In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

This equation's accuracy can be improved if used in conjunction with Lorentz-Hudson-McCoubrey combining rules for modeling interactions between unlike molecules. The trace of fluid-solid coexistence curves can be performed by utilizing Kofke's method for this equation's associated integration. This relation can serve as a test for consistency for the Hubbard approximation if the external magnetic field and chemical potential are chosen as its two intensive parameters. The Lewis-Randall rule relates this equation to Henry's Law, and the Clausius-Claperyon equation can be derived from this relation assuming the two phases are in equilibrium. For 10 points, name this doubly eponymous equation that determines the relationship between changes in chemical potential for components in a system, named after a French energeticist and a Yale physicist.
Science

A character created by this author socializes with Billy through sex with Billy's sister Trudy. In a story by this author, one character achieves masculinity by shooting a lion right before he is shot by his wife; that story features a triangle between Margot, Wilson, and Francis Macomber. His works often feature the theme of "nada" and follow the iceberg theory in omitting detail. He created a character who escapes the battle police and falls in love with Catherine Barkley, and he quoted Gertrude Stein on the Lost Generation for one novel's epitaph. For 10 points, name this writer who created Frederic Henry and Jake Barnes in A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises.
Literature

The principle criteria for strong shockwaves include the detachment criterion and a criterion named for this man that is sometimes known as the mechanical equilibrium criterion. The namesake of a uniqueness theorem with Stone, he is also the namesake of a type of entropy associated with quantum mechanics. A finite axiomatizable set theory is named for this man, along with Bernays and Gdel, and in cellular automata, each individual interacts with its four nearest neighbors in this man's namesake neighborhood. The theoretical proof of the existence of a universal converter was given by this man, and a type of computer organization in which data and instructions are stored together in a common memory is this man's namesake architecture. For 10 points, name this inventor of merge sort, formulator of the minimax theorem, and co-author of Theory of Games and Economic Behavior with Oskar Morgenstern.

Science