Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: The EuroSCORE (European System for cardiac operative risk evaluation) stratifies cardiac risk surgery in easy and accessible manner; it was validated in North America with good results but in many countries of Latin America is used routinely without prior validation. Our objective was to validate the EuroSCORE in patients with cardiac valve surgery at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (INCICh) in México.', 'EuroSCORE additive and logistic models were used to predict mortality in adults undergoing cardiac valve surgery from march 2004 to march 2008. The goodness of fit test of Hosmer-Lemeshow was used to evaluate the calibration. The area under the ROC curve was calculated to determinate discrimination.', 'We included 1188 patients with ages of 51.3±14.5 years, 52% women. There were significant differences in the prevalence of risk factors among the INCICh and the EuroSCORE populations. Total mortality was 9.68% versus 5% and 5.6% predicted by additive and logistic EuroSCORE. According to additive EuroSCORE the risk was low in 11.3%, intermediate in 52.9% and high in 35.9%; for these groups the mortality was .7%, 6.34% and 17.4% against those predicted of 2%, 3.9% and 7.64%. Hosmer-Lemeshow test had a P<.001 for both models and the area under the ROC curve was .707 and .694 for additive and logistic EuroSCORE.

Answer: Do [ EuroSCORE underestimate the mortality risk in cardiac valve surgery of Mexican population ]?


Question: Increased lipid supply causes beta cell death, which may contribute to reduced beta cell mass in type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is necessary for lipid-induced apoptosis in beta cells and also whether ER stress is present in islets of an animal model of diabetes and of humans with type 2 diabetes.', 'Expression of genes involved in ER stress was evaluated in insulin-secreting MIN6 cells exposed to elevated lipids, in islets isolated from db/db mice and in pancreas sections of humans with type 2 diabetes. Overproduction of the ER chaperone heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (HSPA5, previously known as immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein [BIP]) was performed to assess whether attenuation of ER stress affected lipid-induced apoptosis.', 'We demonstrated that the pro-apoptotic fatty acid palmitate triggers a comprehensive ER stress response in MIN6 cells, which was virtually absent using non-apoptotic fatty acid oleate. Time-dependent increases in mRNA levels for activating transcription factor 4 (Atf4), DNA-damage inducible transcript 3 (Ddit3, previously known as C/EBP homologous protein [Chop]) and DnaJ homologue (HSP40) C3 (Dnajc3, previously known as p58) correlated with increased apoptosis in palmitate- but not in oleate-treated MIN6 cells. Attenuation of ER stress by overproduction of HSPA5 in MIN6 cells significantly protected against lipid-induced apoptosis. In islets of db/db mice, a variety of marker genes of ER stress were also upregulated. Increased processing (activation) of X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) mRNA was also observed, confirming the existence of ER stress. Finally, we observed increased islet protein production of HSPA5, DDIT3, DNAJC3 and BCL2-associated X protein in human pancreas sections of type 2 diabetes subjects.

Answer: Does endoplasmic reticulum stress contribute to beta cell apoptosis in type 2 diabetes?


Question: MiRNAs has been shown to be implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including cancer. Dysregulation of miR-744 is common in a number of cancers, indicating miR-774 might be closely correlated with the tumorigenesis process. However, the role and clinical significance of miR-774 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is poorly known. Thus the aim of this study is to investigate whether there was any clinical value of serum miR-744 in detecting and predicting the prognosis of NPC.', 'Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression level of serum miR-744 in patients with NPC and the healthy volunteers. The changes in serum miR-744 expression level of NPC patients after receiving chemo-radiotherapy were also evaluated. The association between pre-treatment serum miR-744 expression level and NPC clinicopathological parameters was investigated. Finally we employed Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model to evaluate the clinical value of serum miR-744 in predicting the prognosis of NPC.', 'Our study showed the expression level of serum miR-744 was significant higher in patients with NPC in comparison with healthy controls (P<0.01). The serum miR-744 expression level was down-regulated significantly in NPC patients after receiving chemo-radiotherapy (P<0.01). The Pre-treatment Serum miR-744 expression level was correlated with various important NPC clinicopathological parameters including N stage, clinical stage and grade. In addition, NPC patients with higher serum miR-744 expression had poorer 5 year overall survival rate and relapse-free survival rate. What was more, serum miR-744 was showed to be an independent factor for predicting the prognosis of NPC.

Answer:
Does up-regulation of serum miR-744 predict poor prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma?