Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Transfusion of packed erythrocytes stored for a long duration is associated with increased pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular resistance. Prolonged storage decreases erythrocyte deformability, and older erythrocytes are rapidly removed from the circulation after transfusion. The authors studied whether treating stored packed ovine erythrocytes with NO before transfusion could prevent pulmonary vasoconstriction, enhance erythrocyte deformability, and prolong erythrocyte survival after transfusion.', 'Ovine leukoreduced packed erythrocytes were treated before transfusion with either NO gas or a short-lived NO donor. Sheep were transfused with autologous packed erythrocytes, which were stored at 4°C for either 2 ("fresh blood") or 40 days ("stored blood"). Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic parameters were monitored before, during, and after transfusion. Transfused erythrocytes were labeled with biotin to measure their circulating lifespan. Erythrocyte deformability was assessed before and after NO treatment using a microfluidic device.', 'NO treatment improved the deformability of stored erythrocytes and increased the number of stored erythrocytes circulating at 1 and 24\u2009h after transfusion. NO treatment prevented transfusion-associated pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary arterial pressure at 30\u2009min of 21\u2009±\u20091 vs. 15\u2009±\u20091 mmHg in control and NO-treated packed erythrocytes, P < 0.0001). Washing stored packed erythrocytes before transfusion did not prevent pulmonary hypertension.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Previous research in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency (NT) showed abnormal lymphatic endothelial differentiation characteristics, including increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A expression, and aberrant smooth muscle cells (SMCs) surrounding enlarged jugular lymphatic sacs (JLS). We hypothesized that abnormal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression would result in altered VEGF-A signaling in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS and that aberrant acquisition of SMCs could be caused by downregulation of forkhead transcription factor FOXC2 and upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS.', 'Five trisomy 21 fetuses and four controls were investigated using immunohistochemistry for Shh, VEGF-A, FOXC2 and PDGF-B expression in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS.', 'An increased Shh, VEGF-A and PDGF-B expression, and decreased FOXC2 expression were shown in the lymphatic endothelial cells of the JLS of the trisomic fetuses.

Ex Output:
1


Ex Input:
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 (gp120) is considered as one of the major virulent proteins responsible for the involvement of the cardiovascular system. Autophagy as a form of self maintenance plays important roles in cell survival and death. HIV-1 gp120 is reported to induce autophagy in a variety of cells. However, the effect of gp120 on autophagy in cardiomyocytes has not been reported. This study aimed to test our hypothesis that gp120 could induce autophagy in cardiomyocytes.', 'Rat cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells were treated with gp120 (100 ng/ml) in vitro for 4h, 1 day and 7 days. The autophagy related proteins were analyzed by Western blot and the autophagosomes were analyzed by confocal microscopy.', 'The autophagic proteins and autophagosomes were markedly increased in the H9c2 cells after 4h of gp120 treatment. Furthermore, gp120 induced autophagic proteins and autophagosomes were significantly inhibited by the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor inhibitor MK801, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125, and the class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), while there was no change in the cells pretreated with the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. In addition, no apparent cell death was observed in the cardiomyocytes treated with gp120 for up to 7 days.

Ex Output:

0