Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with that of medical treatment, based on data from the Japan Stroke Registry Study.', 'From 1999 to 2001, 1010 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were registered in the Japan Standard Stroke Registry Study from 45 stroke center hospitals in Japan. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Japan Stroke Scale (JSS), and modified Rankin Scale scores were used to compare severity and improvement in patients given surgical and medical treatment.
Answer: Surgically treated patients, especially those with cerebellar hemorrhage, had significantly greater improvement in NIHSS or JSS score compared with medically treated patients. Our findings indicated that the patients who underwent surgery appeared to have better outcomes. But, because the study was not randomized, this observation cannot be interpreted as indicating that surgery is advantageous.
Does surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage have greater remedial value than conservative therapy?

Context: Current staging for renal cancer (RC) does not directly rely on tumor size. We examined the increment in accuracy related to inclusion of pathologically determined tumor size in prediction of nodal metastases (N+), distant metastases (M+), and cancer-specific survival (CSS).', 'Partial or radical nephrectomy was performed in 2245 patients with clear cell histology. Pathologic stages were T1a in 566, T1b in 490, T2 in 303, T3 in 831, and T4 in 55 patients. Tumor size was 0.5-25 cm (mean, 6.8). Multivariate models relied on 1997 and 2002 TNM variables and addressed N+, M+ disease, and CCS. Their accuracy was compared according to either the presence or absence of tumor size.', 'In all univariate and multivariate models, tumor size was a statistically significant predictor of all outcomes (p< or =0.001). In all multivariate models, tumor size added between 3.7% and 0.8% to predictive accuracy of either 1997 or 2002 TNM categories.
Answer: Tumor size represents a highly significant, multivariate, and informative predictor of RC outcomes and may warrant inclusion in future TNM revisions.
Does tumor size improve the accuracy of TNM predictions in patients with renal cancer?

Context: Recent studies show that erythropoietin (EPO) plays a protective role in brain ischemia. In this condition, administration of EPO protects neurons from ischemic damage. Recently, it has been shown that in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), EPO treatment improved cardiac function. In the present study we assessed the role of EPO and EPO-receptor (EPO-R) in the heart.', 'We studied the presence and functionality of the EPO-R in isolated rat hearts in the Langendorff set-up. Hearts were perfused for 20 min with 10 U/ml EPO or vehicle. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of the EPO-R on endothelial cells, fibroblasts and to a lesser extent cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, perfusion with EPO resulted in a 50% increase in the phosphorylated MAP kinases p42/p44. To evaluate the protective role of EPO in cardiac ischemia, we performed low-flow (0.6 ml/min) ischemia/reperfusion experiments in isolated rat hearts. Administration of EPO (10 U/ml) reduced the cellular damage by 56% (P<0.05) during reperfusion, diminished apoptosis by 15% (P<0.05) and resulted in a significantly improved recovery of left ventricular pressure (P=0.02) and coronary flow (P=0.01).
Answer: The present data suggest that a functional EPO-R is present in rat adult cardiac tissue and that exogenous EPO administration improves cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Does erythropoietin improve left ventricular function and coronary flow in an experimental model of ischemia-reperfusion injury?