Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: Droperidol is useful for postoperative sedation in infants and children after cardiac surgery because it provides sedation and akinesia with minimal respiratory depression. However, droperidol has been associated with QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. We investigated, if neuroleptanalgesic doses of droperidol led to QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias in children undergoing cardiac surgery.', 'We retrospectively analysed electrocardiogram rhythm strips that were obtained before and in time increments after a 100 microg x kg(-1) intravenous bolus of droperidol in 20 children undergoing cardiac surgery. The longest QT interval was determined in each ECG and corrected for heart rate (QTc). All arrhythmias were recorded.', 'Droperidol led to a significant increase in QTc time that was still present at 15 min but had resolved within 30 min after the bolus. No associated arrhythmias were observed.
Answer: The statistically significant prolongation of QTc time after a sedative dose of droperidol is of concern because it may increase the risk for malignant cardiac arrhythmias. A large, prospective study is necessary to identify the true risk for arrhythmias after droperidol in this patient population, but our study suggests that any arrhythmogenic risk, if present, will be very transient, since the increase in QTc time was limited to a period of less than 30 min after the bolus.

A: Does droperidol for perioperative sedation cause a transient prolongation of the QTc time in children under volatile anesthesia?
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Q: Context: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance and prognostic impact of extranodal metastasis (EM) in gastric carcinoma.', 'The study included 1023 patients who underwent gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy for primary gastric carcinoma between January 1993 and December 1996. EM was defined as the presence of tumour cells in extramural soft tissue that was discontinuous with either the primary lesion or locoregional lymph nodes.', "EM was detected in 146 (14.3 per cent) of the 1023 patients and in 1060 (3.0 per cent) of the 35 811 nodules that were retrieved as 'lymph nodes' from adipose connective tissues. The incidence of EM was significantly higher in patients with tumours that were large (diameter 10 cm or more), infiltrative, deeply invading or undifferentiated and in those with lymph node, peritoneal or liver metastases, or lymphatic or vascular involvement. After curative operation overall survival was significantly worse for patients with EM than those without (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified EM as an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 1.82 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.23 to 2.71); P = 0.003).
Answer: EM is an independent prognostic factor and should therefore be included in the tumour node metastasis (TNM) staging system.

A: Is extranodal metastasis an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with gastric carcinoma?
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Q: Context: Regulation of anabolic and catabolic factors is considered essential in maintaining the homoeostasis of healthy articular cartilage. In this study we investigated the influence of RNA binding proteins (RNABPs) in this process.', "Using small interfering RNA (siRNA), RNABP expression was knocked down in SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells and human articular chondrocytes. Gene expression and messenger RNA (mRNA) decay of anabolic (SOX9, Aggrecan) and catabolic (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)13) factors were analysed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RNA-electromobility shift assays (EMSAs) were used to investigate RNABP interactions with the SOX9 mRNA 3' untranslated region (UTR). Immunohistochemical localisation of MMP13 and the RNABP human antigen R (HuR) was performed in E13.5 and E16.5 mouse embryo sections.", "SOX9 mRNA, mRNA half-life and protein expression were increased with siRNA targeting the RNABP tristetraprolin (TTP) in both HACs and SW1353s. TTP knockdown also stimulated aggrecan mRNA expression but did not affect its stability. RNA-EMSAs demonstrated that adenine uracil (AU)-rich elements in the SOX9 mRNA 3'UTR interacted with chondrocyte proteins with three specific elements interacting with TTP. HuR knockdown significantly increased MMP13 expression and also regulated the expression of a number of known transcriptional repressors of MMP13. HuR was ubiquitously expressed within mouse embryos yet displayed regional down-regulation within developing skeletal structures.
Answer: This study demonstrates for the first time how RNABPs are able to affect the balance of anabolic and catabolic gene expression in human chondrocytes. The post-transcriptional mechanisms controlled by RNABPs present novel avenues of regulation and potential points of intervention for controlling the expression of SOX9 and MMP13 in chondrocytes.

A:
Do rNA binding proteins regulate anabolic and catabolic gene expression in chondrocytes?
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