In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.

Ex Input:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Reservist Opportunities and 
Protection of Education Act of 2003''.

SEC. 2. REFUNDS AND LEAVE OF ABSENCE FOR MILITARY SERVICE.

    (a) Leave of Absence for Military Service.--Part G of title IV of 
the Higher Education Act of 1965 is amended by inserting after section 
484B (20 U.S.C. 1094) the following new section:

``SEC. 484C. REFUNDS AND LEAVE OF ABSENCE FOR MILITARY SERVICE.

    ``(a) Leave of Absence Required.--Whenever a student who is an 
affected individual is unable to complete a period of instruction or to 
receive academic credit because he or she was called up for active duty 
or active service, the institution of higher education in which the 
student is enrolled shall--
            ``(1) grant the student a military leave of absence from 
        the institution while such student is serving on active duty or 
        active service, and for one year after the conclusion of such 
        duty or service, in accordance with subsection (b); and
            ``(2) provide the student with a refund or credit in 
        accordance with subsection (c).
    ``(b) Consequences of Military Leave of Absence.--A student who is 
an affected individual and who is on a military leave of absence from 
an institution of higher education shall be entitled, upon release from 
serving on active duty or active service, to be restored to the 
educational status such student had attained prior to being ordered to 
such duty without loss of academic credits earned, scholarships or 
grants awarded by the institution, or, subject to subsection (c), 
tuition and other fees paid prior to the commencement of the active 
duty or active service.
    ``(c) Refunds.--An institution of higher education shall refund 
tuition or fees paid prior to the commencement of the active duty or 
active service of an affected individual. If a student taking a 
military leave of absence for active duty or active service requests a 
refund during a period of enrollment, the percentage of the tuition and 
fees that shall be refunded shall be equal 100 percent minus the 
percentage of the period of enrollment (for which the tuition and fees 
were paid) that was completed (as determined in accordance with section 
484B(d)) as of the day the student withdrew.
    ``(d) Leave of Absence Not Treated as Withdrawal.--Notwithstanding 
the 180-day limitation in section 484B(a)(2), a student on a military 
leave of absence under this section shall not be treated as having 
withdrawn for purposes of section 484B unless the student fails to 
return at the end of the military leave of absence (as determined under 
subsection (a) of this section).
    ``(e) Definitions.--As used in this section:
            ``(1) Active duty.--The term `active duty' has the meaning 
        given such term in section 101(d)(1) of title 10, United States 
        Code, except that such term does not include active duty for 
        training or attendance at a service school.
            ``(2) Affected individual.--The term `affected individual' 
        means an individual who--
                    ``(A) is serving on active duty during a war or 
                other military operation or national emergency; or
                    ``(B) is performing qualifying National Guard duty 
                during a war or other military operation or national 
                emergency.
            ``(3) Military operation.--The term `military operation' 
        means a contingency operation as such term is defined in 
        section 101(a)(13) of title 10, United States Code.
            ``(4) National emergency.--The term `national emergency' 
        means a national emergency declared by the President of the 
        United States.
            ``(5) Serving on active duty.--The term `serving on active 
        duty during a war or other military operation or national 
        emergency' means service by an individual who is--
                    ``(A) a Reserve of an Armed Force ordered to active 
                duty under section 12301(a), 12301(g), 12302, 12304, or 
                12306 of title 10, United States Code, or any retired 
                member of an Armed Force ordered to active duty under 
                section 688 of such title, for service in connection 
                with a war or other military operation or national 
                emergency, regardless of the location at which such 
                active duty service is performed; and
                    ``(B) any other member of an Armed Force on active 
                duty in connection with such war, operation, or 
                emergency or subsequent actions or conditions who has 
                been assigned to a duty station at a location other 
                than the location at which such member is normally 
                assigned.
            ``(6) Qualifying national guard duty.--The term `qualifying 
        National Guard duty during a war or other military operation or 
        national emergency' means service as a member of the National 
        Guard on full-time National Guard duty (as defined in section 
        101(d)(5) of title 10, United States Code) under a call to 
        active service authorized by the President or the Secretary of 
        Defense for a period of more than 30 consecutive days under 
        section 502(f) of title 32, United States Code, in connection 
        with a war, another military operation, or a national emergency 
        declared by the President and supported by Federal funds.''.
    (b) Obligation as Part of Program Participation Requirements.--
Section 487(a)(22) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 
1094(a)(22)) is amended by inserting ``and with the policy on leave of 
absence for military service established pursuant to section 484C'' 
after ``section 484B''.

