instruction:
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
We developed a lactoferrin conjugate by modifying bovine lactoferrin (bLF) with a 40-kDa branched poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecule (designated 40 k-PEG-bLf), and we evaluated its in vitro activities and pharmacokinetic properties.', 'We prepared 40k-PEG-bLf by amino conjugation with N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated PEG. This conjugate was purified by cation exchange chromatography and its in vitro biological activities, such as iron binding, anti-inflammatory effects, and resistance to proteolytic enzymes were investigated. In vivo pharmacokinetics analyses, were also performed to examine the rate of clearance from the plasma in rats.', 'The 40k-PEG-bLf conjugate was fully active in iron binding and exhibited 97.1 +/- 5.5% (mean +/- S.E., n = 6) of the original anti-inflammatory activity. The in vitro peptic susceptibility of 40 k-PEG-bLf revealed that the proteolytic half-life increased at least 6-fold that of unmodified LF. This PEGylated conjugate demonstrated a plasma half-life that was 8.7-fold longer than that of the unmodified bLF in rats.
answer:
Does lactoferrin conjugated with 40-kDa branched poly ( ethylene glycol ) have an improved circulating half-life?


question:
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in the metabolism of carcinogens and anticancer drugs. Functional polymorphisms exist in at least three genes that code for the GSTs, such as the GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions or the A-G transition within the GSTP1 gene, which represents distinct GSTP1a and GSTP1b alleles. In the present case-control study, we aimed at estimation of the relationship between the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes and the susceptibility to various types of childhood malignancies and the early relapses of diseases.', 'Using the polymerase chain reaction on the DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, we identified the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes in 234 children at the initial stage of a childhood malignancy as well as in 460 age-and sex-matched healthy subjects who served as controls. The follow-up period for the effects of the anticancer therapy ranged from 11 to 43 months.', 'Compared to the controls, a significant increase in the frequency of the GSTP1b/GSTP1b genotype (odds ratio (OR) 5.7; 95% confidence limit (CL) from 2.4 to 13.8; Pearsons Chi-square P = 0.0001) was detected in the children with neoplasms. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes did not show any correlation with the risk of the de novo diagnosed neoplasms. During the observation, 62 children (26%) were found to be present with a local or disseminated recurrence of the diseases. The analysis indicated a trend in increasing risk of relapse for carriers of the GSTP1a allele (OR = 3.29; 95% CL from 0.73 to 14.67 P = 0.03).
answer:
Is polymorphism within the glutathione S-transferase P1 gene associated with increased susceptibility to childhood malignant diseases?


question:
More than 200,000 children each year are treated at emergency departments for injuries occurring on playgrounds. Empirically derived data are needed to elucidate factors associated with playground safety and reduce injury rates.', 'Determine if neighborhood, park and playground characteristics are significantly associated with playground safety.', 'A 24-item report card developed by the National Program for Playground Safety was used to assess playground safety at 41 public parks in a small to midsized, Midwestern city. Trained assessors evaluated the parks and playgrounds in June/July and used a standardized method to count the numbers of users. Data from the 2010 U.S. Census were used to describe the neighborhoods surrounding the parks.', 'The average safety score for all playgrounds was 77.4% which denotes acceptable safety levels. However, 17.1% of the playgrounds were potentially hazardous and in need of corrective measures. Playgrounds were safer in neighborhoods with more youth (< 18 years of age) and educated adults and in parks with better quality features. Playgrounds with fewer amenities were relatively less safe.
answer:

Is playground Safety Associated With Playground , Park , and Neighborhood Characteristics?