Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 (AIH-2), a severe juvenile liver disorder of unknown etiology and pathogenesis, is characterized by liver-kidney microsomal antibody type 1 targeting cytochrome P450IID6 (CYP2D6) and is associated to HLA DRB1*07. Although CYP2D6 B-cell reactivity has been extensively characterized, little is known about CYP2D6-specific T-cell responses. The aim of the present study was to characterize anti-CYP2D6 cellular immune responses and their possible pathogenic role in patients with AIH-2.', 'We investigated T-cell reactivity against 61 overlapping peptides spanning the full CYP2D6 protein using ex vivo cultures obtained at diagnosis, remission, and relapse. Moreover, CYP2D6-specific T-cell reactivity was investigated in the context of HLA restriction, peptide-binding affinity to HLA DRB1*07, cytokine profile, disease specificity, and clinical course.', 'Proliferative responses to CYP2D6 cluster to 7 antigenic regions in DRB1*07 and to 4 regions in non-DRB1*07 patients. Whereas distinct peptides induce production of interferon gamma, interleukin-4, or interleukin-10, peptides inducing interferon-gamma and proliferation overlap. There is also an overlap between sequences inducing T- and B-cell responses. The breadth (number of epitopes) and intensity (quantity of cytokine produced) of the T-cell response are directly correlated to disease activity (biochemical and histologic markers).
Answer: These data imply that the T-cell response to CYP2D6 in AIH-2 is polyclonal, involves multiple effector types targeting different epitopes, and is associated with hepatocyte damage, knowledge that should form the basis for a more refined therapeutic approach.
Are polyclonal T-cell responses to cytochrome P450IID6 associated with disease activity in autoimmune hepatitis type 2?

Context: The checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) functions not only in genotoxic stresses but also in normal cell cycle progression, particularly in the initiation, progression and fidelity of unperturbed mitosis. In this study, we investigated the role of Chk1 in regulating the metaphase-anaphase transition in mammalian cells.', 'The mitotic progression was monitored by flow cytometry analysis. The levels of cyclin B1, Cdc20 and Mad2 were measured by Western blotting. Metaphase chromosome alignment and the subcellular localization of Cdc20 and Mad2 were analyzed by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy.', 'Cyclin B1 degradation and the metaphase-anaphase transition were severely blocked by Chk1 siRNA. Depletion of Chk1 induced chromosome alignment defect in metaphase cells. The kinetochore localization of Cdc20, Mad2 was disrupted in Chk1 depleted cells. Chk1 abrogation also dramatically reduced the protein expression levels of Cdc20 and Mad2.
Answer: These results strongly suggest that Chk1 is required for the metaphase-anaphase transition via regulating the subcellular localization and the expression of Cdc20 and Mad2.
Is chk1 required for the metaphase-anaphase transition via regulating the expression and localization of Cdc20 and Mad2?

Context: Stilbenes are plant secondary metabolites that have shown promising and varied biological activities. Stilbenes are presently actively studied for the exploitation of this primary raw material resource, involving the concept of biorefining. Methods for the rapid discovery of new and known stilbene structures from various plant sources are thus keenly sought.', 'To establish a simple and rapid technique of off-line HPLC with a diode-array detector (DAD) and NMR for the unambiguous structural elucidation of stilbene structures in the root bark of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.].', 'The stilbene containing fraction was extracted from the plant bark with an ethanol:water mixture (95:5, v/v) preceded by defatting of hydrophobic compounds with n-hexane using the accelerated solvent extraction technique. A portion of the ethanol-water soluble extract was hydrolysed with β-glucosidase to prepare stilbene aglycones. The extracts were further purified and enriched using a polymeric adsorbent. Stilbene-enriched extracts were directly characterised by off-line HPLC/DAD-NMR in conjunction with HPLC/DAD and HPLC/DAD with electrospray ionisation MS(n).', 'Trans-isorhapontin and trans-astringin were identified as the major, and trans-piceid as a minor, stilbene glucosides of the bark of roots of Picea abies. Not only stilbene glucosides but also the corresponding stilbene aglycones, such as trans-resveratrol, trans-piceatannol and trans-isorhapontigenin, were rapidly identified from the hydrolysed extract. The acquired heteronuclear single-quantum coherence and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectra were used to assign the complete carbon NMR chemical shifts of trans-isorhapontin and trans-astringin without the need of acquiring a (13)C-NMR spectrum.
Answer: The off-line HPLC/DAD-NMR method is expedient for the unambiguous identication of structurally similar stilbenes in plant extracts.

Do rapid chemical characterisation of stilbenes in the root bark of Norway spruce by off-line HPLC/DAD-NMR?