Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Beta defensins are secreted from ovine oviduct epithelial cells (OOECs) in response to microbial infection, and are potential alternatives to antibiotic agents in the treatment of microorganism infection, particularly given the abuse of antibiotic agents and the increasing number of drug-resistant bacteria. The aberrant expression of defensins may result in disorders involving organ and oviduct inflammation, such as salpingitis.', 'In the present study, we investigated the effects of LPS on the mRNA expression levels of sheep β-defensin-1 (SBD-1) in ovine oviduct epithelial cells. The OOECs in vitro culturing system were established and treated with different concentrations of LPS for indicated time. In addition, MAPK inhibitors and TLR4 antibodies were pretreated to investigate the potential mechanism which involves in LPS regulating SBD-1 expression.', 'LPS markedly upregulated SBD-1 expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with 100\xa0ng/mL LPS resulted in the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and P38 MAPK. Interestingly, the LPS stimulated SBD-1 expression was attenuated by pretreatment with the P38 MAPK inhibitors SB203580 and SB202190 but not the JNK inhibitor SP600125, while the ERK inhibitor PD98059 had a minor effect. Furthermore, treatment with a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) neutralizing antibody significantly decreased P38 MAPK phosphorylation and LPS induced SBD-1 expression.

Output: Does lipopolysaccharide induce SBD-1 expression via the P38 MAPK signaling pathway in ovine oviduct epithelial cells?


Input: Consider Input: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia precedes the development of anal squamous cell carcinoma. Detection of the lesion is essential to management. This paper describes a prospective study to detect and ablate anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) using white light narrow band imaging (NBI) and NBI with acetic acid (NBIA).', 'Sixty patients with abnormal anal cytology and risk factors for anal dysplasia underwent examination of the anoderm with a high definition gastroscope and NBIA. Targeted biopsies were taken and the lesions were ablated and characterized histopathologically. Visualization of the anal transitional zone was facilitated by retroflexion and examination through a disposable anoscope.', 'Targeted biopsies were taken from lesions in 58 patients. No lesion was seen in two patients. Histopathology showed SIL in 48 (80.0%) of 60 biopsies. One biopsy showed lymphoid aggregates. Biopsies in nine (15%) of the 60 patients showed normal mucosa. Lesions were seen in white light in 27 (45%) of the 60 cases, NBI in 39 (65%) and NBIA in 57 (95%). There was no major morbidity. Sensitivity analysis showed that all methods were significantly different from each other.

Output: Is detection of anal dysplasia enhanced by narrow band imaging and acetic acid?


Input: Consider Input: The aim of this review is to discuss the possibilities and disadvantages of the techniques for visual inspection of the uterine cervix with acetic acid (VIA) and with Lugol's iodine (VILI) for early detection of cervical neoplasia. Efficient cervical screening method, approved in practice, is cytology--PAP smear. The lack of organized screening program in Bulgaria is the reason why a lot of cases of cervical cancer are missed or diagnosed late. This raises the question for searching alternative tests to assess the uterine cervix that do not use special techniques and have a reasonable cost. Published results show that VIA and VILI represent an appropriate alternative for cervical screening. The results of VIA and VILI are immediately available and do not require any laboratory processing.


Output: Does [ be THERE A PLACE FOR VIA AND VILI IN OUR PRACTICE ]?