Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Pathological evidence supports a potential role of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine network in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, associated studies suggest a possible involvement of cytokine-related genes in IBD susceptibility. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL10) gene on ulcerative colitis (UC).', 'Two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (-1082 G/A, -819 T/C) in the IL10 promoter in 203 Italian sporadic UC patients and 391 controls were determined using high-resolution melting analysis.', 'The frequency of the -1082A allele was significantly higher in the UC patients than in controls (p=0.00003); -1082 genotype frequencies were also significantly different between UC patients and controls (p=0.0001). Allele and genotype frequencies of -819 T/C were not significantly associated with UC. Furthermore, the frequencies of haplotypes -1082A/-819C and -1082A/-819T, which have been reported to have a lower promoter activity, were significantly higher in UC patients than in controls (p=0.0004). After gender stratification, we found a significant difference in the -1082A allele (p=0.00004) and genotype (p=0.0002) frequencies only between female UC patients and controls; the same result was obtained for the -1082A/-819C and -1082A/-819T haplotypes (p=0.0006).
[EX A]: Do interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms influence susceptibility to ulcerative colitis in a gender-specific manner?

[EX Q]: Despite the clinical efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin (RHE) on chemotherapy-induced anemia, most cost-effectiveness studies have given unfavorable results.', 'To determine the cost of managing anemia in unselected patients receiving chemotherapy for lung cancer, and the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of RHE.', 'We constructed Markov models of two cohorts of patients who received (n=94) or did not receive (n=89) darbepoetin (one weekly injection when the hemoglobin level fell below 11 g/dl), focusing on changes in hemoglobin levels, transfusion requirements, anemia management costs, and the cost-effectiveness ratios of the two management strategies.', 'The use of RHE significantly reduced the proportion of patients needing transfusions (from 33.6% to 19.1%, p<0.05) and the number of red cell units used by transfusion (from 2.97+/-1.47 to 2.11+/-0.47, p<0.01). Markov modeling showed that the RHE strategy significantly increased the mean Hb level (13+/-0.5 g/dl versus 11.9+/-1g/dl, p<0.001), at the price of an increase in the main cost (respectively, US$ 1732+/-897 and 996+/-643; p<0.01). The cost-effectiveness ratio favored the RHE strategy (7.02 versus 9.04). Sensitivity analysis showed that the RHE strategy remained dominant in most situations.
[EX A]: Is routine once-weekly darbepoetin alfa administration cost-effective in lung cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia : a Markov analysis?

[EX Q]: Class III antiarrhythmic agents exhibit reverse rate-dependent lengthening of the action potential duration (APD). In spite of the several theories developed so far to explain this reverse rate dependency (RRD), its mechanism has not yet been clarified. The aim of the present work was to further elucidate the mechanisms responsible for reverse rate-dependent drug effects.', 'Action potentials were recorded from multicellular canine ventricular preparations and isolated cardiomyocytes, at cycle lengths (CLs) varying from 0.3 to 5 s, using conventional sharp microelectrodes. APD was either modified by applying inward and outward current pulses, or by superfusion of agents known to lengthen and shorten APD. Net membrane current (I(m)) was calculated from action potential waveforms. The hypothesis that RRD may be implicit in the relationship between I(m) and APD was tested by numerical modelling. Both drug-induced lengthening (by veratrine, BAY-K 8644, dofetilide, and BaCl(2)) and shortening (by lidocaine and nicorandil) of action potentials displayed RRD, i.e. changes in APD were greater at longer than at shorter CL. A similar dependency of effect on CL was found when repolarization was modified by injection of inward or outward current pulses. I(m) measured at various points during repolarization was inversely proportional to APD and to CL. Model simulations showed that RRD is expected as a consequence of the non-linearity of the relationship between I(m) and APD.
[EX A]:
Is reverse rate dependency an intrinsic property of canine cardiac preparations?