TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare microwave disinfection with chemical disinfection of dental gypsum casts.', 'A total of 120 casts were prepared from a silicone mold using Type III dental stone. Of the 120 casts, 60 casts were contaminated with 1 ml suspension of Staphylococcus aureus and 60 casts were contaminated with 1 ml suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Then, the casts were disinfected with microwave irradiation and chemical disinfection using the microwave oven and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Bacteriologic procedures were performed; the cfu/ml for each cast was calculated as a weighted mean. The results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test.', 'The untreated casts showed Brain heart infusion broth counts of 106 log cfu/ml compared to irradiated and chemically disinfected casts, in which 105 log reduction of cfu/ml was seen. These results satisfied the requirements of current infection control guidelines for the dental laboratory. The results obtained for chemical disinfection were in equivalence with microwave disinfection.\Question: Does evaluation and comparison of high-level microwave oven disinfection with chemical disinfection of dental gypsum cast?

SOLUTION: Within the limitation of this in vitro study, it was found that microwave disinfection of casts for 5 min at 900 W gives high-level disinfection that complies with the current infection control guidelines for the dental laboratory and microwave disinfection method is an effective and validated method as chemical disinfection. How to cite the article: Meghashri K, Kumar P, Prasad DK, Hegde R. Evaluation and comparison of high-level microwave oven disinfection with chemical disinfection of dental gypsum casts. J Int Oral Health 2014;6(3):56-60 .

PROBLEM: Context: The Guatemalan potato tuber moth, Tecia solanivora, has been the most important pest species in Hispanico-American potato fields since its first record on potatoes in 1956 in Guatemala. This insect pest has been spreading to other parts of the world, including the Canary Islands in Europe. Tuber moth control relies heavily on the use of insecticides, including pyrethroids. Here, we assessed the likelihood of control failures and performed concentration-response bioassays in five Colombian strains of T. solanivora to evaluate their susceptibilities to the pyrethroid permethrin.', 'Evidence of control failures was observed in four strains tested, which exhibited moderate resistance levels (i.e. ranging from 5.4- to 24.4-fold). However, no spatial dependence was observed between the permethrin LC\Question: Is pyrethroid resistance associated with a kdr-type mutation ( L1014F ) in the potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora?

SOLUTION: This is the first identification of a target-site-alteration-based resistance in the Guatemalan potato tuber moth T. solanivora, which is widespread and exhibits high frequencies among geographically distant strains, indicating that pyrethroids are probably becoming ineffective for the control of this pest species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PROBLEM: Context: New generation synthetic surfactants represent a promising alternative in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. CHF5633, a new generation reconstituted agent, has demonstrated biophysical effectiveness in vitro and in vivo. In accordance to several well-known surfactant preparations, we recently demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced cytokine responses in human adult monocytes. The present study addressed pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of CHF5633 in human cord blood monocytes.', 'Purified neonatal CD14(+) cells, either native or simultaneously stimulated with E. coli LPS, were exposed to CHF5633. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 as well as TLR2 and TLR4 expression were analyzed by means of real-time quantitative PCR and flow cytometry.', 'CHF5633 did not induce pro-inflammation in native human neonatal monocytes and did not aggravate LPS-induced cytokine responses. Exposure to CHF5633 led to a significant decrease in LPS-induced intracellular TNF-α protein expression, and significantly suppressed LPS-induced mRNA and intracellular protein expression of IL-1β. CHF5633 incubation did not affect cell viability, indicating that the suppressive activity was not due to toxic effects on neonatal monocytes. LPS-induced IL-8, IL-10, TLR2 and TLR4 expression were unaffected.\Question: Does the new generation synthetic reconstituted surfactant CHF5633 suppress LPS-induced cytokine responses in human neonatal monocytes?

SOLUTION:
Our data confirm that CHF5633 does not exert unintended pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory effects in human neonatal monocytes. CHF5633 rather suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1β cytokine responses. Our data add to previous work and may indicate anti-inflammatory features of CHF5633 on LPS-induced monocyte cytokine responses.