Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Spinal anesthesia can be challenging in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty because of poorly palpable surface landmarks and age-related changes in the lumbar spine. We hypothesized that pre-procedural ultrasound imaging would be effective in identifying the lumbar intervertebral spaces and would provide an accurate measure of the depth to the intrathecal space.', "Fifty patients undergoing elective total joint arthroplasty were recruited in this prospective descriptive study. Using a curved-array 2-5 MHz transducer, the lumbar spine was imaged in two views, i.e., longitudinal parasagittal (LP) and transverse midline (TM). The intervertebral levels were identified by counting upwards from the sacrum. The locations of the interlaminar spaces were identified by visualizing the ligamentum flavum-dura mater complex and the posterior aspect of the vertebral body. The needle insertion point for a midline approach was determined from the ultrasound examination and was marked on the skin of the patient's back.", 'The mean patient age was 67 +/- 10 yr, and 46% of the patients had a body mass index >30 kg . m(-2). Surface landmarks were difficult or impossible to palpate in 38% of the patients. The scan quality on the LP and TM views was adequate or better in 100 and 98% of the patients, respectively. Dural puncture was achieved with one needle insertion attempt and within two needle insertion attempts in 84% and 98% of the patients, respectively. The ultrasound-measured depth to the intrathecal space correlated well with the actual needle insertion depth (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.82, accuracy 0.95, precision 0.86), with a tendency to overestimate the depth by just 2.1 +/- 5.4 mm.
Answer: Ultrasound imaging of the lumbar spine provides clinically useful information that can facilitate spinal anesthesia in the older orthopedic patient population.

Output: Does an ultrasound-assisted approach facilitate spinal anesthesia for total joint arthroplasty?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Individuals with Williams syndrome, a neurogenetic condition caused by deletion of a set of genes at chromosomal location 7q11.23, exhibit a remarkable suite of traits including hypersociality with high, nonselective friendliness and low social anxiety, expressive language relatively well-developed but under-developed social-communication skills overall, and reduced visual-spatial abilities. Deletions and duplications of the Williams-syndrome region have also been associated with autism, and with schizophrenia, two disorders centrally involving social cognition. Several lines of evidence have linked the gene GTF2I (General Transcription Factor IIi) with the social phenotypes of Williams syndrome, but a role for this gene in sociality within healthy populations has yet to be investigated.', 'We genotyped a large set of healthy individuals for two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the GTF2I gene that have recently been significantly associated with autism, and thus apparently exhibit functional effects on autism-related social phenotypes. GTF2I genotypes for these SNPs showed highly significant association with low social anxiety combined with reduced social-communication abilities, which represents a metric of the Williams-syndrome cognitive profile as described from previous studies.
Answer: These findings implicate the GTF2I gene in the neurogenetic basis of social communication and social anxiety, both in Williams syndrome and among individuals in healthy populations.

Output: Are cognitive-behavioral phenotypes of Williams syndrome associated with genetic variation in the GTF2I gene , in a healthy population?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) MAP3K1 rs889312 is a genetic susceptibility marker significantly associated with a risk of hormone-related tumors such as breast cancer. Considering steroid hormone-mediated signaling pathways have an important role in the progression of gastric cancer, we hypothesized that MAP3K1 rs889312 may be associated with survival outcomes in gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis.', 'We genotyped MAP3K1 rs889312 using TaqMan in 884 gastric cancer patients who received subtotal or total gastrectomy. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression were used to analyze the association between MAP3K1 rs889312 genotypes and survival outcomes of gastric cancer.', 'Our findings reveal that the rs889312 heterozygous AC genotype was significantly associated with an increased rate of mortality among patients with diffuse-type gastric cancer (log-rank P\u200a=\u200a0.028 for AC versus AA/CC, hazard ratio [HR]\u200a=\u200a1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u200a=\u200a1.03-1.69), compared to those carrying the homozygous variant genotypes (AA/CC). Additionally, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrate that rs889312 polymorphism was an independent risk factor for poor survival in these patients.
Answer: In conclusion, we demonstrate that MAP3K1 rs889312 is closely correlated with outcome among diffuse-type gastric cancer. This raises the possibility for rs889312 polymorphisms to be used as an independent indicator for predicting the prognosis of diffuse-type gastric cancer within the Chinese population.


Output: Does a MAP3k1 SNP predict survival of gastric cancer in a Chinese population?