Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Chronic stress is generally known to exacerbate the development of numerous neuropsychiatric diseases such as fear and anxiety disorders, which is at least partially due to the disinhibition of amygdala subsequent to the prolonged stress exposure. GABA receptor A (GABAAR) mediates the primary component of inhibition in brain and its activation produces two forms of inhibition: the phasic and tonic inhibition. While both of them are critically engaged in limiting the activity of amygdala, their roles in the amygdala disinhibition subsequent to chronic stress exposure are largely unknown.', 'We investigated the possible alterations of phasic and tonic GABAAR currents and their roles in the amygdala disinhibition subsequent to chronic stress. We found that both chronic immobilization and unpredictable stress led to long lasting loss of tonic GABAAR currents in the projection neurons of lateral amygdala. By contrast, the phasic GABAAR currents, as measured by the spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents, were virtually unaltered. The loss of tonic inhibition varied with the duration of daily stress and the total days of stress exposure. It was prevented by pretreatment with metyrapone to block corticosterone synthesis or RU 38486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, suggesting the critical involvement of glucocorticoid receptor activation. Moreover, chronic treatment with corticosterone mimicked the effect of chronic stress and reduced the tonic inhibition in lateral amygdala of control mice. The loss of tonic inhibition resulted in the impaired GABAergic gating on neuronal excitability in amygdala, which was prevented by metyrapone pretreatment.
Answer: Our study suggests that enduring loss of tonic but not phasic GABAAR currents critically contributes to the prolonged amygdala disinhibition subsequent to chronic stress. We propose that the preferential loss of tonic inhibition may account for the development of stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases.

Output: Does chronic stress impair GABAergic control of amygdala through suppressing the tonic GABAA receptor currents?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Intestinal fibrosis is mainly associated with Crohn's disease and is defined as a progressive and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. No specific antifibrotic therapies are available. In this study, we evaluate the antifibrotic effect of a novel 5-ASA analog able to activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, named GED-0507-34 Levo.", 'Colonic fibrosis was induced in 110 C57BL/6 mice by 3 cycles of 2.5% (wt/vol) dextran sulfate sodium administration for 6 weeks. The preventive effects of oral daily GED (30 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)) administration were evaluated using a macroscopic and histological score and also through biological endpoints. Expression of main markers of myofibroblasts activation was determined in transforming growth factor (TGF-β)-stimulated intestinal fibroblasts and epithelial cells.', 'GED improved macroscopic and microscopic intestinal lesions in dextran sulfate sodium-treated animals and reduced the profibrotic gene expression of Acta2, COL1a1, and Fn1 by 1.48-folds (P < 0.05), 1.93-folds (P < 0.005), and 1.03-fold (P < 0.05), respectively. It reduced protein levels of main markers of fibrosis (α-SMA and Collagen I-II) and the main TGF-β/Smad pathway components. GED also decreased the interleukin-13 and connective tissue growth factor expression by 1.89-folds (P < 0.05) and 2.2-folds (P < 0.005), respectively. GED inhibited TGF-β-induced activation of both fibroblast and intestinal epithelial cell lines, by regulating mRNA expression of α-SMA and fibronectin, and restoring the TGF-β-induced loss of intestinal epithelial cell markers. GED treatment also reduced the TGF-β and ACTA1 expression in primary human intestinal fibroblasts from ulcerative colitis patients.
Answer: GED ameliorates intestinal fibrosis in dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis in mice and regulates major profibrotic cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Output: Does novel PPARγ Modulator GED-0507-34 Levo ameliorate Inflammation-driven Intestinal Fibrosis?


Input: Consider Input: Context: The functional recovery of the remnant liver after an extended hepatectomy is critical for the outcome of the patient. The aim of this prospective study was to examine whether biliary bile acids could be an indicator for postoperative liver function.', 'Externally drained bile samples were obtained from 51 patients with biliary or periampullary carcinomas before and after surgery. Patients were categorized into 3 groups: group A, 29 hepatectomized patients without liver failure; group B, 7 hepatectomized patients with liver failure (maximum serum bilirubin level, >10 mg/dL); and group C, 15 patients who underwent biliopancreatic resection without hepatectomy, with a good postoperative course. Bile samples were withdrawn 1 day before surgery and on postoperative days 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7. Total bile acids were measured with a 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase method.', 'Before surgery, the concentration of bile acids was higher in groups A and C than in group B, and correlated significantly with the indocyamine green disappearance rate (KICG) values (R(2) = 0.557; P <.0001). After surgery, bile acid concentrations decreased in all 3 groups until postoperative day 2, which was followed by a gradual increase. The concentration recovered to the preoperative level in groups A and C but remained low in group B. Biliary bile acid concentrations on day 2 correlated significantly with remnant liver KICG values (R(2) = 0.257; P =.0019). Among several parameters studied, including KICG, remnant liver KICG, biliary bile acids, and biliary bilirubin, biliary bile acid concentration had the most predictive power for occurrence of postoperative liver failure.
Answer: Biliary bile acid concentration could be a simple, real-time, reliable indicator of preoperative and postoperative liver function.


Output: Is biliary bile acid concentration a simple and reliable indicator for liver function after hepatobiliary resection for biliary cancer?