Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: Type II diabetes in the Goto Kakizaki (GK) rats (derived from Wistar rats) is not associated with the development of obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or pronounced renal functional changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of superimposed hypertension on renal function and morphology under conditions of hyper- and normoglycemia.', 'The evolution of biochemical and morphologic renal changes was examined in GK and Wistar rats treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt over 24 weeks.', 'Blood pressure was increased from 6 weeks on in GK and Wistar rats with no difference in blood pressure levels between both groups (week 24, 183 +/- 14 mm Hg vs. 191 +/- 13 mm Hg, P = NS, vs. 144 +/- 6 mm Hg in normal controls, P < 0.01). A progressive increase in proteinuria was observed in hypertensive GK rats from 12 weeks on (week 24, 168 +/- 62 mg/day vs. 41 +/- 30 mg/day in hypertensive Wistar rats, P = 0.002). Histologic analysis at weeks 15 and 24 showed progressive glomerulosclerosis in hypertensive GK and Wistar rats (week 24, 13 +/- 4% vs. 8 +/- 1%, P = NS) but not in nonhypertensive GK controls. This was associated with evidence of podocyte damage (de novo desmin expression) in hypertensive as compared to nonhypertensive GK rats (week 24, score 1.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.1, P < 0.001) while no significant increase was observed in hypertensive vs. nonhypertensive Wistar rats. Tubulointerstitial damage was increased in hypertensive GK as compared to hypertensive Wistar rats (week 24, score 1.5 +/- 0.6 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.3, P = 0.01). By immunohistochemistry, this was associated with an up-regulation of tubulointerstitial type IV collagen as well as alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression, macrophage infiltration and cell proliferation in hypertensive GK rats.

Answer: 0


Question: To describe the common locations of active trigger points (TrPs) in the temporalis muscle and their referred pain patterns in chronic tension type headache (CTTH), and to determine if pressure sensitivity maps of this muscle can be used to describe the spatial distribution of active TrPs.', 'Forty women with CTTH were included. An electronic pressure algometer was used to assess pressure pain thresholds (PPT) from 9 points over each temporalis muscle: 3 points in the anterior, medial and posterior part, respectively. Both muscles were examined for the presence of active TrPs over each of the 9 points. The referred pain pattern of each active TrP was assessed.', 'Two-way analysis of variance detected significant differences in mean PPT levels between the measurement points (F=30.3; P<0.001), but not between sides (F=2.1; P=0.2). PPT scores decreased from the posterior to the anterior column (P<0.001). No differences were found in the number of active TrPs (F=0.3; P=0.9) between the dominant side the nondominant side. Significant differences were found in the distribution of the active TrPs (chi2=12.2; P<0.001): active TrPs were mostly found in the anterior column and in the middle of the muscle belly. The analysis of variance did not detect significant differences in the referred pain pattern between active TrPs (F=1.1, P=0.4). The topographical pressure pain sensitivity maps showed the distinct distribution of the TrPs indicated by locations with low PPTs.

Answer: 1


Question: Role of mast cells in the development of allergen-induced airway remodelling has not been fully investigated in vivo.', 'To clarify the possible role of mast cells in the development of allergen-induced airway remodelling, we compared their responses of genetically mast cell-deficient mice, WBB6F1-W/Wv (c-kit mutant) and Sl/Sld (c-kit ligand mutant) mice with those of congenic normal mice in a murine model of allergic asthma.', 'Mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) with alum, and exposed daily for 3 weeks to aerosolized OA. Twenty-four hours after the last inhalation, bronchial responsiveness to acetylcholine (Ach) was measured, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and biochemical and histological examinations were performed.', 'In both sensitized mast cell-deficient mice, the degree of bronchial hyper-responsiveness to Ach, the number of inflammatory cells and the level of transforming growth factor-beta1 in BAL fluid, IgE response and goblet cell hyperplasia in the epithelium after repeated allergen provocation were not significantly different from those of congenic mice. In contrast, subepithelial fibrosis, evaluated in the fibrotic area around the airways, observed in congenic mice after repeated allergen challenge was partially attenuated in both mast cell-deficient mice. In addition, the amount of hydroxyproline in the lung of mast cell-deficient mice was significantly lower than that of congenic mice. Furthermore, the decreased fibrotic area and amount of hydroxyproline in W/Wv mice was completely recovered by reconstitution of tissue mast cells with bone marrow-derived mast cells of congenic mice.

Answer:
1