In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

[Q]: During this dynasty, the minister Qin Gui committed an infamous act of treachery against the general Yue Fei, and the author of the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, Sima Guang, opposed the New Laws of Wang Anshi. Zhao Kuangyin formed it, and gunpowder, the magnetic compass, and moveable type were invented during this era, before the death of emperor Qinzong led to the decline of its Northern period, but its southern incarnation survived until the Mongol conquest. For 10 points, name this dynasty is credited with unifying China after the Ten Kingdoms and Five Dynasties periods.
[A]: History


[Q]: This man claimed that the doctrine of popular sovereignty could coexist with the Dred Scott decision during an explanation of his Freeport Doctrine. This man led a faction of a party whose other faction was led by John C. Breckenridge in the 1860 presidential election. Known as ""The Little Giant,"" this politician was instrumental getting the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed. For 10 points, name this Democratic Illinois Senator who engaged in a famous series of debates in 1858 with Abraham Lincoln.
[A]: History


[Q]: The Vyazovkin MFK technique allows for the calculation of this quantity in terms of the conversion rate. In the rate-process theory for viscosity developed by Eyring, an analogue of this quantity is measures the formation of "holes" which fluid molecules can occupy. For gas phase reactions, this quantity is equal to the enthalpy of formation of the transition state minus 2 RT, and the height of a potential barrier in a reaction profile is analogous to this quantity. It appears in the exponential term of the Arrhenius equation, enzymes and catalysts lower this quantity of a reaction. For 10 points, identify this energy which the reactants must overcome before they can proceed to the products of the reaction.
[A]:
Science