TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
PROBLEM: Background: The development of a protective vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is an alternative approach for interrupting the domestic cycle of Leishmania infantum. Given the importance of sand fly salivary proteins as potent immunogens obligatorily co-deposited during transmission of Leishmania parasites, their inclusion in an anti-Leishmania vaccine has been investigated in the last few decades. In this context, we previously immunized dogs with a vaccine composed of L. braziliensis antigens plus saponin as the adjuvant and sand fly salivary gland extract (LBSapSal vaccine). This vaccine elicited an increase in both anti-saliva and anti-Leishmania IgG isotypes, higher counts of specific circulating CD8 + T cells, and high NO production. Methods: We investigated the immunogenicity and protective effect of LBSapSal vaccination after intradermal challenge with 1 × 10 7 late-log-phase L. infantum promastigotes in the presence of sand fly saliva of Lutzomyia longipalpis. The dogs were followed for up to 885 days after challenge. Results: The LBSapSal vaccine presents extensive antigenic diversity with persistent humoral and cellular immune responses, indicating resistance against CVL is triggered by high levels of total IgG and its subtypes (IgG1 and IgG2); expansion of circulating CD5 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + T lymphocytes and is Leishmania-specific; and reduction of splenic parasite load. Conclusions: These results encourage further study of vaccine strategies addressing Leishmania antigens in combination with proteins present in the saliva of the vector.

SOLUTION: LBSapSal-vaccinated dogs exhibit increased circulating T-lymphocyte subsets (CD4 + and CD8 + ) as well as a reduction of parasitism after challenge with Leishmania infantum plus salivary gland of Lutzomyia longipalpis

PROBLEM: Purpose: To provide recommendations and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital preparations for an influenza pandemic or mass disaster with a specific focus on protection of patients and staff. Methods: Based on a literature review and expert opinion, a Delphi process was used to define the essential topics including protection of patients and staff. Results: Key recommendations include: (1) prepare infection control and occupational health policies for clinical risks relating to potential disease transmission; (2) decrease clinical risks and provide adequate facilities through advanced planning to maximise capacity by increasing essential equipment, drugs, supplies and encouraging staff availability; (3) create robust systems to maintain staff confidence and safety by minimising non-clinical risks and maintaining or escalating essential services; (4) prepare formal reassurance plans for legal protection; (5) provide assistance to staff working outside their normal domains. Conclusions: Judicious planning and adoption of protocols for protection of patients and staff are necessary to optimise outcomes during a pandemic.

SOLUTION: Chapter 6. Protection of patients and staff during a pandemic

PROBLEM: Important advances have been made in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) based on the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific T cells. However, the sensitivity and specificity of the immunological approach are relatively low because there are no specific markers for antigen-specific Th cells, and some of the Th cells that do not produce cytokines can be overlooked using this approach. In this study, we found that MTB-specific peptides of ESAT-6/CFP-10 can stimulate the expression of CD40L specifically in CD4 + T cells but not other cells from pleural fluid cells (PFCs) in patients with tuberculous pleurisy (TBP). CD4 + CD40L + but not CD4 + CD40L 2 T cells express IFN-c, IL-2, TNF-a, IL-17 or IL-22 after stimulation with MTBspecific peptides. In addition, CD4 + CD40L + T cells were found to be mostly polyfunctional T cells that simultaneously produce IFN-c, IL-2 and TNF-a and display an effector or effector memory phenotype (CD45RA 2 CD45RO + CCR7 2 CD62L 2 ICOS 2 ). To determine the specificity of CD4 + CD40L + T cells, we incubated PFCs with ESTA-6/CFP-10 peptides and sorted live CD4 + CD40L + and CD4 + CD40L 2 T cells by flow cytometry. We further demonstrated that sorted CD4 + CD40L + , but not CD4 + CD40L 2 fractions, principally produced IFN-c, IL-2, TNF-a, IL-17 and IL-22 following restimulation with ESTA-6/CFP-10 peptides. Taken together, our data indicate that the expression of CD40L on MTB-specific CD4 + T cells could be a good marker for the evaluation and isolation of MTB-specific Th cells and might also be useful in the diagnosis of TB.

SOLUTION:
): e20165. 2008ZX10003011), the National Nature Science Foundation of China (no. 30872300), university basic scientific research expense, the Youth Development Project (no. 09YKPY76), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (no. 20090460804) and the National Key Basic