Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Hypoxemia is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a major factor in patients' prognosis and quality of life. The response to exercise has been evaluated by various means but no standardization has been accepted.", 'To suggest a simple outpatient technique for evaluating the response of arterial oxygen saturation to exercise for use as a marker of disease severity.', 'Ninety-six patients with various degrees of COPD were divided into three groups: mild (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec > 65%), moderate (FEV1 between 50 and 65%), and severe (FEV1 < 50%). Using continuous oximeter recording we measured oxygen saturation during 15 steps of climbing, and quantified oxygen desaturation by measuring the "desaturation area," defined as the area under the curve of oxygen saturation from the beginning of exercise through the lowest desaturation point and until after recovery to the baseline level of oxygen percent saturation. Desaturation was correlated to spirometry, lung gas volumes, blood gas analysis, and 6 min walking distance.', 'A good correlation was found between severity of COPD and baseline SaO2, lowest SaO2, recovery time, and desaturation area. A negative correlation was found between desaturation area and FEV1 (r = -0.65), FEV1/forced vital capacity (r = -0.58), residual volume to total lung capacity (r = 0.52), and diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (r = -0.52). In stepwise multiple regression analysis only FEV1 correlated significantly to desaturation area. A good correlation was noted between 6 min walking distance and desaturation area with the 15 steps technique (r = 0.56).
Do quantitative 15 steps exercise oximetry as a marker of disease severity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABAA receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy covary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety.', 'Ninety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37-40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by Celite chromatography and radioimmunoassay.', "Ten women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S ≥ 13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the normal range (39.0 ± 17.9 vs. 54.6 ± 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy.
Is low serum allopregnanolone associated with symptoms of depression in late pregnancy?

Early diagnosis is important in preventing mortality from malaria. The hypothesis that guardians' fear of covert human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing delays presentation of children with suspected malaria was tested.", "The study design is a cross-sectional survey. The study population consisted of guardians of children with suspected malaria who presented to health centres in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Data were collected on attitudes to HIV testing and the duration of children's symptoms using interview administered questionnaires.", 'Some 830 individuals provided data representing a response rate of 99% of eligible participants. Of these, 423 (51%) guardians perceived that HIV testing was routinely done on blood donated for malaria diagnosis, and 353 (43%) were aware of community members who delayed seeking medical advice because of these concerns. Children whose guardians suspected that blood was covertly tested for HIV had longer median delay to presentation for evaluation at health centres compared to those children whose guardians did not hold this belief (three days compared to two days, p < 0.001). Children whose guardians were concerned about covert HIV testing were at a higher odds of a prolonged delay before being seen at a health centre (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence intervals: 1.10 to 270 for a delay of ≥ 3 days compared to those seen in ≤ 2 days).

Are concerns about covert HIV testing associated with delayed presentation of suspected malaria in Ethiopian children : a cross-sectional study?