Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Transmural heterogeneity in ventricular repolarization demonstrated in vitro has been difficult to confirm in vivo. Whether this discrepancy reflects a physiological phenomenon or a methodological problem remains a vivid matter of debate despite a plethora of experimental work. Therefore, we have measured the relevant electrophysiological parameters first in vivo and repeated these in the same heart and at identical sites in vitro. Methodological issues were tackled by using both unipolar and bipolar recordings. Physiological issues were explored by measuring both local and functional electrophysiological parameters.', 'In 10 healthy dogs, 2 high-resolution needle electrodes were inserted into the left ventricle. Effective refractory periods (ERP) as well as activation recovery intervals (ARI) were determined at each electrode along both needles at basic cycle lengths (BCL) of 850 and 300 ms, respectively. After excision of the heart, ERP and ARI measurements were repeated in the arterially perfused wedge preparations.', 'First, we observed that ERPs and ARIs were significantly shorter in vivo than in vitro. Mean ERPs and ARIs of all muscle layers were relatively uniform throughout the ventricular wall in vivo. The transition from the in vivo to the in vitro preparation was associated with a significant albeit small increase of mean ARIs in the subendocardium, whereas interlayer differences in mean ERPs did not reach statistical significance as in vivo.

Output: Is there no transmural heterogeneity in an index of action potential duration in the canine left ventricle?


Input: Consider Input: Previous studies have shown that Fructus Ligustri Lucide (FLL) can be used to anti-cancer. However, the mechanism by which FLL mediate this effect is unclear. In the present study, aqueous extracts of FLL induced cell apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cell was investigated.', 'The cell viability was detected by the CCK8 assay. The cell apoptosis was assessed by annexin V-PI double-labeling staining and hoechst 33342 staining. The protein expression of cell cycle regulators and tumor suppressors were analyzed by western blotting.', 'Treatment of human gastric carcinoma cells with FLL induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner by using CCK8 assay. Consistent with the CCK8 assay, the flow cytometry results showed that the proportion of the early and terminal phase of apoptosis cells had gained after FLL treatment as compared to untreated group. Moreover, human gastric carcinoma cells were exposed to the aqueous extracts of FLL for 48 h, which resulted in an accumulation of cells in G2/M phase. Apoptotic bodies were clearly observed in human gastric carcinoma that had been treated with FLL for 48 h and then stained with Hochest 33342. Treatment of gastric carcinoma cells with increasing doses of FLL and increasing durations significantly increased the protein expression of Bax and Caspase3, decreased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 level. The expression of CDC2 and cdc25C were downregulated upon FLL treatment in human gastric carcinoma. In contrast, p53 and p21 were obviously upregulated by FLL treatment in a concentration-dependent manner.

Output: Do aqueous extracts of Fructus Ligustri Lucide induce gastric carcinoma cell apoptosis and G2/M cycle arrest?


Input: Consider Input: The Epicoccum nigrum (EN) extract used in allergy disorders exhibits batch-to-batch variations in protein composition and allergenic potency. In this study, the allergens of EN grown in different media were investigated.', "EN was grown in five different nutrient media as stationary cultures at 25 degrees C for 5-23 days. The growth pattern was characterized by measuring dry weight, protein and carbohydrate content. The antigenic and allergenic content of EN extract was evaluated with EN-positive patients' sera and antibodies raised in rabbit.", "The growth of EN in Czapeck Dox medium yielded insufficient material, while Sabouraud's broth with yeast extract (SBY) gave maximum spore-mycelial mass and protein content. Potato dextrose broth (PDB) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) showed higher dry weight and protein in 7-9-day cultures. SDS-PAGE resolved 26, 22, and 21 protein bands in EN extracts from cultures of day-13 SBY, day-7 PDB, and day-9 PDA, respectively. IgE/IgG immunoblots showed more allergenic (25)/antigenic (25) bands in EN cultured in SBY than in the others. Specific IgE ELISA and intradermal tests showed EN extract from day-13 culture in SBY to be the most potent.


Output: Do allergens of Epicoccum nigrum grown in different media for quality source material?