In this task, you're given an open-domain question. Your task is to provide an answer to the given question. There is only one unique answer for each question. Your answer should be short, and refer to an entity, date, number, etc. Do not put your answer in the context of a sentence.

[EX Q]: Journal of optics a pure and applied optics abbreviation?
[EX A]: J. Opt.

[EX Q]: Who wrote sitting by the dock of the bay?
[EX A]: Otis Redding and Steve Cropper

[EX Q]: Most of the rights in the bill of rights apply to the states under?
[EX A]:
The doctrine of incorporation