In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Ex Input:
Background: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is endemic to the tropical regions of eastern and southern Africa. The seroprevalence of RVF was investigated among the human population in Borno State, Nigeria to determine the occurrence of the disease in the study area in comparison with that of Lassa fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever. Methods: Recombinant nucleoprotein (rNP)-based IgG-ELISAs for the detection of serum antibodies against RVF virus (RVFV), Lassa fever virus (LASV), and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) were used to test human sera in Borno State, Nigeria. The presence of neutralizing antibody against the RVFV-glycoprotein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype (RVFVpv) was also determined in the human sera. Of the 297 serum samples tested, 42 (14.1%) were positive for the presence of RVFV-IgG and 22 (7.4%) and 7 (2.4%) of the serum samples were positive for antibodies against LASV and CCHFV, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the titers of neutralizing antibodies obtained using RVFVpv and those obtained using the conventional neutralization assay with the attenuated RVFV-MP12 strain. Conclusions: The seroprevalence of RVF was significantly higher than that of LASV and CCHF in Borno State, Nigeria. The RVFVpv-based neutralization assay developed in this study has the potential to replace the traditional assays based on live viruses for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies of RVF.

Ex Output:
Development and validation of serological assays for viral hemorrhagic fevers and determination of the prevalence of Rift Valley fever in Borno State, Nigeria


Ex Input:
2 The abbreviations used are: S, spike; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MLV, murine leukemia virus; DC-SIGN, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-gubbing non-integrin, ACE2, argiotensin I conserting enzyme 2. FIGURE 4. Introduction of alanine residues in the S2 region modulates elastase-induced virus entry mediated by SARS-CoV S. A and B, pseudotyped virion infections were performed as described for Fig. 2. Infection was induced by treatment with elastase (A) or trypsin (B). Results are presented as relative light units (RLU). Error bars represent the S.E. of three independent experiments. C, cleavage of SARS-CoV by elastase. HEK293T cells expressing the wild type (WT) or mutant SARS-CoV spike protein were treated with 50 g/ml elastase. Cell surface proteins were biotinylated and precipitated, and cleavage products of the SARS-CoV spike protein were analyzed in Western blot with an antibody recognizing the C9 tag at the C terminus of the protein.

Ex Output:
Elastase-mediated Activation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein at Discrete Sites within the S2 Domain * □ S


Ex Input:
M iniaturized integrated DNA analysis systems offer the potential to provide unprecedented advances in cost and speed relative to current benchtop-scale instrumentation by allowing rapid bioanalysis assaysto be performed in a portable self contained device format that can be inexpensively mass-produced. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been a natural focus of many of these miniaturization efforts, owing to its capability to efficiently replicate target regions ofinterest from small quantities template DNA. Scale-down ofPCR has proven to be particularly challenging, however, due to an unfavorable combination of relatively severe temperature extremes (resulting in the need to repeatedly heat minute aqueous sample volumes to temperatures in the vicinity of95'C with minimal evaporation) and high surface area to volume conditions imposed by nanoliter reactor geometries (often leading to inhibition ofthe reaction by nonspecific adsorption ofreagents at the reactor walls). Despite these daunting challenges, considerable progress has been made in the development of microfluidic devices capable ofperforming increasingly sophisticated PCR-based bioassays.This chapter reviews the progress that has been made to date and assessesthe outlook for future advances.

Ex Output:

peR in Integrated Microfluidic Systems