In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing, pruritic, eczematous skin disorder accompanying allergic inflammation. AD is triggered by oxidative stress and immune imbalance. The effect of oral arjunolic acid (AA) on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis in mice was investigated.', 'Repeated epicutaneous application of DNCB to the ear and shaved dorsal skin of mice was performed to induce AD-like symptoms and skin lesions: 250mg/kg AA was given orally for three weeks to assess its anti-pruritic effects. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, immunoglobulin (Ig)E and caspase-3 were assessed by ELISA.', 'We found that AA alleviated DNCB-induced AD-like symptoms as quantified by skin lesions, dermatitis score, ear thickness and scratching behavior. Levels of reactive oxygen species in the AA group were significantly inhibited compared with those in the DNCB group. In parallel, AA blocked a DNCB-induced reduction in serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10 associated with an attenuation of DNCB-induced increases in serum TNF-α, IL-6, IgE and caspase-3.\Question: Does arjunolic acid protect against DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice by restoring a normal cytokine balance?

Ex Output:
The results indicate that AA suppresses DNCB-induced AD in mice via redox balance and immune modulation, and could be a safe clinical treatment for AD.


Ex Input:
Context: Both obesity and type 2 diabetes are among the risk factors for breast cancer development. Combined effect of these metabolic abnormalities on breast cancer risk however, has not been examined in premenopausal women. We tested this association in type 2 diabetic women, categorized as obese, overweight and normal body weight groups based on BMI.', 'A total of 101 subjects were included in this study. Serum levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, C reactive protein, leptin, TGF-alpha, adiponectin and insulin were measured by ELISA. Data were logarithmically transformed for variables not normally distributed. Analysis of variance with post-hoc Bonferroni was applied to compare the data between the groups. Simple and partial correlation coefficients between the variables were determined and a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the relationships between the variables of interest.', 'Significantly increased levels of IL-6, C reactive protein, leptin and significantly decreased levels of adiponectin were found in obese group, while the levels of TNF-alpha and TGF-alpha were unaltered. A positive correlation between waist circumference and IL-6 was found in obese group. Similarly, C reactive protein, waist and hip circumferences were linearly correlated with BMI in obese group. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed several significant predictors for breast cancer risk.\Question: Do combined effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes contribute to increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women?

Ex Output:
Obesity and type 2 diabetes, owing to their effects on adipocytokines and inflammatory mediators, contribute to increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. This study emphasizes healthy life style and better management of these metabolic disorders to avoid the pathogenesis of breast cancer and of other chronic diseases.


Ex Input:
Context: We investigated interindividual differences in the shape, slope and setpoint of the pituitary-thyroid axis (PTA) in normal persons. Based on these physiological data we propose a novel bivariate concept for the interpretation of thyroid function tests which is less biased by interindividual differences in the PTA than the currently used univariate approach.', 'In two separate trials (A and B), healthy volunteers were given small, increasing doses of T3 (7.5-45 micrograms/day orally) over 5 days. The regulation characteristics of the individual PTAs and the effects of age and gender were assessed by general linear regression models. In addition, serum samples were collected from normal persons to establish the proposed bivariate approach for the interpretation of thyroid function tests.', 'The regulatory characteristics of the PTA were determined in a total of 21 normal volunteers (eight females, 13 males; age 24-49 years). Single blood samples were collected from 257 normal volunteers. The participants had no history of pituitary or thyroid disease.', 'Free and total thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations were determined in the serum. All samples from one person were analysed in the same assay in duplicate.', 'A log-linear relationship between T3 and TSH was found to describe best the individual PTA (multiple r = 0.96). However, significant differences in the setpoint (P < 0.001) and to a lesser degree in the slope (P < or = 0.05) of the PTA were detected; this variability was not dependent on age or gender. Since these findings invalidate the assumptions on which the current univariate interpretation of thyroid function tests is based, we propose a novel model for the evaluation of thyroid function tests derived from the experimentally determined shape and average slope of the PTA.\Question: Do interindividual differences in the pituitary-thyroid axis influence the interpretation of thyroid function tests?

Ex Output:

The presence of significant age and gender-independent interindividual variations in the setpoint of the pituitary-thyroid axis raises conceptual problems with the current approach for interpreting thyroid function tests. An easy to use graphical bivariate representation of the normal ranges for thyroid function tests is presented and exemplified by the thyroid hormone and TSH measurements in a large reference population. This concept should improve the diagnostic accuracy in the borderline-normal, and particularly subclinical hypothyroid region of these hormone measurements.