Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: To investigate if diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy despite long disease duration have different human leukocyte antigen (HLA) status vs those with an early onset of retinopathy.', 'Retrospective, nonrandomized, masked comparative study. Type 1 diabetic patients with a disease onset before age 30 were recruited to the study. The study population consisted of two groups of diabetic patients: those with normal retinopathy course (retinopathy developed during the first 20 years of diabetes onset) (23 patients) and those with postponed retinopathy (no obvious retinopathy in spite of passing 20 years of diabetes) (19 patients). These groups were matched with regard to level of glycemic control, blood pressure, and lipid profile. A group of 23 healthy patients served as controls. HLA-DQB1 typing of blood samples was done using a polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method.', 'HLA-DQB1*0201/HLA-DQB1*0501 and HLA-DQB1*0201/HLA-DQB1*0504 haplotypes were more common among type 1 diabetic patients with normal retinopathy course than those with postponed retinopathy (26.1% vs 0.0%; p=0.019). HLA-DQB1*0301 and HLA-DQB1*0304 were less common among those diabetic patients with normal retinopathy course than those with a postponed retinopathy (63.2% vs 34.8%; p=0.067).

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: Bilateral lower extremity venous duplex scanning for acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) has been advocated because of the high incidence of occult contralateral leg involvement. We investigated the clinical necessity of such a policy.', 'The results from 2996 venous duplex studies performed during the past 2 years were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 1694 of these scans were performed on patients with symptoms, of whom 248 (15%) were found to have an acute DVT. Symptoms were limited to one side in 198 patients, whereas bilateral complaints were noted in 50 patients.', 'Among the patients with symptoms of acute DVT, 72 (29%) had bilateral involvement. Bilaterality was more likely in patients with bilateral symptoms than in those with only unilateral symptoms (56% vs 22%; p < 0.005). Of the patients with unilateral symptoms and bilateral DVT, all of them had either acute (80%) or acute and chronic (20%) thrombosis in the symptomatic leg. The contralateral asymptomatic limb had fewer acute and more chronic DVT (41% and 55%, respectively). No patient from the entire group admitted with symptoms had an acute DVT in the asymptomatic limb without a concomitant acute DVT in the symptomatic leg. Unilateral scanning would decrease the examination time by 21% and potentially increase total reimbursement for symptomatic venous scans by 9% compared with routine bilateral duplex scanning.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: This study was designed to characterize urinary isolates of Escherichia coli that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and to determine the prevalence of other antimicrobial resistance genes.', 'A total of 264 non-duplicate clinical isolates of E. coli were recovered from urine specimens in a tertiary-care hospital in Busan in 2005. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods, ESBL production was confirmed using the double-disk synergy (DDS) test, and antimicrobial resistance genes were detected by direct sequencing of PCR amplification products. E. coli isolates were classified into four phylogenetic biotypes according to the presence of chuA, yjaA, and TSPE4.', "DDS testing detected ESBLs in 27 (10.2%) of the 264 isolates. The most common type of ESBL was CTX-M-15 (N=14), followed by CTX-M-3 (N=8) and CTX-M-14 (N=6). All of the ESBL-producing isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. PCR experiments detected genes encoding DHA-1 and CMY-10 AmpC beta-lactamases in one and two isolates, respectively. Also isolated were 5 isolates harboring 16S rRNA methylases, 2 isolates harboring Qnr, and 19 isolates harboring AAC(6')-Ib-cr. Most ESBL-producing isolates clustered within phylogenetic groups B2 (N=14) and D (N=7).


Output: 0