In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

This element's only oxidation state is -1, and it is impossible to free from its compounds by chemical means. It is prepared commercially be the same method which Henri Moisson used to isolate it in 1886, and is also found in the mineral cryolite. Its only isotope is the stabe 19 version, and in its gaseous form takes on a pale yellow color. The most electronegative and reactive of the elements, FTP, what is this lightest of the halogens with atomic number 9 and symbol F
Science

The final ruler of this dynasty severed his daughter's arm in an attempt to kill his entire family during its final days. In one criminal case, this dynasty saw an expansion of the "Nine Exterminations" to also include the killing of friends as well as family members. The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception was founded in this dynasty's capital by one of its advisors, Matteo Ricci. This dynasty dispatched the treasure ships of the admiral Zheng He and moved the empire's capital from Nanking. It was founded by a former leader of the Red Turban rebellion, the Hongwu Emperor. For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty that made Beijing the capital, succeeded the Mongols, and was itself supplanted by the Manchus in the 1640's.
History

The oxidation of one of these compounds with a Jones reagent yields carboxylic acid, and they are the product of the reaction of a ketone with a Grignard reagent. Esters are formed via a reaction of carboxylic acid and this compound in a process named for Fischer. Consisting of a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom, they are given the formula R-OH. For 10 points, name this class of compounds exemplified by methanol and ethanol, the latter of which is found in hand sanitizer and beer.

Science