Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Role of mast cells in the development of allergen-induced airway remodelling has not been fully investigated in vivo.', 'To clarify the possible role of mast cells in the development of allergen-induced airway remodelling, we compared their responses of genetically mast cell-deficient mice, WBB6F1-W/Wv (c-kit mutant) and Sl/Sld (c-kit ligand mutant) mice with those of congenic normal mice in a murine model of allergic asthma.', 'Mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) with alum, and exposed daily for 3 weeks to aerosolized OA. Twenty-four hours after the last inhalation, bronchial responsiveness to acetylcholine (Ach) was measured, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and biochemical and histological examinations were performed.', 'In both sensitized mast cell-deficient mice, the degree of bronchial hyper-responsiveness to Ach, the number of inflammatory cells and the level of transforming growth factor-beta1 in BAL fluid, IgE response and goblet cell hyperplasia in the epithelium after repeated allergen provocation were not significantly different from those of congenic mice. In contrast, subepithelial fibrosis, evaluated in the fibrotic area around the airways, observed in congenic mice after repeated allergen challenge was partially attenuated in both mast cell-deficient mice. In addition, the amount of hydroxyproline in the lung of mast cell-deficient mice was significantly lower than that of congenic mice. Furthermore, the decreased fibrotic area and amount of hydroxyproline in W/Wv mice was completely recovered by reconstitution of tissue mast cells with bone marrow-derived mast cells of congenic mice.
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We tested for the presence of erythropoietin receptor (Epo-R) in human skeletal muscle and alterations in gene expression after prolonged use of an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA).', 'Nine healthy men were treated with ESA for 10 weeks (darbepoietin alfa). Muscle biopsies were collected before and after treatment. Alterations in gene expression were evaluated by gene array. Western blot and PCR analysis were used to test for Epo-R presence in human skeletal muscle.', 'Very low Epo-R mRNA levels were found, but a new and sensitive antibody did not identify Epo-R protein in human skeletal muscle. The between-subject variation in skeletal muscle gene expression was greater than that observed in response to prolonged ESA treatment.
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Dopamine and dopamine transporters (DAT, which regulate extracellular dopamine in the brain) are implicated in the modulation of attention but their specific roles are not well understood. Here we hypothesized that dopamine modulates attention by facilitation of brain deactivation in the default mode network (DMN). Thus, higher striatal DAT levels, which would result in an enhanced clearance of dopamine and hence weaker dopamine signals, would be associated to lower deactivation in the DMN during an attention task.', 'For this purpose we assessed the relationship between DAT in striatum (measured with positron emission tomography and [(11)C]cocaine used as DAT radiotracer) and brain activation and deactivation during a parametric visual attention task (measured with blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging) in healthy controls. We show that DAT availability in caudate and putamen had a negative correlation with deactivation in ventral parietal regions of the DMN (precuneus, BA 7) and a positive correlation with deactivation in a small region in the ventral anterior cingulate gyrus (BA 24/32). With increasing attentional load, DAT in caudate showed a negative correlation with load-related deactivation increases in precuneus.

0