instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
Several viruses have been recently isolated from Mediterranean phlebotomine sand flies; some are known to cause human disease while some are new to science. To monitor the Phlebotomus-borne viruses spreading, field studies are in progress using different sand fly collection and storage methods. Two main sampling techniques consist of CDC light traps, an attraction method allowing collection of live insects in which the virus is presumed to be fairly preserved, and sticky traps, an interception method suitable to collect dead specimens in high numbers, with a risk for virus viability or integrity. Sand flies storage requires a "deep cold chain" or specimen preservation in ethanol. In the present study the influence of sand fly collection and storage methods on viral isolation and RNA detection performances was evaluated experimentally.', 'Specimens of laboratory-reared Phlebotomus perniciosus were artificially fed with blood containing Toscana virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Various collection and storage conditions of blood-fed females were evaluated to mimic field procedures using single and pool samples. Isolation on VERO cell cultures, quantitative Real time-Retro-transcriptase (RT)-PCR and Nested-RT-PCR were performed according to techniques commonly used in surveillance studies.', 'Live engorged sand flies stored immediately at -80 °C were the most suitable sample for phlebovirus identification by both virus isolation and RNA detection. The viral isolation rate remained very high (26/28) for single dead engorged females frozen after 1 day, while it was moderate (10/30) for specimens collected by sticky traps maintained up to 3 days at room temperature and then stored frozen without ethanol. Opposed to viral isolation, molecular RNA detection kept very high on dead sand flies collected by sticky traps when left at room temperature up to 6 days post blood meal and then stored frozen in presence (88/95) or absence (87/88) of ethanol. Data were confirmed using sand fly pools.
answer:
0


question:
Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are commonly used during hemodialysis. Early failure of AVFs is quite common with incidence of 43% to 63%. In this study we aimed to describe a novel approach to AVF surgery for improving early patency rates.', 'Patients were divided into two groups according to use of probing and warm-wash-out technique. Group I consisted of 31 patients with additional probing technique. Group II consisted of 32 patients without additional maneuver. End-to-side anastomosis were used to all patients. Technical success was defined as having palpation of a thrill on fistula. Flow rates of draining vein was measured at 1st hour, 24th hour, 1st week and 3rd week of surgery.', 'Classical maneuvers were performed until end of the anastomosis. At this time, vein lumen was washed by low-dosed heparinized warm fluid, with assistance of a simple catheter.', 'Technical success was similar in both groups at 1st hour and 24th hour, while there were significantly differences between groups at 1st week (p = 0.042) and 3rd week (p = 0.05) assessments. Flow rates were also measured significantly higher in Group I at 1st hour (p = 0.011) and 24th hour (p = 0.016). Flow rates were almost similar in two groups at 1st and 3rd weeks but overall success rate was higher in Group I comparing with Group II (96.8% vs. 81.3%, respectively, p = 0.05).
answer:
1


question:
Lung volume and pulmonary blood flow decrease in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between pulmonary blood flow and lung volume in ILD patients.', "This research was approved by the institutional review board. Twenty-seven patients (9 men, 18 women; mean age, 59 years; range, 24-79 years) with ILD were included. Blood flow was assessed in the pulmonary trunk and the left and right pulmonary arteries by phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Lung volume and the computed tomography (CT) visual score that indicates the severity of ILD were assessed on the left and right sides by thin-section CT scanning. Lung volume was automatically measured by lung analysis software (VINCENT Ver. 4). The CT visual score was measured by averaging the proportion of abnormal lung area at five anatomic levels. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between pulmonary blood flow and lung volume.", 'Pulmonary blood flow showed a significant correlation with lung volume (both: r=0.52, p=0.006; left: r=0.61, p=0.001; right: r=0.54, p=0.004) and CT visual score (both: r=-0.39, p=0.04; left: r=-0.48, p=0.01; right: r=-0.38, p=0.04). Partial correlation analysis, controlled for age, height and weight, showed a significant correlation between pulmonary blood flow and lung volume (both: r=0.43, p=0.03; left: r=0.55, p=0.005; right: r=0.48, p=0.01) and CT visual score (both: r=-0.58, p=0.003; left: r=-0.51, p=0.01; right: r=-0.64, p=0.001).
answer:

1