Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Context: We analyzed the involvement of thromboxane (TX) A2/prostaglandin (PG) H2 (TP) receptor in ischemia-induced neovascularization in mice.', 'Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced by right femoral artery ligature in male C57BL/6J mice (n=7 per group). Animals were then treated with or without TP receptor antagonist (S18886, 5 or 10 mg/kg per day; ramatroban, 10 mg/kg per day) or aspirin (30 mg/kg per day) in drinking water for 21 days. Hindlimb ischemia raised plasma level of TXB2, the stable metabolite of TXA2, by 4.7-fold. This increase was blocked by aspirin treatment whereas S18886 (5 or 10 mg/kg per day) had no effect. However, neither S 18886 nor aspirin affected postischemic neovascularization. We next assessed the putative involvement of TXA2 signaling in angiotensin II (Ang II) proangiogenic pathway. Ang II (0.3 mg/kg per day) enhanced TXB2 plasma levels by 2.6-fold over that of control (P<0.01). Ang II-induced TXB2 upregulation was reduced by cotreatment with Ang II type I receptor antagonist (candesartan, 20 mg/kg per day). Angiographic score, capillary number, and foot perfusion were improved by 1.7-, 1.7-, and 1.4-fold, respectively, in Ang II-treated mice compared with controls (P<0.05). Ang II proangiogenic effect was associated with a 1.6-fold increase in VEGF-A protein content (P<0.05) and a 1.4-fold increase in the number of Mac-3-positive cells (ie, macrophages) in ischemic areas (P<0.05). Interestingly, treatments with TP receptor antagonists or aspirin hampered the proangiogenic effects of Ang II.
Answer: Endogenous activation of TXA2 receptor by eicosanoids did not modulate spontaneous neovascularization in the setting of ischemia. Conversely, TXA2 signaling is involved in Ang II-induced AT1-dependent vessel growth.

Ex Output:
Does thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor activation mediate angiotensin II-induced postischemic neovascularization?


Ex Input:
Context: Complications after immediate breast reconstruction pose a significant challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Known risk factors include smoking, obesity, age, and adjuvant oncologic therapies. Less is known about the association between axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and the development of postoperative complications.', 'We conducted a retrospective study of all patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy at our institution over a 10-year period. Our outcome was an occurrence of a major complication within 90 days postoperatively. For each patient, we recorded data on demographics, smoking status, pertinent medical history, reconstruction type, adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation, tumor pathology, and whether an ALND was performed. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated to estimate the risk of a complication if an ALND was performed.', 'One hundred eighty-four women, with 270 surgically treated breasts, were identified as having mastectomy with immediate reconstruction between 2002 and 2012. Mean age was 49.4 years (range, 25-84 years). There were 71 mastectomies with ALND performed, with 22 complications, and 199 mastectomies without ALND, with 20 complications (31% complication rate vs 10%, respectively; OR, 3.84; P < 0.001). When adjusted for reconstruction type, smoking history, obesity, age, presence of invasive disease, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, the OR for complications was 3.49 (P < 0.01). The most common complication was infection in both groups.
Answer: Mastectomy with ALND is associated with a 3-fold increase in risk of major complications in women undergoing immediate breast reconstruction, even after adjustment for known risk factors and confounders. Further studies are warranted to elucidate how ALND leads to these complications and what measures can reduce their occurrence.

Ex Output:
Does axillary Lymph Node Dissection be a Risk Factor for Major Complications After Immediate Breast Reconstruction?


Ex Input:
Context: We examined the effect of male circumcision on the acquisition of 3 nonulcerative sexually transmitted infections (STIs).', 'We evaluated the incidence of STI among men aged 18-24 years enrolled in a randomized trial of circumcision to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Kisumu, Kenya. The outcome was first incident nonulcerative STI during 2 years of follow-up. STIs examined were laboratory-detected Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis infection.', 'There were 342 incident infections among 2655 men followed up. The incidences of infection due to N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and T. vaginalis were 3.48, 4.55, and 1.32 cases per 100 person-years, respectively. The combined incidence of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis infection was 7.26 cases per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 6.49-8.13 cases per 100 person-years). The incidences of these STIs, individually or combined, did not differ by circumcision status as a time-dependent variable or a fixed variable based on assignment. Risks for incident STIs in multivariate analysis included an STI at enrollment, multiple sex partners within <30 days, and sexual intercourse during menses in the previous 6 months; condom use was protective.
Answer: Circumcision of men in this population did not reduce their risk of acquiring these nonulcerative STIs. Improved STI control will require more-effective STI management, including partner treatment and behavioral risk reduction counseling.

Ex Output:

Does adult male circumcision reduce the risk of incident Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Chlamydia trachomatis , or Trichomonas vaginalis infection : results from a randomized , controlled trial in Kenya?