In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Context: To assist in the development of preventive strategies, we studied whether the neighbourhood environment or modifiable behavioural parameters, including cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA), are independently associated with obesity and metabolic risk markers in children.', 'We carried out a cross-sectional analysis of 502 randomly selected first and fifth grade urban and rural Swiss schoolchildren with regard to CRF, PA and the neighbourhood (rural vs urban) environment. Outcome measures included BMI, sum of four skinfold thicknesses, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and a standardised clustered metabolic risk score.', 'CRF and PA (especially total PA, but also the time spent engaged in light and in moderate and vigorous intensity PA) were inversely associated with measures of obesity, HOMA-IR and the metabolic risk score, independently of each other, and of sociodemographic and nutritional parameters, media use, sleep duration, BMI and the neighbourhood environment (all p < 0.05). Children living in a rural environment were more physically active and had higher CRF values and reduced HOMA-IR and metabolic risk scores compared with children living in an urban environment (all p < 0.05). These differences in cardiovascular risk factors persisted after adjustment for CRF, total PA and BMI.\Question: Are reduced cardiorespiratory fitness , low physical activity and an urban environment independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children?
Reduced CRF, low PA and an urban environment are independently associated with an increase in metabolic risk markers in children.

Context: Cognitive impairment is a common feature of late-life bipolar disorder (BD). Yet, there is limited information on the biological mechanisms associated with this process. It is uncertain whether cognitively impaired patients with BD may present the Alzheimer's disease (AD) bio-signature in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), defined as a combination of low concentrations of the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ1-42 ) and high concentrations of total tau (T-tau) and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau). In this study, we sought to determine whether cognitive impairment in elderly patients with BD is associated with the AD CSF bio-signature.", 'Seventy-two participants were enrolled in the study. The test group comprised older adults with BD and mild cognitive impairment (BD-MCI; n\xa0=\xa016) and the comparison groups comprised patients with dementia due to AD (n\xa0=\xa017), patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI; n\xa0=\xa014), and cognitively healthy older adults (control group; n\xa0=\xa025). CSF samples were obtained by lumbar puncture and concentrations of Aβ1-42 , T-tau and P-tau were determined.', 'CSF concentrations of all biomarkers were significantly different in the AD group compared to all other groups, but did not differentiate BD-MCI subjects from aMCI subjects and controls. BD-MCI patients had a non-significant reduction in CSF Aβ1-42 compared to controls, but this was still higher than in the AD group. Concentrations of T-tau and P-tau in BD-MCI patients were similar to those in controls, and significantly lower than those in AD.\Question: Is cognitive impairment in late-life bipolar disorder associated with Alzheimer 's disease pathological signature in the cerebrospinal fluid?
Cognitively impaired patients with BD do not display the so-called AD bio-signature in the CSF. We therefore hypothesize that cognitive deterioration in BD is not associated with the classical pathophysiological mechanisms observed in AD, i.e., amyloid deposition and hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated tau protein.

Context: The blotchy mouse caused by mutations of ATP7A develops low blood copper and aortic aneurysm and rupture. Although the aortic pathologies are believed primarily due to congenital copper deficiencies in connective tissue, perinatal copper supplementation does not produce significant therapeutic effects, hinting additional mechanisms in the symptom development, such as an independent effect of the ATP7A mutations during adulthood.', 'We investigated if bone marrow from blotchy mice contributes to these symptoms. For these experiments, bone marrow from blotchy mice (blotchy marrow group) and healthy littermate controls (control marrow group) was used to reconstitute recipient mice (irradiated male low-density lipoprotein receptor -/- mice), which were then infused with angiotensin II (1,000 ng/kg/min) for 4 weeks.', "By using Mann-Whitney U test, our results showed that there was no significant difference in the copper concentrations in plasma and hematopoietic cells between these 2 groups. And plasma level of triglycerides was significantly reduced in blotchy marrow group compared with that in control marrow group (P < 0.05), whereas there were no significant differences in cholesterol and phospholipids between these 2 groups. Furthermore, a bead-based multiplex immunoassay showed that macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, MCP-3, MCP-5, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A production was significantly reduced in the plasma of blotchy marrow group compared with that in control marrow group (P < 0.05). More important, although angiotensin II infusion increased maximal external aortic diameters in thoracic and abdominal segments, there was no significant difference in the aortic diameters between these 2 groups. Furthermore, aortic ruptures, including transmural breaks of the elastic laminae in the abdominal segment and lethal rupture in the thoracic segment, were observed in blotchy marrow group but not in control marrow group; however, there was no significant difference in the incidence of aortic ruptures between these 2 groups (P = 0.10; Fisher's exact test).\Question: Is bone marrow from blotchy mice dispensable to regulate blood copper and aortic pathologies but required for inflammatory mediator production in LDLR-deficient mice during chronic angiotensin II infusion?

Overall, our study indicated that the effect of bone marrow from blotchy mice during adulthood is dispensable in the regulation of blood copper, plasma cholesterol and phospholipids levels, and aortic pathologies, but contributes to a reduction of MIP-1β, MCP-1, MCP-3, MCP-5, TIMP-1, and VEGF-A production and triglycerides concentration in plasma. Our study also hints that bone marrow transplantation cannot serve as an independent treatment option.