Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
The efficacy of immunotherapy against advanced cancer may be improved by combination strategies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a local tumor ablation method based on localized activation of a photosensitizer, leading to oxygen radical-induced tumor cell death. PDT can enhance antitumor immune responses by release of antigen and danger signals, supporting combination protocols of PDT with immunotherapy.', 'We investigated the local and systemic immune effects of PDT after treatment of established tumors. In two independent aggressive mouse tumor models, TC-1 and RMA, we combined PDT with therapeutic vaccination using synthetic long peptides (SLP) containing epitopes from tumor antigens.', 'PDT of established tumors using the photosensitizer Bremachlorin resulted in significant delay of tumor outgrowth. Combination treatment of PDT with therapeutic SLP vaccination cured one third of mice. Importantly, all cured mice were fully protected against subsequent tumor rechallenge, and combination treatment of primary tumors led to eradication of distant secondary tumors, indicating the induction of a systemic antitumor immune response. Indeed, PDT by itself induced a significant CD8(+) T-cell response against the tumor, which was increased when combined with SLP vaccination and essential for the therapeutic effect of combination therapy.

Ex Output:
1


Ex Input:
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. It has been demonstrated that micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the development of PTC. The miRNA-chromatin immunoprecipitation microarray assay revealed down-regulation of miR-219-5p; however, the effect of miR-219-5p on PTC cell growth remains unknown. This result implied the critical role of miR-219-5p in the development of PTC.', 'We investigated the association between miR-219-5p and PTC development. Expression of miR-219-5p was monitored in 30 PTC tissue specimens and compared with that in 30 normal thyroid tissue specimens. The effect of miR-219-5p on PTC development was studied by cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis assays. The underlying mechanism was clarified by a reporter assay and rescue experiment.', 'The current study confirmed that miR-219-5p expression was inhibited in PTC tissue samples. There were statistically significant differences in the expression of miR-219-5p with regard to sex, tumor size, and lymph node metastasis in patients with PTC. Forced expression of miR-219-5p suppressed PTC cell proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis. Further study showed that estrogen receptor (ER) α was the direct target of miR-219-5p and mediated the effect of miR-219-5p on PTC occurrence. Expression of miR-219-5p was inversely correlated with that of ERα. Importantly, ERα overexpression in PTC cells rescued the inhibitory effect of miR-219-5p on PTC cell proliferation and migration. Thus, our results indicated that miR-219-5p played a critical role in PTC growth by inhibiting ERα.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
The authors set out to analyze if a simple comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) could objectively identify elderly patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) who can be effectively treated with anthracycline-containing immunochemotherapy.', 'CGA was performed in 84 consecutive patients with DLCL aged >65 years and diagnosed at a single institution. Treatment with curative versus palliative intent was chosen according to clinical judgment. Cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunomycin, Oncovin (vincristine), and prednisone (CHOP) or CHOP-like regimens were given to 62 (74%) patients. The outcome of patients was analyzed according to both the treatment received and the results of CGA.', 'According to CGA, 42 (50%) patients were classified as "fit." They were younger (P < .0001) and had less frequent systemic symptoms (P = .03). These patients received curative treatment by clinical judgment. Their response rate (92.5% vs 48.8%; P < .0001) and median survival (not reached vs 8 months; P < .0001) were significantly better than those of 42 patients considered "unfit" by CGA. Among unfit patients, 20 had actually received curative and 22 palliative therapy. These subgroups did not differ in any geriatric or lymphoma-related characteristic. Their outcome was similar irrespectively of the type of treatment received (median survival, 8 vs 7 months; P = nonsignificant). Lymphoma rather than toxicity was the main cause of failure/death also among unfit patients treated aggressively.

Ex Output:

0