Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: To determine whether anxiety and depression are associated with greater respiratory discomfort in asthma.', 'Adults with asthma (n = 230) underwent methacholine (Mch) challenge. Anxiety and depression, asthma control, and quality of life were evaluated at study entry by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Asthma Control Test, and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, respectively. Qualitative descriptors of breathlessness, dyspnea intensity (modified Borg scale and visual analog scale [VAS]), and other respiratory symptoms were evaluated before and after Mch challenge.', 'Patients were classified as neither anxiety nor depression (NAD), anxiety only, depression only (D), or both anxiety and depression (AD) according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score. Asthma Control Test and Asthma Control Test, and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire scores were lowest in the AD group (both p < 0.001). VAS scores for dyspnea and wheezing before Mch challenge were highest in the AD group (both p < 0.05). The increase in the modified Borg scale score after Mch challenge was higher in the AD group (mean [standard deviation] 2.5 ± 2.0) than in the NAD (1.5 ± 1.5) and D (0.8 ± 0.9) groups (p = 0.006 and p = 0.003, respectively). Most descriptors of breathlessness were more prevalent in the anxiety only, D, and AD groups than in the NAD group. Multivariable logistic regression models indicated that anxiety increased the risk of dyspnea (odds ratio 1.10, p < 0.001 for the Borg score; odds ratio 3.84, p = 0.032 for the VAS score) but not for other respiratory symptoms.

A: 1
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Q: 5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) has been used for the treatment of skin photoaging. It can significantly improve the appearance of fine lines, dotted pigmentation, and roughness of photoaged skin. However, the mechanisms by which ALA-PDT yields rejuvenating effects on photoaged skin have not been well elucidated. Thus, in this study we explored the effects of ALA-PDT in photoaged fibroblasts.', 'We established a stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) model by repeated exposures of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Cells were irradiated by red light laser at 635nm wavelength (50mW/cm(2)). Intracellular protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was detected by confocal microscopy. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) change were detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Morphological changes were observed by optical microscopy. Proliferative activity was measured by a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). Cell apoptosis was detected by fluorescence microscopy using Hoechst staining and flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium Iodide double staining.', 'Intracellular PpIX fluorescence in UVB-induced premature senescent HDFs (UVB-SIPS-HDFs) reached the highest intensity after incubation with 1.00mmol/L ALA for 6h (P<0.05). Compared with control group, intracellular ROS level, MMP, and apoptotic rate were increased (P<0.05) and proliferative activity was decreased (P<0.05) in UVB-SIPS-HDFs treated with ALA-PDT, which were positively correlated to ALA incubation time and red light laser dose.

A: 0
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Q: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether midazolam exhibits characteristics of a highly permeable P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and to evaluate the potential influence of P-gp inhibition on 1-OH midazolam formation during midazolam transport.', 'P-gp interaction was investigated by P-gp ATPase assay, efflux inhibition studies, and transport studies of midazolam across MDR1-MDCK and 1-alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3-induced Caco-2 monolayers with and without the P-gp inhibitor GF120918.', "Midazolam was highly permeable and transport appeared essentially unpolarized. In MDR1-MDCK, the basolateral-to-apical (B-to-A) permeability was slightly higher (16%) than apical-to-basolateral (A-to-B) permeability (p = 0.04); GF120918 increased A-to-B permeability by 27% (p = 0.01), and increased cellular midazolam accumulation during A-to-B transport by 45% (p = 0.01). Midazolam (200 microM) decreased rhodamine123 and vinblastine B/A ratios 3-fold (p < 0.006), while increasing their cellular accumulation (p < 0.003). P-gp ATPase activation by midazolam was dose-dependent and saturable [Km = 11.5(+/- 4.0) microM; Vmax = 41.1(+/- 7.4) nmol/mg/min]. P-gp inhibition increased 1-OH midazolam formation in A-to-B studies 1.3-fold when midazolam donor > or = 10 microM (p < 0.03). In B-to-A studies, P-gp inhibition did not significantly increase metabolite formation (p = 0.06). Midazolam's extraction ratio was not influenced by P-gp (p = 0.2).

A:
1
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