Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: To establish the role of FHIT in the pathogenesis hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).', 'We examined genomic alterations, as well as, mRNA and protein expression patterns from the FHIT gene, in 48 surgically resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues. Additionally, p53 mutations were analyzed.', 'Aberrant FHIT transcripts were detected in 11 of 48 surrounding non-tumor liver tissues and 27 of 48 HCC samples (22.9% vs 56.3%, P = 0.002). No point mutations were identified within the open reading frame region of FHIT. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the FHIT locus was detected in 4 of 42 informative cases for D3S1300, and 3 of 29 informative cases for D3S1313. Reduced expression of FHIT protein (Fhit) was observed in 8 (16.7%) of 48 HCC samples, with complete loss of Fhit in only 1 case. There were no associations with abnormal transcripts, LOH, and Fhit expression. p53 mutations were identified in 9 of the 48 HCC cases. However, none of the cases displayed a G to T transversion at p53 codon 249.
Answer: Aberrant FHIT transcripts were more common in HCC tissues as compared to non-cancerous liver tissues. However, Fhit expression was lost or reduced in a minor fraction of HCC tissues, while it was strongly expressed in non-cancerous liver tissues. Therefore, our study suggests that FHIT plays a role in relatively few HCC cases in South Korea.
Are fragile histidine triad gene alterations essential for hepatocellular carcinoma development in South Korea?

Context: The goals of this study were to evaluate the complication rate for intraoperative placement of a long-term central venous catheter (CVC) using intraoperative ultrasound (US) and fluoroscopy and to examine the feasibility for eliminating routine postprocedure chest X-ray.', 'Retrospective data pertaining to operative insertion of long-term CVC were collected and the rate of procedural complications was determined.', 'From January 2008 to August 2013, 351 CVCs were placed via the internal jugular vein using US. Of these, 93% had a single, successful internal jugular vein insertion. The complications included 4 arterial sticks (1.14%). Starting in October 2012, postprocedure chest radiography (CXR) was eliminated in 170 cases, with no complications. A total of $29,750 in charges were deferred by CXR elimination.
Answer: This review supports the use of US for CVC placement with fluoroscopy in reducing the rate of procedural complications. Additionally, with fluoroscopic imaging, postprocedural CXR can be eliminated with associated healthcare savings.
Does image-guided placement of long-term central venous catheters reduce complications and cost?

Context: Pretreatment of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) attenuates pressor response associated with endotracheal intubation. Vasodilating effect of MgSO4 may increase cerebral blood flow, which upsets the known benefit to cardiovascular hemodynamic. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of MgSO4 on the changes of cerebral blood flow in response to endotracheal intubation.', 'Twenty four ASA class I or II patients who randomly received either normal saline 5 ml or MgSO4 (60 mg/kg, i.v.) 3 min before induction of anesthesia were included in the study. Mean blood flow velocity (VMCA) of the middle cerebral artery was obtained using a transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) before and after endotracheal intubation. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (4 micrograms/kg) and thiopental (5 mg/kg) and endotracheal intubation was facilitated with succinylcholine (1.5 mg/kg).', 'Before endotracheal intubation, MgSO4 caused a transient decrease in VMCA (98 +/- 6% vs. 76 +/- 3% of baseline) and increase in heart rate (132% vs. 114% of baseline) compared to saline group. However, VMCA and heart rate did not show significant difference in both groups after tracheal intubation. Also, systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not differ during the study.
Answer: Our results suggest that MgSO4 appeared to have negligible effects on cerebral blood flow and hemodynamics in response to tracheal intubation. Its attenuating effect on pressor response induced by endotracheal intubation might be over emphasized.

Does magnesium sulfate have negligible effect on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity in response to endotracheal intubation?