In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

Protrusions of this substance in the spine are called Schmorl's nodes, and Tietze syndrome occurs when this is inflammed. Its fibro type can be found in symphyses, while the pinna is composed of its elastic type. The hyaline type of this substance is covered by the perichondrium. (*)  Intervertebral discs are made of this substance, which heals slowly due to its lack of blood vessels. Chondrocytes are cells found in this substance, and during endochondral ossification, it is replaced with bone. Patients with osteoarthritis have a loss of this substance, which normally helps lubricate joints. For ten points, name this connective tissue which makes up the human nose and ear.
Science

author created a character who loves the country girl "Bet Bouncer," while another of this man's characters has his marriage to Arabella Wilmot broken up by her father's financial prudence. This creator of Tony Lumpkin ended one of his plays with the female lead betrothed to Charles Marlow, while another novel by this man ends with the revelation that Olivia is really married to the libertine Squire Thornhill. This author created such characters as Dr. Charles Primrose, a clergyman who goes bankrupt, and Kate Hardcastle, who engages in the titular action of one work by posing as a barmaid. For 10 points, name this British author of She Stoops to Conquer and The Vicar of Wakefield.
Literature

Flaws in Schrodinger's equation or Bohr's formula can be corrected by introducing this value measured in multiples of a unit called the Dirac h, or h-bar. It was first proposed by Samuel Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck to explain the spectra of light emitted by atoms of alkali metals. Calculated for complex nuclei by taking the vector sum of the intrinsic values for the constituent particles and their orbital angular momentum, it is zero for nuclei with even numbers of neutrons and protons in their ground states and for pions, while for electrons, neutrons, and protons the multiple involved is 1/2. FTP, what is this measure of the amount of angular momentum associated with a subatomic particle or nucleus

Science