Ex Output:
Amends the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA) to require institutions of higher education that participate in HEA title IV student assistance programs to grant military leaves of absence, and provide refunds of or credits for tuition and fees paid, to individuals who are unable to complete a period of instruction or receive academic credit because they were called to serve on active duty in the Armed Forces, or to perform qualifying National Guard duty, during a war or other military operation or national emergency.Requires the leave of absence to be for the period of active duty or service and for one year after completion of such duty or service. Requires the refund or credit to be prorated to cover the period when the student had to leave. Provides that such leave of absence shall not be treated as a withdrawal for certain student assistance purposes.


Ex Input:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Digital Trade Act of 2013''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS; SENSE OF CONGRESS.

    (a) Findings.--Congress makes the following findings:
            (1) The Internet has become an unprecedented medium for 
        competition, trade, free expression, and access to information.
            (2) The Internet is a driver of the global economy and must 
        remain open, stable, and secure.
            (3) Trade in Internet-enabled services and transfers of 
        data and other digital information have become increasingly 
        critical drivers of the economic growth of the United States. 
        The United States International Trade Commission found in a 
        July 2013 report, entitled ``Digital Trade in the U.S. and 
        Global Economies, Part 1'', that ``U.S. exports of digitally 
        enabled services (one measure of international digital trade) 
        grew from $282.1 billion in 2007 to $356.1 billion in 2011, 
        with exports exceeding imports every year''.
            (4) The United States is the global leader in Internet-
        enabled platforms, networks, and services. Certain liability 
        protections for those entities under the law of the United 
        States, which promote innovation and creativity and allow for 
        cooperative efforts to address harmful activity, have been 
        critical to the growth of the Internet economy in the United 
        States.
            (5) According to McKinsey & Company, more than \3/4\ of the 
        value added by the Internet is in traditional industries.
            (6) Internet-enabled commerce and digital trade benefits 
        small- and medium-size enterprises by providing unparalleled 
        access to global markets.
            (7) Proposals have been put forward by some trading 
        partners of the United States to restrict the flow of lawful 
        information across borders. Those proposals would cause 
        increased government control over the Internet and could create 
        a fragmented Internet.
            (8) Localization barriers to trade are frequently used to 
        protect, favor, or stimulate domestic industries at the expense 
        of industries in other countries. Those localization 
        requirements harm the competitiveness of and end-users in the 
        United States.
            (9) Restrictive policies regarding the flow of information 
        across borders are nontariff barriers that are harmful to 
        innovation and economic advancement. Those policies impede 
        trade in digital products and services and constrain the 
        ability of United States companies from many sectors to 
        effectively operate across borders.
            (10) Cross-border data flows are critical to manufacturers, 
        institutions of higher education, hospitals, retailers, 
        financial services firms, laboratories, and many other 
        organizations that use the Internet to improve their 
        productivity and manage global networks of customers, 
        suppliers, researchers, and employees.
            (11) The free flow of information across borders provides 
        choices and reduces costs to consumers worldwide.
            (12) The position of the United States Government has been 
        and is to advocate for the free flow of information across 
        borders.
    (b) Sense of Congress.--It is the sense of Congress that--
            (1) agencies in the executive branch, including the Office 
        of the United States Trade Representative, should be staffed 
        with experts and leaders to fulfill the mission of promoting an 
        open, global Internet that facilitates commerce and digital 
        trade; and
            (2) private sector stakeholders should have the opportunity 
        to formally inform efforts of agencies in the executive branch 
        related to digital trade.

