In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.

[Q]: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Boko Haram Disarmament and Northeast 
Nigeria Recovery Act of 2014''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    Congress makes the following findings:
            (1) On the night of April 14, 2014, 276 female students, 
        most of them between 15 and 18 years old, were abducted by Boko 
        Haram from the Chibok Government Girls Secondary School, a 
        boarding school located in Borno state in the Federal Republic 
        of Nigeria.
            (2) All public secondary schools in Borno state were closed 
        in March 2014 because of increasing attacks by Boko Haram that 
        killed hundreds of students, but the schoolgirls returned to 
        school, despite the potential dangers, determined to pursue 
        their education.
            (3) Boko Haram has claimed responsibility for subsequent 
        kidnappings in the region.
            (4) Boko Haram leaders have threatened to sell the 
        kidnapped schoolgirls into slavery and according to reports, 
        has previously kept female hostages as slaves and committed 
        sexual violence against them.
            (5) Boko Haram seems determined to carry out sophisticated 
        and deadly attacks and to expand its area of operation.
            (6) Boko Haram has targeted schools, mosques, churches, 
        villages, and agricultural centers, as well as government 
        facilities, in hopes of creating an Islamic state in northern 
        Nigeria.
            (7) There are estimates that Boko Haram has killed more 
        than 4,000 people since 2011, and more than 2,000 people this 
        year alone.
            (8) There is a possibility that many of the girls may have 
        been taken into neighboring countries.
            (9) Boko Haram and other terrorist organizations pose a 
        growing threat to United States interests in the region, as 
        well as to broader regional peace and security.
            (10) In an effort to locate the kidnapped schoolgirls, the 
        United States authorized the deployment of up to 80 military 
        personnel to Chad in order to help with intelligence and 
        surveillance.
            (11) The United States military have provided training, 
        equipment, and other support for counter-terrorism units in the 
        Sahel region to combat Al Qaeda affiliates and related groups 
        in Africa.
            (12) Cameroon, Niger, and Chad have deployed troops in an 
        effort to secure their borders against Boko Haram.
            (13) The United States named several individuals linked to 
        Boko Haram as Specially Designated Global Terrorists in 2012 
        and designated Boko Haram as a Foreign Terrorist Organization 
        in November 2013.
            (14) On May 22, 2014, the United Nations Security Council 
        added Boko Haram to the 1267 sanctions list, a list of Al 
        Qaeda-linked terrorist organizations subject to weapons 
        embargoes, travel bans, and asset freezes.
            (15) The Senate and House have both passed resolutions 
        condemning Boko Haram and the abduction of female students by 
        the group from schools in the northeastern province of Borno in 
        the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY.

    It is the policy of the United States to work vigorously for a 
lasting resolution to the conflict in northeast Nigeria and other Boko 
Haram-affected areas by--
            (1) eliminating the threat posed by Boko Haram to civilians 
        and regional stability through political, economic, 
        humanitarian, law enforcement, military, and intelligence 
        support for a comprehensive multilateral effort to protect 
        civilians in affected areas and to defeat and demobilize Boko 
        Haram fighters;
            (2) supporting efforts to rescue those individuals who have 
        been abducted by Boko Haram; and
            (3) further supporting comprehensive reconstruction, 
        transitional justice, development and humanitarian programs, 
        and reconciliation efforts.

SEC. 4. REQUIREMENT OF A REGIONAL STRATEGY FOR DEFEATING BOKO HARAM.

    (a) Requirement for Strategy.--Not later than 90 days after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall develop and 
submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a regional strategy to 
guide United States support for multilateral efforts to protect 
civilians from attacks by Boko Haram, to eliminate the threat to 
civilians and regional stability posed by Boko Haram, and to enforce 
the rule of law and ensure full humanitarian access in areas affected 
by Boko Haram.
    (b) Content of Strategy.--The strategy should include the 
following:
            (1) A plan to work with Nigeria and other international 
        partners to find Boko Haram's kidnapping victims and liberate 
        them and a viable plan to protect civilians and eliminate the 
        threat posed by Boko Haram.
            (2) An interagency framework to plan, coordinate, and 
        execute all diplomatic, economic, intelligence, development, 
        humanitarian, law enforcement, and military elements of United 
        States policy across the region regarding Boko Haram.
            (3) A framework to evaluate the progress and effectiveness 
        of the United States strategy toward eliminating the threat 
        posed by Boko Haram.
    (c) Form.--The strategy under this section shall be submitted in 
unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

SEC. 5. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE FOR AREAS AFFECTED BY BOKO HARAM.

