Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Continuous support from follicular CD4(+) T helper (Tfh) cells drives germinal center (GC) responses, which last for several weeks to produce high affinity memory B cells and plasma cells. In autoimmune Sle1 and NZB/W F1 mice, elevated numbers of Tfh cells persist, promoting the expansion of self-reactive B cells. Expansion of circulating Tfh like cells have also been described in several autoimmune diseases. Although, the signals required for Tfh differentiation have now been well described, the mechanisms that sustain the maintenance of fully differentiated Tfh are less understood. Recent data demonstrate a role for GC B cells for Tfh maintenance after protein immunization.', 'Given the pathogenic role Tfh play in autoimmune disease, we explored whether B cells are required for maintenance of autoreactive Tfh. Our data suggest that the number of mature autoreactive Tfh cells is controlled by GC B cells. Depletion of B cells in Sle1 autoimmune mice leads to a dramatic reduction in Tfh cells. In NZB/W F1 autoimmune mice, similar to the SRBC immunization model, GC B cells support the maintenance of mature Tfh, which is dependent mainly on ICOS. The CD28-associated pathway is dispensable for Tfh maintenance in SRBC immunized mice, but is required in the spontaneous NZB/W F1 model.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: This study was conducted to gain insight into the relationship between expression profiles and underlying genetic changes, which are known to be important for the pathogenesis of lung cancers.', 'Expression profiles of 18,175 unique genes and three major targets for genetic changes, p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and K-ras, were investigated in 149 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, including 90 patients with adenocarcinoma to determine their relationships with various clinicopathologic features and Gene Ontology (GO) terms.', 'This study successfully established a basis for expression profile-defined classification, which can classify adenocarcinomas into two major types, terminal respiratory unit (TRU) type and non-TRU type. Our GO term-based identifier of particular biologic processes, molecular functions, and cellular compartments clearly showed characteristic retention of normal peripheral lung features in TRU type, in sharp contrast to the significant association of non-TRU type with cell cycling and proliferation-related features. While significantly higher frequency of EGFR mutation was observed in TRU type, we found that the presence of EGFR mutations was a significant predictor of shorter postoperative survival for TRU type, independent of disease stage. We were also able to identify a set of genes in vivo with significant upregulation in the presence of EGFR mutations.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: Diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose metabolism are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it is still not clear whether glucose levels can predict CVD risk among patients without diabetes. The primary aim of this study is to assess whether normoglycemic fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is associated with increased risk of CVD outcomes in healthy patients.', 'We obtained blood measurements, data from physical examination, and medical and lifestyle information from 10,913 men and women who were evaluated in the Institute for Preventive Medicine of Sheba Medical Center. Enrolled were participants with FPG <100 mg/dL as well as 100 to 125 mg/dL, who were free of diagnosis of CVD. The participants were actively screened for coronary disease using a stress test. Primary end points were coronary heart disease or self-reported cerebral vascular disease.', 'A total of 1,119 incident cases of CVD occurred during a mean follow-up of 4.3 years. Subjects with fasting glucose levels in the high normal range (95-99 mg/dL) had an increased CVD risk when compared with levels <80 mg/dL, (HR 1.53;CI 95% [1.22-1.91], P < .001). A multivariate model, adjusted for age, sex, family history of CVD, blood pressure, body mass index, smoking status, pharmacologic treatment, serum triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, revealed an independent increased risk of CVD with rising FPG levels in the normal range.


Output: 0