TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Proinflammatory cytokines have the potential to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, and HPA axis hyperactivity is also encountered in depression. Therefore, the induction of depressive symptoms by interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) may be mediated by changes in the cytokine network and the HPA axis.', 'In 17 hepatitis C patients undergoing IFN-alpha treatment, depressive symptoms were measured using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). In addition, serum cytokine concentrations were measured. Saliva was collected five times over the course of a day in order to assess daily average cortisol (DAC) and awakening response. Assessments were carried out at baseline and six later time points after starting treatment.', 'During treatment, the increases in the MADRS were significantly and positively correlated with soluble interleukin (IL)-2 receptor, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6. There were no significant associations between the DAC or cortisol awakening response with the MADRS score.

SOLUTION: Are interferon-alpha-induced depressive symptoms related to changes in the cytokine network but not to cortisol?

PROBLEM: Is weight-training exercise intervention harmful to women with or at risk of breast cancer-related lymphoedema?', 'Systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised trials.', 'Women with or at risk of breast cancer-related lymphoedema.', 'Progressive weight-training exercise.', 'The primary outcomes were severity (volume difference) and incidence of arm lymphoedema. Secondary outcomes included muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs, quality of life and body mass index.', 'Eleven studies from eight trials involving 1091 women were included. Weight-training exercise of low to moderate intensity with relatively slow progression significantly improved the upper limb strength (SMD 0.93, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.12) and lower limb strength (SMD 0.75, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.04) without increasing the arm volume (SMD -0.09, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.05) or incidence of breast cancer-related lymphoedema (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.15). No significant effects were noted for body mass index (SMD -0.10, 95% -0.31 to 0.11). Some aspects of quality of life may improve with weight training. PARTICIPANTS in all trials used pressure garments and received supervision; no trials used high-intensity weight training.

SOLUTION: Is weight training harmful for women with breast cancer-related lymphoedema : a systematic review?

PROBLEM: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a powerful CAD risk marker when assessed by dedicated calcium scoring CT scan. We assessed diagnostic implications of CAC visible on attenuation correction CT scans (CTAC) from SPECT/CT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI).', 'Visual presence or absence of CAC was assessed on CTAC in 1047 consecutive patients undergoing SPECT/CT MPI. Accuracy of MPI was assessed in patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography (ICA) within 1\xa0year (n\xa0=\xa0109). Outcomes were identified by retrospective chart review.', 'Prevalence of true positive SPECT/CT MPI studies was greater among patients with CAC on CTAC (70% vs 16%; p\xa0<\xa0.001); prevalence of false positive studies was greater among those without (68% vs 15%; p\xa0<\xa0.001). PPV of MPI was 0.82 in patients with CAC, but only 0.19 in those without. Within median follow-up of 27.7\xa0months, patients with CAC had higher all-cause mortality (6% vs 0.4%; p\xa0<\xa0.001), more late revascularizations (8% vs 0.4%; p\xa0<\xa0.001), and more MI (5% vs 0.2%; p\xa0<\xa0.001). Hazard ratio for all-cause mortality, MI, or late revascularization was 22.7 (p\xa0<\xa0.001) for patients with CAC vs those without.

SOLUTION:
Does visual identification of coronary calcifications on attenuation correction CT improve diagnostic accuracy of SPECT/CT myocardial perfusion imaging?