    (a) Authority.--In accordance with section 491 of the Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2292) and section 2 of the Migration 
and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 (22 U.S.C. 2601), the President is 
authorized to provide humanitarian and development assistance to the 
populations in areas affected by Boko Haram.
    (b) Availability of Amounts.--
            (1) In general.--Amounts equivalent to the funds received 
        by the United States Government pursuant to the final judgment 
        in the case specified in paragraph (2) shall, notwithstanding 
        any other provision of law, be made available to carry out this 
        section.
            (2) Case.--The case referred to in paragraph (1) is United 
        States of America v. All Assets Held in Account Number 
        80020796, in name of Doraville Properties Corporation, at 
        Deutsche Bank International, Limited in Jersey, Channel 
        Islands, and All Interest, Benefits, or Assets Traceable 
        Thereto, et al., Case No. 1:13-cv-01832-JDB (D.D.C.).

SEC. 6. ASSISTANCE FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IN AREAS AFFECTED BY 
              BOKO HARAM.

    (a) Authority.--It is the sense of Congress that the President 
should support efforts by the people of Boko Haram-affected areas and 
the Governments of Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger, as security 
conditions permit--
            (1) to assist internally displaced people and returnees in 
        securing durable solutions by spurring economic growth, 
        supporting livelihoods, helping to alleviate poverty, and 
        promoting access to basic services in northeast Nigeria, 
        including education and employment opportunities;
            (2) to enhance the accountability and administrative 
        competency of state and local governance institutions and 
        public agencies in northeast Nigeria with regard to budget 
        management, provision of public goods and services, and related 
        oversight functions;
            (3) to provide all children with a quality basic education 
        while ensuring the safety of students and school faculty;
            (4) to strengthen the operational capacity of the civilian 
        police in Nigeria to enhance public safety, prevent crime and 
        communal and sectarian violence, and deal sensitively with 
        gender-based violence, while strengthening accountability 
        measures to prevent corruption and abuses; and
            (5) to promote programs to address physical harm and 
        psychosocial trauma, including post-traumatic stress disorder.
    (b) Future Year Funding.--It is the sense of Congress that the 
Secretary of State and Administrator of the United States Agency for 
International Development should work with the appropriate committees 
of Congress to increase assistance in future fiscal years to support 
activities described in this section if the Government of Nigeria 
demonstrates a commitment to transparent and accountable reconstruction 
in Boko Haram-affected areas of Nigeria, specifically by--
            (1) increasing oversight activities and reporting to ensure 
        funds used to combat Boko Haram are used efficiently and with 
        minimal waste; and
            (2) committing substantial funds of its own, above and 
        beyond standard budget allocations to state and local 
        governments, for the task of combating Boko Haram and 
        rebuilding those regions affected by Boko Haram attacks.
    (c) Coordination With Other Donor Nations.--The United States 
should work with other donor nations, on a bilateral and multilateral 
basis, to increase contributions for recovery efforts in northeast 
Nigeria and other areas affected by Boko Haram, and strengthen 
accountability mechanisms to ensure the transparent and timely use of 
those funds.
    (d) Termination of Assistance.--It is the sense of Congress that 
the Secretary of State should withhold bilateral assistance to Nigeria 
for the purposes described under this section if the Secretary 
determines that the Government of Nigeria is not committed to 
transparent and accountable reconstruction and reconciliation in the 
Boko Haram-affected areas of Nigeria.

SEC. 7. REPORT.

    (a) Report Required.--Not later than 1 year after the submission of 
the strategy required under section 4, the Secretary of State shall 
prepare and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report 
on the progress made toward the implementation of the strategy required 
under section 4 and a description and evaluation of the assistance 
provided under this Act toward the policy objectives described in 
section 3.
    (b) Contents.--The report required under section (a) shall 
include--
            (1) a description and evaluation of actions taken toward 
        the implementation of the strategy required under section 4;
            (2) a description of assistance provided under section 5 
        and section 6;
            (3) an evaluation of bilateral assistance provided to 
        Nigeria and associated programs in light of stated policy 
        objectives; and
            (4) a description of amounts of assistance committed, and 
        amounts provided, to Nigeria during the reporting period by the 
        Government of Nigeria, each donor country, and all relevant 
        organizations.

