Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: The observed association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer could be causal or because of bias in the design of prior studies. We hypothesize that proteinuria testing may lead to detection bias if routine test results for proteinuria lead to a full urinalysis.', 'We reanalyzed patients with diabetes mellitus within Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Logistic and Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, race, and smoking were used to assess the association of proteinuria testing with pioglitazone use, subsequent full urinalysis, and diagnosis with bladder cancer.', 'Patients treated with pioglitazone were more likely than others with diabetes to undergo testing for proteinuria (p\u2009<\u20090.001). The odds of positive tests for proteinuria were higher among pioglitazone-treated patients (OR\u2009=\u20091.41, 95%CI 1.36-1.46). A positive proteinuria test was associated with increased odds of completing a urinalysis in the following 6\u2009months (OR\u2009=\u20091.78, 95%CI 1.73-1.85). Negative and positive proteinuria test results were inversely (hazard ratio (HR) 0.63, 95%CI 0.52-0.75) and positively associated (HR 2.45, 95%CI 2.12-2.82) with bladder cancer risk, respectively. Adjustment for negative and positive proteinuria testing reduced the magnitude of association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer by only 5 to 10% (ever-exposed HR: from 1.06 to 1.01 and >4\u2009years exposure HR: from 1.38 to 1.28).
[EX A]: Is proteinuria testing among patients with diabetes mellitus associated with bladder cancer diagnosis : potential for unmeasured confounding in studies of pioglitazone and bladder cancer?

[EX Q]: We investigated the function of major superoxide-generating enzymes after remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR), with the specific aim of assessing the importance of the most relevant NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms, NOX2 and NOX4, in the mechanism of action.', '60-min partial liver ischemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats in the presence or absence of remote IPC (2 × 10-min limb IR), and hepatic microcirculatory variables were determined through intravital video microscopy and lightguide spectrophotometry during reperfusion. Inflammatory enzyme activities (myeloperoxidase (MPO) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), cytokine production (TNF-α and HMGB-1), liver necroenzyme levels (AST, ALT and LDH) and NOX2 and NOX4 protein expression changes (Western blot analysis) were assayed biochemically.', 'In this setting, remote IPC significantly decreased the IR-induced hepatic NOX2 expression, but the NOX4 expression remained unchanged. The remote IPC provided significant, but incomplete protection against the leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and flow deterioration. Hepatocellular damage (AST, ALT and LDH release), cytokine levels, and XOR and MPO activities also diminished.
[EX A]: Does remote ischemic preconditioning differentially affect NADPH oxidase isoforms during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion?

[EX Q]: Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a biomarker for eosinophilic inflammation in the airways and for responsiveness to corticosteroids in asthmatics.', 'We sought to identify in adults the genetic determinants of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels and to assess whether environmental and disease-related factors influence these associations.', 'We performed a genome-wide association study of FeNO through meta-analysis of two independent discovery samples of European ancestry: the outbred EGEA study (French Epidemiological study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, N\xa0=\xa0610 adults) and the Hutterites (N\xa0=\xa0601 adults), a founder population living on communal farms. Replication of main findings was assessed in adults from an isolated village in Sardinia (Talana study, N\xa0=\xa0450). We then investigated the influence of asthma, atopy and tobacco smoke exposure on these genetic associations, and whether they were also associated with FeNO values in children of the EAGLE (EArly Genetics & Lifecourse Epidemiology, N\xa0=\xa08858) consortium.', 'We detected a common variant in RAB27A (rs2444043) associated with FeNO that reached the genome-wide significant level (P\xa0=\xa01.6\xa0×\xa010(-7) ) in the combined discovery and replication adult data sets. This SNP belongs to member of RAS oncogene family (RAB27A) and was associated with an expression quantitative trait locus for RAB27A in lymphoblastoid cell lines from asthmatics. A second suggestive locus (rs2194437, P\xa0=\xa08.9\xa0×\xa010(-7) ) located nearby the sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (SLC8A1) was mainly detected in atopic subjects and influenced by inhaled corticosteroid use. These two loci were not associated with childhood FeNO values.
[EX A]:
Is a common variant in RAB27A gene associated with fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels in adults?