In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

[Q]: Four Massachusetts-type (Mass-type) strains of infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV) were compared genetically with the pathogenic M41 and H120 vaccine strains using the complete genomic sequences. The results revealed that strains ck/CH/LNM/091017 and ck/CH/LDL/101212 were closely related to the H120 vaccine, which suggests that they might represent re-isolations of vaccine strains or variants of vaccine strains that have resulted from the accumulated point mutations after several passages in chickens. In contrast, strains ck/CH/LHLJ/07VII and ck/CH/LHLJ/100902 had a close genetic relationship with the pathogenic M41 strain. In addition, molecular markers have been identified that distinguish between field and vaccine (or vaccine-like) Mass-type viruses, which may be able to differentiate between field and vaccine strains for diagnostic purposes. Phylogenetic analysis, and pairwise comparison of full-length genomes and the nine genes, identified the occurrence of recombination events in the genome of strain CK/VH/LHLJ/07VII, which suggests that this virus originated from recombination events between M41-and H120-like strains at the switch site located at the 3 0 end of the nucleocapsid (N) genes. To our knowledge, this is the first time that evidence for the evolution and natural recombination under field conditions between Mass-type pathogenic and vaccinal IBV strains has been documented. These findings provide insights into the emergence and evolution of the Mass-type IB coronaviruses and may help to explain the emergence of Mass-type IBV in chicken flocks all over the world.
[A]: Comparative analysis of four Massachusetts type infectious bronchitis coronavirus genomes reveals a novel Massachusetts type strain and evidence of natural recombination in the genome


[Q]: Zika virus is an emergent pathogen that gained significant importance during the epidemic in South and Central America as unusual and alarming complications of infection were recognized. Although initially considered a self-limited benign infection, a panoply of neurologic complications were recognized including a Guillain-Barré-like syndrome and in-utero fetal infection causing microcephaly, blindness, and other congenital neurologic complications. Numerous Zika virus vaccines were developed, with nine different vaccines representing five different platforms entered into clinical trials, one progressing to Phase II. Here we review the current landscape and challenges confronting Zika virus vaccine development.
[A]: Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Zika Vaccine Development-Current Progress and Challenges for the Future


[Q]: The antigenic and biological properties of 6 strains of bovine coronavirus (BCV) derived from neonatal calf diarrhea (CD) and 8 strains of BCV from winter dysentery (WD) of adult cattle, propagated in HRT-18 cells, were compared to determine ifCD and WD strains belong to distinct serotypes or subtypes of BCV. All strains hemagglutinated both mouse and chicken erythrocytes at 4 °C, but the ratios of hemagglutination titers with mouse erythrocytes compared to chicken erythrocytes showed diversity for both CD and WD strains. Some CD and WD strains did not hemagglutinate chicken erythrocytes at 37 °C and showed receptordestroying enzyme activity against chicken erythrocytes. Hyperimmune antisera were produced in guinea pigs against 3 and 7 strains of BCV from CD and WD, respectively. No significant differences in antibody titers against these strains were observed by indirect immunofluorescence tests. However, in virus neutralization tests, antisera to 1 CD and 2 WD strains had 16-fold or lower antibody titers against 3 WD and 1 CD strains than against the homologous strains, and this variation reflected low antigenic relatedness values (R= 13-25%), suggesting the presence of different subtypes among BCV. In hemagglutination inhibition tests, some one-way antigenic variations among strains were also observed. These results suggest that some antigenic and biological diversity exists among BCV strains, but these variations were unrelated to the clinical source of the strains; i.e. CD or WD. Bovine coronavirus (BCV) is a primary cause of neonatal calf diarrhea (CD) worldwide [4, 13] . Bovine coronavirus is also associated with acute diarrhea in adult cattle during the winter season referred to as winter dysentery (WD) [4, 17, 18, 24, 26] . Besides infecting the small and large intestines of calves, BCV also possesses a tissue tropism for the upper respiratory tract [15] . H. Tsunemitsu and L. J. Saif Bovine coronavirus has four major structural proteins: the nucleocapsid protein (N), the transmembrane protein (M), the spike protein (S) and the hemagglutininesterase protein (HE) [21] . The S and HE proteins form fringes of longer and shorter surface projections, respectively [4] . Both proteins can cause hemagglutination (HA) and contain neutralizing epitopes [7, 20] . The HE protein also possesses receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) which inactivates cellular receptors for BCV by hydrolyzing an ester bond to release acetate from C-9 of sialic acid [4, 27] . Because the primary isolation of BCV remains difficult, there have been only a few investigations on antigenic comparisons of BCV strains [6, 8, 11, 14] . Specifically, whether antigenic or biological differences exist between strains derived from CD and WD remains obscure [2] . The purpose of this study was to isolate BCV strains from feces derived from CD and WD in human rectal tumor (HRT-18) cells and to compare the antigenic and biological properties of these strains. and was propagated 8 times in HRT-18 cells. Six WD isolates of BCV designated as the TS, CN, BE, BM, AW and BW strains, were isolated from fecal samples of gnotobiotic calves which had been inoculated with fecal filtrates from affected adult dairy cows from 6 herds in the U.S.A. including Ohio (3 herds) and Wisconsin (3 herds), which were experiencing typical outbreaks of WD during the winters of 1987 to 1993. Three CD isolates of BCV designated as the DB2, OHC and SDC strains, were isolated from fecal samples of neonatal calves with acute diarrhea from 3 herds in the U.S.A. including Ohio (2 herds) and South Dakota (1 herd). A fourth CD isolate (JAZ) was isolated from a neonatal calf with acute diarrhea in Hokkaido, Japan. Virus isolation on HRT-18 cells was done as previously described [2, 25] except that 10 gg/ml of pancreatin (Gibco Laboratories, Grand Island, N.Y.) was added to the maintenance medium. Confirmation of the isolates as BCV was done by using immune electron microscopy [ 16] and immunofluorescence (IF) [2] with hyperimmune antiserum prepared against the Mebus strain ofCD BCV. The isolated viruses, which were passaged a total of 5 to 10 times in HRT-18 cells were plaque-purified at least once before use. Hyperimmune antisera were prepared in guinea pigs against 3 CD strains (Mebus, DB2, 216XF) and 7 WD strains (SD, BM, CN, AW, DBA, TS, BE) of BCV that had been propagated in HRT-18 cells for 6 to 11 passages and then purified on sucrose gradients [5] . These antisera were used for serological tests. Hemagglutination (HA) tests were conducted by the microtiter method [19] . Bovine coronavirus strains were purified from infected-cell culture supernatants,
[A]:
Antigenic and biological comparisons of bovine coronaviruses derived from neonatal calf diarrhea and winter dysentery of adult cattle Brief Report