SEC. 8. DEFINITION.

    In this Act, the term ``appropriate committees of Congress'' 
means--
            (1) the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on 
        Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and
            (2) the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on 
        Foreign Relations of the Senate.
[A]: Boko Haram Disarmament and Northeast Nigeria Recovery Act of 2014 - Directs the President to develop and submit to Congress a regional strategy to guide U.S. support for multilateral efforts to: (1) eliminate the threat to civilians and regional stability from Boko Haram, and (2) enforce the rule of law and ensure full humanitarian access in Boko Haram-affected areas. States that such strategy should include a plan to work with Nigeria and other international partners to liberate Boko Haram's kidnapping victims.  Authorizes the President to provide humanitarian and development assistance to the populations in Boko Haram-affected areas. Makes funds available for such assistance pursuant to final judgment of a specified legal case. Expresses the sense of Congress that the President should support efforts by the people of Boko Haram-affected areas and the governments of Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger to:   assist internally displaced people and returnees;  enhance the administrative competency of state and local governance institutions and public agencies in northeast Nigeria;  provide all children with a quality basic education while ensuring student and faculty safety;  strengthen the operational capacity of the civilian police in Nigeria, and strengthen measures to prevent corruption; and  promote programs to address physical harm and psychosocial trauma.   Expresses the sense of Congress that:   the Secretary of State and Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) should work with Congress to increase future assistance to support reconstruction activities if Nigeria demonstrates a commitment to transparent reconstruction in Boko Haram-affected areas of Nigeria, and  the Secretary should withhold assistance if Nigeria is not committed to transparent reconstruction and reconciliation in the Boko Haram-affected areas of Nigeria.


[Q]: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``National Center for Social Work 
Research Act''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    The Congress finds as follows:
            (1) Social workers focus on the improvement of individual 
        and family functioning and the creation of effective health and 
        mental health prevention and treatment interventions in order 
        for individuals to become more productive members of society.
            (2) Social workers provide front line prevention and 
        treatment services in the areas of school violence, aging, teen 
        pregnancy, child abuse, domestic violence, juvenile crime, and 
        substance abuse, particularly in rural and underserved 
        communities.
            (3) Social workers are in a unique position to provide 
        valuable research information on these complex social concerns, 
        taking into account a wide range of social, medical, economic 
        and community influences from an interdisciplinary, family-
        centered and community-based approach.

SEC. 3. ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL CENTER FOR SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH.

    Title IV of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 281 et seq.), 
as amended by title I of Public Law 106-525, is amended--
            (1) in section 401(b)(2) (42 U.S.C. 281(b)(2)), by adding 
        at the end the following:
            ``(H) The National Center for Social Work Research.''; and
            (2) in part E (42 U.S.C. 287 et seq.), by adding at the end 
        the following:

         ``Subpart 7--National Center for Social Work Research

``SEC. 485J. PURPOSE OF CENTER.

    ``The general purpose of the National Center for Social Work 
Research (referred to in this subpart as the `Center') is the conduct 
and support of, and dissemination of targeted research on social work 
methods and outcomes related to problems of significant social concern. 
The Center shall promote research and training designed to inform 
social work practice, thus increasing the knowledge base which promotes 
a healthier America. In addition, the Center shall provide policymakers 
with empirically-based research information to better understand 
complex social issues and make informed funding decisions about service 
effectiveness and cost efficiency.

``SEC. 485K. SPECIFIC AUTHORITIES.

    ``(a) In General.--To carry out the purpose described in section 
485J, the Director of the Center may provide research training and 
instruction and establish, in the Center and in other nonprofit 
institutions, research traineeships and fellowships in the study and 
investigation of the prevention of disease, health promotion, the 
association of socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity, age, and 
geographical location and health, the social work care of persons with 
and families of individuals with acute and chronic illnesses, child 
abuse, neglect, and youth violence, and child and family care to 
address problems of significant social concern especially in 
underserved populations and underserved geographical areas.
    ``(b) Stipends and Allowances.--The Director of the Center may 
provide individuals receiving training and instruction or traineeships 
or fellowships under subsection (a) with such stipends and allowances 
(including amounts for travel and subsistence and dependency 
allowances) as the Director determines necessary.
    ``(c) Grants.--The Director of the Center may make grants to 
nonprofit institutions to provide training and instruction and 
traineeships and fellowships under subsection (a).

