instruction:
In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
question:
To ensure the safety of wastewater reuse for irrigation of food crops and drinking water pathogenic viruses must be reduced to levels that pose no significant risk. To achieve this goal minimum reduction of viruses by treatment trains have been suggested. For use of edible crops a 6-log reduction and for production of potable drinking water a 12-log reduction has been suggested. These reductions were based on assuming infective virus concentrations of 10 5 to 10 6 per liter. Recent application of molecular methods suggests that some pathogenic viruses may be occurring in concentrations of 10 7 to 10 9 per liter. Factors influencing these levels include the development of molecular methods for virus detection, emergence of newly recognized viruses, decrease in per capita water use due to conservation measures, and outbreaks. Since neither cell culture nor molecular methods can assess all the potentially infectious virus in wastewater conservative estimates should be used to assess the virus load in untreated wastewater. This review indicates that an additional 2-to 3-log reduction of viruses above current recommendations may be needed to ensure the safety of recycled water. Information is needed on peak loading of viruses. In addition, more virus groups need to be quantified using better methods of virus quantification, including more accurate methods for measuring viral infectivity in order to better quantify risks from viruses in recycled water.
answer:
How much reduction of virus is needed for recycled water: A continuous changing need for assessment?


question:
The major pigment in eggshells of brownegg laying hens is protoporphyrin IX, but traces of biliverdin and its zinc chelates are also present. The pigment appears to be synthesized in the shell gland. The protoporphyrin IX synthetic pathway is well defined, but precisely where and how it is synthesized in the shell gland of the brown-egg laying hen is still ambiguous. The pigment is deposited onto all shell layers including the shell membranes, but most of it is concentrated in the outermost layer of the calcareous shell and in the cuticle. Recently, the genes that are involved in pigment synthesis have been identified, but the genetic control of synthesis and deposition of brown pigment in the commercial laying hen is not fully understood. The brown coloration of the shell is an important shell quality parameter and has a positive influence on consumer preference. The extent of pigment deposition is influenced by the housing system, hen age, hen strain, diet, stressors, and certain diseases such as infectious bronchitis. In this article, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the brown pigment in commercial brown-egg layers are reviewed in relation to its various functions in the poultry industry.
answer:
Review Eggshell color in brown-egg laying hens -a review


question:
Highlights d Viral infection leads to redox dysregulation including the downregulation of SOD1 d Sod1 À/À mice exhibit aggravated viral hepatitis, which is rescued by antioxidants d IFN-I signaling via STAT1 drives SOD1 downregulation and early liver damage d Ablation of IFN-I signaling ameliorates viral hepatitis in Sod1 À/À and WT mice Correspondence abergthaler@cemm.oeaw.ac.at Bergthaler and colleagues show that superoxide dismutase 1 protects the liver from type I interferon-driven oxidative damage in viral hepatitis. Liver damage was mediated by hepatocyte-intrinsic IFNAR1-STAT1 signaling.
answer:

Superoxide Dismutase 1 Protects Hepatocytes from Type I Interferon-Driven Oxidative Damage Accession Number Article Superoxide Dismutase 1 Protects Hepatocytes from Type I Interferon-Driven Oxidative Damage