Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Example Input: Context: To determine whether tissue factor (TF) contributes to the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in mice.', 'We determined the effect of a 50% reduction of TF levels in all cells on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. No differences were observed in the extent of atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-)/TF(+/+) and apoE(-/-)/TF(+/-) mice fed regular chow for 34 weeks. Atherosclerosis could not be analyzed in apoE(-/-) mice expressing low levels of TF because of premature death of these mice. Macrophages are a major source of TF in atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, in a second series of experiments, we investigated the effect on atherosclerosis of selectively reducing hematopoietic cell-derived TF by transplanting bone marrow from mice expressing low levels of TF into low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice. Atherosclerosis within the arterial tree and aortic root were similar in LDLR(-/-) mice with low-TF bone marrow compared with control bone marrow (TF(+/+) or TF(+/-)) after 4 and 16 weeks on an atherogenic diet. Furthermore, the cellular composition of the aortic root lesions was similar between the 2 groups.
Answer: Our data indicate that either a 50% reduction of TF in all cells or a selective reduction in hematopoietic cell-derived TF does not affect the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice.
Example Output: Is atherosclerosis in mice affected by a reduction in tissue factor expression?

Example Input: Context: Androgen-independent prostate cancer is today an incurable disease, but increased understanding of the mechanisms for the transition into an androgen-independent state may increase the possibilities for more efficient strategies in the future.', 'An androgen-independent subline, LNCaP-19, to the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was developed in vitro under standard culture conditions. The characteristics of LNCaP-19 regarding androgen responsiveness, PSA, and VEGF secretion was studied in vitro. The growth in vivo and the microvessel density (MVD) of the tumors were studied after inoculation in nude mice.', 'LNCaP-19 grows equally well in dextran-charcoal stripped FBS (DCC-FBS) as in normal FBS, and rapidly gives rise to tumors in both intact and castrated mice, indicating a true androgen-independent growth. The PSA secretion from LNCaP-19 cells was lower than from LNCaP cells, while the VEGF level was comparable to the secretion from LNCaP cells without androgen stimulation. The MVD was increased in the LNCaP-19 tumors, and the vessels also displayed a changed morphology with exclusively small microvessels without lumen.
Answer: LNCaP-19 shows characteristics resembling those of androgen-independent prostate cancer. An increased MVD and changed vessel morphology in the tumor, makes it an interesting model system for studies regarding angiogenesis in the context of the acquisition of androgen independence.
Example Output: Is transition of an androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cell line into an androgen-independent subline associated with increased angiogenesis?

Example Input: Context: Recent studies evaluated the disease-modifying properties of lithium in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Although potentially effective for these purposes, chronic lithium use in regard to safety in the elderly needs to be better explored.', 'To evaluate the effect of long-term lithium treatment at subtherapeutic doses on renal function in older adults. Secondary aims were to evaluate the clinical safety and tolerability of this treatment and its effects on thyroid, immune, and glycemic functions.', 'Between February 2007 and October 2011, a 2-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial followed by a single-blinded phase for an additional 2 years. Sixty-one patients with mild cognitive impairment (Mayo Clinic criteria) were randomized to receive lithium or placebo. Renal function was estimated by the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (aMDRD) and the Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology study (CKD-EPI) equations. Leukocytes, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T₄), and serum glucose and insulin were determined. Tolerability was evaluated at 3-month intervals through systematic clinical examinations and by the UKU Side Effect Rating Scale.', 'Analysis of longitudinal regression indicated that no significant changes in renal function were detected by the aMDRD (P = .453) and CKD-EPI (P = .213) equations after 4 years of lithium treatment. Significant increases in the number of neutrophils (P = .038), serum TSH (P = .034), and body weight (P = .015) were observed in the lithium group. The lithium group presented more overall adverse events (P = .045), particularly interfering in daily activities (P < .001). In addition, those patients had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (P = .037) and arrhythmia (P = .028).
Answer: Chronic use of lithium at low doses did not affect renal function and was clinically safe. However, some other potentially relevant adverse events were observed and others could not be ruled out due to limitations of the study design.
Example Output:
Does long-term , low-dose lithium treatment impair renal function in the elderly : a 2-year randomized , placebo-controlled trial followed by single-blind extension?