Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Example Input: Weight loss and malnutrition are poorly tolerated by geriatric patients, and pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) can result in chronic malabsorption and weight loss. We sought to determine how preoperative severe nutritional risk (SNR), as defined by the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program/American Geriatric Society Best Practice Guidelines, affects long-term survival after PD for benign disease among geriatric and nongeriatric patients.', 'All patients undergoing PD for nonmalignant conditions at a single center between 1995 and 2013 were followed for survival, excluding patients who died within 90 days of surgery. Survival of geriatric (age ≥65 years) and nongeriatric (age <65 years) patients with and without SNR was compared using Kaplan Meier methods. Cox regression was performed.', 'There were 320 patients who underwent PD for benign disease. Over the course of the study, the proportion of geriatric patients undergoing PD for benign conditions increased from 25% to 46%. In addition to being older, geriatric patients undergoing PD for benign disease were significantly more likely to have coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension. Geriatric patients with preoperative SNR had significantly decreased long-term survival after PD for benign disease (p < 0.001), with roughly 1 in 3 patients dead at 5 years compared with 1 in 14 patients without SNR. Survival was not significantly different among nongeriatric patients with and without SNR. In geriatric patients, age, CAD, and SNR were significantly associated with decreased survival on both univariate and multivariate analysis.
Example Output: 0

Example Input: To improve prostate cancer (PC) detection accuracy among patients with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) above 4.0 ng/ml and asymptomatic prostate inflammation.', 'A total of 136 patients with PSA ranging from 4.0 to 50.0 ng/ml with asymptomatic prostatitis were included in the study cohort. All these patients underwent antibacterial therapy for 2 weeks followed by repeat PSA determination and transrectal ultrasound-guided needle prostate biopsy. The PSA, PSAD (PSA density), and f/t PSA (free/total PSA) before and after antibacterial therapy were compared using t-test. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) technique was used to evaluate the effectiveness of PSA, PSAD, f/t PSA, and their changes after antibacterial therapy (DeltaPSA, DeltaPSAD, and Deltaf/t PSA) on PC detection.', 'Among the 136 patients, 33 had PC and the other 103 histologically confirmed benign prostatic disease. After antibacterial therapy for 2 weeks, the PSA (mean +/- standard deviation) decreased from 14.0 +/- 7.8 ng/ml to 10.4 +/- 7.7 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The DeltaPSA, DeltaPSAD, and Deltaf/tPSA were -3.60 +/- 4.3 ng/ml, -0.1 +/- 0.1 ng/ml/ml, and -0.1 +/- 0.1 respectively. The areas under ROC curve were 0.29 for PSA, 0.64 for PSAD, and 0.50 for f/t PSA. The areas under ROC curve were 0.91 for DeltaPSA, 0.96 for DeltaPSAD, and 0.98 for Deltaf/t PSA. These values were increased significantly when compared with those for the PSA-related parameters before antibacterial therapy (P value, DeltaPSA, DeltaPSAD, and Deltaf/t PSA were <0.01).
Example Output: 1

Example Input: Preeclampsia is a serious disorder of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, edema, and coagulation and vascular abnormalities. At the cellular level, abnormalities include increased calcium concentration in platelets, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes. Recent studies have shown that antibodies directed against angiotensin II type I (AT1) receptors are also highly associated with preeclampsia.', 'We tested the hypothesis that AT1 receptor-agonistic antibodies (AT1-AAs) could activate AT1 receptors, leading to an increased intracellular concentration of free calcium and to downstream activation of Ca2+ signaling pathways. Sera of 30 pregnant patients, 16 diagnosed with severe preeclampsia and 14 normotensive, were examined for the presence of IgG capable of stimulating intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. IgG from all preeclamptic patients activated AT1 receptors and increased intracellular free calcium. In contrast, none of the normotensive individuals had IgG capable of activating AT1 receptors. The specific mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ by AT1-AAs was blocked by losartan, an AT1 receptor antagonist, and by a 7-amino-acid peptide that corresponds to a portion of the second extracellular loop of the AT1 receptor. In addition, we have shown that AT1-AA-stimulated mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ results in the activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells.
Example Output:
0