TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Corticosteroid treatment affects muscle protein and glutamine metabolism. In the present study we aimed to clarify to what extent anorexia, weight loss and corticosteroids determine protein and glutamine metabolism in muscle.', 'The study was performed in Wistar rats (300-350 g, n = 40) given triamcinolone (0.25 mg/kg/day i.m.) treatment (CS group) for 14 days, sham treated free fed (FF group), sham treated pair fed (PF group) and sham treated pair weight (PW group). In vivo protein and glutamine turnover were measured using L-[2,6-3H]phenylalanine and L-[3,4-3H]glurtamine as tracer in a three compartment model across the hindquarter.', 'Corticosteroid treatment decreased total body weight to a greater extent than can be explained by decreased food intake only, justifying the need for pair weight controls. Muscle weight loss was relatively greater in the corticosteroid treated rats than in the pair weight controls indicating specific corticosteroid induced changes in muscle protein metabolism. Pair weight rats increased muscle net protein breakdown rates from -5 +/- 3 nmol x 100 g body weight(-1) x min(-1) to -15 +/- 3 nmol x 100 g body weight(-1) x min(-1) (P < 0.05 vs FF). In the corticosteroid treated rats net protein breakdown rates increased to -22 +/- 4 nmol x 100 g body weight(-1) x min(-1) (P < 0.01 CS vs FF/PF) Net protein breakdown in corticosteroid treated rats was accompanied by increased glutamine efflux from the hindquarter (P < 0.05, CS vs FF/PF/PW). The latter could predominantly be explained by de novo synthesis. Furthermore, corticosteroid treatment induced a loss of plasma to free muscle glutamine gradient indicating down regulation of glutamine membrane transport rates into muscle. This effect was, however, similar in the pair weight control group and can thus be fully accounted for by the muscle weight loss.

SOLUTION: Is de novo glutamine synthesis induced by corticosteroids in vivo in rats secondary to weight loss?

PROBLEM: Humans can easily restore a speech signal that is temporally masked by an interfering sound (e.g., a cough masking parts of a word in a conversation), and listeners have the illusion that the speech continues through the interfering sound. This perceptual restoration for human speech is affected by prior experience. Here we provide evidence for perceptual restoration in complex vocalizations of a songbird that are acquired by vocal learning in a similar way as humans learn their language.', "European starlings were trained in a same/different paradigm to report salient differences between successive sounds. The birds' response latency for discriminating between a stimulus pair is an indicator for the salience of the difference, and these latencies can be used to evaluate perceptual distances using multi-dimensional scaling. For familiar motifs the birds showed a large perceptual distance if discriminating between song motifs that were muted for brief time periods and complete motifs. If the muted periods were filled with noise, the perceptual distance was reduced. For unfamiliar motifs no such difference was observed.

SOLUTION: Does stimulus familiarity affect perceptual restoration in the European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris )?

PROBLEM: The role of autophagy in moderate hypothermia in posttraumatic brain injury (post-TBI) remains elusive. In this study, we evaluated the protective role of autophagy in post-TBI moderate hypothermia.', 'Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n\xa0= 36/group): TBI with hypothermia group (sham), TBI with hypothermia and a single intracerebroventricular injection of saline (saline, 5 μL), and TBI with hypothermia and a single intracerebroventricular injection of 3-methyladenine (600 nmol, diluted in 0.9% saline to a final volume of 5 μL). All rats, except those in the behavioral tests, were killed at 24 hours after fluid percussion TBI. Immunohistochemistry staining, western blot, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to assess changes in apoptosis and autophagy after injection of 3-methyladenine. Motor function (beam-walk test) and spatial learning/memory (Morris water maze) were assessed on postoperative days 1-5 and 11-15, respectively.', 'Our results showed downregulation of the expression level of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 and Beclin-1, aggravation of behavioral outcome, and increase of apoptosis.

SOLUTION:
Does autophagy Inhibitor 3-MA weaken Neuroprotective Effects of Posttraumatic Brain Injury Moderate Hypothermia?