In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

Q: given the supreme court's decision in gaudin, we conclude that beuttenmuller's holding that materiality under section 1006 is a question of law for the court has been overruled.

A: overruling
****
Q: alvarez-machain'?, cursory analysis contains two errors that lead us to overrule it.

A: overruling
****
Q: see franchise tax board v. construction laborers vacation trust, 463 u.s. 1, 13-14, 103 s.ct. 2841, 2848, 77 l.ed.2d 420 (1983); williams v. caterpillar tractor co., 786 f.2d 928, 931-32 (9th cir. 1986) ( williams).

A:
non-overruling
****