instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Old compared with young adults walk with reduced ankle and increased hip mechanical output. We examined the idea that age, leg strength, or both are related to the age-related changes in mechanical output during gait.', 'Healthy young (n = 32, age 21.5 years) and old adults (n = 32, age 76.8 years) participated in biomechanical gait analyses at 1.5 m/s and were also measured for maximal leg strength.', 'Analysis 1 confirmed previous data as old compared with young adults walked with 50 % more hip positive work and 18 % less ankle positive work. Analysis 2 showed that leg strength did not affect gait kinetics in groups of subjects with similar ages. In a weak young and a strong old group, Analysis 3 showed that old adults still walked with 23 % greater hip positive work. The group by joint interaction in Analysis 4 was suggestive of an even greater reliance on hip and less reliance on ankle work in weak compared with strong old adults.
Answer: Age and leg strength both contribute to the age-related changes in mechanical output during gait. Exercise prescription, normally targeting the knee extensors, should also involve ankle and hip muscles.
answer:
Do age and muscle strength mediate the age-related biomechanical plasticity of gait?


question:
Context: The single nucleotide polymorphism rs10494366 in the nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene is associated with QTc prolongation, through an effect on the intracellular Ca levels. As sulfonylurea stimulate insulin secretion by an increased influx of Ca, we hypothesized that this polymorphism is associated with the glucose-lowering effect and mortality risk in sulfonylurea users.', 'Associations between the NOS1AP polymorphism, prescribed doses, and mortality rates in sulfonylurea, metformin, and insulin users were assessed in the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study of 7983 elderly people.', 'We identified 619 participants who were prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs during follow-up. In glibenclamide users carrying the TG genotype, the prescribed doses were higher compared with the glibenclamide users carrying the TT genotype [0.38 defined daily dose units, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.63]. Glibenclamide users with the TG or GG genotype had an increased mortality risk compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype [hazard ratio (HR) 2.80, 95% CI: 1.09-7.22]. Tolbutamide users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.63) and glimepiride users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04-0.74) had a decreased mortality risk compared with tolbutamide and glimepiride users with the TT genotype.
Answer: In participants with the TG or GG genotype at rs10494366 in the NOS1AP gene, glibenclamide is less effective in reducing glucose levels and mortality rates were higher compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype. In tolbutamide and glimepiride users, the TG and GG genotype were associated with a reduced mortality rate.
answer:
Is common variation in the NOS1AP gene associated with reduced glucose-lowering effect and with increased mortality in users of sulfonylurea?


question:
Context: Recurrence and cisplatin resistance that progressively develops in the course of treatments are major impediments in ovarian cancer therapy. We investigated the involvement of alterations of different signaling pathways in this acquired chemoresistance.', 'We studied the activation of these pathways in a model of progressive acquisition of resistance that we established, by discontinuously exposing a sensitive ovarian carcinoma cell line, OAW42, to increasing concentrations of cisplatin.', 'OAW42-T1 and -T2 variants, which emerged after the first two treatments of OAW42 cells with 5 microg/ml cisplatin, showed enhanced but transient resistance. OAW42-R cells, obtained following successive reiterations of the treatment, displayed both a stronger resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis and an increased capacity to recover a normal proliferation after treatment. The measurement of DNA adducts demonstrated that the mechanisms leading to a decreased DNA platination could not explain the level of resistance of OAW42-R cells. The simultaneous study of activation pattern of key proteins of different signaling pathways revealed that cisplatin induced both activation of ERK and p38 and inhibition of P-FAK in the sensitive cells, whereas it progressively failed to elicit such a response in the resistant variants. In contrast, STAT3 and Akt did not seem to be involved in the acquired chemoresistance in our model.
Answer: Our results suggested that emergence of chemoresistance was accompanied with the progressive loss of ERK and p38 activation and with the maintenance of FAK activation in response to cisplatin, and they demonstrated that these alterations were early events in the course of treatments.
answer:

Is acquisition of chemoresistance following discontinuous exposures to cisplatin associated in ovarian carcinoma cells with progressive alteration of FAK , ERK and p38 activation in response to treatment?