In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Diffuse temporal lobe abnormalities can be observed on MRI of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Our objective was to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses of temporal lobe structures in patients with familial MTLE (FMTLE) and nonfamilial MTLE.', 'Two groups of patients were ascertained: 67 FMTLE patients (14 with refractory seizures) and 30 patients with nonfamilial refractory MTLE. We performed qualitative analyses of MRI (with multiplanar reconstruction) and volumes of hippocampi and anterior temporal lobes in all patients, and in a normal control group of 23 individuals. We used the Chi-square test and ANOVA for statistical analyses.', 'We identified anterior temporal lobe abnormalities by visual analysis in only 4% of FMTLE patients and atrophy of the anterior temporal lobe by volumetric analysis in 19%. In the group of nonfamilial MTLE patients we found anterior temporal lobe abnormalities by visual analysis in 17% of patients and anterior temporal lobe atrophy in 13%. Hippocampal atrophy was present in 90% of FMTLE and in 83% of nonfamilial MTLE. No signs of cortical dysplasia were observed.\Question: Are structural abnormalities similar in familial and nonfamilial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy?

Output: Anterior temporal lobe atrophy and other abnormalities outside the mesial portion of temporal lobes were infrequent in both familial and nonfamilial MTLE patients. Despite the genetic basis, hippocampal atrophy in FMTLE is not associated with other abnormalities outside the mesial temporal regions.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Non-viral gene transfer efficiency is low as compared to viral vector systems. Here we describe the discovery of new drugs that are capable of enhancing non-viral gene transfer into mammalian cells using a novel two-stage screening procedure.', 'First, potential candidates are preselected from a molecular library at various concentrations by a semi-automated yeast transfection screen (YTS). The maximal transfection efficiency of every positive drug is subsequently determined in independent experiments at the optimal concentration and compared to the inhibitory effect of the drug on cell growth (IC50). In a subsequent mammalian cell transfection screen (MTS), the maximal transfection efficiency and the IC50 are determined for all preselected drugs using a human cell line and a luciferase reporter gene construct.', 'Employing our novel system we have been able to identify a new class of transfection enhancers, the tricyclic antidepressants (i.e. doxepin, maprotiline, desipramine and amoxapine). All positive drugs enhanced gene transfer in both yeast and human cell lines, but lower concentrations were sufficient for mammalian cells. With a triple combination of doxepin, amoxapine and chloroquine we obtained a transfection efficiency that exceeded that of chloroquine, one of the best-known transfection enhancers of mammalian cells, by nearly one order of magnitude.\Question: Does novel two-stage screening procedure lead to the identification of a new class of transfection enhancers?

Output: Non-viral gene transfer efficiency can be increased significantly using new transfection enhancers that are identified by a novel, semi-automated two-stage screening system employing yeast cells in the first and specific human target cells in the second round.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) binds to the tumor cell as a result of mycobacterial receptors for fibronectin (FN). Cell surface bound FN serves as a bridge through which BCG attaches to the tumor cell. Despite the importance of FN studies have demonstrated an idiosyncratic decrease in BCG adherence in response to exogenous FN. We evaluated the effect of exogenous and autocrine FN on the ability of BCG to adhere to the tumor cell surface and initiate cellular signaling.', 'BCG adherence to parental 253J and FN over expressing 253JTGFbeta1-8 cells as well as to the intrinsic FN expressing cell line 647V was quantified using green fluorescent protein-BCG. Experiments were performed to assess the effect of FN on BCG initiated signal transduction through nuclear factor kappaB and AP1. Finally, the integrity of the BCG activated signaling pathway in transforming growth factor-beta1/FN over expressors was assessed using antibody mediated cross-linking of the FN receptor.', 'BCG adherence was decreased in cell lines with high autocrine expression of FN. Exogenous FN prevented BCG induced transactivation of nuclear factor kappaB and AP1 reporter constructs. No BCG stimulated signaling to these reporters could be detected in FN over expressing 253J cells. NonFN dependent alpha5beta1 cross-linking initiated signal transduction in FN over expressing cells.\Question: Does autocrine over expression of fibronectin by human transitional carcinoma cells impair bacillus Calmette-Guerin adherence and signaling?


Output: We propose that by saturating cellular and BCG receptors excess FN expression decreases the ability of cellular or mycobacterial bound FN to bind vacant receptors on BCG or on the cell. Excess FN inhibits BCG adherence and BCG initiated signal transduction.