instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
To determine whether the number of words displayed in the word prediction software (WPS) list affects text input speed (TIS) in people with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), and whether any influence is dependent on the level of the lesion.', 'A cross-sectional trial.', 'A rehabilitation center.', 'Persons with cervical SCI (N=45). Lesion level was high (C4 and C5, American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] grade A or B) for 15 participants (high-lesion group) and low (between C6 and C8, ASIA grade A or B) for 30 participants (low-lesion group).', 'TIS was evaluated during four 10-minute copying tasks: (1) without WPS (Without); (2) with a display of 3 predicted words (3Words); (3) with a display of 6 predicted words (6Words); and (4) with a display of 8 predicted words (8Words).', 'During the 4 copying tasks, TIS was measured objectively (characters per minute, number of errors) and subjectively through subject report (fatigue, perception of speed, cognitive load, satisfaction).', 'For participants with low-cervical SCI, TIS without WPS was faster than with WPS, regardless of the number of words displayed (P<.001). For participants with high-cervical SCI, the use of WPS did not influence TIS (P=.99). There was no influence of the number of words displayed in a word prediction list on TIS; however, perception of TIS differed according to lesion level.
answer:
1


question:
Despite evidence supporting the importance of breastfeeding to child health, breastfeeding practices remain suboptimal in Vietnam. There is currently little evidence on the importance of breastfeeding in the prevention of morbidity during infancy in Vietnam. In order to provide country specific data for policy makers to support breastfeeding friendly policies and programs, analysis was undertaken on a cross-sectional dataset to investigate the association between breastfeeding practices and prevalence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) among infants aged 0-5 months.', 'Data on socio-demographic characteristics, infant feeding practices and prevalence of diarrhea and ARI were obtained from 6,068 mother-child dyads in 11 provinces of Vietnam in 2011. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the associations between breastfeeding practices and child illnesses.', 'On average, the prevalence of diarrhea and ARI among infants 0-5 months was 5.3% and 24.5%, respectively. Though half of all infants were breastfed within one hour of birth, 73.3% were given prelacteal foods in the first three days after birth. Only 20.2% of children 0-5 months old were exclusively breastfed, while 32.4% were predominantly breastfed and 47.4% partially breastfed. After adjusting for confounders, early initiation of breastfeeding was associated with lower prevalence of diarrhea [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u2009=\u20090.74 (95% CI 0.58, 0.93)], while prelacteal feeding was associated with higher prevalence [AOR\u2009=\u20091.53 (95% CI 1.15, 2.03)]. Compared to infants who were exclusively breastfed, infants who were predominantly [AOR\u2009=\u20091.52 (95% CI 1.05, 2.21)] or partially breastfed [AOR\u2009=\u20091.55 (95% CI 1.07, 2.24)] were more likely to have diarrhea. Prelacteal feeding [AOR\u2009=\u20091.16 (95% CI 1.01, 1.33)] and partial breastfeeding [AOR relative to exclusive breastfeeding\u2009=\u20091.24 (95% CI 1.03, 1.48)] were associated with higher prevalence of ARI. While the protective effects of exclusive breastfeeding against diarrhea declined with child age, this effect for ARI appears to have remained constant.
answer:
0


question:
To evaluate the mechanism of oxidative stress at glucose levels accompanying diabetic pregnancy. Specifically, we hypothesize that elevated glucose overwhelms hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) down-regulation observed during pregnancy.', 'Peripheral blood cells from normal healthy pregnant women were exposed to heightened glucose levels to provide an in vitro model of the effects of diabetic pregnancy. Changes in NAD(P)H, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production were evaluated in single cells.', 'Altered metabolic dynamics, as judged by NAD(P)H autofluorescence of neutrophils from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, were observed during incubation with 14 mM glucose, a pathophysiologic level. In parallel, increased production of ROS and NO was observed. The ROS and NO levels attained in cells from pregnant women were greater than those observed in cells from non-pregnant women. Inhibitors of the HMS and NAD(P)H oxidase blocked these effects. These metabolic and oxidant changes required approximately one minute, suggesting that transient glucose spikes during pregnancy could trigger this response.
answer:

1