instruction:
In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question separated with a 
. You have to answer the question based on the context.
question:
Although techniques for constructing this knowledge base are outside the scope of this paper, we briefly mention them. Tables were constructed using a mixture of manual and semi-automatic techniques 
 Question: How is the semi-structured knowledge base created?
answer:
using a mixture of manual and semi-automatic techniques


question:
Because our approach is specifically intended to yield sentences that are grammatical, we additionally consider the following log ratio (i.e., the grammatical phrase over the ungrammatical phrase): 
 Question: How do they measure grammaticality?
answer:
by calculating log ratio of grammatical phrase over ungrammatical phrase


question:
A community with a very distinctive identity will tend to have distinctive interests, expressed through specialized language. Formally, we define the distinctiveness of a community INLINEFORM0 as the average specificity of all utterances in INLINEFORM1  
 Question: How do the authors measure how distinctive a community is?
answer:

 the average specificity of all utterances