instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: The present analyses intend to clarify if gender and puberty modify the relationship between bone development (modeling and remodeling) and fat mass at the forearm.', 'Data were collected from participants (139 males, 157 females, age = 5-19 years) of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study in a cross-sectional investigation. The main outcome measures were total and trabecular bone mineral density (BMDtot and BMDtrab), strength strain index (SSI) and parameters associated with modeling (cortical area, CA; periosteal circumference, CP) and remodeling (cortical bone mineral density, BMDcort, endosteal circumference, CE) were analyzed in their relationship to cross-sectional fat (FA) and muscle area (MA) at the forearm.', 'BMDtot was correlated with FA in pubertal males (r = -0.25). BMDtrab was contrarily predicted by FA in pubertal males and females (r = -0.28 vs. 0.31). FA was correlated with BMDcort (r = -0.32) and CE (r = 0.26) in pubertal females. MA was positively correlated with CA, CP and SSI.\Question: Is local body composition associated with gender differences of bone development at the forearm in puberty?
answer:
Modeling and bone strength were primarily predicted by MA. Markers of remodeling were positively correlated with FA in pubertal females, but not in prepubertal individuals and pubertal males. Therefore, gender and puberty modify the relationship between FA and bone development.


question:
Context: Objective analysis of surgical skill is necessary. A novel method of assessment using simple error analysis in synthetic models is examined for construct validity.', 'Two examination protocols were devised using synthetic models. These contained either a purpose made error or were representative of good surgical practice. Protocol one contained models of skin closure and minor operations. Protocol two in addition more complex procedures. Face validity was established by the approval of senior surgeons. Junior surgeons were recruited to undertake the assessment. A p value of less than 0.05 was deemed to be significant.', 'Eighty-nine surgeons were recruited. Both protocol one and two were able to discriminate between groups at statistically significant levels.\Question: Is the surgical error examination a novel method for objective technical knowledge assessment?
answer:
Construct validity has been established by showing that error analysis is able to distinguish surgeons with varying levels of experience.


question:
Context: To evaluate nitric oxide and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-13 in the exhaled breath of children with allergic rhinitis (AR), before and after intranasal allergen exposure.', 'A total of 49 children with AR – comprising 20 who also had episodic asthma (AR+A) and 29 without asthma (AR) – were compared with 34 healthy controls. Nitric oxide concentrations in exhaled air (eNO) and IL-6, IL-8 and IL-13 in exhaled breath condensates (EBC) were measured in winter, outside the natural allergen exposure season, before and after an intranasal allergen challenge.', 'The mean concentrations of eNO, IL-6 and IL-13 were significantly higher in the two AR groups. The concentration of IL-8 was below the assay detection limit in all EBC samples. The intranasal allergen challenge increased IL-13/EBC levels in both AR groups, but did not influence mean concentrations of eNO, IL-6 or IL-8. No challenge-related changes in IL-13/EBC were observed in the allergen-exposed controls or placebo-exposed children.\Question: Are nitric oxide , IL-6 and IL-13 increased in the exhaled breath condensates of children with allergic rhinitis?
answer:

Despite local application, the intranasal allergen challenge increased IL-13/EBC concentration in the AR children. As EBC reflects the status of lower airway segments, our observation may support the 'united airways' hypothesis, suggesting a functional link between the upper and lower airways.