In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

[Q]: By averaging this quantity, the reduction of a certain intermolecular function to an angle-independent form for polar fluids can be performed in order to express conformal-solution theory. For liquid metals, the upper bound of this quantity can be obtained by the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality. It is equal to the negative product of Boltzmann's constant, temperature, and the natural log of the partition function. The change in this quantity is equal to the maximum work accompanying a process, and it is defined as internal energy minus the product of temperature and entropy. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized by either A or F, a type of free energy named for a German scientist.
[A]: Science


[Q]: In one of his paintings, two men in green and orange hold hats in one hand and staves in the other, while a bearded man in white carrying a backpack goes hiking. Another of his paintings shows a storm raging as the titular animal takes an s-shaped curvature. Other than The Meeting and The Fox in the Snow, this artist also painted a nude woman lying on a white cloth with her raised left arm holding the title creature in Woman with a Parrot. The Shaded Stream and The Hammock are forest scenes reminiscent of his painting of a dead deer hung from a tree while a man plays a horn, The Quarry. In addition to Les demoiselles de village, he also painted a hairy closeup of a woman's genitals in The Origin of the World, and a nude woman standing behind the painter himself working on a landscape in The Artist's Studio. Known for painting a funeral in his hometown, FTP name this artist of Burial at Ornans.
[A]: Fine Arts


[Q]: A little-read second part of this work contains such sections as the sixteenth, on The Need for Metaphysics; for forty-forth, on The Metaphysics of Sexual Love; and the thirtieth, on The Pure Subject of Knowing, which holds that that pure subject is one of the titular concepts. This work opens by drawing a parallel between that same titular concept, the root of causality and unique object of experience, and the Ding an sich of Kant, which this books author claims is not only knowable, but is all that is known. More famous is the authors claim in the second-half books that salvation can only come through subversion of the individual spirit, especially by the power of art, especially music; a doctrine known as the authors Pessimism. For ten points, name this magnum opus of Arthur Schopenhauer.
[A]:
Social Science