TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Allergic airway inflammation is triggered by allergen exposure through several steps including release of IL-33, which promotes cytokine (IL-5, IL-13) production by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). MicroRNA (miR)-155 has recently been described to regulate adaptive responses in allergic inflammation. However, the role of miR-155 in the regulation of ILC2s remains unexplored.', 'We sought to elucidate the contribution of miR-155 in ILC2 expansion using experimental murine models of allergic airway inflammation.', 'To determine the role of miR-155 in the regulation of ILC2s in allergic airway inflammation, miR-155 deficient (miR-155', 'miR-155 was 10-fold upregulated in WT-derived ILC2s in response to IL-33. Furthermore, miR-155

SOLUTION: Is microRNA-155 a critical regulator of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and IL-33 signaling in experimental models of allergic airway inflammation?

PROBLEM: An effective HIV vaccine will likely require induction of both mucosal and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses. We investigated whether intramuscular (IM) delivery of electroporated plasmid DNA vaccine and simultaneous protein vaccinations by intranasal (IN) and IM routes could be combined to induce mucosal and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses to a model HIV-1 CN54 gp140 antigen in mice.', 'Co-immunisation of DNA with intranasal protein successfully elicited both serum and vaginal IgG and IgA responses, whereas DNA and IM protein co-delivery did not induce systemic or mucosal IgA responses. Cellular IFNγ responses were preserved in co-immunisation protocols compared to protein-only vaccination groups. The addition of DNA to IN protein vaccination reduced the strong Th2 bias observed with IN protein vaccination alone. Luminex analysis also revealed that co-immunisation with DNA and IN protein induced expression of cytokines that promote B-cell function, generation of TFH cells and CCR5 ligands that can reduce HIV infectivity.

SOLUTION: Does plasmid DNA Vaccine Co-Immunisation modulate Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses Induced by Intranasal Inoculation in Mice?

PROBLEM: Cognitive abilities decline with age with large individual variability. Genetic variations have been suggested to be an important source for some of this heterogeneity. Among these variations, those related to the dopaminergic system, particularly the valine(158)methionine polymorphism in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMTval(158)met), have been implicated in modulating age-related changes in executive function.', 'We studied 75 subjects (age 21-90 years) using functional neuroimaging while they performed a low-level working memory (WM) task to explore the effects of aging, of the COMTval(158)met polymorphism, and their interactions on the physiological patterns of interconnected cortical activity engaged by WM.', 'Our results show that val homozygotes and older subjects showed increased activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and decreased activity in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) relative to met homozygotes and younger subjects, respectively. Interestingly, there were also independent effects of the COMTval(158)met polymorphism and age on the strength of connectivity between brain regions within the left prefrontal-parietal network; val homozygotes and older subjects showed greater connectivity between the DLPFC and other brain regions within the network and met homozygotes showed greater connectivity between the VLPFC and other brain regions within the network. Furthermore, the greater functional connectivity strength of DLPFC in val homozygotes relative to met homozygotes was much more pronounced in older adults

SOLUTION:
Does catechol-O-methyltransferase valine ( 158 ) methionine polymorphism modulate brain networks underlying working memory across adulthood?