In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: The surgical treatment method in which the peritoneal cavity is opened anteriorly and deliberately left open, hence often called "open abdomen" has become the standard of care in damage-control procedures as well as in the management of intra-abdominal hypertension and in severe intra-abdominal sepsis. Whereas open abdomen has been closed in two stages traditionally, a modern trend is to close the fascial layers within the initial hospitalization to avoid complications like enterocutaneous fistula and hernia formation. The aim of this study was to determine crucial factors influencing the possibility of fascial closure after open abdomen.', 'Between 2003 and 2013, 355 adult patients were treated with open abdomen in our institution. Their data were collected and retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups depending on fascial closure or not (fascial closure, n\xa0=\xa0137 (39%) vs. non-fascial closure, n\xa0=\xa0218 (61%)).', 'The patients who reached fascial closure had a significantly higher rate of initially performed open abdomen (97 patients (71%) vs. 118 (54%), p\xa0=\xa00.002) and the periods of time until a second and a third look operation were significantly shorter (2.7\xa0±\xa02.5 vs. 4.2\xa0±\xa06.6 days, p\xa0=\xa00.021 and 5.6\xa0±\xa03.7 vs. 8.5\xa0±\xa08.6 days, p\xa0=\xa00.006). Furthermore, the presence of peritonitis (64 patients (47%) vs. 83 patients (38%), p\xa0=\xa00.023) and large bowel resection (74 patients (54%) vs. 90 patients (41%), p\xa0=\xa00.022) were significantly higher in this group. Rates of in-hospital mortality (97 patients (44%) vs. 38 patients (28%), p\xa0=\xa00.002) and the presence of pancreatitis (19 patients (9%) vs. 3 patients (2%), p\xa0=\xa00.013) were significantly higher in the non-fascial closure group.\Question: Are fascial closure after open abdomen : initial indication and early revisions decisive factors -- a retrospective cohort study?

Answer: The probability to reach fascial closure after open abdomen seems to increase when open abdomen is performed initially and when early second and third look operations are performed. The presence of pancreatitis seems to be the only negative prognostic marker concerning fascial closure.


Question: Context: Although N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has a strong relationship with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), few studies have examined whether NT-proBNP adds to risk prediction algorithms, particularly in women.', 'This study sought to evaluate the relationship between NT-proBNP and incident CVD in women.', "Using a prospective case-cohort within the WHI (Women's Health Initiative) observational study, we selected 1,821 incident cases of CVD (746 myocardial infarctions, 754 ischemic strokes, 160 hemorrhagic strokes, and 161 other cardiovascular [CV] deaths) and a randomly selected reference cohort of 1,992 women without CVD at baseline.", 'Median levels of NT-proBNP were higher at study entry among incident cases (120.3 ng/l [interquartile range (IQR): 68.1 to 219.5 ng/l]) than among control subjects (100.4 ng/l [IQR: 59.7 to 172.6 ng/l]; p\xa0< 0.0001). Women in the highest quartile of NT-proBNP (≥140.8 ng/l) were at 53% increased risk of CVD versus those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for traditional risk factors (1.53 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21 to 1.94]; p for trend\xa0<0.0001). Similar associations were observed after adjustment for Reynolds Risk Score covariables (1.53 [95% CI: 1.20 to 1.95]; p for trend\xa0<0.0001); the association remained in separate analyses of CV death (2.66 [95% CI: 1.48 to 4.81]; p for trend\xa0<0.0001), myocardial infarction (1.39\xa0[95% CI: 1.02 to 1.88]; p for trend\xa0= 0.008), and stroke (1.60 [95% CI: 1.22 to 2.11]; p for trend\xa0<0.0001). When added to traditional risk covariables, NT-proBNP improved the c-statistic (0.765 to 0.774; p\xa0= 0.0003), categorical net reclassification (0.08; p\xa0< 0.0001), and integrated discrimination (0.0105; p\xa0<\xa00.0001). Similar results were observed when NT-proBNP was added to the Reynolds Risk Score.\Question: Do b-type natriuretic peptides improve cardiovascular disease risk prediction in a cohort of women?

Answer: In this multiethnic cohort of women with numerous CV events, NT-proBNP modestly improved measures of CVD risk prediction.


Question: Context: We compared the association between smoking habits and later occurrence of type 2 diabetes on the one hand and between smoking and diabetes with autoimmunity on the other hand.', 'We used data from a prospective study of 11-year cumulative incidence of diabetes in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Survey.', 'Confirming previous reports, heavy smoking (>/=20 cigarettes per day) carried an increased relative risk (RR) of type 2 diabetes (n=738, RR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.12-2.39). In contrast, smoking reduced the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and of traditional type 1 diabetes (LADA n= 81, RR=0.25, 95% CI: 0.11-0.60; type 1 diabetes, n=18, RR=0.17, 95% CI: 0.04-0.73).\Question: Is smoking associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes but a decreased risk of autoimmune diabetes in adults : an 11-year follow-up of incidence of diabetes in the Nord-Trøndelag study?

Answer:
The results indicate that nicotine influences autoimmune processes in human diabetes.