TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Oral epithelial cells have currently been found to play an important role in inflammatory modulation in periodontitis. Mangiferin is a natural glucosylxanthone with anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of mangiferin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in oral epithelial cells and the underlying mechanisms.', 'The levels of LPS-induced IL-6 production in OKF6/TERT-2 oral keratinocytes were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 was determined using western blot analysis. And the phosphorylation of TLR downstream nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was examined using cell-based protein phosphorylation ELISA kits.', 'We found that mangiferin reduced LPS-upregulated IL-6 production in OKF6/TERT-2 cells. Additionally, mangiferin inhibited LPS-induced TLR2 and TLR4 overexpression, and suppressed the phosphorylation of NF-κB, p38 MAPK and JNK. Moreover, mangiferin repressed IL-6 production and TLR signaling activation in a dose-dependent manner after 24h treatment.\Question: Does mangiferin inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced production of interleukin-6 in human oral epithelial cells by suppressing toll-like receptor signaling?

SOLUTION: Mangiferin decreases LPS-induced production of IL-6 in human oral epithelial cells by suppressing TLR signaling, and this glucosylxanthone may have potential for the treatment of periodontitis.

PROBLEM: Context: Accumulating evidence has indicated that inflammation may act as a potential mechanism underlying post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), as a known late mediator of inflammation, is involved in the development of post-operative complications. Thus, we sought to determine the role of HMGB1 in reflecting POCD following major gastrointestinal surgery.', 'Fifty-three elderly patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery were recruited, and 50 patients completed the study. Serum HMGB1 and interleukin (IL)-6 levels were measured pre-operatively and at 6 h, day 1 and day 3 post-operatively. Neuropsychological tests were administered before and 1 week after surgery. POCD was determined using a Z score ≥ 1.96.', 'Seventeen (34%, 17/50) patients developed POCD at 1 week. The POCD group had higher serum HMGB1 levels at day 1 (12.15 ± 3.12 vs. 9.91 ± 3.15 ng/ml, P = 0.021) and day 3 (11.04 ± 2.88 vs. 8.52 ± 3.31 ng/ml, P = 0.011). IL-6 levels at 6 h (51.18 ± 15.22 vs. 39.20 ± 14.32 pg/ml, P = 0.009) and day 1 (41.59 ± 11.08 vs. 33.81 ± 11.42 pg/ml, P = 0.026) were significantly higher in POCD patients. Serum values of IL-6 at 6 h, HMGB1 at day 1 and levels of education showed positive correlations with Z scores. HMGB1 at day 3 and IL-6 at 6 h were independent risk factors.\Question: Does serum high-mobility group box 1 protein correlate with cognitive decline after gastrointestinal surgery?

SOLUTION: Serum HMGB1 and IL-6 levels increase significantly after major gastrointestinal surgery in elderly patients and such elevations are associated with the occurrence of cognitive decline after surgery.

PROBLEM: Context: The natural product tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) and resveratrol have a variety of biologic activities, including anti-cancer effects. However the pharmacological function of CSTMP (a newly designed and synthesized TMP and resveratrol derivative) in cancer have not been elucidated.', 'In RPMI8226 cells, the cytotoxic effects and apoptosis were detected by MTT and Double staining for Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI). The protein and mRNA expression levels were detected by Real Time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The localization of cleaved caspase-12 was evaluated by immunofluorescent staining. The activation of caspase were measured by colorimetric assays and Western blot.', 'CSTMP showed significantly cytotoxic effects and induced apoptosis in RPMI8226 cells. Caspase activation, Cytochrome c release and Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL levels analyses demonstrated that the anti-cancer effect of CSTMP in RPMI8226 cells was mediated by promoting caspase- and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. In addition, CSTMP induced the increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related proteins (CHOP, GRP78, GRP94 and cleaved caspase-12) and the activation of multiple branches of ER stress transducers (PERK-eIF2α, IRE1α and ATF6). Moreover, knockdown of CHOP by siRNA markedly inhibited CSTMP-induced cytotoxic effects, caspases activity and mitochondrial dysfunction in RPMI8226 cells.\Question: Does cSTMP induce apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in human myeloma RPMI8226 cells via CHOP-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress?

SOLUTION:
Our results indicated that CSTMP could induce apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in RPMI8226 cells via CHOP-dependent ER stress.