Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Context: Associations between multidrug resistance and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype have been described mainly in populations with poor tuberculosis (TB) control such as prisons and inner cities, and may reflect shared risk factors rather than a biological association.', 'To study the association between genotype and drug resistance among TB patients in a population with adequate TB control.', 'Three rural districts in Vietnam. The study was performed at the Pham Ngoc Thach Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, and the Tien Giang Provincial Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital, My Tho, Vietnam.', 'Pretreatment sputum specimens were collected for culture, drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping of all sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB patients consecutively diagnosed over a 3-year period.', 'Beijing genotype infections were observed in 614 of 1744 (35%) patients. Beijing strains were more common among female (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.4, P = 0.005), young (aOR 2.8, P < 0.001) and previously treated patients (aOR 2.4, P < 0.001). The Beijing genotype was associated with any resistance (aOR 3.7, P < 0.001) and multidrug resistance (aOR 6.8, P < 0.001) among new patients, and with any resistance (aOR 2.7, P = 0.005) but not with multidrug resistance (aOR 1.4, P = 0.545) among previously treated patients.
Answer: In Vietnam, Beijing genotype is associated with young age and in new patients with multidrug resistance despite adequate TB control, suggesting a biological association. This potentially undermines the effectiveness of TB control in countries where Beijing genotype infections are common.
[EX A]: Is the Beijing genotype associated with young age and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in rural Vietnam?

[EX Q]: Context: Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of growth factors that have been implicated in skin patho-physiology. Although endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appear to be involved in mitogenesis and chemotaxis in epidermal keratinocytes, the activation of eNOS and VEGF production induced by HB-EGF and its signaling mechanism remains undefined.', 'We examined possible signal transduction pathways by which HB-EGF leads to eNOS activation and VEGF production in human epidermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells).', 'The phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; p42/p44 MAPK), Akt and eNOS were examined by Western blotting analysis. VEGF production was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Various inhibitors were utilized to investigate the signaling mechanisms of eNOS activation and VEGF production.', 'HB-EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR with maximum phosphorylation at 1h. HB-EGF-induced phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK in a few minutes. It activated Akt with maximum phosphorylation at 1h and eNOS with maximum phosphorylation at 3h. The HB-EGF-induced eNOS activation was significantly blocked by the p42/p44 MAPK inhibitor U0126 and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13K) inhibitor LY294002. HB-EGF increased VEGF production. The HB-EGF-induced VEGF production was blocked by U0126 and LY294002. Finally, the HB-EGF-induced activation of Akt and eNOS was suppressed by VEGF competitive antagonist, CBO-P11.
Answer: These results demonstrate that HB-EGF-induced eNOS activation depends on p42/p44 MAPK, PI3K/Akt pathways and endogenous VEGF in HaCaT cells.
[EX A]: Do hB-EGF-induced VEGF production and eNOS activation depend on both PI3 kinase and MAP kinase in HaCaT cells?

[EX Q]: Context: Evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of short- and long-term e-cigarette vapor exposure on a panel of normal epithelial and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines.', 'HaCaT, UMSCC10B, and HN30 were treated with nicotine-containing and nicotine-free vapor extract from two popular e-cigarette brands for periods ranging from 48 h to 8 weeks. Cytotoxicity was assessed using Annexin V flow cytometric analysis, trypan blue exclusion, and clonogenic assays. Genotoxicity in the form of DNA strand breaks was quantified using the neutral comet assay and γ-H2AX immunostaining.', 'E-cigarette-exposed cells showed significantly reduced cell viability and clonogenic survival, along with increased rates of apoptosis and necrosis, regardless of e-cigarette vapor nicotine content. They also exhibited significantly increased comet tail length and accumulation of γ-H2AX foci, demonstrating increased DNA strand breaks.
Answer: E-cigarette vapor, both with and without nicotine, is cytotoxic to epithelial cell lines and is a DNA strand break-inducing agent. Further assessment of the potential carcinogenic effects of e-cigarette vapor is urgently needed.
[EX A]:
Do electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines?