In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: This study investigated whether anxiety, fear of pain, or pain catastrophizing were predictive of pain-related outcomes after induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) at the shoulder.', 'Healthy participants (19 males and 23 females) were eligible for participation if they had (a) no history of neck or shoulder pain, (b) no sensory or motor impairments of the upper-extremity, (c) not regularly participating in upper-extremity weight training, (d) not currently or regularly taking pain medication, and (e) no history of upper-extremity surgery. Participants completed self-report measures for fear of pain, pain catastrophizing, and anxiety. Then, participants underwent a standard fatigue protocol to induce DOMS in the shoulder external rotator muscles. Participants were reassessed 24 hours after DOMS induction on clinical and evoked pressure pain reports, muscle force production, self-report of upper-extremity disability, and kinesiophobia. Stepwise regression models considered sex, anxiety, pain intensity, fear of pain, and pain catastrophizing as outcome predictors.', 'Fear of pain alone explained 16% (P=0.008) of the variance in clinical pain and 10% (P=0.047) evoked pressure pain intensity. Clinical pain intensity alone explained 11% (P<0.031) of the variance in muscle force production. Clinical pain intensity and fear of pain explained 50% (P<0.001) of the variance in upper-extremity disability, whereas fear of pain and sex accounted for 26% (P=0.005) of the variance in kinesiophobia.\Question: Does fear of pain influence outcomes after exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness at the shoulder?

Output: With the exception of muscle force production, fear of pain had a consistent influence on shoulder DOMS outcomes, even after controlling for pain intensity. This study suggests fear of pain may be a relevant psychologic factor to consider in clinical studies investigating the development and treatment of chronic shoulder pain.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PCa) are characterized by intrapancreatic neuropathic alterations, including increased neural density and hypertrophy, pancreatic neuritis and neural invasion (NI) by cancer cells in PCa. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of these neuropathic changes on the quality of pancreatic innervation, intrapancreatic glia, and visceral pain.', 'Pancreatic nerve fiber qualities were characterized by immunohistochemical visualization of various markers, including those for sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) and cholinergic innervation (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT), as well as the glial transcription factor, Sox10, and the neuroepithelial progenitor cell marker, Nestin, in normal pancreas (NP, n=16), CP (n=20), and PCa (n=20) patients. The neural immunoreactivity scores of these markers were correlated with the severity of intrapancreatic neuropathic changes and with abdominal pain sensation of patients.', 'Pancreatic sympathetic innervation was significantly reduced in CP and PCa, whereas parasympathetic innervation did not show major changes. Nestin neuro-immunoreactivity was stronger, and Sox10-immunoreactivity was weaker in CP and PCa than in NP. Pancreatic sympathetic and cholinergic innervation was noticeably decreased in patients with severe pancreatic neuritis, NI by cancer cells, or abdominal pain. Moreover, the neural immunoreactivity for Sox10 and Nestin also varied with intrapancreatic neuropathic alterations and abdominal pain.\Question: Does pancreatic neuropathy result in `` neural remodeling '' and altered pancreatic innervation in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer?

Output: The quality of intrapancreatic nerve fibers and the activation state of intrapancreatic glia in CP and PCa are strikingly different from those in normal pancreas. This novel phenomenon of "neural remodeling" shows how pancreatic neuropathic pain and "visceral neuropathy" are associated with altered pancreatic innervation in CP and PCa.


Input: Consider Input: Context: The purpose of this study is to determine whether chiropractic manipulation is associated with any measurable changes in the difference between the arterial blood pressures on the left and right before and after treatment in normotensive subjects.', 'A nonrandomized, matched pair, controlled clinical trial, with the treatment (manipulation) group and control (resting) group matched for age and sex, was performed in chiropractic student clinics in London, UK. The treatment group consisted of 35 new patients presenting to a single student chiropractor between the start of April 2003 and the end of August 2003. The control group consisted of 35 nonpatients matched for sex and age. The intervention was chiropractic manipulation. Preintervention and postintervention systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded in both arms through the use of a digital oscillometric sphygmomanometer.', "A significant difference was found between the pre- and posttreatment blood pressure differences for systolic pressures (P = .01), but no significant difference was found in either set of control data or the treatment diastolic values. A significant difference was also found between the treatment and control group's preintervention systolic differences (P = .002), but not between the groups at any other time.\Question: Does chiropractic manipulation affect the difference between arterial systolic blood pressures on the left and right in normotensive subjects?


Output: Chiropractic treatment appears to have an effect on the difference in systolic blood pressure between the arms, which is not shown in the control group or the diastolic treatment group values. This may be attributable to a difference between the 2 groups' preintervention systolic values; however, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups after intervention.