Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Normal glucose metabolism depends on pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. The bihormonal hypothesis states that while lack of insulin leads to glucose underutilisation, glucagon excess is the principal factor in diabetic glucose overproduction. A recent study reported that streptozotocin-treated glucagon receptor knockout mice have normal glucose tolerance. We investigated the impact of acute disruption of glucagon secretin or action in a mouse model of severe diabetes by three different approaches: (1) alpha cell elimination; (2) glucagon immunoneutralisation; and (3) glucagon receptor antagonism, in order to evaluate the effect of these on glucose tolerance.', 'Severe diabetes was induced in transgenic and wild-type mice by streptozotocin. Glucose metabolism was investigated using OGTT in transgenic mice with the human diphtheria toxin receptor expressed in proglucagon producing cells allowing for diphtheria toxin (DT)-induced alpha cell ablation and in mice treated with either a specific high affinity glucagon antibody or a specific glucagon receptor antagonist.', 'Near-total alpha cell elimination was induced in transgenic mice upon DT administration and resulted in a massive decrease in pancreatic glucagon content. Oral glucose tolerance in diabetic mice was neither affected by glucagon immunoneutralisation, glucagon receptor antagonism, nor alpha cell removal, but did not deteriorate further compared with mice with intact alpha cell mass.

Output: Does acute disruption of glucagon secretion or action improve glucose tolerance in an insulin-deficient mouse model of diabetes?


Input: Consider Input: We compare the effects of postinjury administration of allopregnanolone, a metabolite of progesterone, to progesterone in an animal model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.', 'Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in age-matched, adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats by using an intraluminal filament and suture method to occlude the right middle cerebral artery. After 120 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion, the occluding filament was withdrawn to allow reperfusion. Laser-Doppler flowmetry was used to monitor cerebral blood flow for the entire 2-hour period of occlusion and for 5 minutes after reperfusion. Animals subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion received injections of allopregnanolone (8 mg/kg, n=6), progesterone (8 mg/kg, n=6) and vehicle (2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, n=7) at 2 hours (intraperitoneally 5 minutes before reperfusion) and 6 hours (subcutaneously) postocclusion. Brains were removed at 72 hours post-middle cerebral artery occlusion, sectioned into coronal slices, and stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). In a blinded analysis, infarct volume was calculated by using computer-aided morphometry to measure brain areas not stained with TTC.', 'After progesterone or allopregnanolone treatment, stained sections revealed a significant reduction in cortical, caudate-putamen, and hemispheric infarct volumes (percentage of contralateral structure) compared with vehicle-injected controls. Cortical infarction (percentage of contralateral cortex) was 37.47%+/-10.57% (vehicle), 25.49%+/-7.38% (progesterone; P<.05 from vehicle), and 11.40%+/-7.09% (allopregnanolone; P<.05 from vehicle; P<.05 from progesterone). Caudate-putamen infarction (percentage of contralateral caudate-putamen) was 78.02%+/-22.81% (vehicle), 48.41%+/-22.44% (progesterone; P<.05 from vehicle), and 50.44%+/-10.90% (allopregnanolone; P<.05 from vehicle). Total hemispheric infarction (percentage of contralateral hemisphere) was 24.37%+/-6.69% (vehicle), 15.95%+/-3.59% (progesterone; P<.05 from vehicle), and 11.54%+/-3.71% (allopregnanolone; P<.05 from vehicle). No significant differences in cerebral blood flow between groups and time points during ischemia and early reperfusion were observed, suggesting that the relative ischemic insult was equivalent among all groups.

Output: Is allopregnanolone , a progesterone metabolite , more effective than progesterone in reducing cortical infarct volume after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion?


Input: Consider Input: The hypothesis that intrapericardial (ip.) ibutilide administration would terminate pacing-induced sustained atrial fibrillation (AF) and ibutilide distribution were tested.', 'Sustained (> or =24 hours) AF was induced by 59 +/- 20 day rapid atrial pacing in 19 dogs. After sustained AF was present, the atrial pacemaker was turned off and 9 open chest dogs received 0.015 mg/kg ibutilide (37 degrees C) in 30 ml saline into the pericardial sac. Ten control dogs received 30 ml saline (37 degrees C) ip. QT intervals, right ventricular monophasic action potential duration at 90% of repolarization (RV-MAPD(90)), AF mean cycle length (AFCL(m)), systolic- and diastolic intraarterial blood pressures, intrapericardial-, right atrial- and ventricular pressures, cardiac output and ibutilide concentrations were measured. If AF persisted after the 1st drug infusion, dual site rapid atrial pacing (DRAP) simultaneously from the high right atrium and coronary sinus was performed to terminate AF. If it was ineffective, a 2nd ip. drug infusion in the same fashion as the 1st one, was attempted. There was no significant difference in AF termination [5/9 (56%) in ibutilide treated and 3/10 (30%) in control dogs] between the two groups. DRAP never terminated AF. The AF duration did not differ between the two groups. Compared with control, ibutilide treatment prolonged significantly AFCL(m) (p < 0.001) and non-significantly QT, RV-MAPD(90). No significant difference was found in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiac output between the two groups. The two orders of magnitude greater ibutilide concentration in the pericardial fluid than that in the femoral vein decreased rapidly over time, drug concentration was greatest in the atria, smaller in the ventricular myocardium, with a trend decreasing from the epi- to endocardium.


Output: Does intrapericardial ibutilide administration fail to terminate pacing-induced sustained atrial fibrillation in dogs?