TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: Evidence regarding the mortality rate after administration of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine on patients with underlying diseases is currently scarce. We conducted a case-control study in Japan to compare the mortality rates of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia after the vaccines were administered and were not administered.', 'Between October 2009 and March 2010, we collected clinical records in Japan and conducted a 1:1 matched case-control study. Patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia who died during this period were considered case patients, and those who survived were considered control patients. We determined and compared the proportion of each group that received the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine and estimated the odds ratio. Finally, we conducted simulations that compensated for the shortcomings of the study associated with adjusted severity of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.', 'The case and control groups each comprised of 75 patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. The proportion of patients who received the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine was 30.7% and 38.7% for the case and control groups, respectively. During that winter, the crude conditional odds ratio of mortality was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.25-1.47) and the adjusted conditional odds ratio was 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-4.49); neither was significant. The simulation study showed more accurate conditional odds ratios of 0.63-0.71.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Removal of a humeral component during revision shoulder arthroplasty can be difficult. If the component cannot be extracted from above, an alternative approach may compromise bone integrity. Two potential solutions are a humeral window and a longitudinal split. This review was performed to determine complications and outcomes associated with these osteotomies during revision arthroplasty.', 'We reviewed records of 427 patients undergoing revision shoulder arthroplasty, identifying those requiring a window or longitudinal split. Outcomes were intraoperative and postoperative complications, rate of healing, and security of implant fixation.', 'Twenty-six patients underwent creation of a window. Six intraoperative fractures were documented: 5 in greater tuberosity and 1 in humeral shaft. At radiographic follow-up, 23 of 26 windows healed; 2 patients had limited follow-up, and 1 did not have follow-up at our institution. Nineteen patients underwent longitudinal osteotomy. One had intraoperative fracture in greater tuberosity. At radiographic follow-up, 17 of 19 longitudinal splits healed; 1 had limited radiographic follow-up, and 1 did not have follow-up at our institution. Three patients underwent formation of both window and longitudinal osteotomy. At radiographic follow-up, all shoulders healed, and there were no intraoperative or postoperative fractures or malunions.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: The purpose of this study was to determine whether cycling time trial (TT) performance differs between hypobaric hypoxia (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) at the same ambient PO2 (93\xa0mmHg, 4,300-m altitude equivalent).', 'Two groups of healthy fit men were matched on physical performance and demographic characteristics and completed a 720-kJ time trial on a cycle ergometer at sea level (SL) and following approximately 2\xa0h of resting exposure to either HH (n\u2009=\u20096, 20\u2009±\u20092\xa0years, 75.2\u2009±\u200911.8\xa0kg, mean\u2009±\u2009SD) or NH (n\u2009=\u20096, 21\u2009±\u20093\xa0years, 77.4\u2009±\u20098.8\xa0kg). Volunteers were free to manually increase or decrease the work rate on the cycle ergometer. Heart rate (HR), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected every 5\xa0min during the TT, and the mean was calculated.', 'Both groups exhibited similar TT performance (min) at SL (73.9\u2009±\u20097.6 vs. 73.2\u2009±\u20098.2), but TT performance was longer (P\u2009<\u20090.05) in HH (121.0\u2009±\u200912.1) compared to NH (99.5\u2009±\u200918.1). The percent decrement in TT performance from SL to HH (65.1\u2009±\u200923.6%) was greater (P\u2009<\u20090.05) than that from SL to NH (35.5\u2009±\u200913.7%). The mean exercise SaO2, HR, and RPE during the TT were not different in HH compared to NH.

SOLUTION:
0