In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Example Input: The development of high-throughput molecular technologies and associated bioinformatics has dramatically changed the capacities of scientists to produce, handle, and analyze large amounts of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. A clear example of this step-change is represented by the amount of DNA sequence data that can be now produced using next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. Similarly, recent improvements in protein and peptide separation effi ciencies and highly accurate mass spectrometry have promoted the identifi cation and quantifi cation of proteins in a given sample. These advancements in biotechnology have increasingly been applied to the study of animal infectious diseases and are beginning to revolutionize the way that biological and evolutionary processes can be studied at the molecular level. Studies have demonstrated the value of NGS technologies for molecular characterization, ranging from metagenomic characterization of unknown pathogens or microbial communities to molecular epidemiology and evolution of viral quasispecies. Moreover, high-throughput technologies now allow detailed studies of hostpathogen interactions at the level of their genomes (genomics), transcriptomes (transcriptomics), or proteomes (proteomics). Ultimately, the interaction between pathogen and host biological networks can be questioned by analytically integrating these levels (integrative OMICS and systems biology). The application of high-throughput biotechnology platforms in these fi elds and their typical low-cost per information content has revolutionized the resolution with which these processes can now be studied. The aim of this chapter is to provide a current and prospective view on the opportunities and challenges associated with the application of massive parallel sequencing technologies to veterinary medicine, with particular focus on applications that have a potential impact on disease control and management.
Example Output: Chapter 30 Next-Generation Sequencing in Veterinary Medicine: How Can the Massive Amount of Information Arising from High- Throughput Technologies Improve Diagnosis, Control, and Management of Infectious Diseases?

Example Input: Early innate and cell-intrinsic responses are essential to protect host cells against pathogens. In turn, viruses have developed sophisticated mechanisms to establish productive infections, counteracting the host innate immune responses. Increasing evidence indicates that these antiviral factors may have a dual role by directly inhibiting viral replication, as well as by sensing and transmitting signals to induce antiviral cytokines. Recent studies have pointed at new, unappreciated mechanisms of viral evasion of host innate protective responses including manipulating the host ubiquitin system. Viral inhibition of antiviral factors by ubiquitin-dependent degradation is emerging as critical evasion mechanism of the antiviral response. In addition, recent studies have uncovered new mechanisms by which viral encoded proteins inhibit ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modification of host proteins involved innate immune signaling pathways. Here we discuss recent findings and novel strategies that viruses have developed to counteract these early innate antiviral defenses. Early events in viral infection include attachment to the host cell membrane and entry, release of the viral RNA, DNA, and protein complexes into the cytoplasm of the cell and early recognition by the host innate immune system. At each of these steps, host cells have developed mechanisms to limit virus infection. In turn, viruses have rapidly evolved to counteract host defenses by different mechanisms. Many recent studies have pointed at the importance of cell type and host specific expression of antiviral factors as critical for
Example Output: Viral evasion mechanisms of early antiviral responses involving regulation of ubiquitin pathways NIH Public Access

Example Input: . (A) Fourier shell correlation plots for the reconstructions reported in this paper. The FSC=0.5 criterion was used for all maps in determining resolution (Graphs prepared using draw_graph (J.F.F. and R.J.C.G., manuscript in preparation). (B) Left A view of the top side of the 80S ribosome large subunit (both subunits in a smaller view above, for orientation) to show fitted rRNA helices (red) and their agreement with the appearance of grooves on the isosurface of the reconstruction (cyan). The RNA model fitted is from the refined model described in the Supporting Information text. Right Two views of the 80S PK-tRNA-EF-2 structure sliced through in which the cut planes are coloured by density (red high density, blue low density) to show the detailed, 15Å resolution density reconstructed, in which individual rRNA helices are resolved. (C) Guinier analysis, after Rosenthal and Henderson (Rosenthal and Henderson, 2003) of the amplitude profiles of the reconstructions reported in this paper. In each plot the uncorrected amplitude profile is shown in grey; it has been fitted with a straight line (red) to give a slope which is the B factor describing in each case. These B factors were applied, negatively, to the reconstructions in order to sharpen them appropriately, yielding the amplitude profiles shown in green (Graphs prepared using draw_guinier (J.F.F. and R.J.C.G., manuscript in preparation). See Supplemental Experimental Procedures for more information. Four views related by 90° rotations, as indicated, of the 80S SL reconstruction fitted with coordinates for the mammalian ribosome as modeled by Chandramouli et al. (2008) into a canine ribosome reconstruction (PDB IDs 2ZKQ and 2ZKR). The 80S SL map is shown as a grey semitransparent surface, the fitted RNA and proteins of the 40S subunit in yellow (backbone for rRNA, ribbon representation for proteins) and of the 60S subunit in blue. The regions for which we cannot identify density and which were left out of the models presented in the main paper are coloured red. They are restricted to the periphery and consist of RNA expansion segments ES4, ES5, ES20, ES24, ES27, ES30 and ES31 of the large subunit and ES3 of the small, and proteins L7A, L18, L35 and the 60S acidic protein. (A) Atomic structure of the 70S ribosome from Thermus thermophilus bound with tRNAs and mRNA (Selmer et al., 2006). The RNA and proteins of both subunits are depicted as yellow ribbons, the P-site tRNA as a grey atomic surface. An eight-residue peptide has been inserted into the structure (taken from an eight-residue stretch of  sheet in EF-2), positioned such that it could be attached to the P-site tRNA and points down the tunnel through the large subunit (red atomic surface). (B) Electron density calculated for the structure shown in a. The calculation was done twice -with and without the eight-residue peptide. Both maps were filtered to 15Å resolution prior to comparison. Yellow: density for the atomic structure shown in a excepting the P-site tRNA which was not included in the density calculation and the eight residue peptide; grey: density calculated for the P-site tRNA separately and also filtered to 15Å resolution; red: difference density computed by subtracting the peptide-less structure from an exactly equivalent structure containing the peptide. It appears that, at 15Å resolution, an eight residue peptide can be identified by difference imaging within a ribosome. (C) The same calculation shown in B but all maps were smeared with a B factor of 5,000 Å 2 ; the difference density for the eight residues is still visible. (D) A close-up of the tRNA and peptide density shown in b, with the ribosomal RNA and proteins shown as ribbons We note that the tRNA density is much clearer than in our experimental maps, but this is because we have not accounted for the solvent or a scattering envelope in calculating the electron density. In addition, EM data is convoluted by the microscope envelope function.
Example Output:
Supplemental Information Direct Observation of Distinct A/P Hybrid-State tRNAs in Translocating Ribosomes