``SEC. 485L. ADVISORY COUNCIL.

    ``(a) Duties.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish an 
        advisory council for the Center that shall advise, assist, 
        consult with, and make recommendations to the Secretary and the 
        Director of the Center on matters related to the activities 
carried out by and through the Center and the policies with respect to 
such activities.
            ``(2) Gifts.--The advisory council for the Center may 
        recommend to the Secretary the acceptance, in accordance with 
        section 231, of conditional gifts for study, investigations, 
        and research and for the acquisition of grounds or 
        construction, equipment, or maintenance of facilities for the 
        Center.
            ``(3) Other duties and functions.--The advisory council for 
        the Center--
                    ``(A)(i) may make recommendations to the Director 
                of the Center with respect to research to be conducted 
                by the Center;
                    ``(ii) may review applications for grants and 
                cooperative agreements for research or training and 
                recommend for approval applications for projects that 
                demonstrate the probability of making valuable 
                contributions to human knowledge; and
                    ``(iii) may review any grant, contract, or 
                cooperative agreement proposed to be made or entered 
                into by the Center;
                    ``(B) may collect, by correspondence or by personal 
                investigation, information relating to studies that are 
                being carried out in the United States or any other 
                country and, with the approval of the Director of the 
                Center, make such information available through 
                appropriate publications; and
                    ``(C) may appoint subcommittees and convene 
                workshops and conferences.
    ``(b) Membership.--
            ``(1) In general.--The advisory council shall be composed 
        of the ex officio members described in paragraph (2) and not 
        more than 18 individuals to be appointed by the Secretary under 
        paragraph (3).
            ``(2) Ex officio members.--The ex officio members of the 
        advisory council shall include--
                    ``(A) the Secretary of Health and Human Services, 
                the Director of NIH, the Director of the Center, the 
                Chief Social Work Officer of the Veterans' 
                Administration, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for 
                Health Affairs, the Associate Director of Prevention 
                Research at the National Institute of Mental Health, 
                the Director of the Division of Epidemiology and 
                Services Research, the Assistant Secretary of Health 
                and Human Services for the Administration for Children 
                and Families, the Assistant Secretary of Education for 
                the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, the 
                Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 
                for Community Planning and Development, and the 
                Assistant Attorney General for Office of Justice 
                Programs (or the designees of such officers); and
                    ``(B) such additional officers or employees of the 
                United States as the Secretary determines necessary for 
                the advisory council to effectively carry out its 
                functions.
            ``(3) Appointed members.--The Secretary shall appoint not 
        to exceed 18 individuals to the advisory council, of which--
                    ``(A) not more than two-thirds of such individual 
                shall be appointed from among the leading 
                representatives of the health and scientific 
                disciplines (including public health and the behavioral 
                or social sciences) relevant to the activities of the 
                Center, and at least 7 such individuals shall be 
                professional social workers who are recognized experts 
                in the area of clinical practice, education, policy, or 
                research; and
                    ``(B) not more than one-third of such individuals 
                shall be appointed from the general public and shall 
                include leaders in fields of public policy, law, health 
                policy, economics, and management.
        The Secretary shall make appointments to the advisory council 
        in such a manner as to ensure that the terms of the members do 
        not all expire in the same year.
            ``(4) Compensation.--Members of the advisory council who 
        are officers or employees of the United States shall not 
        receive any compensation for service on the advisory council. 
        The remaining members shall receive, for each day (including 
        travel time) they are engaged in the performance of the 
        functions of the advisory council, compensation at rates not to 
        exceed the daily equivalent of the annual rate in effect for an 
        individual at grade GS-18 of the General Schedule.
    ``(c) Terms.--
            ``(1) In general.--The term of office of an individual 
        appointed to the advisory council under subsection (b)(3) shall 
        be 4 years, except that any individual appointed to fill a 
        vacancy on the advisory council shall serve for the remainder 
        of the unexpired term. A member may serve after the 
expiration of the member's term until a successor has been appointed.
            ``(2) Reappointments.--A member of the advisory council who 
        has been appointed under subsection (b)(3) for a term of 4 
        years may not be reappointed to the advisory council prior to 
        the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date on 
        which the prior term expired.
            ``(3) Vacancy.--If a vacancy occurs on the advisory council 
        among the members under subsection (b)(3), the Secretary shall 
        make an appointment to fill that vacancy not later than 90 days 
        after the date on which the vacancy occurs.
    ``(d) Chairperson.--The chairperson of the advisory council shall 
be selected by the Secretary from among the members appointed under 
subsection (b)(3), except that the Secretary may select the Director of 
the Center to be the chairperson of the advisory council. The term of 
office of the chairperson shall be 2 years.
    ``(e) Meetings.--The advisory council shall meet at the call of the 
chairperson or upon the request of the Director of the Center, but not 
less than 3 times each fiscal year. The location of the meetings of the 
advisory council shall be subject to the approval of the Director of 
the Center.
    ``(f) Administrative Provisions.--The Director of the Center shall 
designate a member of the staff of the Center to serve as the executive 
secretary of the advisory council. The Director of the Center shall 
make available to the advisory council such staff, information, and 
other assistance as the council may require to carry out its functions. 
The Director of the Center shall provide orientation and training for 
new members of the advisory council to provide such members with such 
information and training as may be appropriate for their effective 
participation in the functions of the advisory council.
    ``(g) Comments and Recommendations.--The advisory council may 
prepare, for inclusion in the biennial report under section 485M--
            ``(1) comments with respect to the activities of the 
        advisory council in the fiscal years for which the report is 
        prepared;
            ``(2) comments on the progress of the Center in meeting its 
        objectives; and
            ``(3) recommendations with respect to the future direction 
        and program and policy emphasis of the center.
The advisory council may prepare such additional reports as it may 
determine appropriate.

``SEC. 485M. BIENNIAL REPORT.

    ``The Director of the Center, after consultation with the advisory 
council for the Center, shall prepare for inclusion in the biennial 
report under section 403, a biennial report that shall consist of a 
description of the activities of the Center and program policies of the 
Director of the Center in the fiscal years for which the report is 
prepared. The Director of the Center may prepare such additional 
reports as the Director determines appropriate. The Director of the 
Center shall provide the advisory council of the Center an opportunity 
for the submission of the written comments described in section 
485L(g).

``SEC. 485N. QUARTERLY REPORT.

    ``The Director of the Center shall prepare a quarterly report to 
Congress with a summary of findings and policy implications from 
research conducted or supported through the Center.

``SEC. 485O. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

    ``For the purpose of carrying out this subpart, there is authorized 
to be appropriated $30,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2002 
through 2006.''.
[A]: National Center for Social Work Research Act - Amends the Public Health Service Act to establish the National Center for Social Work Research (and a related advisory council) to conduct, support, and disseminate targeted research on social work methods and outcomes related to problems of significant social concern.Sets forth reporting requirements.


[Q]: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Religious Freedom Restoration Act''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    Congress finds the following:
            (1) The freedom to practice religion and to express 
        religious thought is acknowledged to be one of the fundamental 
        and unalienable rights belonging to all individuals.
            (2) The Framers of the Constitution deliberately withheld, 
        in the main body of that document, any authority for the 
        Federal Government to meddle with the religious affairs or with 
        the free speech of the people. Then, as further and more 
        specific protection for the people, they added the first 
        amendment, which includes the ``establishment clause'' and the 
        ``freedom of speech clause'' which are as follows: ``Congress 
        shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or 
        prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom 
        of speech . . .''. It is of utmost importance to note that the 
        first amendment is not a grant of authority to the Federal 
        Government. To the contrary, it is a specific restriction upon 
        the exercise of power by the Federal Government.
            (3) For over 150 years, the Court held to this historically 
        correct position in interpreting the first amendment. During 
        this period, scant mention was made to ``The Separation of 
        Church and State''.
            (4) Then, beginning in 1947, and accelerating through the 
        60's, the Court abruptly reversed its position. This was done 
        with no change in the law, either by statute or by amendment to 
        the Constitution. The Court invented the distorted meaning of 
        the first amendment utilizing the separation of ``church and 
        state'' in 1947 in Everson v. Board of Education when it 
        announced: The First Amendment has erected a wall between 
        church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. 
        We could not approve the slightest breach. (Everson v. Board of 
        Education; 330 U.S. 1, 18 [1947]). Over the past five decades, 
        rulings of the United States Supreme Court have served to 
        infringe upon the rights of Americans to enjoy freedom of 
        speech relating to religious matters. Such infringements 
        include the outlawing of prayer in schools and of the display 
        of the Ten Commandments in public places. These rulings have 
        not reflected a neutrality toward religious denominations but a 
        hostility toward religious thought. They have served to 
        undermine the foundation of not only our moral code but our 
        system of law and justice.
            (5) In making this abrupt change, the Court ignored all 
        historical precedent established previously by the Court, the 
        wording of the First Amendment, and the intent of its framers. 
        The rulings are legally irrational and without foundation. 
        Although the Court presumed to rely upon the First Amendment 
        for its authority for these rulings, a review of that Amendment 
        reveals that said rulings could not possibly have been based 
        upon its original intent. Consequently, it is incumbent upon 
        this Congress to review not only the rulings of the Court which 
        are in question but the wording and history of the First 
        Amendment to determine the intent of its framers. This abrupt 
        change is found in the following court cases:
                    (A) ``A verbal prayer offered in a school is 
                unconstitutional, even if that prayer is both voluntary 
                and denominationally neutral.'' (Engel v. Vitale, 1962, 
                Abington v. Schempp, 1963, Commissioner of Education v. 
                School Committee of Leyden, 1971.)
                    (B) ``Freedoms of speech and press are guaranteed 
                to students and teachers unless the topic is religious, 
                at which time such speech becomes unconstitutional.'' 
                (Stein v. Oshinsky, 1965, Collins v. Chandler Unified 
                School District, 1981, Bishop v. Aronov, 1991, Duran v. 
                Nitsche, 1991.)
                    (C) ``It is unconstitutional for students to see 
                the Ten Commandments since they might read, meditate 
                upon, respect, or obey them.'' (Stone v. Graham, 1980, 
                Ring v. Grand Forks Public School District, 1980, 
                Lanner v. Wimmer, 1981.)
                    (D) ``If a student prays over his lunch, it is 
                unconstitutional for him to pray aloud.'' (Reed v. Van 
                Hoven, 1965.)
                    (E) ``The Ten Commandments, despite the fact that 
                they are the basis of civil law and are depicted in 
                engraved stone in the United States Supreme Court, may 
                not be displayed at a public courthouse.'' (Harvey v. 
                Cobb County, 1993.)
                    (F) ``When a student addresses an assembly of his 
                peers, he effectively becomes a government 
                representative; it is therefore unconstitutional for 
                that student to engage in prayer.'' (Harris v. Joint 
                School District, 1994.)
                    (G) By interpreting the establishment clause to 
                preclude prayer and other religious speech in any 
                public place, the Supreme Court necessarily violates 
the free speech clause of the very same first amendment.
        These rulings of the Court constitute de facto legislation or 
        Constitution-amending. This is a serious violation of the 
        doctrine of separation of powers, as all legislative authority 
        bestowed by the people through the Constitution is bestowed 
        upon the Congress and the Congress alone.
            (6) A fundamental maxim of law is, whenever the intent of a 
        statute or a constitution is in question, to refer to the words 
        of its framers to determine their intent and use this intent as 
        the true intent of the law.
            (7) The intent of the First Amendment was and is clear on 
        these two points: The Federal Government was prohibited from 
        enacting any laws which would favor one religious denomination 
        over another and the Federal Government has no power to forbid 
        or prohibit any mention of religion, the Ten Commandments or 
        reference to God in civic dialog.
            (8) In its rulings to prohibit Americans from saying 
        prayers in school or from displaying the Ten Commandments in 
        public places, the Court has relied heavily upon the metaphor, 
        ``Separation of Church and State''. Note that this phrase is 
        nowhere to be found in the First Amendment or any other place 
        in the Constitution.
            (9) The metaphor, ``Separation of Church and State'', was 
        extracted, out of context, from a letter from Thomas Jefferson 
        to the Danbury Baptists in reply to a letter from them 
        expressing concern that the Federal Government might intrude in 
        religious matters by favoring one denomination over another. 
        Jefferson's reply was that the First Amendment would preclude 
        such intrusion.
            (10) The Court, in its use of Separation of Church and 
        State, has given to this phrase a meaning never intended by its 
        author; it took it out of context and inverted its meaning and 
        intent. The complete text of Jefferson's letter is found in 
        Jefferson, Writings, Vol. XVI, pp. 281-282, to the Danbury 
        Baptist Association on January 1, 1802.
            (11) Justice William Rehnquist made an extensive study of 
        the history of the First Amendment. In his dissent in Wallace 
        v. Jaffree (472 U.S. 38, 48, n. 30 [1984],) he stated: ``There 
        is simply no historical foundation for the proposition that the 
        Framers intended to build the `wall of separation' that was 
        constitutionalized in Everson. . . . But the greatest injury of 
        the `wall' notion is its mischievous diversion of judges from 
        the actual intentions of the drafters of the Bill of Rights. . 
        . . [N]o amount of repetition of historical errors in judicial 
        opinions can make the errors true. The `wall of separation 
        between church and state' is a metaphor based on bad history. . 
        . . It should be frankly and explicitly abandoned. . . . Our 
        perception has been clouded not by the Constitution but by the 
        mists of an unnecessary metaphor. It would come as much of a 
        shock to those who drafted the Bill of Rights, as it will to a 
        large number of thoughtful Americans today, to learn that the 
        Constitution, as construed by the majority, prohibits the 
        Alabama Legislature from endorsing prayer. George Washington 
        himself, at the request of the very Congress which passed the 
        Bill of Rights, proclaimed a day of public thanksgiving and 
        prayer, to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts 
        the many and signal favors of Almighty God. History must judge 
        whether it was the Father of his Country in 1789, or a majority 
        of the Court today, which has strayed from the meaning of the 
        Establishment Clause.''
            (12) As Justice Rehnquist states, the greatest injury of 
        the ``wall'' notion is its ``mischievous diversion of judges 
        from the actual intentions of the drafters of the Bill of 
        Rights. . . .'' It is necessary to review not only Jefferson's 
        intent in his use of this ``wall'', but his involvement or 
        noninvolvement in the drafting of the First Amendment, and the 
        intent of the framers of the First Amendment.
            (13) Jefferson was neither the author of nor a coauthor of 
        the First Amendment. He cannot be considered as a source of 
        legal authority on this subject. The Court, if it had wished to 
        rely upon Jefferson to determine the true and original intent 
        of the First Amendment, could have served themselves and the 
        American people well by referring to Jefferson's admonition to 
        Judge William Johnson regarding the determination of the 
        original intent of a statute or a constitution: ``On every 
