Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Observational studies suggest that dietary isoflavones reduce breast cancer risk, and this may be caused in part by effects on endogenous hormone concentrations. Because intestinal bacteria metabolize isoflavones, it was hypothesized that consumption of probiotic bacteria would enhance the biologic effects of isoflavones, including effects on endogenous hormones.', 'Twenty (20) postmenopausal breast cancer survivors and 20 healthy postmenopausal women completed four 42-day diet periods in a randomized, crossover design. They received one of the following: isolated soy protein; isolated milk protein; soy + probiotic capsules; or milk + probiotic capsules. Each protein supplement provided 0.38 g protein/(kg body weight/day) (26.6 +/- 4.5 g protein/day) and soy protein provided 0.64 mg isoflavones/(kg body weight/day) (44.4 +/- 7.5 mg isoflavones/day). Probiotic capsules provided 10(9) colony-forming units Lactobacillus acidophilus (strain DDS-1), Bifidobacterium longum, and 15-20 mg fructo-oligosaccharide.', 'Plasma samples were collected at baseline and after each diet for analysis of estrogens, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), androgens, and sex hormone?binding globulin (SHBG).', 'Hormone levels were not affected by soy, probiotic supplements, or equol producer status, and neither cancer status nor equol producer status altered the effects of soy or probiotics. Furthermore probiotics did not alter the effects of soy consumption. Soy protein tended to decrease SHBG compared to milk protein diets (p = 0.05), although both proteins significantly decreased SHBG relative to baseline (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.03).

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: To compare ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in nonoverweight, prepubertal children with and without primary snoring (PS), and to investigate whether PS is a part of the dose-response relationship between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and BP in children.', 'This was a cross-sectional community-based study involving 190 children age 6 to 13 years. Each participant underwent an overnight sleep study and ABP monitoring after completing a validated sleep symptoms questionnaire. Individual systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial BP were calculated for wake and sleep periods. Subjects were hypertensive if mean SBP or DBP was > 95th percentile (relative to sex and height) of reference.', 'A total of 56 nonsnoring controls, 46 children with PS, 62 children with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 1 to 3, and 26 children with an AHI > 3 were identified. The daytime and nighttime BP increased across the severity spectrum of SDB. The dose-response trends for the proportion of subjects with nighttime systolic and diastolic hypertension also were significant. Nighttime DBP was significantly higher in the children with PS compared with controls after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: To examine the effect of human conjunctival fibroblasts on the survival and functional activity of human peripheral blood eosinophils.', 'Eosinophils were purified by negative immunoselection [magnetic activated cell sorter (MACS), purity > 97%] from volunteers with mild atopia. Fibroblasts were cultured from conjunctival specimens of healthy donors. Eosinophils were cultured on confluent monolayers of conjunctival fibroblasts or in culture medium alone. Eosinophil survival was evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion test. Eosinophil adherence was assessed by counting the attached cells after washing the cultures. Eosinophil viability and adherence in coculture were also assessed in the presence of anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), anti-interleukin (IL)-3, and anti-IL-5 neutralizing antibodies. Cocultured eosinophils were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after 4 days in culture, and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) release was determined as a marker of their activation.', 'Eosinophils cocultured with conjunctival fibroblasts had a significantly increased viability of 35.9% (P = 0.004) and 12.8% (P = 0.003) on days 4 and 8, respectively. Fibroblast-conditioned medium did not enhance the survival of eosinophils. The increase in eosinophil survival in coculture was partially inhibited by anti-GM-CSF (P = 0.019), anti-IL-3 (P = 0.033), or anti-IL-5 (P = 0.011), whereas eosinophil adherence was reduced by anti-GM-CSF alone (P = 0.034). LPS activation of eosinophils cultured for 4 days with conjunctival fibroblasts induced higher EPO release than in freshly isolated eosinophils (P = 0.01).


Output: 1