instruction:
In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
question:
Mucosal vaccination offers great advantage for inducing protective immune response to prevent viral transmission and dissemination. Here, we report our findings of a head-to-head comparison of two viral vectors modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) and a novel replication-competent modified vaccinia Tian Tan (MVTT) for inducing neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) via intramuscular and mucosal vaccinations in mice. MVTT is an attenuated variant of the wild-type VTT, which was historically used as a smallpox vaccine for millions of Chinese people. The spike glycoprotein (S) of SARS-CoV was used as the test antigen after the S gene was constructed in the identical genomic location of two vectors to generate vaccine candidates MVTT-S and MVA-S. Using identical doses, MVTT-S induced lower levels (,2-3-fold) of anti-SARS-CoV neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) than MVA-S through intramuscular inoculation. MVTT-S, however, was capable of inducing consistently 20-to-100-fold higher levels of Nabs than MVA-S when inoculated via either intranasal or intraoral routes. These levels of MVTT-S-induced Nab responses were substantially (,10-fold) higher than that induced via the intramuscular route in the same experiments. Moreover, pre-exposure to the wild-type VTT via intranasal or intraoral route impaired the Nab response via the same routes of MVTT-S vaccination probably due to the pre-existing anti-VTT Nab response. The efficacy of intranasal or intraoral vaccination, however, was still 20-to-50-fold better than intramuscular inoculation despite the subcutaneous pre-exposure to wild-type VTT. Our data have implications for people who maintain low levels of anti-VTT Nabs after historical smallpox vaccination. MVTT is therefore an attractive live viral vector for mucosal vaccination.
answer:
A Novel Replication-Competent Vaccinia Vector MVTT Is Superior to MVA for Inducing High Levels of Neutralizing Antibody via Mucosal Vaccination


question:
BALB/c male mice were mated with either Swiss-Webster or MF1 females to produce first generation cross-bred offspring. Hybridoma cell lines, from the fusion of P3-NS1-Ag4/1 myeloma cells with spleen cells sensitised to the porcine coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis, were injected intraperitoneally into these mice to produce ascitic fluid containing monoclonal antibodies. Mice of 11 weeks of age weighing between 26 and 34 g were used. The volume of ascites produced by mice injected with four of the five hybrid cell lines tested was greater in the cross-bred offspring than in the BALB/c parent. The fifth cell line gave comparable volumes in the MF1 cross-breed and BALB/c parent but a lesser volume in the Swiss-Webster cross-breed. The antibody titres of the ascites as determined by virus neutralisation, radioimmune and indirect immune fluorescence assays, did not differ significantly between mouse types. The ability to use all offspring from a litter of cross-bred mice, irrespective of sex, and the increased volume of ascitic fluid formed in each mouse, permits fewer animals to be used for the production of ascites in these strains, thereby offering considerable economic and ethical advantages over the use of BALB/c mice.
answer:
Comparison of ascites production for monoclonal antibodies in BALB/c and BALB/c-derived cross-bred mice


question:
Background: Early administration of appropriate antimicrobials has been correlated with a better prognosis in bacteremic patients, but a research highlighting a comparison of the adverse impact of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy between patient with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteremia is insufficient. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, adults with communityonset monomicrobial bacteremia during the 6-year period were enrolled. Clinical information was retrieved from medical records, using a predetermined case record form. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method, based on performance standards of the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute in 2016. A propensity-score-matched analysis was performed to control for the baseline characteristics at bacteremia onset between the Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups. The propensity score was calculated by the independent predictors of 28-day crude mortality recognized by a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: The total 2,053 adults (Gram-positive, 566 patients and Gram-negative, 1,487) presenting with community-onset monomicrobial bacteremia between the six-year period were recruited. Bacteremia severity (a Pitt bacteremia score) at onset and initial manifestation was different between two groups. On the basis of seven independent predictors of 28-day mortality recognized by the multivariate regression.566 of the 1,487 patients in the Gramnegative group were matched to 566 patients in the Gram-positive group with the closest propensity scores. After appropriate propensity-score matching, no significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics and patient outcomes between the two groups, in terms of age, bacteremia severity, major comorbidities, comorbidity severity, and 28-day mortality.
answer:

P1-BT01 Comparing the effects of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy on mortality in adults with community-onset gram- positive and gram-negative bacteremia