        question of construction, carry ourselves back to the time when 
        the Constitution was adopted, recollect the spirit manifested 
        in the debates, and instead of trying what meaning may be 
        squeezed out of the text, or invented against it, conform to 
        the probable one in which it was passed.'' (Thomas Jefferson, 
        Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, From the Papers of 
        Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, editor [Boston: 
        Gray and Bowen, 1830, Vol. IV., p. 373,] to Judge William 
        Johnson on June 12, 1823).
            (14) The principal authors of the First Amendment, the 
        record reveals, were Fisher Ames and Elbridge Gerry of 
        Massachusetts, not Thomas Jefferson. Others who participated 
        were John Vining of Delaware, Daniel Carroll and Charles 
        Carroll of Maryland, Benjamin Huntington, Roger Sherman and 
        Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut, William Paterson of New 
        Jersey, and James Madison and George Mason of Virginia. Thomas 
        Jefferson is not found in the record as having participated. 
        (The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United 
        States [Washington, D.C.; Gales and Seaton, 1834], Vol. I, pp. 
        440-948, June 8-September 24, 1789.)
            (15) George Mason, a member of the Constitutional 
        Convention and recognized as ``The Father of the Bill of 
        Rights'', submitted this proposal for the wording of the First 
        Amendment: ``All men have an equal, natural and unalienable 
        right to the free exercise of religion, according to the 
        dictates of conscience; and that no particular sect or society 
        of Christians ought to be favored or established by law in 
        preference to others.'' (Kate Mason Rowland, The Life of George 
        Mason [New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1892,] Vol I, p. 244.)
            (16) The Father of the Constitution, James Madison, 
        submitted the following wording for the First Amendment: ``The 
        civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious 
        belief or worship, nor shall any national religion be 
        established.'' (The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of 
        the United States [Washington, D.C.; Gales and Season, 1834,] 
        Vol. I, p. 451, James Madison, June 8, 1789.)
            (17) The true intent of the First Amendment is reflected by 
        the proposals submitted by Fisher Ames, George Mason and James 
        Madison and the wording finally adopted.
            (18) Justice Joseph Story, considered the Father of 
        American Jurisprudence, stated in his Commentaries on the 
        Constitution: ``The real object of the [First A]mendment was 
        not to countenance, much less to advance Mohometanism [sp], or 
        Judaism, or infidelity by prostrating Christianity; but to 
        exclude all rivalry among Christian sects and to prevent any 
        national ecclesiastical establishment which should give to a 
        hierarchy [a denominational council] the exclusive patronage of 
        the national government. (Joseph Story, Commentaries on the 
        Constitution of the United States [Boston; Hilliard, Gray and 
        Company, 1833], p. 728, par. 1871.)
            (19) Proof that the intent of the framers of the First 
        Amendment did not intend for the Federal Government to restrict 
        the exercise of free speech in religious matters in civic 
        dialog is found in various statements by George Washington, who 
        was President when the Congress adopted the First Amendment. 
        The following is found in his ``Farewell Address'': `` . . . of 
        all the dispositions and habits which lead to political 
        prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. 
        In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism who 
        should labor to subvert these great pillars of human 
        happiness.'' (George Washington, Address of George Washington, 
        President of the United States. . . . Preparatory to his 
        Declination [Baltimore: George and Henry S. Keatinge, 1796], 
        pp. 22-23.
            (20) James Wilson was a very active member of the 
        Convention and was later appointed by President George 
        Washington as an original Justice on the United States Supreme 
        Court where he coauthored America's first legal text on the 
        Constitution. Wilson never mentioned a ``separation of church 
        and state''. To the contrary, he declared the correlation 
        between religion and civil laws: Far from being rivals or 
        enemies, religion and law are twin sisters, friends, and mutual 
        assistants. (James Wilson, The Works of James Wilson, Bird 
        Wilson, editor. Philadelphia; Bronson and Chauncey, 1804. Vol. 
        I, pp. 104-106.)
            (21) It was Fisher Ames of Massachusetts who provided, on 
        the 20th of August, 1789, the final wording for the First 
        Amendment as passed by the House of Representatives. Fisher 
        Ames, who should be considered the foremost authority on the 
        intent of the First Amendment, never spoke of a separation of 
        church and state. (Fisher Ames, Works of Fisher Ames, Boston; 
        T.B. Wait & Co. 1809, p. 134, 135.)
            (22) Because the Court does not seem to be disposed to 
        correct this egregious error, it is incumbent upon the Congress 
        of the United States to perform its duty to support and defend 
        the Constitution of the United States, by the use of its 
        authority to apply checks and balances to other branches of the 
        government, when usurpations and the exercise of excesses of 
        power are evident. The Congress must, then, take the 
        appropriate steps to correct egregious problem.

