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The major immuno-modulating effects of Ganoderma lucidum include mitogenicity and activation of immune effector cells such as T cells, macrophages and natural killer cells resulting in the production of cytokines.', 'The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of CD40 and CD80 by G. lucidum-treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.', 'Monocytes were isolated and incubated at 37 C and 5% CO2 for 24 h and 48 h in the presence or absence of different concentrations of G. lucidum. Cells were then incubated with labelled monoclonal antibodies against CD14, CD40 and B7-1(CD80) molecules utilizing standard protocols, and analyzed by flow cytometry.', 'The results showed that incubation of monocytes with G. lucidum led to marked enhancement of CD40 and B7-1 expression in a dose- and time- dependent manner (p<0.001). G. lucidum was more effective in enhancing the expression of CD80 and CD40 molecules of cells obtained from females than male donors (p<0.001).
Does ganoderma lucidum induce the expression of CD40/CD86 on peripheral blood monocytes?

Chronic idiopathic urticaria is a common skin disorder characterized by recurrent, transitory, itchy weals for more than 6 weeks. An autoimmune origin has been suggested based on the findings of auto-antibodies (Abs) directed against either the alpha subunit of the high-affinity IgE receptor or the IgE molecule in nearly half of the patients.', 'To identify other autoantigen targets in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria.', "We used pooled IgG derived from 133 patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria to screen a random peptide library to identify disease-relevant autoantigen peptides. Among the identified peptides, one was recognized by the vast majority of patients' sera. Abs against this peptide were affinity purified from the patients' sera and assayed for their ability to induce histamine release from basophils.", "We identified a peptide that showed similarity with the low-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilonRII/CD23) expressed on lymphomonocytes and eosinophils. Anti-peptide IgG Abs purified from the patients' sera bound cell surface CD23 and were able to induce histamine release from basophils. This effect appeared to be mediated by the release of major basic protein from eosinophils upon engagement of CD23. The same effects were obtained with the sera from mice immunized with the CD23 peptide.
Do in chronic idiopathic urticaria autoantibodies against Fc epsilonRII/CD23 induce histamine release via eosinophil activation?

To evaluate the mechanism of oxidative stress at glucose levels accompanying diabetic pregnancy. Specifically, we hypothesize that elevated glucose overwhelms hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) down-regulation observed during pregnancy.', 'Peripheral blood cells from normal healthy pregnant women were exposed to heightened glucose levels to provide an in vitro model of the effects of diabetic pregnancy. Changes in NAD(P)H, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production were evaluated in single cells.', 'Altered metabolic dynamics, as judged by NAD(P)H autofluorescence of neutrophils from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, were observed during incubation with 14 mM glucose, a pathophysiologic level. In parallel, increased production of ROS and NO was observed. The ROS and NO levels attained in cells from pregnant women were greater than those observed in cells from non-pregnant women. Inhibitors of the HMS and NAD(P)H oxidase blocked these effects. These metabolic and oxidant changes required approximately one minute, suggesting that transient glucose spikes during pregnancy could trigger this response.

Is oxidant release dramatically increased by elevated glucose concentrations in neutrophils from pregnant women?