In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Input: Consider Input: A newly identified betacoronavirus, human coronavirus EMC (HCoV-EMC), has been isolated from several patients with respiratory and renal disease in the Middle East. While only a few infected patients have been identified, the mortality of the infection is greater than 50%. Like its better-known cousin severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), HCoV-EMC appears to have originated from bats. In a recent article in mBio, Müller et al. described several important differences between the two viruses [M. A. Müller et al., mBio 3(6):e00515-12, 2012, doi:10.1128/mBio.00515-12]. Unlike SARS-CoV, HCoV-EMC can directly infect bat cells. As important, HCoV-EMC does not enter cells using the SARS-CoV receptor, human angiotensin-converting receptor -2 (hACE2) . These results provide a strong incentive for identifying the host cell receptor used by HCoV-EMC. Identification of the receptor will provide insight into the pathogenesis of pulmonary and renal disease and may also suggest novel therapeutic interventions. Citation Perlman S, Zhao J. 2013. Human coronavirus EMC is not the same as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. mBio 4(1):e00002-13.

Output: Human Coronavirus EMC Is Not the Same as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus


Input: Consider Input: The basic reproduction number of an infectious agent is the average number of infections one case can generate over the course of the infectious period, in a naïve, uninfected population. It is well-known that the estimation of this number may vary due to several methodological issues, including different assumptions and choice of parameters, utilized models, used datasets and estimation period. With the spreading of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection, the reproduction number has been found to vary, reflecting the dynamics of transmission of the coronavirus outbreak as well as the case reporting rate. Due to significant variations in the control strategies, which have been changing over time, and thanks to the introduction of detection technologies that have been rapidly improved, enabling to shorten the time from infection/symptoms onset to diagnosis, leading to faster confirmation of the new coronavirus cases, our previous estimations on the transmission risk of the 2019-nCoV need to be revised. By using time-dependent contact and diagnose rates, we refit our previously proposed dynamics transmission model to the data available until January 29th , 2020 and re-estimated the effective daily reproduction ratio that better quantifies the evolution of the interventions. We estimated when the effective daily reproduction ratio has fallen below 1 and when the epidemics will peak. Our updated findings suggest that the best measure is persistent and strict self-isolation. The epidemics will continue to grow, and can peak soon with the peak time depending highly on the public health interventions practically implemented.

Output: An updated estimation of the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCov)-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)


Input: Consider Input: FIG 3 Investigation of CSFV-infected pDC-derived cytokines on the MHC class II expression of NK and ␥␦ T cells. (A) pDCs or mDCs were exposed to CSFV C-strain, Brescia strain, or a mock virus-infected cryolysate supernatant, and after 24 h in culture, the levels of TNF-␣ and type I IFN in the supernatants were analyzed using a porcine cytokine multiplex ELISA and Mx/CAT reporter gene assay, respectively. (B) Enriched NK and ␥␦ T cells were then cultured in cRPMI medium alone or in the presence of porcine recombinant IFN-␣ and/or TNF-␣, at concentrations comparable to those detected in infected pDC cocultures, and the expression of MHC-II was assessed by flow cytometry after 24 h. The mean Ϯ SEM data from three independent experiments utilizing different animals are shown. The values for each group were compared to the corresponding unstimulated control (mock stimulation in panel A and no cytokine treatment in panel B) using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison test: ***, P Ͻ 0.001; **, P Ͻ 0.01; *, P Ͻ 0.05. Franzoni et al. 1416 cvi.asm.org Clinical and Vaccine Immunology


Output: Partial Activation of Natural Killer and ␥␦ T Cells by Classical Swine Fever Viruses Is Associated with Type I Interferon Elicited from Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells