Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro.', 'The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays.', 'T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α.

A: Does equisetum arvense ( common horsetail ) modulate the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells?
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Q: To investigate the incidence of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery and its association with mortality in a patient population receiving ibuprofen and gentamicin perioperatively.', 'Retrospective study with Cox regression analysis to control for possible preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative confounders.', 'University hospital-based single-center study.', 'All patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting ± valve surgery during 2012.', 'None.', 'Acute surgery within 24 hours of coronary angiography, previous nephrectomy, preoperative sCr >2.26 mg/dL and selective cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass were used as exclusion criteria. Acute kidney injury was defined, using the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. Six hundred eight patients were included in the study. Mean age was 68.2 ± 9.7 years, and 81% were males. Acute kidney injury was seen in 28.1% of the patients. Overall mortality at one year was 7% and 3% in the no-AKI group. At one year, mortality was 15% in patients with AKIN stage 1 and AKIN stage 2 compared to 70% in AKIN stage 3. A hazard ratio of 2.34 (95% CI: 1.21-4.51, p = 0.011) and 5.62 (95% CI: 2.42-13.06), p<0.0001) were found for AKIN stage 1 and 2/3 combined, respectively.

A: Is acute kidney injury independently associated with higher mortality after cardiac surgery?
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Q: Circulatory shock results in hypoxia/reoxygenation processes that lead to the release of reactive oxygen species, endothelial injury, and multiple organ failure. Previous data suggest that beta2-adrenergic agonists prevent endothelial dysfunction. The study aimed at determining whether the beta2-adrenergic agonist formoterol protects endothelial cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in vitro.', 'Prospective controlled trial.', 'University hospital research laboratory.', 'Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).', "Confluent HUVECs were sealed in a flow-through chamber mounted on an inverted microscope and perfused with a constant flow of Krebs medium. After 1 hr of equilibration, HUVECs underwent 2 hrs of hypoxia and 1 hr of reoxygenation. Cell death at the end of reoxygenation and reactive oxygen species formation were assessed with fluorescent probes propidium iodide and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, respectively. The effects of the beta2-adrenergic agonist formoterol, the beta2-adrenergic antagonist ICI 118,551 and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NNA were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance followed by post hoc Fisher's test.", 'Hypoxia/reoxygenation increased cell death (hypoxia/reoxygenation 29 +/- 4% vs. control 1 +/- 5%, p < .05) and endothelial reactive oxygen species production (hypoxia/reoxygenation 126 +/- 4% vs. control 108 +/- 4%, p < .05). Formoterol reduced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner (EC95 = 10 mol/L) and reduced endothelial reactive oxygen species production (hypoxia/reoxygenation + formoterol EC95 109 +/- 4% vs. hypoxia/reoxygenation 126 +/- 4%, p < .05). When added to formoterol EC95, ICI 118,551 and L-NNA abolished the formoterol-induced cell protection and reduced reactive oxygen species production.

A:
Does beta2-adrenergic agonist protect human endothelial cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in vitro?
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