Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Arteriogenesis represents the maturation of preformed vascular connections in response to flow changes and shear stress. These collateral vessels can restore up to 60% of the native blood flow. Shear stress and vascular injury can induce the release of nucleotides from vascular smooth muscle cells and platelets that can serve as signaling ligands, suggesting they may be involved in mediating arteriogenesis. The P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) has also been shown to mediate smooth muscle migration and arterial remodeling. Thus, we hypothesize that P2Y2R mediates arteriogenesis in response to ischemia.', 'Hind limb ischemia was induced by femoral artery ligation (FAL) in C57Bl/6NJ or P2Y2R negative mice (P2Y2(-/-)). Hind limb perfusion was measured with laser Doppler perfusion imaging and compared with the sham-operated contralateral limb immediately and at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after ligation. Collateral vessel size was measured by Microfil casting. Muscle specimens were harvested and analyzed with immunohistochemistry for Ki67, vascular cell adhesion molecule, macrophages, and muscle viability by hematoxylin and essoin stain.', 'Hind limb ischemia induced by FAL in C57Bl/6NJ mice resulted in significant ischemia as measured by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. There was rapid recovery to nearly normal levels of perfusion by 2 weeks. FAL in P2Y2(-/-) mice resulted in severe ischemia with greater tissue loss. Recovery of perfusion was impaired, achieving only 40% compared with wild-type mice by 28 days. Collateral vessels in the P2Y2(-/-) mice were underdeveloped, with reduced vascular cell proliferation and smaller vessel size. The collaterals were ∼65% the size of wild-type collateral vessels (P = .011). Angiogenesis at 28 days in the ischemic muscle, however, was greater in the P2Y2(-/-) mice (P < .001), possibly related to persistent ischemia leading and angiogenic drive. Early macrophage recruitment was reduced by nearly 70% in P2Y2(-/-) despite significantly more myocyte necrosis. However, inflammation was greater at 28 days in the P2Y2(-/-) mice.

Ex Output:
1


Ex Input:
Large mega base-pair genomic regions show robust alterations in DNA methylation levels in multiple cancers. A vast majority of these regions are hypomethylated in cancers. These regions are generally enriched for CpG islands, Lamin Associated Domains and Large organized chromatin lysine modification domains, and are associated with stochastic variability in gene expression. Given the size and consistency of hypomethylated blocks (HMB) across cancer types, we hypothesized that the immediate causes of methylation instability are likely to be encoded in the genomic region near HMB boundaries, in terms of specific genomic or epigenomic signatures. However, a detailed characterization of the HMB boundaries has not been reported.', 'Here, we focused on ~13 k HMBs, encompassing approximately half of the genome, identified in colon cancer. We modeled the genomic features of HMB boundaries by Random Forest to identify their salient features, in terms of transcription factor (TF) binding motifs. Additionally we analyzed various epigenomic marks, and chromatin structural features of HMB boundaries relative to the non-HMB genomic regions.', 'We found that the classical promoter epigenomic mark--H3K4me3, is highly enriched at HMB boundaries, as are CTCF bound sites. HMB boundaries harbor distinct combinations of TF motifs. Our Random Forest model based on TF motifs can accurately distinguish boundaries not only from regions inside and outside HMBs, but surprisingly, from active promoters as well. Interestingly, the distinguishing TFs and their interacting proteins are involved in chromatin modification. Finally, HMB boundaries significantly coincide with the boundaries of Topologically Associating Domains of the chromatin.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Hypercholesterolemia is a well-established risk factor for the development of kidney injury. Considering that female sex hormones may play a preventative role in both cardiovascular and renal diseases, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of female sex hormones on hypercholesterolemia-induced renal dysfunction.', "Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE) and C57 control female mice underwent an ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery and after 2 months, creatinine clearance, uremia and proteinuria were determined. Renal oxidative stress and lipid deposition were also quantified. Values are presented as mean\u2009±\u2009SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test.", 'Creatinine clearance (μL/min) was similar between C57 (171\u2009±\u200917) and ApoE (140\u2009±\u200926) mice underwent sham surgery. OVX resulted in a reduced glomerular filtration rate in both C57 (112\u2009±\u20098, ~\u2009-\u200935%, p\u2009<\u20090.05) and ApoE (61\u2009±\u200910, ~\u2009-\u200956%, p\u2009<\u20090.05) animals. Plasma levels of urea (mg/dL) were higher in both ApoE groups (Sham: 73\u2009±\u20097; OVX: 73\u2009±\u20098, p\u2009<\u20090.05) when compared to C57 animals (Sham: 49\u2009±\u20093; OVX: 60\u2009±\u20094), with no changes among ovariectomized groups. Proteinuria levels (mg/24 h) were similar between C57 (Sham: 25.1\u2009±\u20095.7; OVX: 33.7\u2009±\u20094.7) and ApoE sham animals (26.4\u2009±\u20093.5), however, 24-h urine protein excretion was augmented in ApoE OVX animals (49.6\u2009±\u20095.8, p\u2009<\u20090.05). Histological kidney analysis demonstrated that the absence of female sex hormones resulted in increased oxidative stress, which was more severe in ApoE mice (C57 Sham: 9.2\u2009±\u20090.4; C57 OVX: 22.9\u2009±\u20091.0; ApoE Sham: 13.9\u2009±\u20090.7; ApoE OVX: 34.0\u2009±\u20091.4 au x 103, p\u2009<\u20090.05). As expected, ApoE mice presented higher lipid deposition, which was not affected by OVX (C57 Sham: 0\u2009±\u20090; C57 OVX: 0\u2009±\u20090; ApoE Sham: 6.8\u2009±\u20091.6; ApoE OVX: 5.2\u2009±\u20090.8% x 10-2, p\u2009<\u20090.05). Ovariectomy resulted in a similar reduction in ER-α protein expression in the renal cortex (C57: 0.78\u2009±\u20090.04; ApoE: 0.81\u2009±\u20090.04 au, p\u2009<\u20090.05) when compared to sham animals (C57:1.00\u2009±\u20090.04; ApoE: 1.03\u2009±\u20090.03 au).

Ex Output:

0