In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: Progress in the management of patients with medically intractable epilepsy is impeded because we do not fully understand why pharmacoresistance happens and how it can be predicted. The presence of multiple seizures prior to medical treatment has been suggested as a potential predictor of poor outcome. In the present study, we used an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy to investigate whether pharmacoresistant rats differ in seizure frequency from pharmacoresponsive animals.', 'Epilepsy with spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) was induced by status epilepticus. Frequency of SRS was determined by video/EEG (electroencephalography) monitoring in a total of 33 epileptic rats before onset of treatment with phenobarbital (PB).', 'Thirteen (39%) rats did not respond to treatment with PB. Before treatment with PB, average seizure frequency in PB nonresponders was significantly higher than seizure frequency in responders, which, however, was due to six nonresponders that exhibited > 3 seizures per day. Such high seizure frequency was not observed in responders, demonstrating that high seizure frequency predicts pharmacoresistance in this model, but does not occur in all nonresponders.\Question: Is high seizure frequency prior to antiepileptic treatment a predictor of pharmacoresistant epilepsy in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy?

Answer: The data from this study are in line with clinical experience that the frequency of seizures in the early phase of epilepsy is a dominant risk factor that predicts refractoriness. However, resistance to treatment also occurred in rats that did not differ in seizure frequency from responders, indicating that disease severity alone is not sufficient to explain antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance. These data provide further evidence that epilepsy models are useful in the search for predictors and mechanisms of pharmacoresistance.


Question: Context: The Guatemalan potato tuber moth, Tecia solanivora, has been the most important pest species in Hispanico-American potato fields since its first record on potatoes in 1956 in Guatemala. This insect pest has been spreading to other parts of the world, including the Canary Islands in Europe. Tuber moth control relies heavily on the use of insecticides, including pyrethroids. Here, we assessed the likelihood of control failures and performed concentration-response bioassays in five Colombian strains of T. solanivora to evaluate their susceptibilities to the pyrethroid permethrin.', 'Evidence of control failures was observed in four strains tested, which exhibited moderate resistance levels (i.e. ranging from 5.4- to 24.4-fold). However, no spatial dependence was observed between the permethrin LC\Question: Is pyrethroid resistance associated with a kdr-type mutation ( L1014F ) in the potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora?

Answer: This is the first identification of a target-site-alteration-based resistance in the Guatemalan potato tuber moth T. solanivora, which is widespread and exhibits high frequencies among geographically distant strains, indicating that pyrethroids are probably becoming ineffective for the control of this pest species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.


Question: Context: Despite VO₂peak being, generally, greater while running compared to cycling, ventilation (VE) during maximal exercise is less while running compared to cycling. Differences in operating lung volumes (OLV) between maximal running and cycling could be one explanation for previously observed differences in V E and this could be due to differences in body position e.g., trunk/hip angle during exercise.', 'We asked whether OLV differed between maximal running and cycling and if this difference was due to trunk/hip angle during exercise.', 'Eighteen men performed three graded maximal exercise tests; one while running, one while cycling in the drop position (i.e., extreme hip flexion), and one while cycling upright (i.e., seated with thorax upright). Resting flow-volume characteristics were measured in each body position to be used during exercise. Tidal flow-volume loops were measured throughout the exercise.', 'V E during maximal running (148.8 ± 18.9 L min(-1)) tended to be lower than during cycling in the drop position (158.5 ± 24.7 L min(-1); p = 0.07) and in the upright position (158.5 ± 23.7 L min(-1); p = 0.06). End-inspiratory and end-expiratory lung volumes (EILV, EELV) were significantly larger during drop cycling compared to running (87.1 ± 4.1 and 35.8 ± 6.2 vs. 83.9 ± 6.0 and 33.0 ± 5.7% FVC), but only EILV was larger during upright cycling compared to running (88.2 ± 3.5% FVC). OLV and V E did not differ between cycling positions.\Question: Are operating lung volumes affected by exercise mode but not trunk and hip angle during maximal exercise?

Answer:
Since OLV are altered by exercise mode, but cycling position did not have a significant impact on OLV, we conclude that trunk/hip angle is likely not the primary factor determining OLV during maximal exercise.