Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Context: Angiostatin is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor that has been identified as a cryptic fragment of plasminogen molecule containing the first four kringle domain. Angiogenin, a 14-kDa monomeric protein, a potent blood vessel inducer, is expressed in tumors and present in mammalian plasma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether recombinant kringle 1-3 (rKI-3) of human plasminogen could interfere with angiogenesis induced by angiogenin and to evaluate the role of angiogenin in corneal angiogenesis in rabbit.', 'A Hydron polymer pellet containing 2.0 microg of angiogenin was implanted intrastromally into the superior cornea of each of 44 rabbit eyes. All eyes received an intrastromal pellet and were randomized into either one group treated with 12.5 microg of rKI-3 (n = 25) or the other group treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; n = 19). Both pellets were positioned in parallel at the site 1.2 mm from the superior limbus. Two masked observers kept the angiogenesis score daily, based on the number and the length of new vessels. The corneas with induced angiogenesis also were examined histologically.', 'On the third day of the angiogenin pellets implantation, the eye treated with rKI-3 had less angiogenesis (mean score, 4.2 +/- 6.6) than eye treated with PBS (mean score, 16.1 +/- 17.1; p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). The cornea treated with PBS also showed much more leukocyte adhesion than the cornea treated with rKI-3.
Answer: Recombinant kringle 1-3 appears to inhibit angiogenin-induced angiogenesis in a rabbit corneal pocket assay. Recombinant kringle 1-3 may have therapeutic potential as an antiangiogenic agent.

Ex Output:
Does recombinant kringle 1-3 of plasminogen inhibit rabbit corneal angiogenesis induced by angiogenin?


Ex Input:
Context: Invasive species can have devastating effects on native ecosystems and therefore impose a significant threat to human welfare. The introduction rate of invasive species has accelerated dramatically in recent times due to human activity (anthropogenic effects), with a steadily growing pool of widespread tramp species. We present an in-depth analysis of four pantropical species of Xyleborus ambrosia beetles (Xyleborus volvulus, Xyleborus perforans, Xyleborus ferrugineus, and Xyleborus affinis) with similar ecology (fungus cultivation in dead wood), reproductive biology (permanent inbreeding) and genetic system (haplodiploidy). The unique combination of reproductive traits and broad host plant usage pre-adapts these beetles for colonizing of new areas.', 'We found that all four species were broadly distributed long before human-assisted dispersal became common, and that the impact of anthropogenic effects varied among the species. For X. volvulus, X. perforans, and X. affinis there was evidence of ancient establishment in numerous regions, but also of abundant recent introductions into previously colonized areas. For X. ferrugineus, we found clear biogeographical structuring of old clades, but little evidence for recent successful introductions.
Answer: Our results indicate that current human-aided transoceanic dispersal has strongly affected the genetic makeup of three of the species in this study. However, current biogeographical patterns of all four species are equally, if not more strongly, influenced by ancient establishment on different continents.

Ex Output:
Do globally distributed Xyleborus species reveal recurrent intercontinental dispersal in a landscape of ancient worldwide distributions?


Ex Input:
Context: Although increased procollagen gene expression and synthesis have been implicated in the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), factors modulating this change have not been identified. Furthermore, it is not known whether the increase in AAA procollagen expression is specific to this disease or also occurs in tissue affected by atherosclerotic occlusive disease (AOD). If paracrine rather than autocrine factors are responsible for increased gene expression in AAA, this effect should be transferable to target smooth muscle cells through conditioned media. Our objectives were to determine 1 alpha (I) procollagen messenger RNA levels in AOD tissue compared with normal and AAA and to determine whether differences noted in tissue procollagen gene expression could be transferred through conditioned media from normal, AOD, and AAA tissues to target smooth muscle cells in primary culture.', 'Normal, AOD, and AAA tissue was used for tissue RNA extraction or was minced and washed with serum-free media (4 degrees C) x 30 minutes and the media applied to human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) in primary culture for 36 hours. Total RNA from tissue and SMC exposed to conditioned media was analyzed by Northern and dot blot analysis for 1 alpha (I) procollagen.', 'Relative tissue 1 alpha (I) procollagen levels were not increased in AOD (0.23 +/- 0.05) as compared with normal (0.17 +/- 0.03); both were decreased compared with AAA (0.53 +/- 0.07; p < 0.01). The 1 alpha (I) procollagen levels in SMC exposed to conditioned media from AAA (1.73 +/- 0.15) were increased (p < 0.05) compared with AOD (1.10 +/- 0.12) and normal (1.16 +/- 0.16).
Answer: There is no increase in tissue AOD procollagen gene expression. The ability to transfer the same relative patterns of gene expression from tissue to target SMC with conditioned media suggests that paracrine, rather than autocrine, factors modulate procollagen expression in AAA tissues.

Ex Output:

Do soluble factors modulate changes in collagen gene expression in abdominal aortic aneurysms?