SEC. 3. NEGOTIATING PRINCIPLES FOR INTERNET-ENABLED COMMERCE AND 
              DIGITAL TRADE.

    It shall be a negotiating principle of the United States in 
negotiations for a bilateral, plurilateral, or multilateral agreement, 
and in multi-stakeholder fora, to seek the inclusion of binding and 
enforceable provisions that promote and enhance Internet-enabled 
commerce and digital trade, including provisions--
            (1) preventing or eliminating barriers to the movement of 
        electronic information across borders, including by encouraging 
        interoperability of data protection regimes and eliminating 
        barriers to accessing, processing, transferring, or storing 
        information;
            (2) ensuring transparency in measures affecting the free 
        flow of information within and across borders;
            (3) continuing the current practice of not imposing customs 
        duties on electronic transmissions;
            (4) prohibiting measures that condition market access or 
        other commercial benefits on localization of data, 
        infrastructure, or investment;
            (5) prohibiting any country from imposing measures that 
        require an entity to use computing infrastructure or services 
        in that country or otherwise require an entity to access, 
        process, transfer, or store data in the territory of that 
        country;
            (6) ensuring that the Internet continues to operate within 
        the successful multi-stakeholder governance model;
            (7) ensuring that provisions affecting intermediary 
        liability for Internet-enabled platforms, networks, and 
        services are consistent with the law of the United States;
            (8) ensuring digital trade policies contemplate various 
        business activities across all industrial sectors and allow for 
        future technological advancement; and
            (9) otherwise eliminating discriminatory treatment of 
        Internet-enabled commerce and digital trade.

Ex Output:
Digital Trade Act of 2013 - Expresses the sense of Congress that: (1) executive branch agencies, including the Office of the United States Trade Representative, should be staffed with experts and leaders to promote an open, global Internet that facilitates commerce and digital trade; and (2) private sector stakeholders should have the opportunity to inform executive agency efforts related to digital trade.  States that it shall be a U.S. negotiating principle in negotiations for a bilateral, plurilateral, or multilateral agreement, and in multi-stakeholder fora, to seek the inclusion of binding provisions that promote and enhance Internet-enabled commerce and digital trade.


Ex Input:
SECTION 1. 5-YEAR BAN ON LOBBYING BY INDIVIDUALS APPOINTED TO EXECUTIVE 
              SCHEDULE POSITIONS AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.

