In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

Q: By averaging this quantity, the reduction of a certain intermolecular function to an angle-independent form for polar fluids can be performed in order to express conformal-solution theory. For liquid metals, the upper bound of this quantity can be obtained by the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality. It is equal to the negative product of Boltzmann's constant, temperature, and the natural log of the partition function. The change in this quantity is equal to the maximum work accompanying a process, and it is defined as internal energy minus the product of temperature and entropy. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized by either A or F, a type of free energy named for a German scientist.

A: Science
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Q: One reaction to prepare these compounds adds diazomethylphosphonate esters to aldehydes under basic catalysis and generates vinyl-diazo intermediates. Along with aldehydes, these compounds are the degradation products of alpha, beta-epoxy tosylhydrazones in the Eschenmoser fragmentation. A coupling involving both palladium and copper catalysis, in which these compounds react with aryl halides, is the Sonogashira reaction. These compounds react with azides to form triazole rings in a well-known click-chemistry reaction, and terminal ones can be deprotonated by sodium amide. They are reduced to cis-alkenes by the poisoned Lindlar catalyst. This functional group is composed of two sp-hybridized carbons. For 10 points, name this functional group consisting of a carbon-carbon triple bond.

A: Science
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Q: The first molecules found to exhibit it were discovered in coal tar in the 1860s, and it is prevented by heavy angle or steric strain. Despite the conjugation of their bonds, linear alkenes do not have this quality because they are not cyclic, and other criteria for it include planarity. 10-annulene has extraordinary stability due to it, although benzene may be the best-known compound displaying it. FTP, name this resonance-derived lack of reactivity in many hydrocarbons, named for the odor arising from the first of said hydrocarbons.

A:
Science
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