In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Context: The surgical treatment method in which the peritoneal cavity is opened anteriorly and deliberately left open, hence often called "open abdomen" has become the standard of care in damage-control procedures as well as in the management of intra-abdominal hypertension and in severe intra-abdominal sepsis. Whereas open abdomen has been closed in two stages traditionally, a modern trend is to close the fascial layers within the initial hospitalization to avoid complications like enterocutaneous fistula and hernia formation. The aim of this study was to determine crucial factors influencing the possibility of fascial closure after open abdomen.', 'Between 2003 and 2013, 355 adult patients were treated with open abdomen in our institution. Their data were collected and retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups depending on fascial closure or not (fascial closure, n\xa0=\xa0137 (39%) vs. non-fascial closure, n\xa0=\xa0218 (61%)).', 'The patients who reached fascial closure had a significantly higher rate of initially performed open abdomen (97 patients (71%) vs. 118 (54%), p\xa0=\xa00.002) and the periods of time until a second and a third look operation were significantly shorter (2.7\xa0±\xa02.5 vs. 4.2\xa0±\xa06.6 days, p\xa0=\xa00.021 and 5.6\xa0±\xa03.7 vs. 8.5\xa0±\xa08.6 days, p\xa0=\xa00.006). Furthermore, the presence of peritonitis (64 patients (47%) vs. 83 patients (38%), p\xa0=\xa00.023) and large bowel resection (74 patients (54%) vs. 90 patients (41%), p\xa0=\xa00.022) were significantly higher in this group. Rates of in-hospital mortality (97 patients (44%) vs. 38 patients (28%), p\xa0=\xa00.002) and the presence of pancreatitis (19 patients (9%) vs. 3 patients (2%), p\xa0=\xa00.013) were significantly higher in the non-fascial closure group.\Question: Are fascial closure after open abdomen : initial indication and early revisions decisive factors -- a retrospective cohort study?
The probability to reach fascial closure after open abdomen seems to increase when open abdomen is performed initially and when early second and third look operations are performed. The presence of pancreatitis seems to be the only negative prognostic marker concerning fascial closure.

Context: To assess, in a retrospective cohort, urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UT-UC) in patients with various stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their clinicopathological features, as patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have a higher incidence of UT-UC, but the relationship between early stages of CKD and characteristics of UT-UC are less well known.', 'The study included 267 patients with pathologically confirmed UT-UC from January 1994 to December 2006; all had a physical examination (blood pressure), and measurements of laboratory data (serum creatinine, serum haemoglobin) and pathological data. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Patients were divided into three groups by individual GFR (mL/min), i.e. >60 (no/mild CKD), 30-60 (CKD stage 3) and <30 (CKD stage 4/5).', 'The CKD stages included 81 (30.3%) patients with none/mild CKD, 121 (45.3%) with CKD stage 3 and 65 (24.3%) with CKD stage 4/5. There was a significant and parallel increase in the frequency of UT-UC as CKD severity increased from none/mild CKD to stage 3 (11% vs 55%), and from CKD stage 3 to 4/5 (55% vs 71%; P < 0.05). Pathologically, the frequency of high-grade and high T stage UT-UC in patients with CKD stage 3 (90% and 35%, respectively) and CKD stage 4/5 (91% and 29%, respectively) were significantly greater than in the group with none/mild CKD (P < 0.001). Advanced age and more distant metastasis were independent risk factors for patient survival.\Question: Does the aggressiveness of urinary tract urothelial carcinoma increase with the severity of chronic kidney disease?
The aggressiveness of UT-UC increased with the severity of CKD, and this might have important clinical consequences.

Context: 7-Ketocholesterol, a major oxysterol in oxidized low-density lipoproteins in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, induces vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) death. We investigated whether cytochrome c release participated in SMC death induced by 7-ketocholesterol and whether the processes were reversible.', 'SMC cultures derived from the rabbit aorta were exposed to 25 microM 7-ketocholesterol. Cytochrome c and Bax were studied by means of immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, apoptosis by the TUNEL technique and mitochondrial structure by transmission electron microscopy.', '7-Ketocholesterol induced rapid upregulation of the proapoptotic protein Bax and its translocation from cytosol into the mitochondria (4 h). This was followed by mitochondrial cytochrome c release (65% at 8 h) into the cytosol, which was almost complete at 16 h. The mitochondria became spherical and ultracondensed, without showing signs of lysis. They clustered around the nucleus and were wrapped by wide cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cytochrome c release was not blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk, in contrast to DNA fragmentation and SMC loss. Interestingly, upon removal of 7-ketocholesterol after 16 h and re-exposure to serum for 24 h, the mitochondrial cytochrome c content, their transmembrane potential and TUNEL labelling normalised and SMC loss decreased. However, none of these cell death markers was rescued when the SMCs had been exposed to the oxysterol for 24 h.\Question: Does 7-Ketocholesterol induce reversible cytochrome c release in smooth muscle cells in absence of mitochondrial swelling?

The results indicate that cytochrome c release during oxysterol-induced SMC apoptosis is not caspase-dependent and occurs as a result of a reversible mitochondrial conformational change rather than swelling and rupture of the outer membrane. The reversibility of these events suggests that the apoptotic cascade could be arrested before a point of no return.