a weak association between NT-proBNP levels and rejection, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.01 for every 100-pg/mL increase in NT-proBNP (p = 0.02). However, with a doubling of an individual's NT-proBNP level, the OR for significant rejection was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-7.0), the OR with a 5-fold increase was 9.1 (95% CI, 2.7-31.5), and the OR with a 10-fold increase was 27.7 (95% CI, 5.9-129). A 10-fold increase in NT-proBNP offered a negative predictive value of 95% for the diagnosis of rejection. The relationship between within-individual increases in NT-proBNP and rejection persisted after adjusting for a fall in ejection fraction and a rise pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and was a stronger predictor than changes in these parameters.
Answer: There is a strong, graded relationship between the within-individual increase in NT-proBNP and the odds of significant rejection independent of hemodynamic parameters. These results suggest that the change in NT-proBNP rather than absolute BNP levels may offer a non-invasive approach to detect rejection.
[A]:
Does the change in B-type natriuretic peptide levels over time predict significant rejection in cardiac transplant recipients?