Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Several studies have reported that ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion for treatment of normal-pressure hydrocephalus results in improvement of gait and, less frequently, improvement of cognition. We sought to identify the demographic factors associated with cognitive improvement after shunt insertion to improve assessment of prognosis for cognitive gains with treatment.', 'We report cognitive testing before and after ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion in 36 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, who previously had improvement of any clinical symptom--gait, urinary incontinence, cognition--after a diagnostic trial of continuous cerebrospinal fluid drainage.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: There have seen several studies evaluating the efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) compared with conventional therapy (i.e. immunomodulators, mesalamine, or placebo) at preventing postoperative Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence. The results of these studies have been variable and the magnitude by which anti-TNFα therapy alters the natural history of CD in the postoperative setting has not yet been fully defined.", 'A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases was performed (May 2014). All studies on adult patients with CD that compared anti-TNFα therapy versus conventional therapy or placebo to prevent CD recurrence were included. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel (fixed effects) model with odds ratio (OR) to assess for clinical remission.', 'In the pooled analysis, there was a higher frequency of achieving clinical remission beyond 1 year from time of surgery among patients receiving anti-TNFα therapy compared with conventional therapy [OR 6.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.88-14.27]. There was also a significantly higher rate of achieving both endoscopic (OR 26.44; 95% CI 10.48-66.68) and histologic remission (OR 9.80; 95% CI 2.54-37.81) in the anti-TNFα therapy group compared with the conventional therapy group.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: Evaluate the influence of composite resin CAD-CAM restoration thickness on the in vitro fatigue resistance and failure mode of overlay-type restoration in endodontically treated premolars.', 'Thirty extracted premolars received root canal treatment followed by a standardized tooth preparation (1.5-, 2.5- or 3.5-mm cusp reduction, proximal gingival margins located 1.5mm below the CEJ, glass-ionomer base and immediately sealed dentin with Optibond FL). Restorations were milled using Cerec3 and FiltekMZ100 composite blocks. The intaglio surfaces of the overlays were sandblasted and silanated. Tooth preparations were sandblasted and etched before insertion of the restoration. All restorations were luted with Optibond FL and preheated FiltekZ100. A closed-loop servohydraulic unit was used for simulating cyclic isometric chewing at 5 Hz, starting with a load of 200 N (5000 cycles), followed by stages of 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 N at a maximum of 30,000 cycles each. All samples were loaded until fracture or to a maximum of 185,000 cycles. Groups were compared using the Kaplan-Meier survival curves.', 'None of the restored premolars with the 1.5-mm cusp overlap restoration withstood all 185,000 loading cycles. With 2.5- and 3.5-mm cusp overlap, the survival rate was 30% and 40%, respectively. The rate of fracture below the CEJ was 60%, 60% and 30% for 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 mm of cusp overlap, respectively. Survival of restored premolars with 2.5- and 3.5-mm cusp coverage was not significantly different (p=.23).


Output: 1