Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: We conducted this study to analyze the values of the key cephalometric angular measurements of the mandible using 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography scans.', 'In the 106 enrolled patients, a 3D cephalometric analysis was performed to measure the angular variables of the mandible. These values were compared between the two sides and between the two sexes.', 'The frontal measurements revealed that the mandibular body curve angle was larger on the left (Lt) side (right [Rt], 141.24±7.54; Lt, 142.68±6.94; P=0.002) and the gonial angle was larger on the right side (Rt, 134.37±8.44; Lt, 131.54±7.14; P<0.001). The sagittal measurements showed that the gonial angle was larger on the right side (Rt, 134.37±8.44; Lt, 131.54±7.14; P>0.05). Further, the transverse measurements revealed that the mandibular body curve angle was larger on the right side (Rt, 140.28±7.05; Lt, 137.56±6.23; P<0.001).

A: 0
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Q: We demonstrated previously that striatal adenosine modulates ethanol-induced motor incoordination (EIMI) via adenosine A1 receptors coupled to pertussis toxin (PT)-sensitive G protein and adenylyl cyclase-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Additionally, intrastriatal (IST) PT antagonizes EIMI and its potentiation by the adenosine A1 agonist N-cyclohexyladenosine; it also inhibits cAMP concentration.', 'Guide cannulas were stereotaxically implanted for IST pretreatment with PT followed 5 days later by IST of N-cyclohexyladenosine and intraperitoneal ethanol. The adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation reaction involved PT-catalyzed [P]nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) labeling of rat striatal membranes. Antagonism of EIMI (Rotorod method) after IST microinfusion of PT was investigated to determine whether it was due to a decrease in the functional activity of G proteins due to ADP ribosylation of the Gialpha subunit caused it.', 'Striatal membranes from IST PT (0.5 microg)-treated animals exhibited significantly attenuated (up to 90%) in vitro ADP ribosylation with [P]NAD. Striatal membranes from animals injected with ethanol (1.5 g/kg intraperitoneally) exhibited statistically significant increase (11%) in in vitro ADP ribosylation. Similarly, ethanol (50 mM) added to striatal membranes from untreated animals produced significant stimulation of in vitro ADP ribosylation. The decrease in the functional activity of G proteins due to ADP ribosylation of the Gialpha subunit after IST PT was functionally correlated with marked attenuation in EIMI, as observed previously. This finding suggests a blockade of functional activity of PT-sensitive striatal Gi/Go proteins (i.e., fewer available sites for labeled NAD incorporation). The in vivo ethanol results indicate that it must have caused an increase in the ribosylation capacity of Gialpha in vivo (i.e., increased Gi activity). Increased ADP ribosylation by in vitro ethanol increases Gi/Go activity, consistent with EIMI, as previously reported.

A: 0
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Q: The prevention of graft rejection after liver transplant with cyclosporine A (CyA) and tacrolimus has been associated to decreased bone mineral density. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of increasing concentrations of CyA and tacrolimus on human osteoblasts.', 'Human osteoblast-like cells obtained by the outgrowth of cells from bone chips were exposed to tacrolimus (10-1000 ng/mL) or CyA (1000-50,000 ng/mL). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined on days 2, 4, 6, and 8, and cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell counting on days 2, 4, 6, and 8. Cell death was investigated by flow cytometry with propidium iodine, and apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry with fluorescently conjugated annexin V.', 'No effects of tacrolimus were detected with respect to ALP activity or cell proliferation. In CyA-treated cultures, concentrations greater than 10 000 ng/mL were associated with decreased ALP activity after 8 days (P<0.05). In addition, a dose-dependent reduction in cell proliferation was detected after 6 days (P<0.05). This decreased cell proliferation was associated with increased apoptosis in response to 50 000 ng/mL CyA.

A:
0
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