    (a) Individuals Appointed to Executive Schedule Positions.--
            (1) In general.--Section 207(d) of title 18, United States 
        Code, is amended to read as follows:
    ``(d) Restrictions on Very Senior Personnel of the Executive Branch 
and Independent Agencies.--
            ``(1) Vice president.--
                    ``(A) Restrictions.--In addition to the 
                restrictions set forth in subsections (a) and (b), any 
                person who serves in the position of Vice President of 
                the United States and who, within 2 years after the 
                termination of that person's service in that position, 
                knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any 
                communication to or appearance before any person 
                described in subparagraph (B), on behalf of any other 
                person (except the United States), in connection with 
                any matter on which such person seeks official action 
                by any officer or employee of the executive branch of 
                the United States, shall be punished as provided in 
                section 216 of this title.
                    ``(B) Persons who may not be contacted.--A person 
                described in this subparagraph is--
                            ``(i) any officer or employee of any 
                        department or agency in which the Vice 
                        President served within a period of 1 year 
                        before the Vice President's service or 
                        employment with the United States Government 
                        terminated; and
                            ``(ii) any person appointed to a position 
                        in the executive branch which is listed in 
                        section 5312, 5313, 5314, 5315, or 5316 of 
                        title 5.
            ``(2) Five-year restriction on individuals in executive 
        schedule and equivalent positions.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Except as provided in 
                subparagraphs (B) and (C), and in addition to the 
                restrictions set forth in subsections (a) and (b), any 
                individual employed in a position in the executive 
                branch for which the rate of pay is the rate of pay 
                payable for any level of the Executive Schedule under 
                subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 5 who, within 5 
                years after the termination of his or her service or 
                employment in such position, knowingly makes, with the 
                intent to influence, any communication to or appearance 
                before any officer or employee of any department or 
                agency in the executive branch, on behalf of any other 
                person (except the United States), in connection with 
                any matter on which such person seeks official action 
                by any officer or employee of such department or 
                agency, shall be punished as provided in section 216 of 
                this title.
                    ``(B) Special government employees.--Subparagraph 
                (A) shall not apply to a special Government employee 
                who serves less than 60 days in the 1-year period 
                before his or her service or employment as such 
                employee terminates.
                    ``(C) Waiver.--
                            ``(i) Authority.--Except as provided in 
                        clause (ii), at the request of a department or 
                        agency, the Director of the Office of 
                        Government Ethics may waive the restrictions 
                        under subparagraph (A) with respect to a 
                        position, or a category of positions, if the 
                        Director determines that--
                                    ``(I) the imposition of the 
                                restrictions with respect to the 
                                position, or category of positions, 
                                would create an undue hardship on the 
                                department or agency in obtaining 
                                qualified personnel to fill the 
                                position, or category of positions; and
                                    ``(II) granting the waiver would 
                                not create the potential for use of 
                                undue influence or unfair advantage.
                            ``(ii) Excluded positions.--The Director of 
                        the Office of Government Ethics may not waive 
                        the restrictions under subparagraph (A) with 
                        respect to--
                                    ``(I) a position in the executive 
                                branch (including any independent 
                                agency) for which the rate of pay is 
                                the rate of pay payable for level I of 
                                the Executive Schedule; or
                                    ``(II) a position in the Executive 
                                Office of the President for which the 
                                rate of pay is the rate of pay for 
                                level II of the Executive Schedule.''.
            (2) Technical and conforming amendments.--Section 207 of 
        title 18, United States Code, is amended--
                    (A) in subsection (c)(2)--
                            (i) in subparagraph (A)--
                                    (I) by striking clauses (i) and 
                                (iii);
                                    (II) by redesignating clauses (ii), 
                                (iv), and (v) as clauses (i), (ii), and 
                                (iii), respectively; and
                                    (III) in clause (i), as so 
                                redesignated--
                                            (aa) by striking ``which is 
                                        not referred to in clause (i)'' 
                                        the first place it appears and 
                                        inserting ``for which the rate 
                                        of pay is not specified in or 
                                        fixed according to subchapter 
                                        II of chapter 53 of title 5''; 
                                        and
                                            (bb) by striking ``, or, 
                                        for a period of 2 years'' and 
                                        all that follows through the 
                                        end of clause (i) and inserting 
                                        a comma; and
                            (ii) in subparagraph (C), in the matter 
                        preceding clause (i), by striking ``clause (ii) 
                        or (iv)'' and inserting ``clause (i) or (ii)''; 
                        and
                    (B) in subsection (h)(2), by striking the second 
                sentence.
    (b) Members of Congress.--Section 207(e)(1) of title 18, United 
States Code, is amended--
            (1) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``2 years'' and 
        inserting ``5 years''; and
            (2) in subparagraph (B)(i), by striking ``Any person who is 
        a Member of the House of Representatives or an elected officer 
        of the House of Representatives and who, within 1 year after 
        that person leaves office,'' and inserting ``Any person who is 
        a Member of the House of Representatives and who, within 5 
        years after that person leaves office, or any person who is an 
        elected officer of the House of Representatives and who, within 
        1 year after that person leaves office,''.

Ex Output:

This bill amends the federal criminal code to increase to five years the ban on individuals appointed to executive schedule positions (except special government employees who serve less than 60 days in a 1-year period) from engaging in lobbying activities in the executive branch.  The Office of Government Ethics may waive lobbying restrictions for certain executive schedule employees if it determines that the restrictions would create an undue hardship in obtaining qualified personnel for agency positions and granting such waiver would not create the potential for use of undue influence or unfair advantage. The bill increases to five years the ban on lobbying activities by Senators or Members of the House of Representatives.