Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: Understanding the dynamics of the gut-brain axis has clinical implications for physical and mental health conditions, including obesity and anxiety. As such disorders have early life antecedents, it is of value to determine if associations between the gut microbiome and behavior are present in early life in humans.', 'We used next generation pyrosequencing to examine associations between the community structure of the gut microbiome and maternal ratings of child temperament in 77 children at 18-27months of age. It was hypothesized that children would differ in their gut microbial structure, as indicated by measures of alpha and beta diversity, based on their temperamental characteristics.', 'Among both boys and girls, greater Surgency/Extraversion was associated greater phylogenetic diversity. In addition, among boys only, subscales loading on this composite scale were associated with differences in phylogenetic diversity, the Shannon Diversity index (SDI), beta diversity, and differences in abundances of Dialister, Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Parabacteroides. In girls only, higher Effortful Control was associated with a lower SDI score and differences in both beta diversity and Rikenellaceae were observed in relation to Fear. Some differences in dietary patterns were observed in relation to temperament, but these did not account for the observed differences in the microbiome.
Answer: Differences in gut microbiome composition, including alpha diversity, beta diversity, and abundances of specific bacterial species, were observed in association with temperament in toddlers. This study was cross-sectional and observational and, therefore, does not permit determination of the causal direction of effects. However, if bidirectional brain-gut relationships are present in humans in early life, this may represent an opportunity for intervention relevant to physical as well as mental health disorders.

Answer: Is gut microbiome composition associated with temperament during early childhood?


Question: Context: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance and prognostic impact of extranodal metastasis (EM) in gastric carcinoma.', 'The study included 1023 patients who underwent gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy for primary gastric carcinoma between January 1993 and December 1996. EM was defined as the presence of tumour cells in extramural soft tissue that was discontinuous with either the primary lesion or locoregional lymph nodes.', "EM was detected in 146 (14.3 per cent) of the 1023 patients and in 1060 (3.0 per cent) of the 35 811 nodules that were retrieved as 'lymph nodes' from adipose connective tissues. The incidence of EM was significantly higher in patients with tumours that were large (diameter 10 cm or more), infiltrative, deeply invading or undifferentiated and in those with lymph node, peritoneal or liver metastases, or lymphatic or vascular involvement. After curative operation overall survival was significantly worse for patients with EM than those without (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified EM as an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 1.82 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.23 to 2.71); P = 0.003).
Answer: EM is an independent prognostic factor and should therefore be included in the tumour node metastasis (TNM) staging system.

Answer: Is extranodal metastasis an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with gastric carcinoma?


Question: Context: Mucus hypersecretion and neutrophil infiltration are important characteristics of airway inflammation. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation induces mucus and inflammatory cytokine secretion from airway epithelial cells. To elucidate the roles of EGFR in airway inflammation, the in vitro effects on mucin production and interleukin (IL) 8 secretion from cultured airway epithelial cells and the in vivo effects on mucus hypersecretion and neutrophil infiltration in rat nasal mucosa of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478 were examined.', 'The in vitro effects of AG1478 treatment of cultured NCI-H292 cells on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α induced MUC5AC mucin and IL-8 secretion were evaluated. Hypertrophic and metaplastic changes of goblet cells, mucus production and neutrophil infiltration in rat nasal epithelium were induced by intranasal instillation of LPS in vivo, and the inhibitory effects of AG1478 by intraperitoneal injection or intranasal instillation were examined.', 'AG1478 (1-1000 nM) significantly inhibited both LPS-induced and TNF-α-induced secretion of MUC5AC and IL-8 from cultured NCI-H292 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of MUC5AC and IL-8 messenger RNAs was also significantly inhibited. Intranasal instillation of AG1478 one hour after intranasal LPS instillation significantly inhibited LPS-induced goblet cell metaplasia, mucus production, and neutrophil infiltration in rat nasal epithelium, as did intraperitoneal injection of AG1478 one hour before LPS instillation.
Answer: These results indicated that EGFR transactivation plays an important role in mucin and IL-8 secretion from airway epithelial cells. Intranasal instillation of an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of upper airway inflammation.

Answer:
Does epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor AG1478 inhibit mucus hypersecretion in airway epithelium?