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Generate an explanation for the given claim using the provided supporting material from the paragraph. Please consider the following points while generating an output. 1) The claim will always have supporting proof in the paragraph, and the paragraph will have a clear point of view supporting the claim. 2) There can be instances where direct correlation to the claim is not available. Make use of the sentences in the paragraph to provide a corresponding output supporting the claim. 3) The explanation should be at least one and at most twelve sentences long.
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Paragraph: In March 2020, as cities around the world announced “shelter-in-place” or “self-quarantine” orders in an effort to reduce the spread of COVID-19, social media users started to circulate an image that supposedly showed a newspaper clipping from 1918 with a similar announcement in the town of Kelowna, British Columbia:  The clipping reads: Public Notice. Notice is hearby given that, in order to prevent the spread of Spanish Influenza, all Schools, public and private, Churches, Theaters, Moving Picture Halls, Pool Rooms and other places of amusement, and Lodge meetings, are to be closed until further notice. All public gatherings consisting of 10 or more are prohibited. D. W. Sutherland, Mayor. Kelowna, B.C., 19 October 1918. This is a genuine newspaper clipping that was published in the Kelowna Record in 1918 as this Canadian town, as well as the rest of the world, fought to prevent the spread of the H1N1 virus, commonly and misleadingly called the “Spanish Flu.” The clipping was archived by the University of British Columbia and can be viewed here. Kelowna, of course, was not the only city to issue such an order. We searched the archives of Newspapers.com and found several similar announcements in cities across the United States. On Oct. 10, 1918, for instance, Des Moines, Iowa, Mayor Thomas P. Fairweather announced that “in order to prevent the spread of Spanish Influenza and to protect the public health and safety,” he was directing “all public places of amusement, including theaters, moving pictures houses, dance halls and public dancing places, pool and billiard halls, skating rinks, outdoor athletic events, all public congregating places subject to unusual congestion, be closed.”  Thu, Oct 10, 1918 – Page 6 · The Des Moines Register (Des Moines, Iowa) · Newspapers.com Mobile, Alabama, took these closures one step further. In addition to closing restaurants and businesses, Mobile also asked people to refrain from kissing:  Tue, Oct 8, 1918 – 10 · Knoxville Sentinel (Knoxville, Tennessee) · Newspapers.com In 1918, just like today, individual cities and states made the decision to close schools, businesses, and public gathering places. According to a recent study from the Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology, cities that implemented strict social guidelines during the early days of the 1918 pandemic saw lower transmission rates and reduced total mortalities. Claim: "A newspaper clipping from 1918 documents a ""public notice"" from the city of Kelowna, British Columbia, announcing that schools, movie theaters, and other public places would be closed to prevent the spread of ""Spanish Influenza."" "
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During the 1918-19 H1N1 “Spanish” influenza pandemic, which infected a fifth to a third of the world population, and during which 50 million people have died worldwide, including an estimated 675,000 Americans, the United States has adopted a range of nonpharmaceutical (public health) interventions. These measures, which were similar to those currently adopted, included closure of schools and churches, banning of mass gatherings, mandated mask wearing, case isolation, and disinfection/hygiene measures. However, these measures were not implemented at the same time or for the same duration in different cities, nor were they uniformly followed. A recent analysis concluded that in some cities (San Francisco, St. Louis, Milwaukee, and Kansas City), where the measures were implemented early, they reduced transmission rates by up to 30–50%. Cities that implemented such measures earlier had greater delays in reaching peak mortality, and had lower peak mortality rates and lower total mortality. The duration that these “social distancing” measures were kept in place correlated with a reduced total mortality burden. Although we still have no known effective therapy or vaccine prevention for this coronavirus, and the world is a quite different place than it was 100 years ago, the efficacy of the measures instituted during the 1918-19 pandemic gives us hope that the current measures will also limit the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.


