Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was shown to improve the immune function and survival in experimental sepsis. This study examined the effect of DHEA on intestinal leukocyte recruitment during experimental sepsis, considering factors of gender (male, female and ovariectomized female animals) and combined treatment using orthovanadate (OV) in two models of sepsis.', 'Male rats underwent colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) or endotoxemia. DHEA was administered after induction of experimental sepsis. Changes in leukocyte adherence and capillary perfusion (measured as intestinal functional capillary density - FCD) were assessed using intravital microscopy. While DHEA increased baseline leukocyte adherence in control animals, DHEA reduced leukocyte adherence and increased FCD in male animals with CASP. These effects were also observed in DHEA-treated ovariectomized female rats with CASP. Similarly, the administration of DHEA reduced the number of adherent leukocytes to intestinal venules by 30% in the endotoxemia model. The combined treatment of DHEA and OV significantly reduced adherence of leukocytes to intestinal venules and improved FCD.
Answer: Our results indicate that DHEA is able to reduce intestinal leukocyte recruitment induced by experimental sepsis. Combination of DHEA with OV inhibits leukocyte adherence to intestinal endothelium, similar to what is achieved by the single administration of DHEA but with significantly improved FCD. These findings suggest a potential role for DHEA and OV in clinical sepsis.

Output: Does combination of dehydroepiandrosterone and orthovanadate administration reduce intestinal leukocyte recruitment in models of experimental sepsis?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Nonviral vectors based on polyethylenimine (PEI) usually contain an excess of PEI that is not complexed to DNA. Since unbound PEI contributes to cellular and systemic toxicity, purification of polyplexes from unbound PEI is desirable.', 'Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to purify PEI polyplexes of free PEI. Transfection properties of purified polyplexes and the effect of free PEI on gene delivery were studied in vitro and in vivo after systemic application into mice.', 'SEC did not change the size and zeta-potential of polyplexes. Independent of the amount of PEI used for complex formation, purified PEI polyplexes had the same final PEI nitrogen/DNA phosphate ratio of 2.5. Notably, purified PEI polyplexes demonstrated low cellular and systemic toxicity. High transfection efficiency was achieved with purified polyplexes at high DNA concentrations (8-15 microg/ml). At low DNA concentrations (2-4 microg/ml) gene transfer with purified particles was less efficient than with polyplexes containing free PEI both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies showed that free PEI partly blocked cellular association of DNA complexes but was essential for the following intracellular gene delivery. Adding free PEI to cells treated with purified particles with a delay of up to 4 h resulted in significantly enhanced transfection efficiency compared with non-purified particles or purified particles without free PEI.
Answer: This study presents an efficient method to remove free PEI from PEI polyplexes by SEC. Our results from transfection experiments demonstrate that free PEI substantially contributes to efficient gene expression but also mediates toxic effects in a dose-dependent manner. Purified polyplexes without free PEI have to be applied at increased concentrations to achieve high transfection levels, but exhibit a greatly improved toxicity profile.

Output: Does purification of polyethylenimine polyplexes highlight the role of free polycations in gene transfer?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Despite ongoing research, the molecular mechanisms controlling asthma are still elusive. CD48 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein involved in lymphocyte adhesion, activation, and costimulation. Although CD48 is widely expressed on hematopoietic cells and commonly studied in the context of natural killer and cytotoxic T cell functions, its role in helper T cell type 2 settings has not been examined.', 'To evaluate the expression and function of CD48, CD2, and 2B4 in a murine model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation.', 'Allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation was induced by ovalbumin (OVA)-alum sensitization and intranasal inoculation of OVA or, alternatively, by repeated intranasal inoculation of Aspergillus fumigatus antigen in wild-type, STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription)-6-deficient, and IL-4/IL-13-deficient BALB/c mice. Gene profiling of whole lungs was performed, followed by Northern blot and flow cytometric analysis. Anti-CD48, -CD2, and -2B4 antibodies were administered before OVA challenge and cytokine expression and histology were assessed.', 'Microarray data analysis demonstrated upregulation of CD48 in the lungs of OVA-challenged mice. Allergen-induced CD48 expression was independent of STAT-6, IL-13, and IL-4. Neutralization of CD48 in allergen-challenged mice abrogated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung inflammation. Neutralization of CD2 inhibited the inflammatory response to a lesser extent and neutralization of 2B4 had no effect.
Answer: Our results suggest that CD48 is critically involved in allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation. As such, CD48 may provide a new potential target for the suppression of asthma.


Output: Is cD48 critically involved in allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation?