Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
In the United States, patients who enroll in chemotherapy trials seldom reflect the attributes of the general population with cancer, as they are often younger, more functional, and have less comorbidity. We compared survival following three chemotherapy regimens according to the setting in which care was delivered (ie, clinical trial vs usual care) to determine the generalizability of clinical trial results to unselected elderly Medicare patients.', 'Using SEER-Medicare data, we estimated survival for elderly patients (ie, age 65 years or older, n = 14097) with advanced pancreatic or lung cancer following receipt of one of three guideline-recommended first-line chemotherapy regimens. We compared their survival to that of similarly treated clinical trial enrollees, without age restrictions, with the same diagnosis and stage (n = 937). All statistical tests were two-sided.', 'Trial patients were 9.5 years younger than elderly Medicare patients. Medicare patients were more often white and tended to live in areas of greater educational attainment than trial enrollees. For each tumor type, Medicare patients who were 75 years or older had median survivals that were six to eight weeks shorter than those of trial patients (4.3 vs 5.8 months following treatment with single agent gemcitabine for advanced pancreatic cancer, P = .03; 7.3 vs 8.9 months following treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer, P = .91; 8.2 vs 10.2 months following treatment with CDDP/ VP16 for extensive stage small cell lung cancer, P ≤ .01), whereas younger Medicare patients had survival times that were similar to those of trial patients.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Epithelial Na channels (ENaCs) play a crucial role in ion and fluid regulation in the lung. In cystic fibrosis (CF), Na hyperabsorption results from ENaC overactivity, leading to airway dehydration. Previous work has demonstrated functional genetic variation of SCNN1A (the gene encoding the ENaC α-subunit), manifesting as an alanine (A) to threonine (T) substitution at amino acid 663, with the αT663 variant resulting in a more active channel.', 'We assessed the influence of genetic variation of SCNN1A on the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and nitric oxide (DLNO), together with alveolar-capillary membrane conductance (DM), pulmonary capillary blood volume, and alveolar volume (VA) at rest and during peak exercise in 18 patients with CF (10 homozygous for αA663 (AA group) and 8 with at least one T663 allele (AT/TT group)). Because of the more active channel, we hypothesized that the AT/TT group would show a greater increase in DLCO, DLNO, and DM with exercise because of exercise-mediated ENaC inhibition and subsequent attenuation of Na hyperabsorption.', 'The AT/TT group had significantly lower pulmonary function, weight, and body mass index than the AA group. Both groups had similar peak workloads, relative peak oxygen consumptions, and cardiopulmonary responses to exercise. The AT/TT group demonstrated a greater increase in DLNO, DLNO/VA, and DM in response to exercise (% increases: DLNO = 18 ± 11 vs 41 ± 38; DLNO/VA = 14 ± 21 vs 40 ± 37; DM = 15 ± 11 vs 41 ± 38, AA vs AT/TT, respectively). There were no differences between groups in absolute diffusing capacity measures at peak exercise.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Stromal invasion is 1 of the main features used to distinguish high-grade dysplastic nodules (DNs) from well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). The authors hypothesized that ductular reaction (DR) takes place around noninvasive hepatocellular nodules but not within the stroma contiguous to invasive HCC.', 'DR/cytokeratin 7 (CK7)-positive patterns were evaluated in 105 resected small hepatic nodules according to the level of invasion. The nodules were classified histologically prior to immunostaining as noninvasive (large regenerative nodules, low-grade DNs, and high-grade DNs), minimally invasive (early HCCs with a vaguely nodular type), and overtly invasive (typical HCCs with a distinctly nodular type) in a review by expert pathologists, the current gold standard. Intranodular DR (inner DR) and DR around the nodule periphery (outer DR) were assessed separately on a semiquantitative scale from 0 to 4+.', 'DR was 3 or 4+ in the majority of noninvasive nodules (inner DR, 81%; outer DR, 91%), whereas DR was 0 or 1+ in overtly invasive HCCs (inner DR, 96%; outer DR, 81%). Minimally invasive HCCs showed an intermediate DR pattern (2 or 3+ inner DR, 75%; 2+ outer DR, 67%). DR characteristically was absent at the stromal-invasive, leading edge of tumor cells in both minimally invasive HCCs (focal loss of DR/CK7) and overtly invasive HCCs (diffuse loss of DR/CK7). The DR patterns in 41 needle-biopsy samples were similar to the patterns observed in resected nodules.

Ex Output:

0