Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: To study the role of peroperative transrectal ultrasonography (peTRUS) for the dissection of the bladder neck during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP).', 'Integrated peTRUS in the da Vinci S system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was used for bladder neck identification and dissection in the initial 80 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer operated by two urologists. The clinical and pathological results were compared with the initial 80 patients who had RALP with no peTRUS. The location of positive margins was recorded.', "The operative duration, blood loss, hospital stay, catheter dependency, clinical and pathological T-stage and Gleason sum score were no different between the groups. The prostate-specific antigen level at time of diagnosis was slightly higher for patients in the peTRUS group. Basal surgical margins (bladder neck and basal areas of both prostate lobes) were positive for tumour in 9.1% and 2.3% of patients treated without and with peTRUS, respectively (P = 0.001). Although the use of peTRUS improved the basal margin rate in the initial 30 patients in each group, it did not in the last 30 in each group, when the urologist's experience apparently improved. In a multivariate analysis the use of peTRUS and pathological T-stage were the best predictors of basal margin status. Pad use at 6 months after surgery was similar for both groups.
Answer: peTRUS during RALP decreased the positive surgical margin rate at the base of the prostate during the initial experience of RALP.

Output: Does peroperative transrectal ultrasonography-guided bladder neck dissection ease the learning of robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Compared with standard donors, kidneys recovered from donors after cardiac death (DCD) exhibit higher rates of delayed graft function (DGF), and DCD livers demonstrate higher rates of biliary ischemia, graft loss, and worse patient survival. Current practice limits the use of these organs based on time from donor extubation to asystole, but data to support this is incomplete. We hypothesized that donor postextubation parameters, including duration and severity of hemodynamic instability or hypoxia might be a better predictor of subsequent graft function.', 'We performed a retrospective examination of the New England Organ Bank DCD database, concentrating on donor factors including vital signs after withdrawal of support.', 'Prolonged, severe hypotension in the postextubation period was a better predictor of subsequent organ function that time from extubation to asystole. For DCD kidneys, this manifested as a trend toward increased DGF. For DCD livers, this manifested as increased rates of poor outcomes. Maximizing the predictive value of this test in the liver cohort suggested that greater than 15 min between the time when the donor systolic blood pressure drops below 50 mm Hg and flush correlates with increased rates of diffuse biliary ischemia, graft loss, or death. Donor age also correlated with worse outcome.
Answer: Time between profound instability and cold perfusion is a better predictor of outcome than time from extubation to asystole. If validated, this information could be used to predict DGF after DCD renal transplant and improve outcomes after DCD liver transplant.

Output: Do donor postextubation hypotension and age correlate with outcome after donation after cardiac death transplantation?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Paris polyphylla is an oriental folk medicine that has anticancer activities both in vivo and in vitro. Polyphyllin VII (PP7), a pennogenyl saponin from P. polyphylla has been found to exert strong anticancer activity. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, the anticancer effect of polyphyllin VII against human liver cancer cells and the molecular mechanisms were investigated.', 'Cellular viability was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential levels were evaluated using the InCell 2000 confocal microscope. The expression levels of apoptotic-related proteins were evaluated by Western blotting.', 'PP7 strongly inhibited the cell growth and induced apoptosis and necrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, PP7 up-regulated the levels of Bax/Bcl-2, cytochrome c, the cleaved forms of caspases-3, -8, -9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in a dose- and time-dependent manner, indicating that PP7 induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Moreover, PP7 provoked the production of intracellular ROS and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Further analysis showed that PP7 significantly augmented the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and p38, the major components of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and the expressions of tumor suppressor proteins p53 and PTEN. In addition, PP7-induced apoptosis was remarkably attenuated by MAPK inhibitors and ROS inhibitor.
Answer: These results demonstrated that PP7 induced apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by promoting the generation of mitochondrial-mediated ROS and activating MAPK and PTEN/p53 pathways.


Output: Does polyphyllin VII induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and MAPK pathways?