Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: We quantitatively evaluated the collagen-to-smooth muscle tissue matrix ratio in ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and compared the ratio with the degree of obstruction, patient age and postoperative renal recovery.', "We analyzed histological sections from 65 patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and 6 normal controls. Morphological and functional grading systems were adapted to determine the degree of renal obstruction. To examine smooth muscle and collagen tissue, sections were stained using Masson's trichrome. Two distinct populations of collagen versus smooth muscle were identified and the tissue matrix ratio was calculated by color image analysis.", 'The mean tissue matrix ratio plus or minus standard deviation was 1.32+/-0.79 in all patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction but only 0.30+/-0.10 in normal controls (p <0.0001). It appeared that the lower the tissue matrix ratio, the better the improvement in postoperative hydronephrosis (r = -0.50, p = 0.0001). Better recovery of renal function after pyeloplasty was observed with a decrease in the tissue matrix ratio (r = -0.43, p = 0.0004). We divided patients according to the tissue matrix ratio into groups 1--ratio 1 or less, 2--greater than 1 to 1.5 and 3--greater than 1.5 to determine a more detailed and clinically applicable correlation of tissue matrix ratio with postoperative renal functional changes. Better improvement in postoperative renal function was observed in group 1 than in group 3 (p = 0.002). Also, the tissue matrix ratio increased with patient age (r = 0.33, p = 0.007).
Answer: Since our data represent an objective and quantitative parameter associated with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, we believe that our findings may help to predict the prognosis after pyeloplasty.

A: Does collagen-to-smooth muscle ratio help prediction of prognosis after pyeloplasty?
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Q: Context: Mice with functional ablation of the neurokinin-1 receptor gene (NK1R(-/-)) display behavioural abnormalities which resemble the hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity seen in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Here, we investigated whether the established ADHD treatment, atomoxetine, alleviates these abnormalities when tested in the light/dark exploration box (LDEB) and 5-Choice Serial Reaction-Time Task (5-CSRTT).', 'Separate cohorts of mice were tested in the 5-CSRTT and LDEB after treatment with no injection, vehicle or atomoxetine (5-CSRTT: 0.3, 3 or 10mg/kg; LDEB: 1, 3 or 10mg/kg).', 'Atomoxetine reduced the hyperactivity displayed by NK1R(-/-) mice in the LDEB at a dose (3mg/kg) which did not affect the locomotor activity of wildtypes. Atomoxetine (10mg/kg) also reduced impulsivity in NK1R(-/-) mice, but not wildtypes, in the 5-CSRTT. No dose of drug affected attention in either genotype.
Answer: This evidence that atomoxetine reduces hyperactive/impulsive behaviours in NK1R(-/-) mice consolidates the validity of using NK1R(-/-) mice in research of the aetiology and treatment of ADHD.

A: Does atomoxetine reduce hyperactive/impulsive behaviours in neurokinin-1 receptor 'knockout ' mice?
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Q: Context: Metastasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in breast cancer with tumor cell invasion playing a crucial role in the metastatic process. PDK1 is a key molecule that couples PI3K to cell proliferation and survival signals in response to growth factor receptor activation, and is oncogenic when expressed in mouse mammary epithelial cells. We now present evidence showing that PDK1-expressing cells exhibit enhanced anchorage-dependent and -independent cell growth and are highly invasive when grown on Matrigel. These properties correlate with induction of MMP-2 activity, increased MT1-MMP expression and a unique gene expression profile.', 'Invasion assays in Matrigel, MMP-2 zymogram analysis, gene microarray analysis and mammary isografts were used to characterize the invasive and proliferative function of cells expressing PDK1. Tissue microarray analysis of human breast cancers was used to measure PDK1 expression in invasive tumors by IHC.', 'Enhanced invasion on Matrigel in PDK1-expressing cells was accompanied by increased MMP-2 activity resulting from stabilization against proteasomal degradation. Increased MMP-2 activity was accompanied by elevated levels of MT1-MMP, which is involved in generating active MMP-2. Gene microarray analysis identified increased expression of the ECM-associated genes decorin and type I procollagen, whose gene products are substrates of MT1-MMP. Mammary fat pad isografts of PDK1-expressing cells produced invasive adenocarcinomas. Tissue microarray analysis of human invasive breast cancer indicated that PDK1pSer241 was strongly expressed in 90% of samples.
Answer: These results indicate that PDK1 serves as an important effector of mammary epithelial cell growth and invasion in the transformed phenotype. PDK1 mediates its effect in part by MT1-MMP induction, which in turn activates MMP-2 and modulates the ECM proteins decorin and collagen. The presence of increased PDK1 expression in the majority of invasive breast cancers suggests its importance in the metastatic process.

A:
Does 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 ( PDK1 ) promote invasion and activation of matrix metalloproteinases?
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