In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and you have to write an answerable question based on the context. Your questions can be extractive, abstractive, or yes-no questions.

Input: Consider Input: We propose a natural language generation model based on BERT, making good use of the pre-trained language model in the encoder and decoder process, and the model can be trained end-to-end without handcrafted features. During model training, the objective of our model is sum of the two processes, jointly trained using "teacher-forcing" algorithm. During training we feed the ground-truth summary to each decoder and minimize the objective.

$$L_{model} = \hat{L}_{dec} + \hat{L}_{refine}$$ (Eq. 23)

At test time, each time step we choose the predicted word by $\hat{y} = argmax_{y^{\prime }} P(y^{\prime }|x)$ , use beam search to generate the draft summaries, and use greedy search to generate the refined summaries.

Output: How are the different components of the model trained? Is it trained end-to-end?


Input: Consider Input: In our experiments, we use as input the 2210 tokenized sentences of the Stanford Sentiment Treebank test set BIBREF2 , preprocessing them by lowercasing as was done in BIBREF8 .

Output: Which datasets are used for evaluation?


Input: Consider Input: The study of the mathematical structure of grammar has indicated that the fundamental things making up sentences are not the words, but some atomic grammatical types, such as the noun-type and the sentence-type BIBREF23 , BIBREF24 , BIBREF25 . The transitive verb-type is not an atomic grammatical type, but a composite made up of two noun-types and one sentence-type. Hence, particularly interesting here is that atomic doesn't really mean smallest...

On the other hand, just like in particle physics where we have particles and anti-particles, the atomic types include types as well as anti-types. But unlike in particle physics, there are two kinds of anti-types, namely left ones and right ones. This makes language even more non-commutative than quantum theory!


Output: Do they break down word meanings into elementary particles as in the standard model of quantum theory?