Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: i ne prognostic relevance of hematological parameters in cardiovascular diseases has been well demonstrated. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the association between the hematological parameters, particularly neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and outcomes of aortic dissection (AD).', 'Two hundred patients diagnosed with AD were retrospectively recruited and compared with 76 subjects with ascending aortic dilatation (AAD) and 92 subjects with normal aortic diameters. The independent relation between hematological parameters and in-hospital mortality was analyzed by regression analysis.', 'The NLR was significantly higher in the AD group compared to the AAD and control groups (median 8.83 [8.13] vs. median 1.95 [1.10] vs. median 1.71 [0.77], respectively; p = 0.01). The NLR was higher in the deceased (n = 57) compared to the surviving patients (n = 143) (median 10.37 [10.86] vs. median 7.84 [8.17]; p = 0.01). Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis revealed that a NLR measurement higher than > 8.78 predicted in-hospital mortality for patients with acute aortic dissection with a sensitivity of 67.4% and a specificity of 57.2% (AUC: 0.672; p = 0.01). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, increased aortic diameter, acute dissection, and increased levels of NLR remained as the independent markers of in-hospital mortality within the study population.
Answer: In patients with AD, NLR levels were increased compared to patients with AAD and controls and were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. This finding implicates that admission hematological parameters may have clinical importance in evaluating the mortality risk in patients with AD.

Output: Is increased Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Associated with In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Aortic Dissection?


Input: Consider Input: Context: No previous studies have investigated the psychiatric characteristics of patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Similarly, no studies have been performed on patients with different chronic somatic symptoms due to a defined medical disease to compare the characteristics of psychiatric morbidity associated with each etiology.', 'After completing the subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90-R, a psychiatrist administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule to all subjects. The psychiatric comorbidity in 35 patients with pain due to PHN was compared with a control group of 34 patients with the nonpainful aversive symptom of vertigo due to a peripheral vestibular disorder that caused unilateral hypofunction.', 'PHN patients had significantly more symptoms of major depression and somatization disorder. No significant differences were found between groups for psychiatric diagnoses. Patients with PHN reported significantly less acutely distressing somatic symptoms.
Answer: These results suggest that the psychiatric symptoms of patients with PHN are distinct from nonspecific acute distress and may be related to the experience of suffering from chronic neuropathic pain. Patients with PHN may not meet criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis, but their psychiatric comorbidity places them at substantial risk for increased pain, suicidal ideation, sustained disability, and the numerous complications of excessive medical evaluation and treatment. Patients with PHN should be evaluated specifically for psychiatric symptoms to reduce potential negative consequences through appropriate treatment.

Output: Do psychiatric symptoms and distress differ between patients with postherpetic neuralgia and peripheral vestibular disease?


Input: Consider Input: Context: The transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels have emerged as important cellular sensors in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, with TRPA1 playing a central role in nociception and neurogenic inflammation. The functionality of TRP channels has been shown to be modulated by inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inflammation on odontoblast TRPA1 expression and to determine the effect of Biodentine (Septodent, Paris, France) on inflammatory-induced TRPA1 expression.', 'Immunohistochemistry was used to study TRPA1 expression in pulp tissue from healthy and carious human teeth. Pulp cells were differentiated to odontoblastlike cells in the presence of 2\xa0mmol/L beta-glycerophosphate, and these cells were used in quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, calcium imaging, and patch clamp studies.', 'Immunofluorescent staining revealed TRPA1 expression in odontoblast cell bodies and odontoblast processes, which was more intense in carious versus healthy teeth. TRPA1 gene expression was induced in cultured odontoblastlike cells by tumor necrosis factor alpha, and this expression was significantly reduced in the presence of Biodentine. The functionality of the TRPA1 channel was shown by calcium microfluorimetry and patch clamp recording, and our results showed a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced TRPA1 responses after Biodentine treatment.
Answer: In conclusion, this study showed TRPA1 to be modulated by caries-induced inflammation and that Biodentine reduced TRPA1 expression and functional responses.


Output: Does biodentine reduce Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-induced TRPA1 Expression in Odontoblastlike Cells?