TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Patients affected by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have an increased risk of developing a second cancer. There is not a definitive explanation for this phenomenon, although some hypotheses have been postulated. The aim of the present work was to assess the presence of second cancer in untreated patients with CLL who were cytogenetically characterized, and secondly to investigate if there is a correlation between the genetics of CLL and the emergence of second cancer.', 'We performed conventional cytogenetics and Fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses in a series of 106 patients.', 'We observed that nearly 8% of cases developed second cancer, mostly epithelial tumors. The majority of them presented two common features, del(13)(q14.3) and the presence of at least two genetic alterations.\Question: Does genetics of lymphocytes influence the emergence of second cancer in chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

SOLUTION: We suggest that the genetic background of CLL, particularly the presence of several genetic alterations, influences the emergence of second cancer in patients affected by CLL.

PROBLEM: Context: To determine whether fertilization rate serves as a biological assay, reflects oocyte quality, and may be used to help predict patient implantation rate.', 'Retrospective cohort study.', 'Academic center.', 'Couples undergoing 3603 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles from 2001 to 2007.', 'None.', 'We compared the implantation rate among cycles with high versus low fertilization rate. Univariate analyses were performed to determine the association of implantation rate with potential confounding variables: age, day-3 follicle-stimulating hormone level, day-3 estradiol level, antral follicle count, oocyte number, cycle attempts, embryo grading, and number of embryos transferred. Multivariate analysis was then performed to determine whether the fertilization rate remained an independent predictor.', 'Cutoffs for fertilization rate were 50% for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and 75% for conventional insemination. Higher ICSI fertilization was statistically significantly associated with the implantation rate (25.2% vs. 17.8 %). After adjusting for variables associated with implantation rate, fertilization rate for ICSI remained a strong independent predictor of implantation. Higher conventional insemination fertilization was statistically significantly associated with implantation (32.1% vs. 25.7%) and remained a statistically significant predictor after adjustment.\Question: Is fertilization rate an independent predictor of implantation rate?

SOLUTION: Fertilization is a strong, independent predictor of implantation rate and may be useful in modeling to guide decision making for the number of embryos to transfer.

PROBLEM: Context: We examined the immediate effect of a systemic nitric oxide augmentation on the bladder outlet resistance in healthy men.', 'Eleven healthy male volunteers with a mean age of 25.5 yr were included in the study. They were prepared for a standard urodynamic study, and a baseline pressure-flow study was obtained. The subjects were then given 20 mg isosorbide dinitrate sublingually, and after refilling their bladder a second pressure-flow study was done after 20 min. The pressure-flow studies were then compared in regard to the average flow rate, the average detrusor pressure during micturition, and the detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate.', 'One of the subjects was unable to void and had to be excluded from the study. In the remaining 10 men, the mean average flow rate increased from 16.7 ml/s before to 20.2 ml/s after the intake of the NO donor (P=0.013). Concomitantly, the average detrusor pressure during micturition decreased from a mean of 57 to 52 cm H2O (P=0.004) and the mean detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate decreased from 60 to 52 cm H2O (P=0.013).\Question: Does systemic nitric oxide augmentation lead to a rapid decrease of the bladder outlet resistance in healthy men?

SOLUTION:
Systemic NO augmentation can lower the functional bladder outlet resistance very rapidly in men. Our results support the concept that the NO-cGMP pathway may be a promising target for medical treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms.