Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Changes of volume status can be readily inferred from variations in diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) measured by ultrasound. However the effect of IVC changes following acute blood loss are not fully established. In this study, three different approaches to measuring IVC variables were compared in healthy blood donors, as a model of acute volume depletion, in order to establish their relative ability to detect acute blood loss.', 'Inspiratory and expiratory IVC diameters were measured before and after blood donation in hepatic long axis, hepatic short axis and renal short axis views using a 2-5\xa0MHz curvilinear probe. All measurements were recorded and examined in real-time and post-processing sessions.', 'All windows performed satisfactorily but the renal window approach was feasible in only 30 out of 47 subjects. After blood donation, IVC diameters decreased in hepatic long axis, hepatic short axis and renal short axis (expiratory: -19.9, -18.0, -26.5\xa0%; CI 95\xa0%: 14.5-24.1; 13.1-22.9; 16.0-35.9, respectively) (inspiratory: -31.1, -31.6, -36.5\xa0%; CI 95\xa0%: 21.3-40.1; 18.8-45.2; 23.4-46.0, respectively), whereas the IVC collapsibility index increased by 21.6, 22.6 and 19.3\xa0% (CI 95\xa0%: 11.6-42.9; 18.5-39.5; 7.7-30.0). IVC diameters appeared to return to pre-donation values within 20\xa0min but this was only detected by the hepatic long axis view.

Ex Output:
Do inferior vena cava diameters and collapsibility index reveal early volume depletion in a blood donor model?


Ex Input:
The effects of exercise training on nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping status remain unclear. African Americans have the highest prevalence of nondippers compared with other racial/ethnic populations. In this 6-month study we tested the hypothesis that long-term aerobic exercise training would increase the levels of nocturnal BP dipping in African American nondippers.', 'We recruited African Americans who were nondiabetic, nonsmoking, and free from cardiovascular and renal disease. For this analysis, only African Americans with a nondipping profile, defined as those with the absence of a nocturnal decline in systolic or diastolic BP (<10% of daytime values), which was determined by ambulatory BP monitoring, were chosen. A pre-post design was used, with baseline and final evaluation including office blood pressure measurement, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, fasted blood sampling, and graded exercise testing. Participants engaged in 6 months of supervised aerobic exercise training (AEXT). Following the AEXT intervention, there were significant increases in systolic BP dipping (baseline: 5.8±3.9% vs. final: 9.4±6.1%, P=0.0055) and pulse pressure dipping (baseline: -3.1±6.6% vs. final: 5.0±12.8%, P=0.0109). Of the 18 participants with a nondipping profile at baseline, eight were nonclassified as nondippers after the AEXT intervention. There were no significant changes in office systolic BP/diastolic BP values following the AEXT intervention.

Ex Output:
Does chronic aerobic exercise improve blood pressure dipping status in African American nondippers?


Ex Input:
Intracerebral hemorrhage has no effective treatment. The delayed appearance of edema, apoptosis, and inflammation in perihematomal brain suggests that these events may be targets for therapeutic intervention. To develop successful treatments, we must learn more about the effects of hemorrhage on brain tissue. In this study, we investigated the acute metabolic effects of intrastriatal hemorrhage in rat brain.', 'Lysed blood or saline (50 microL each) was injected into the striatum of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats recovered for 1 to 72 hours before injection of [14C]-2-deoxyglucose (intraperitoneally) 30 minutes before decapitation. Animals were pretreated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor antagonists dizolcilpine maleate (MK-801; 1 mg/kg) or 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo[f]quinoxaline (NBQX; 30 mg/kg), or saline vehicle. Additional animals received intrastriatal injections of glutamate (1.0 mmol/L), NMDA (1.0 mmol/L), or AMPA (0.1 mmol/L) in the place of blood. Semiquantitative autoradiographs from the brains were analyzed to determine the effects of hemorrhage on relative glucose metabolism.', 'We found an acute phase of increased [14C]-2-deoxyglucose uptake in the perihematomal region that peaks 3 hours after lysed blood injection. Saline injections had no effect on striatal glucose utilization. The increased [14C]-2-deoxyglucose uptake produced by the hemorrhages was blocked by pretreatment with MK-801 and NBQX. Glutamate injections alone had no effect on striatal metabolism, whereas NMDA and AMPA injections increased [14C]-2-deoxyglucose uptake.

Ex Output:

Does glutamate receptor blockade attenuate glucose hypermetabolism in perihematomal brain after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rat?