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Paragraph: Samoa declared a national emergency last month and mandated that all 200,000 people living on the South Pacific island nation get vaccinated. The government has closed all schools and banned children from public gatherings. In all, 53 people have died in the outbreak since late October, including one adult and two older teenagers. Most of those who have died have been babies and young infants, including 23 children aged less than 1 and 25 children aged between 1 and 4. The government said more than 1,100 people have been admitted to hospitals since the outbreak began and about 180 people remain hospitalized. Among those hospitalized are 19 children who are in critical condition. Samoan authorities believe the virus was first spread by a traveler from New Zealand. New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said Monday that her country was doing everything it could to help curb the epidemic, including sending more than 50 medical professionals and thousands of vaccines to Samoa. Other countries including Britain have also sent teams and supplies. Ardern said the natural curve of infection rates meant that “sometimes things can be worse before they are better.” Figures from the World Health Organization and UNICEF indicate that fewer than 30% of Samoan infants were immunized last year. That low rate was exacerbated by a medical mishap that killed two babies who were administered a vaccine that had been incorrectly mixed, causing wider delays and distrust in the vaccination program. The government said about 33,000 people were vaccinated before last month and since then, another 58,000 people have been vaccinated. The World Health Organization has set a target of wiping out measles from most of the world by next year. It says the disease is entirely preventable thanks to a safe vaccine that has been in use since the 1960s, and that measles deaths worldwide decreased by 84% between 2000 and 2016 to about 90,000 annually thanks to better immunization. Claim: 50 children killed by measles in Samoa as outbreak worsens.
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Samoa’s government said Monday that another five children had died within the past day from a measles outbreak, bringing the death toll from the epidemic to more than 50 as authorities race to vaccinate the entire population.


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Paragraph: "On September 21 2020, several prominent tweets suggested that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention added, then removed guidance indicating that SARS-CoV-2 (the virus which causes COVID-19) was airborne — meaning it could potentially be spread through aerosolized droplets in confined spaces:BREAKING: The CDC now pulls down language saying COVID aerisolizes.It’s reasonable to wonder who is calling the shots at the CDC and what the scientists actually think.— Andy Slavitt @ 🏡 (@ASlavitt) September 21, 2020🚨HOLY HELL—CDC has now taken down the “coronavirus is aerosol & airborne” guidance from yesterday!!!! It’s like gone!! Instead it puts up some ‘a draft version was put up in error’ bullshit language. Ummm, HHS censorship??? #COVID19 pic.twitter.com/jps57DZ43R— Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) September 21, 2020One tweet highlighted the changes:BREAKINGCDC changes COVID-19 guidance, airborne is primary way the virus spreads, touching surfaces is NOT the main way. #Ventilation is important, as it goes beyond 6 ft and remains suspended in the air.H/T @jljcolorado & @jmcrookston pic.twitter.com/8EZ86q3V6i— David Elfstrom (@DavidElfstrom) September 20, 2020Those tweets often followed tweets referencing and sharing the removed content from the CDC’s website:Huge—CDC now finally says coronavirus can commonly spread ""through respiratory droplets or small particles, such as in aerosols,"" when a person breathes. ""Airborne viruses, including #COVID19, are among the most contagious”➡️Airborne aerosols. #MaskUp 🧵https://t.co/ik2LrH4Iqk— Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) September 21, 2020Initial News About the CDC’s ‘Airborne Spread’ ChangesIn the above tweet, published at 7:39 AM on September 21 2020, epidemiologist Eric Feigl-Ding shared a CNN link to a September 20 2020 article (“Updated CDC guidance acknowledges coronavirus can spread through the air”), which began:The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated guidance on its website to say coronavirus can commonly spread “through respiratory droplets or small particles, such as those in aerosols,” which are produced even when a person breathes.“Airborne viruses, including COVID-19, are among the most contagious and easily spread,” the site now says.Previously, the CDC page said that Covid-19 was thought to spread mainly between people in close contact — about 6 feet — and “through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks.”The page, updated [September 18 2020], still says Covid-19 most commonly spreads between people who are in close contact with one another, and now says the virus is known to spread “through respiratory droplets or small particles, such as those in aerosols, produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, sings, talks or breathes.”A separate September 21 2020 article also published on CNN.com (“As doctors worry about ‘a very apocalyptic fall,’ the CDC retracts info on how Covid-19 spreads”) addressed the removal of guidance about airborne transmission of COVID-19 from the CDC’s website:Dr. Jeanne Marrazzo, director of the division of infectious diseases at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, said she agrees this fall “could be apocalyptic” after recent spikes. […][Marrazzo] cited a recent [September 18 2020] update from the CDC that said you can get Covid-19 just by inhaling tiny particles from an infected person’s breath that linger or travel in the air.“There is growing evidence that droplets and airborne particles can remain suspended in the air and be breathed in by others, and travel distances beyond 6 feet,” the CDC’s website said in an update [added September 18 2020]. “In general, indoor environments without good ventilation increase this risk.”Many doctors have known that for months — hence their pleas for the public to wear masks.“The updated guidance would have been fine if it came out last May [2020],” Hotez said. “We knew all of these things months ago.”But by Monday afternoon [September 21 2020], the CDC’s update was removed.