Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Context: β1-Adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) stimulation modulates the antiarrhythmic activities of sodium channel blockers. The β1-AR Gly389 variant shows a marked decrease in agonist-stimulated cyclic AMP production compared with that of the wild-type Arg389 in vitro. We investigated whether the Arg389Gly polymorphism affects the efficacy of flecainide, a typical sodium channel blocker, in patients with or without coadministration of β-blockers.', 'The effects of the β1-AR Arg389Gly polymorphism on the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide were compared between with and without coadministered β-blockers in 159 patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. The antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide was assessed for at least 2 months by evaluating symptomatology, 12-lead ECGs, and Holter monitoring results.', 'Genetic differences in the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide were observed in patients with coadministration of β-blockers. Tachyarrhythmia was well controlled in 60% of Arg389-homozygotes, 30% of Gly389-heterozygotes, and 0% of Gly389-homozygotes (P=0.001). In contrast, no difference in the antiarrhythmic efficacy was observed among the three genotypes in the patients without coadministration of β-blockers (64, 70, and 60%, respectively). Heart rate in tachyarrhythmia in patients treated with flecainide was significantly higher in Gly389 carriers than in Arg389-homozygotes (P=0.013).
Answer: The Gly389 polymorphism decreased the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide when coadministered with β-blockers. The results indicate that the Arg389Gly polymorphism may play an important role in predicting the efficacy of flecainide in patients with coadministration of β-blockers.

Ex Output:
Does β1-Adrenergic receptor Arg389Gly polymorphism affect the antiarrhythmic efficacy of flecainide in patients with coadministration of β-blockers?


Ex Input:
Context: The orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 39 was originally identified as the receptor of obestatin. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of GPR39 on cell proliferation and differentiation were investigated in cultured porcine intramuscular preadipocytes.', 'Morphology of preadipocytes and accumulated lipid droplets within cells were identified by an inverted microscope. After transfected with constructed pCMV-GPR39 plasmid, cell proliferation was measured by using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium method, mRNA expression of GPR39, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), Caspase-9 and adipocyte determination and differentiation factor-1 (ADD1) was determined by RNA preparation and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, protein expression of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 (pGSK3), total Akt and phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) was analyzed by Western blot.', 'It found that GPR39 mRNA and protein were expressed in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes and its expression was significantly up-regulated after treatment with Zn(2+) whose function is found to be mediated by GPR39. Furthermore, over-expression of GPR39 further promoted the optical density value of cells, enhanced mRNA expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and ADD1, and inhibited mRNA expression of Caspase-9. Protein expression of pGSK3 and pAkt was also increased by GPR39 stimulation. In addition, GPR39-induced proliferation and differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes was partially blocked by the Akt inhibitor (PDTC) and the PI3K inhibitor (LY294002).
Answer: It indicated that GPR39 was a transducer of Zn(2+), and enhanced proliferation and differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Ex Output:
Does gPR39 activate proliferation and differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes through targeting the PI3K/AKT cell signaling pathway?


Ex Input:
Context: In periodontitis, overgrowth of Gram-negative bacteria and access of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to circulation may activate macrophages leading to foam cell formation. We investigated whether periodontal treatment affects proatherogenic properties of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and, thus, macrophage activation.', 'LDL was isolated and characterized before and after treatment from 30 systemically healthy patients with periodontitis. Production of cytokines and LDL cholesteryl ester (LDL-CE) uptake by macrophages (RAW 264.7) was determined. Baseline periodontal variables correlated positively with serum LPS and C-reactive protein concentrations, as well as macrophage cytokine production and LDL-CE uptake. LPS concentration correlated positively with serum concentration of oxidized LDL and cytokine production. Higher cytokine production and LDL-CE uptake were induced by LDL isolated from patients with elevated number of affected teeth before treatment. Patients with serum LPS concentrations above the median (0.87 ng/mL) at baseline had higher serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (baseline versus after treatment, 1.30+/-0.19 versus 1.48+/-0.28 mmol/L; P=0.002) and HDL/LDL ratio (0.31+/-0.01 versus 0.34+/-0.10; P=0.048), but lower serum LPS concentration (1.70+/-0.49 versus 0.98+/-0.50 ng/mL; P=0.004) and autoantibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I (0.11+/-0.06 versus 0.09+/-0.04 ELISA units; P=0.022) after treatment.
Answer: Our results suggest that in systemically healthy patients, the infected/inflamed area in periodontitis is associated with macrophage activation via increased serum LPS concentration.

Ex Output:

Does severe periodontitis enhance macrophage activation via increased serum lipopolysaccharide?