TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Child undernutrition and flooding are highly prevalent public health issues in Asia, yet epidemiological studies investigating this association are lacking.', 'To investigate to what extent floods exacerbate poor nutritional status in children and identify most vulnerable groups, we conducted a population-based survey of children aged 6-59 months inhabiting flooded and non-flooded communities of the Jagatsinghpur district, Odisha (India), one year after large floods in 2008. Anthropometric measurements on 879 children and child, parental and household level variables were collected through face-to-face interviews in September 2009. The association between flooding and the prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight was examined using weighted multivariate logistic regression for children inhabiting communities exposed solely to floods in 2008 and those communities repeatedly flooded (2006 and 2008) controlling for parental education and other relevant variables. We examined the influence of age on this association. Propensity score matching was conducted to test the robustness of our findings.', 'The prevalence of wasting among children flooded in 2006 and 2008 was 51.6%, 41.4% in those flooded only in 2008, and 21.2% in children inhabiting non-flooded communities. Adjusting by confounders, the increased prevalence relative to non-flooded children in the exposed groups were 2.30 (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR); 95% CI: 1.86, 2.85) and 1.94 (95% CI: 1.43, 2.63), respectively. Among repeatedly flooded communities, cases of severe wasting in children were 3.37 times more prevalent than for children inhabiting in those non-flooded (95% CI: 2.34, 4.86) and nearly twice more prevalent relative to those flooded only once. Those children younger than one year during previous floods in 2006 showed the largest difference in prevalence of wasting compared to their non-flooded counterparts (aPR: 4.01; 95% CI: 1.51, 10.63). RESULTS were robust to alternative adjusted models and in propensity score matching analyses. For similar analyses, no significant associations were found for child stunting, and more moderate effects were observed in the case of child underweight.\Question: Is flood-Exposure Associated with Higher Prevalence of Child Undernutrition in Rural Eastern India?

SOLUTION: Particularly in low-resource or subsistence-farming rural settings, long-lasting nutritional response in the aftermath of floods should be seriously considered to counteract the long-term nutritional effects on children, particularly infants, and include their mothers on whom they are dependent. The systematic monitoring of nutritional status in these groups might help to tailor efficient responses in each particular context.

PROBLEM: Context: Women diagnosed with pregnancy-associated breast cancer postpartum have a worse prognosis, stage for stage, than other women with breast cancer. The time of breast involution is tumor promotional. The extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C is upregulated during involution in animal models and promotes breast cancer progression. It interacts with transforming growth factor (TGF)β, which also is involved in breast involution and breast cancer progression. Little is known about the expression of tenascin-C during human breast involution, nor its relationship to TGFβ. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of tenascin-C throughout lactation, as well as its relationship to TGFβ1 and TGFβ2.', 'Three milk samples from 25 lactating women (transitional, whole, and wean) were collected, separated into components (cells, fat, and skim), and the skim fraction analyzed for total protein, tenascin-C, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2. Tenascin-C, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2 were detectable in all milk samples.', 'Highest tenascin-C levels on average were found in whole milk, whereas highest mean TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 levels were in wean milk. Wean samples on average had higher levels of both TGFβ1 (26%) and TGFβ2 (>500%) than matched transitional milk samples. Tenascin-C levels in wean milk were associated with nursing length (p = 0.048). Combining all three milk collection time points, tenascin-C exhibited a weak inverse correlation with TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 (p < 0.1). The inverse correlation at the wean time point was stronger for TGFβ2 than -1 (-0.37 versus -0.25). Tenascin-C, a protein known to promote breast cancer progression, is expressed throughout lactation.\Question: Does expression of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Tenascin-C vary During Lactation?

SOLUTION: The inverse correlation with TGFβ2 in wean milk suggests a possible interaction during breast involution, which should be further investigated.

PROBLEM: Context: It remains controversial whether the cure of H. pylori infection improves NUD symptoms.', 'To conduct a double-blind placebo-controlled single centre study with concealed allocation to investigate this question.', 'Ninety NUD patients with H. pylori infection were randomly assigned to either the treatment group (50 patients) or placebo group (40 patients). The treatment group received omeprazole, amoxycillin, clarithromycin and the placebo group received omeprazole and placebos for 7 days. Symptoms were assessed every week for up to 12 weeks after completion of medication by a symptom questionnaire. Alteration of histological parameters for gastritis was also evaluated.', 'The infection was cured in 41 out of 48 patients in the treatment group and none in the placebo group. There was no significant difference in the mean symptom scores at any assessment point up to 12 weeks between the treatment and placebo groups. Regarding histological parameters, activity and inflammation, not atrophy or intestinal metaplasia, were significantly improved in the treatment group.\Question: Does cure of Helicobacter pylori infection improve symptoms in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients-a double-blind placebo-controlled study?

SOLUTION:
Although histological parameters were significantly improved in the treatment group, there was no significant improvement in symptoms of NUD in the treatment group compared to placebo.