“The fact that they retracted this, even though this is common scientific knowledge at this point, one has to wonder what’s behind it,” said Dr. Leana Wen, a CNN medical analyst and an emergency physician at George Washington University.As for the retraction, a copy of a page titled “How COVID-19 Spreads” was updated September 18 2020, and archived just before 10 AM on September 21 2020. The archived version of the page read:COVID-19 is thought to spread mainly through close contact from person to person, including between people who are physically near each other (within about 6 feet). People who are infected but do not show symptoms can spread the virus to others. We are still learning about how the virus spreads and the severity of illness it causes.COVID-19 most commonly spreadsAs of 5:49 PM on September 21 2020, the same page at the same link did not include the content about airborne transmission:COVID-19 is thought to spread mainly through close contact from person-to-person. Some people without symptoms may be able to spread the virus. We are still learning about how the virus spreads and the severity of illness it causes.Person-to-person spread The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person.A note at the top of the edited page addressed the changes:A draft version of proposed changes to these recommendations was posted in error to the agency’s official website. CDC is currently updating its recommendations regarding airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Once this process has been completed, the update language will be posted.CDC Officials Explain the Revision and Re-RevisionAccording to the second CNN article, two people with knowledge of the changes (one named, one not) spoke to the network:The removal was not the result of political pressure, according to a federal official familiar with the situation.“This was totally the CDC’s doing,” the official said. “It was posted by mistake. It wasn’t ready to be posted.”The official said the guideline change was published without first being thoroughly reviewed by CDC experts.“Somebody hit the button and shouldn’t have,” the official said.The official added that the guidance is “getting revised,” but didn’t say when the revision would be posted to the CDC’s website … When asked why the CDC retracted its update on aerosolized spread, a spokesman for the agency said it was posted in error.“A draft version of proposed changes to these recommendations was posted in error to the agency’s official website,” CDC spokesman Jason McDonald said in an email to CNN.“CDC is currently updating its recommendations regarding airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Once this process has been completed, the update language will be posted.”A CNBC article published just after noon on September 21 2020 reported that the World Health Organization had contacted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about the changes:The WHO had not seen any “new evidence” on airborne particles and was checking with the CDC to “better understand” the exact nature of the change, Dr. Mike Ryan, executive director of the WHO’s health emergencies program, said during a news conference at the agency’s Geneva headquarters.The WHO has said Covid-19 primarily spreads through respiratory droplets that pass when an infected person coughs, sneezes or breathes. Studies have shown that the coronavirus could spread through aerosols in the air, and the WHO has said it is monitoring “emerging evidence” of possible airborne transmission.The international agency’s position “on this remains the same,” Ryan said, “and we’ve always said going back over months and months about the potential for different kinds of roots of transmission and particularly driven by the context, the proximity, the intensity, the duration and the potential for different forms of transmission.”In the same article, CNBC referenced research supporting the airborne spread of coronavirus:Studies have suggested the virus can spread through the air. A study published by researchers at the National Institutes of Health earlier [in 2020] found that particles of the coronavirus released by talking can remain in the air for eight to 14 minutes.A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that Covid-19 was detectable in aerosols for up to three hours.In July [2020], the WHO said there is still no “definitive” evidence that indicates the virus is spreading widely by air, although it added that the possibility of airborne transmission in public settings “cannot be ruled out.”A September 21 2020 Washington Post article quoted CDC deputy director for infectious disease Jay Butler, who said the CDC could not explain how the “airborne” guidance was initially published:But Jay Butler, the CDC’s deputy director for infectious disease, said the Friday update was posted in error. “Unfortunately an early draft of a revision went up without any technical review,” he said.The edited Web page has removed all references to airborne spread, except for a disclaimer that recommendations based on this mode of transmission are under review. “We are returning to the earlier version and revisiting that process,” Butler said. “It was a failure of process at CDC.”SummaryOn September 18 2020, a CDC page called “How COVID-19 Spreads” was updated to include prominent initial language about airborne coronavirus transmission. The changes attracted widespread attention on September 20 2020, and the updates were taken out of the CDC page the next day. Officials later said that “an early draft of a revision went up without any technical review,” because of “a failure of process at [the] CDC,” and that edits to the page were pending.Comments" Claim: "In September 2020, the CDC added and then removed ""airborne transmission"" as a way in which COVID-19 is likely to spread."
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On September 18 2020, a CDC page called “How COVID-19 Spreads” was updated to include prominent initial language about airborne coronavirus transmission. The changes attracted widespread attention on September 20 2020, and the updates were taken out of the CDC page the next day. Officials later said that “an early draft of a revision went up without any technical review,” because of “a failure of process at [the] CDC,” and that edits to the page were pending.