instruction:
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Prepubertal children and early adolescents with bipolar disorders (PEA-BP) who participate in the ongoing study "Phenomenology and Course of Pediatric Bipolar Disorders" have a high prevalence of ultradian (within 24-hour periods) rapid cycling. Based on a case-control finding reported in bipolar (BP) adults of an association between rapid and ultradian rapid cycling with the low-activity allele of catechol-O-methyltransferase (l-COMT), study of linkage and linkage disequilibrium of l-COMT in the PEA-BP population seemed warranted.', "Genotypes on a subset of the larger PEA-BP sample, for whom trio blood collection was complete (i. e., probands and both of their biological parents), were used to perform transmission disequilibrium tests (TDTs). Diagnoses were established from a comprehensive battery that included WASH-U-KSADS (Washington University Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia) given to both mothers and children and from consensus conferences. Probands with PEA-BP (N = 52) were 10.9 +/- 2.8 years old at index episode; had a mean age of BP onset at 8.0 +/- 3.8 years; were severely impaired, with a mean Children's Global Assessment Scale score of 44.5 +/- 8.9; and manifested the cardinal features of BP (84.6% had euphoric mood, 76.9% had grandiosity, and 57.7% had psychosis). Ultradian rapid cycling occurred in 75%. Genotyping of the single nucleotide polymorphism at COMT was performed using automated capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformational polymorphism with detection by laser-induced fluorescence.", 'Transmission disequilibrium tests were not significant for preferential transmission of l-COMT for the ultradian rapid-cycling subgroup or for the entire PEA-BP sample.
answer:
Is ultradian rapid cycling in prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity in transmission disequilibrium with val/met COMT alleles?


question:
Radiofrequency applications to the posteroseptal region can ablate the atrioventricular accessory pathway residing in this area. In conjunction with the adjacent anatomic structures, however, ablative lesions which do not effectively ablate the accessory pathway could markedly alter retrograde atrial activation sequence and confound interpretation of further mapping of an accessory pathway.', 'Electrophysiologic studies, endocardial activation mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation were undertaken in three patients with recurrent supraventricular tachycardia. Patients were initially thought to have a single posteroseptal accessory pathway; earliest ventrioatrial activation during tachycardias and during ventricular pacing was at the coronary sinus ostium, but initial radiofrequency applications were unsuccessful to ablate the pathway. After initial radiofrequency applications to the posteroseptal region, the earliest retrograde atrial activation changed to the right atrial free wall in two patients. Additional radiofrequency application to the posteroseptal area was able to ablate the single posteroseptal accessory pathway in one patient. Radiofrequency application to the right atrial free wall was required to stop tachycardia initiation in other patient. The third patient was suspected of having a slow-slow atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. Radiofrequency application to the posteroseptal area changed the earliest retrograde atrial activation to the distal coronary sinus recording site, mimicking an accessory pathway at the left atrial free wall. Radiofrequency application to the anteroseptum was able to ablate the concealed accessory pathway.
answer:
Does radiofrequency application to the posteroseptal region alter retrograde accessory pathway activation?


question:
Survival from acute coronary syndromes and major trauma has been shown to depend on timely access to definitive treatment. We sought to identify the significance of intensive care unit (ICU) admission delay (lead-time) on the outcome of critically-ill medical patients with other diagnoses.', 'From 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2003, a prospective cohort study was performed in critically-ill patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support (MV) and/or renal replacement therapy (RRT), admitted directly to the Northern Hospital ICU within 24 hours of arrival in the emergency department (ED). Patients were excluded if, a) they were admitted following surgery, major trauma or transfer from another hospital, or b) their duration of ICU stay was < 8 hours. Data collected included de-identified patient demographics, final diagnosis, APACHE II mortality risk (pm) and lead-time (i.e. difference between times of entrance to the ED and ICU.) The primary outcome measure was hospital discharge status.', 'Six hundred and nineteen consecutive ICU admissions from the ED met the inclusion criteria and required MV (n = 557) and/or RRT (n = 162.) Non-survivors were older (median age 73 vs. 54 yrs) and sicker (median pm 0.72 vs. 0.23) compared with survivors. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression identified lead-time as a significant predictor of mortality (RR = 1.06 per hour, 95% CI =1.01 - 1.10; p=0.015) in addition to age, diagnosis and illness severity.
answer:

Is survival of critically ill medical patients time-critical?