Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: To test the hypothesis that hyporesponsiveness to ghrelin due to reduced growth hormone (GH) contributes to the aging-related hyperinflammatory state in sepsis.', 'Sepsis and septic shock are a serious problem, particularly in the geriatric population. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a, ie, ghrelin receptor). The decline in GH with age is directly associated with many adverse changes that occur with aging. However, the role of GH, ghrelin, and GHSR1a in the age-associated vulnerability to sepsis remains unknown.', 'Male Fischer 344 rats (young: 3 months; aged: 24 months) were used. Plasma GH levels, ghrelin receptor expression, and neuronal activity in the parasympathostimulatory nuclei of the brain stem in normal young and aged animals were measured. Endotoxemia was induced by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15 mg/kg BW).', 'While LPS-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages isolated from aged rats decreased, LPS injection resulted in an in vivo hyperinflammatory state. GH levels were lower in aged rats, which was associated with lower expression of GHSR1a in the dorsal vagal complex and a decrease in parasympathostimulatory neuronal activity. GHSR1a antagonist elevated LPS-induced cytokine release in young rats. GH increased GHSR-1a expression in the dorsal vagal complex in aged rats. Coadministration of ghrelin and GH, but not ghrelin alone or GH alone, markedly reduced cytokine levels and organ injury after endotoxemia in aged rats, which was associated with significantly elevated parasympathostimulatory neuronal activity.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: We previously localized protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) on human spermatozoa and demonstrated that activation of PAR-2 by the mast cell (MC) product tryptase inhibits sperm motility. Importantly, tryptase-secreting MCs are encountered in the male and female genital tract, implying that MC-spermatozoa interactions may be as yet unrecognized factors affecting sperm fertilizing ability. In order to elucidate how tryptase via activation of PAR-2 acts in human spermatozoa, we studied intracellular signal transduction events.', 'Impairment of sperm motility by tryptase was not dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and tryptase did not alter intracellular Ca2+ levels. Pre-incubation with pertussis toxin (PTX) failed to prevent tryptase effects on sperm motility. Western blot analyses revealed that tryptase increased phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) ERK1/2, an effect which was blocked by the MAPK pathway inhibitor PD98059. Pre-treatment of spermatozoa with this inhibitor also blocked the inhibtion of sperm motility evoked by tryptase.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: Apart from surgery, treatment of rectal cancer increasingly involves the use of (neo-)adjuvant strategies. To optimize the selection process for these therapy regimens, especially in the field of cellular and molecular biology, new prognostic factors additional to the established TNM system are being investigated.', 'Two groups of patients ( n=2x85) with rectal carcinoma curatively treated by surgery alone were studied retrospectively (median follow-up 6.1 years). To exclude the effect of the surgeon only patients free of locally recurrent disease were selected. Patient groups were matched for age, gender, UICC stage, and year of operation (1982-1991) and differed only in subsequent metachronous distant metastatic spread, i.e., the criterion to be studied. The factors investigated in uni- and multivariate analysis were angiogenesis, density of dendritic cells, grading, venous invasion, and lymphatic invasion.', 'Grading invariably proved to be the only significant prognostic factor. In univariate analysis the absence of venous invasion was also correlated significantly with increased disease-free survival.


Output: 1