SEC. 3. REMOVAL OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM-RELATED CASES FROM FEDERAL 
              DISTRICT COURT JURISDICTION.

    (a) In General.--Chapter 85 of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following new section:
``Sec. 1369. Exclusion of jurisdiction over religious freedom-related 
              cases
    ``(a) In General.--The district courts of the United States, the 
District Court of Guam, the District Court of the Virgin Islands, and 
the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands shall not have 
jurisdiction to hear or determine any religious freedom-related case.
    ``(b) Definition.--For purposes of this section, the term 
`religious freedom-related case' means any action in which any 
requirement, prohibition, or other provision relating to religious 
freedom that is contained in a State or Federal statute is at issue.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections at the beginning of 
chapter 85 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the 
end the following new item:

``1369. Exclusion of jurisdiction over religious freedom-related 
                            cases.''.

SEC. 4. REMOVAL OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM-RELATED CASES FROM FEDERAL CLAIMS 
              COURT JURISDICTION.

    (a) In General.--Chapter 91 of title 28, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following new section:
``Sec. 1510. Removal of jurisdiction over religious freedom-related 
              cases
    ``(a) In General.--The United States Court of Federal Claims shall 
not have jurisdiction to hear or determine any religious freedom-
related case.
    ``(b) Definition.--For purposes of this section, the term 
`religious freedom-related case' means any action in which any 
requirement, prohibition, or other provision relating to religious 
freedom that is contained in a State or Federal statute is at issue.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections at the beginning of 
chapter 91 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the 
end the following new item:

``1510. Removal of jurisdiction over religious freedom-related 
                            cases.''.

SEC. 5. EFFECTIVE DATE.

    The amendments made by this Act shall apply to cases filed on or 
after the date of the enactment of this Act.
[A]:
Religious Freedom Restoration Act - Amends the Federal judicial code to deny the district courts of the United States, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands and the United States Court of Federal Claims jurisdiction to hear or determine any case in which any requirement, prohibition, or other provision relating to religious freedom that is contained in a State or Federal statute is at issue.