Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: We aimed at analyzing the frequency, clinical characteristics, and trends associated with the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the onset of type 1 diabetes on the basis of long-term follow-up data.', 'A total of 106 pediatric diabetes centers in Germany and Austria participated in this study. Data from 14,664 patients with type 1 diabetes collected between 1995 and 2007 were suitable for evaluation. DKA was defined and classified according to the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes consensus guidelines.', 'DKA was observed in 21.1% of patients. The frequency of DKA, including the severe form, remained unchanged throughout the 13-year observation period. The frequency of DKA was particularly striking among children <5 years of age (26.5%).

Answer: 1


Question: To determine the association of ethanol intoxication with hypoglycemia in ED patients.', 'Retrospective, laboratory log review of 953 consecutive patients who were evaluated for ethanol intoxication in an urban university hospital ED over a three-month period. Simultaneous serum glucose determination was carried out for each patient and associations between ethanol level and glucose were sought.', 'Glucose concentrations were unavailable for 16 patients (1.7%). Of the remaining patients, 584 patients had detectable ethanol concentrations (ethanol-positive), and 353 had no detectable ethanol (ethanol-negative). Ethanol concentrations (mean +/- SD) in the ethanol-positive group were 50.11 +/- 24.08 mmol/L (231 +/- 111 mg/dL), and glucose concentrations were 5.83 +/- 1.94 mmol/L (105 +/- 35 mg/dL). Hypoglycemia [glucose < 3.72 mmol/L (67 mg/dL)] was observed for five (0.9%) ethanol-positive patients. It was classified as mild-moderate [2.78-3.66 mmol/L (50-66 mg/dL)] for four patients (0.7%) and severe [< 2.78 mmol/L (50 mg/dL)] for one (0.2%). Ethanol concentrations ranged from 25.60 to 68.33 mmol/L (118 to 315 mg/dL). There was no correlation between ethanol and glucose concentrations in any subset of the ethanol-positive patients population. In the ethanol-positive group, patients who had several ethanol-positive visits (56 patients, mean 3.6 visits/patient) accounted for four of the five episodes of hypoglycemia, including the one episode of severe hypoglycemia. The frequency of hypoglycemia in repeat visitors (2.0%) was higher than that in the group of patients without repeat visits (0.2%). In the ethanol-negative group, there were four (1.1%) episodes of mild-moderate hypoglycemia and no severely hypoglycemic patients. Hypoglycemia was not more likely to occur among ethanol-positive patients than it was among ethanol-negative patients.

Answer: 1


Question: Elevated circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 and fibrinogen (FG) have been repeatedly associated with many adverse outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To date, it remains unclear whether and to what extent systemic inflammation is primary or secondary in the pathogenesis of COPD. The aim of this study was to examine the association between haplotypes of CRP, IL6 and FGB genes, systemic inflammation, COPD risk and COPD-related phenotypes (respiratory impairment, exercise capacity and body composition).', 'Eighteen SNPs in three genes, representing optimal haplotype-tagging sets, were genotyped in 355 COPD patients and 195 healthy smokers. Plasma levels of CRP, IL-6 and FG were measured in the total study group. Differences in haplotype distributions were tested using the global and haplotype-specific statistics.', 'Raised plasma levels of CRP, IL-6 and fibrinogen were demonstrated in COPD patients. However, COPD population was very heterogeneous: about 40% of patients had no evidence of systemic inflammation (CRP < 3 mg/uL or no inflammatory markers in their top quartile). Global test for haplotype effect indicated association of CRP gene and CRP plasma levels (P = 0.0004) and IL6 gene and COPD (P = 0.003). Subsequent analysis has shown that IL6 haplotype H2, associated with an increased COPD risk (p = 0.004, OR = 4.82; 1.64 to 4.18), was also associated with very low CRP levels (p = 0.0005). None of the genes were associated with COPD-related phenotypes.

Answer:
0