In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Context: Earlier exposure to laparoscopic techniques is thought to be beneficial for medical students. Reports have demonstrated that practice improves performance in laparoscopies. In this study, we intended to evaluate whether medical students' interest in surgery is affected by the amount of practice and the performance on a laparoscopic simulator.", 'A laparoscopic simulation curriculum was introduced at Taipei Medical University, Wan-Fang Medical Center. Study participants included 36 sixth-year and 14 seventh-year students who were divided according to whether they had indicated an interest (group A) or not (group B) in surgery. The students had twice-a-week practice sessions for 2 weeks. They underwent baseline measurement (BM) before training and posttraining measurement (PTM). Self-guided practice on the simulator was allowed. The learning outcomes were assessed comparing the BM and PTM scores by using the interquartile range (IQR) test. We also tested the correlation between total score and number of self-guided practice sessions.', 'All study participants showed improvement. No differences were observed between BM and PTM scores and between 6th- and 7th-year medical students. Significant differences were found in PTM scores between groups A and B (P < .001). Analysis of variance with a post hoc test for different groups revealed that the PTMs were significantly higher for both the 6th- and 7th-year medical students in group A than for those in group B (P < .001). Total performance scores were improved with a higher number of self-guided practice sessions. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the number of self-guided practice sessions and total performance score (P < .001).\Question: Does students ' Interest in Surgery affect Laparoscopic Practicing Performance?
Those clerks and interns interested in surgery who had more sessions for self-guided practice, displayed more improvement than those not interested in surgery did. Improvement in performance correlated highly with trainees' number of self-guided practice sessions.

Context: We previously reported that human OA subchondral bone osteoblasts could be discriminated into two subpopulations identified by their levels of endogenous production (low [L] or high [H]) of PGE(2). Here, we investigated the OPG and RANKL expression levels, the histologic analysis of the subchondral bone as well as the osteoclast differentiation effect of osteoblasts on normal and both OA subpopulations (L and H), and further examined on the L OA osteoblasts the modulation of bone remodelling factors on the OPG and RANKL levels, as well as on the resorption activity.', 'Gene expression was determined using real-time PCR, PGE2 and OPG levels by specific ELISA, and membranous RANKL by flow cytometry. Histological observation of the subchondral bone was performed on human knee specimens. Osteoclast differentiation and formation was assayed by using the pre-osteoclastic cell line RAW 264.7. OPG and RANKL modulation on L OA osteoblasts was monitored following treatment with osteotropic factors, and the resorption activity was studied by the co-culture of differentiated PBMC/osteoblasts.', 'Human OA subchondral bone osteoblasts expressed less OPG than normal. Compared to normal, RANKL gene expression levels were increased in L OA and decreased in H OA cells. The OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio was significantly diminished in L OA compared to normal or H OA (p<0.02, p<0.03), and markedly increased in H OA compared to normal. Inhibition of endogenous PGE(2) levels by indomethacin markedly decreased the ratio of OPG/RANKL on the H OA. In contrast to H OA osteoblasts, L OA cells induced a significantly higher level of osteoclast differentiation and formation (p<0.05). Histological analysis showed a reduced subchondral bone on the L OA and an increased bone mass on the H OA compared to normal. Treatment of L OA osteoblasts with osteotropic factors revealed that the OPG/RANKL mRNA expression ratio was significantly reduced by vitamin D(3) and significantly increased by TNF-alpha, PTH and PGE(2), while IL-1Beta demonstrated no effect. OPG protein levels showed similar profiles. No true effect was noted on membranous RANKL upon treatment with IL-1Beta, PGE(2) and PTH, but a significant increase was observed with vitamin D3 and TNF-alpha. The resorption activity of the L OA cells was significantly inhibited by all treatments except IL-1Beta, with maximum effect observed with vitamin D(3) and PGE(2).\Question: Is the differential expression of osteoprotegerin ( OPG ) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand ( RANKL ) in human osteoarthritic subchondral bone osteoblasts an indicator of the metabolic state of these disease cells?
OPG and RANKL levels, and consequently the OPG/RANKL ratio, differed according to human OA subchondral bone osteoblast classification; it is decreased in L and increased in H OA. These findings, in addition to those showing that L OA osteoblasts have a reduced subchondral bone mass and induce a higher level of osteoclast differentiation, strongly suggest that the metabolic state of the L OA osteoblasts favours bone resorption.

Context: Prostate cancer is one of the most common complex diseases with high leading cause of death in men. Identifications of prostate cancer associated genes and biomarkers are thus essential as they can gain insights into the mechanisms underlying disease progression and advancing for early diagnosis and developing effective therapies.', 'In this study, we presented an integrative analysis of gene expression profiling and protein interaction network at a systematic level to reveal candidate disease-associated genes and biomarkers for prostate cancer progression. At first, we reconstructed the human prostate cancer protein-protein interaction network (HPC-PPIN) and the network was then integrated with the prostate cancer gene expression data to identify modules related to different phases in prostate cancer. At last, the candidate module biomarkers were validated by its predictive ability of prostate cancer progression.', 'Different phases-specific modules were identified for prostate cancer. Among these modules, transcription Androgen Receptor (AR) nuclear signaling and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway were shown to be the pathway targets for prostate cancer progression. The identified candidate disease-associated genes showed better predictive ability of prostate cancer progression than those of published biomarkers. In context of functional enrichment analysis, interestingly candidate disease-associated genes were enriched in the nucleus and different functions were encoded for potential transcription factors, for examples key players as AR, Myc, ESR1 and hidden player as Sp1 which was considered as a potential novel biomarker for prostate cancer.\Question: Does integrative analysis reveal disease-associated genes and biomarkers for prostate cancer progression?

The successful results on prostate cancer samples demonstrated that the integrative analysis is powerful and useful approach to detect candidate disease-associate genes and modules which can be used as the potential biomarkers for prostate cancer progression. The data, tools and supplementary files for this integrative analysis are deposited at http://www.ibio-cn.org/HPC-PPIN/.