Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Context: To assess the accuracy of the clinically estimated blood loss (EBL) when compared with the actual blood loss (ABL) in replacement surgeries.', "This prospective study was done in Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre from April 2011 to April 2013. Altogether 140 patients undergoing total hip replacement or total knee replacement were included with the inclusion criteria being patients with haemoglobin higher than 100 g/ml and coagulation profile within normal limits. Exclusion criteria were intake of anti-platelet drug or anti-coagulant, bleeding disorders, thrombotic episode, and haematological disorders. There were 65 men and 75 women. In this study, the consultants were free to use any clinical method to estimate the blood loss, including counting the blood-soaked mops and gauze pieces (estimating the volume of blood carried in all the mops and gauzes), measuring blood lost to suction bottles and blood in and around the operative field. The ABL was calculated based on a modification of the Gross's formula using haematocrit values.", 'In 42 of the 140 cases, the EBL exceeded the ABL. These cases had a negative difference in blood loss (or DIFF-BL<0) and were included in the overestimation group, which accounted for 30% of the study population. Of the remaining 98 cases (70%), the ABL exceeded the EBL. Therefore they were put into the underestimation group who had a positive difference in blood loss (DIFF-BL>0). We found that when the average blood loss was small, the accuracy of estimation was high. But when the average blood loss exceeded 500 ml, the accuracy rate decreased significantly. This suggested that clinical estimation is inaccurate with the increase of blood loss.
Answer: This study has shown that using clinical estimation alone to guide blood transfusion is inadequate. In this study, 70% of patients had their blood loss underestimated, proving that surgeons often underestimate blood loss in replacement surgeries.

Ex Output:
Do surgeons often underestimate the amount of blood loss in replacement surgeries?


Ex Input:
Context: Early inflammatory arthritis is clinically heterogenous and biologically-based indicators are needed to distinguish severe from self-limited disease. Anti-cyclical citrullinated peptides (CCP) have been identified as potential prognostic markers in early arthritis cohorts. Since cytokine networks are known to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other forms of inflammatory arthritis, a panel of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines was measured to identify biologically-based subsets of early arthritis, relating cytokine profiles to clinical measures and to the presence of RA-associated autoantibodies.', 'Plasma concentrations of cytokines [interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, CXCL8 (IL-8), IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-g (IFN-g), CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1), CCL4 (MIP-1beta), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)] were measured in patients with early, untreated inflammatory arthritis [symptom duration < or = 12 months; > or = 1 swollen joint; RA, n = 41; undifferentiated arthritis (UA), n = 23]. Cytokine expression patterns were determined using cluster analysis.', 'Both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines were elevated in patients over controls (n = 21). RA clustered into subgroups based solely on cytokine profiles. The "mild" RA subgroup (n = 23) had higher CCL4 (MIP-1beta), CXCL8 (IL-8), IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, IL-5, and IL-10 levels, lower IL-6, IFN-g, GM-CSF, and IL-4 levels, less CCP positivity (52% vs 82%; p < 0.05), and lower CCP titers [71 (78) vs 153 (94); p < 0.01], but similar erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and joint counts compared to the "severe" RA groups. CCL4 (MIP-1beta), IL-13, IL-12, TNF-a, and IL-4 best distinguished the groups. Combining UA with RA samples preserved cytokine subgroups and strengthened the autoantibody associations. Fewer UA patients in the "mild" cluster (n = 16) were RF-positive (24% vs 100%; p < 0.002) or CCP-positive (24% vs 66%; p < 0.08) compared to the "severe" group.
Answer: Early untreated inflammatory arthritis can be categorized into distinct subgroups based on cytokine profiles. These subgroups are associated with CCP and RF autoantibodies. Integration of cytokine profiles with autoantibody status may assist prognostication and treatment decisions in these patients.

Ex Output:
Is a distinct multicytokine profile associated with anti-cyclical citrullinated peptide antibodies in patients with early untreated inflammatory arthritis?


Ex Input:
Context: To describe the long-term outcomes of cases of neovascular glaucoma drained by Molteno implants.', 'A prospective study of 145 eyes (130 patients) followed up for a mean of 3.3 years (range, 0.02 year [5 days] to 18.1 years) in the province of Otago, New Zealand, from 1979 to 2002.', 'Insertion of a Molteno implant controlled the intraocular pressure at 21 mm Hg or less with a probability (95% confidence interval) of 0.72 (0.64-0.80), 0.60 (0.51-0.69), and 0.40 (0.29-0.50) at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. Failure to control intraocular pressure at 1, 2, and 5 years was significantly correlated with persistent iris neovascularization (P<.001, P<.001, and P = .01, respectively). Visual acuity at final follow-up in nonenucleated eyes was maintained or improved in 56 eyes (39%) and deteriorated to light perception or better in 25 (17%) or no light perception in 47 (32%). Seventeen eyes (12%) were enucleated.
Answer: The insertion of Molteno implants for neovascular glaucoma maintained or improved vision in 39% of eyes, whereas 12% were eventually enucleated (all of which initially had visual acuity <20/1200). The outcome depended mainly on progression of the underlying vascular disease.

Ex Output:

Do long-term results of Molteno implant insertion in cases of neovascular glaucoma?