Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a proven treatment for acute ischemic stroke, but there has been limited evaluation among patients aged ≥90 years.', 'We analyzed data from the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke national quality improvement registry from January 2009 to April 2013. Frequency, determinants, and outcomes of tPA use were compared among patients aged ≥90 and 3 younger age groups (18-64, 65-79, and 80-89 years).', 'Among 35\u2009708 patients from 1178 sites who arrived within 2 hours of time last known well and received tPA, 2585 (7.2%) were ≥90 years. Compared with younger patients, the rate of tPA use among patients without a documented contraindication was lower among patients aged ≥90 years (67.4% versus 84.1% in 18-89-year olds; P<0.0001). Discharge outcomes among individuals aged ≥90 years included discharge to home or acute rehabilitation in 31.4%, independent ambulation at discharge in 13.4%, symptomatic hemorrhage in 6.1%, and in-hospital mortality or hospice discharge in 36.4%. On multivariable analysis, good functional outcomes generally occurred less often and mortality more often among patients aged ≥90 years. The risk of symptomatic hemorrhage was increased compared with patients <65 years but was not significantly different than the risk in 66- to 89-year olds.
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Oesophageal cancer is generally associated with late presentation and poor prognosis. Therefore palliative surgery has been largely superseded by less invasive non-surgical techniques. Once palliation is indicated, the aims of the management should be: the maintenance of oral intake, minimizing hospital stay, relief of pain, elimination of reflux and regurgitation and the prevention of aspiration.', 'This study was a review of all published English language data on the palliation of malignant dysphagia between 1994-1999. The Medline and Bids databases were searched and other references were derived from the material perused.
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The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a thiol-containing anti-oxidant, on renal function and morphology, and biomarkers of oxidative stress, in rats subjected to renal ischaemia-reperfusion (IR).', 'Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral nephrectomy and either contralateral renal IR (40 min of renal arterial clamping), or sham manipulation. Treatment groups were: (1) IR-Saline, (2) IR-NAC, (3) Sham-Saline and (4) Sham-NAC. The N-acetylcysteine was administered in a dose of 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally at 24, 12 and 2 h before, and 24, 48 and 72 h after, renal IR. Plasma creatinine was measured on days 1, 3 and 7 after IR, and kidney histology was assessed on day 7. In separate groups of animals we measured renal levels of the anti-oxidant glutathione, markers of systemic oxidative stress (plasma ascorbyl radical, urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 51Cr-EDTA clearance, on day 1 after renal IR.', 'Treatment with NAC ameliorated the decline in GFR and reduced hyperkalaemia on day 1 (P<0.05), lowered plasma creatinine levels on days 1 and 3 (P<0.05), and decreased renal interstitial inflammation on day 7 (P<0.05), after renal IR. Kidney glutathione levels decreased significantly in group IR-Saline in response to IR (P<0.05), but were completely repleted in group IR-NAC. Groups with renal IR injury and acute renal failure showed increased plasma ascorbyl radical levels, and elevated urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha excretion, compared with sham (P<0.05). N-acetylcysteine treatment reduced plasma ascorbyl concentrations 24 h after renal IR (P<0.05), but had no effect on the rate of urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha excretion.

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