In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors can be divided into typical and atypical carcinoids according to their histologic and clinical features. Atypical carcinoids tend to have less predictable biologic behavior and are associated with a worse prognosis than typical carcinoids. The authors examined apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis regulating proteins Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, and Mcl-1 in 21 typical and 10 atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. To find features distinguishing the growth of these types of tumors, the expression of p53 protein and the proliferation marker Ki-67 were also investigated. Finally, the parameters were compared with clinical follow-up data.', "Thirty-one bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors were examined by using in situ 3'-end labeling of DNA (TUNEL) for apoptosis and immunohistochemical staining methods for Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, Mcl-1, p53, and Ki-67 in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue specimens.", 'The apoptotic indices (AIs) were low in general (mean 0.18%), but higher AIs (> 0.5%) were observed significantly more often in atypical than in typical carcinoids (P < 0.008) in association with shortened survival (P < 0. 008). No relation between apoptosis and Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, or Mcl-1 expression was found. Expression of p53 protein was detected in only three atypical carcinoids, which also had significantly higher AIs than p53 negative tumors (P < 0.03). Proliferation rates measured by Ki-67 index were unusually low; the highest proliferation rates were observed in atypical carcinoids. There was a positive correlation between AI and Ki-67 indices (P < 0.01).\Question: Do atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoids show a tendency toward increased apoptotic and proliferative activity?

Output: This study suggests that the extent of apoptosis in bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors is low. This, together with a low proliferation rate and an apparent absence of p53 mutation, enables a benign growth pattern. Some atypical carcinoids with enhanced apoptosis are associated with shortened survival, clearly deviating from typical carcinoids.


Input: Consider Input: Context: To evaluate the effects of COX-1 and/or COX-2 inhibition in a model of chronic esophagitis in rabbits.', 'Both high- and low-grade esophagitis were induced in rabbits by the perfusion of acidified pepsin. Rabbits were treated with either a selective COX-2 inhibitor (DFU[3-(3-Fluorophenyl)-4-(4-Methanesulfonyl)-5,5-Dimethyl-5H-Furan-2-One];30 mg/Kg/day), a nonspecific COX inhibitor (indomethacin; 2 mg/Kg/day), or a COX-1 preferential inhibitor (piroxicam; 2 mg/Kg/12 h).', 'Prostaglandins are derived from COX-1 activity in the normal esophagus. Both low- and high-grade esophagitis are associated with a progressive increase of COX activity, which is partially dependent on the COX-2 isoform. DFU reduced muscosal damage in both models of esophagitis. However, indomethacin did not affect significantly mucosal damage, and piroxicam increased damage in low-grade esophagitis.\Question: Is selective COX-2 inhibition associated with decreased mucosal damage induced by acid and pepsin in rabbit esophagitis?

Output: COX-1 activity is constitutive in the rabbit esophageal mucosa, but both COX-2 and COX-1 activity are increased under the impact of acidified pepsin. Treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor DFU is associated with improvement of mucosal damage, which may have therapeutic implications.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Although the major limitation to exercise performance in patients with COPD is dynamic hyperinflation, little is known about its relation to daily physical activity.', 'To analyze the contribution of dynamic hyperinflation, exercise tolerance, and airway oxidative stress to physical activity in patients with COPD.', 'In a cross-sectional study, we included 110 patients with moderate to very severe COPD. Daily physical activity was measured using a triaxial accelerometer providing a mean of 1-minute movement epochs as vector magnitude units (VMU). Patients performed the 6-minute walk test, incremental exercise test with measurement of breathing pattern and operating lung volumes, and constant-work rate test at 75% of maximal work rate.', 'Using the GOLD stage and BODE index, we determined arterial blood gases, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, and biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate. Daily physical activity was lower in the 89 patients who developed dynamic hyperinflation than in the 21 who did not (n =161 [SD 70] vs. n = 288 [SD 85] VMU; P = 0.001). Physical activity was mainly related to distance walked in 6 minutes (r = 0.72; P = 0.001), Vo(2) (r = 0.63; P = 0.001), change in end-expiratory lung volume during exercise (r = -0.73; P = 0.001), endurance time (r = 0.61; P = 0.001), and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate (r = -0.67; P = 0.001). In a multivariate linear regression analysis using VMU as a dependent variable, dynamic hyperinflation, change in end-expiratory lung volume, and distance walked in 6 minutes were retained in the prediction model (r(2) = 0.84; P = 0.001).\Question: Is daily physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mainly associated with dynamic hyperinflation?


Output: Daily physical activity of patients with COPD is mainly associated with dynamic hyperinflation, regardless of severity classification.