In this task, you are given a part of an article. Your task is to generate headline (title) for this text. Preferred headlines are under fifteen words.

Ex Input:
Résumé. Le crowdsourcing, un enjeu économique majeur, est le fait d’externaliser une tâche interne d’une entreprise vers le grand-public, la foule. C’est ainsi une forme de sous-traitance digitale destinée à toute personne susceptible de pouvoir réaliser la tâche demandée généralement rapide et non automatisable. L’évaluation de la qualité du travail des participants est cependant un problème majeur en crowdsourcing. En effet, les contributions doivent être contrôlées pour assurer l’efficacité et la pertinence d’une campagne. Plusieurs méthodes ont été proposées pour évaluer le niveau d’expertise des participants. Ce travail a la particularité de proposer une méthode de calcul de degrés d’expertise en présence de données dont l’ordre de classement est connu. Les degrés d’expertise sont ensuite considérés sur des données sans ordre pré-établi. Cette méthode fondée sur la théorie des fonctions de croyance tient compte des incertitudes des réponses et est évaluée sur des données réelles d’une campagne réalisée en 2016.

Ex Output:
Une mesure d’expertise pour le crowdsourcing


Ex Input:
We first consider the problem of learning k-parities in the on-line mistake-bound model: given a hidden vector x ∈ {0, 1} with |x| = k and a sequence of “questions” a1, a2, · · · ∈ {0, 1} , where the algorithm must reply to each question with 〈ai, x〉 (mod 2), what is the best tradeoff between the number of mistakes made by the algorithm and its time complexity? We improve the previous best result of Buhrman et. al. [BGM10] by an exp(k) factor in the time complexity. Second, we consider the problem of learning k-parities in the presence of classification noise of rate η ∈ (0, 1/2). A polynomial time algorithm for this problem (when η > 0 and k = ω(1)) is a longstanding challenge in learning theory. Grigorescu et al. [GRV11] showed an algorithm running in time ( n k/2 )1+4η+o(1) . Note that this algorithm inherently requires time ( n k/2 ) even when the noise rate η is polynomially small. We observe that for sufficiently small noise rate, it is possible to break the ( n k/2 ) barrier. In particular, if for some function f(n) = ω(1) and α ∈ [1/2, 1), k = n/f(n) and η = o(f(n)/ log n), then there is an algorithm for the problem with running time poly(n) · ( n k )1−α · e.

Ex Output:
On learning k-parities with and without noise


Ex Input:
Class imbalance is one of the challenging problems for machine learning in many real-world applications, such as coal and gas burst accident monitoring: the burst premonition data is extreme smaller than the normal data, however, which is the highlight we truly focus on. Cost-sensitive adjustment approach is a typical algorithm-level method resisting the data set imbalance. For SVMs classifier, which is modified to incorporate varying penalty parameter(C) for each of considered groups of examples. However, the C value is determined empirically, or is calculated according to the evaluation metric, which need to be computed iteratively and time consuming. This paper presents a novel cost-sensitive SVM method whose penalty parameter C optimized on the basis of cluster probability density function(PDF) and the cluster PDF is estimated only according to similarity matrix and some predefined hyper-parameters. Experimental results on various standard benchmark data sets and real-world data with different ratios of imbalance show that the proposed method is effective in comparison with commonly used cost-sensitive techniques.

Ex Output:

Optimizing Cost-Sensitive SVM for Imbalanced Data :Connecting Cluster to Classification