In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

[Q]: Context: The aim of this study was the analysis of total, early and late complications following venous access port implantation between 1998 and 2008 at the Department of Surgery of the University of Rostock, Germany. A comparison between different implantation techniques addressing success rate, complication rate and duration of operation was performed. These results were further analysed in regard to the level of training of the participating surgeons.', 'A retrospective analysis of 1423 venous access port implantations between 1998 and 2008 was performed.', "The rate of total complications was 13.8%. Among 4.7% early complications pneumothorax was the most common. The rate of late complications was 9.1%. Most common were infection (4.9%) followed by dysfunction of the catheter (3.5%). 1322 venous access port implantations were performed using puncture of the subclavian vein and Seldinger's technique. 101 operations were performed by direct access through dissection of the cephalic vein and open introduction of the catheter. Operation time in the open group was significantly longer than in the puncture group (46.5\u2009min vs. 38.7\u2009min, p\u2009=\u20090.005). There were significantly more late complications (9.6% vs. 2%, p\u2009=\u20090.01) and total complications (14.5% vs. 4%, p\u2009=\u20090.005) in the puncture group vs. the open access group. Primary success rates of open access vs. puncture were 100% and 96.8%, respectively. The rate of complications was independent of the experience status of the surgeon. However, the rate of total and late complications significantly decreases with number of performed operations.\Question: Is [ Venous Access Port Implantation an Ideal Teaching Operation - An Analysis of 1423 Cases ]?
[A]: Venous port implantation is a relatively simple procedure despite its possible complications. An open access technique is safer than puncture. The rate of complications significantly decreases with increasing number of performed operations. Therefore venous port implantation and especially the open access method is an ideal teaching operation in a structured surgical training programme.


[Q]: Context: Urinary dysfunction (UD) is common after rectal cancer treatment, but the contribution of each treatment component (surgery and radiotherapy) to its development remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate UD during 5 years after total mesorectal excision (TME) and to investigate the influence of preoperative radiotherapy (PRT) and surgical factors.', 'Patients with operable rectal cancer were randomized to TME with or without PRT. Questionnaires concerning UD were completed by 785 patients before and at several time points after surgery. Possible risk factors, including PRT, demographics, tumour location, and type and extent of resection, were investigated by multivariable regression analysis.', 'Long-term incontinence was reported by 38.1 per cent of patients, of whom 72.0 per cent had normal preoperative function. Preoperative incontinence (relative risk (RR) 2.75, P = 0.001) and female sex (RR 2.77, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors. Long-term difficulty in bladder emptying was reported by 30.6 per cent of patients, of whom 65.0 per cent had normal preoperative function. Preoperative difficulty in bladder emptying (RR 2.94, P < 0.001), peroperative blood loss (RR 1.73, P = 0.028) and autonomic nerve damage (RR 2.82, P = 0.024) were independent risk factors. PRT was not associated with UD.\Question: Is urinary dysfunction after rectal cancer treatment mainly caused by surgery?
[A]: UD is a significant clinical problem after rectal cancer treatment and is not related to PRT, but rather to surgical nerve damage.


[Q]: Context: Intracellular pathogens have developed elaborate strategies for silent infection of preferred host cells. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common pathogen in acute infections of the respiratory tract (e.g. pneumonia) and associated with chronic lung sequelae in adults and children. Within the lung, alveolar macrophages and polymorph nuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the first line of defense against bacteria, but also preferred host phagocytes of chlamydiae.', 'We could show that C. pneumoniae easily infect and hide inside neutrophil granulocytes until these cells become apoptotic and are subsequently taken up by macrophages. C. pneumoniae infection of macrophages via apoptotic PMN results in enhanced replicative activity of chlamydiae when compared to direct infection of macrophages, which results in persistence of the pathogen. Inhibition of the apoptotic recognition of C. pneumoniae infected PMN using PS- masking Annexin A5 significantly lowered the transmission of chlamydial infection to macrophages. Transfer of apoptotic C. pneumoniae infected PMN to macrophages resulted in an increased TGF-ss production, whereas direct infection of macrophages with chlamydiae was characterized by an enhanced TNF-alpha response.\Question: Does chlamydia pneumoniae hide inside apoptotic neutrophils to silently infect and propagate in macrophages?
[A]:
Taken together, our data suggest that C. pneumoniae uses neutrophil granulocytes to be silently taken up by long-lived macrophages, which allows for efficient propagation and immune protection within the human host.