Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: With male gender as a strong predictor of cardiovascular instability, we hypothesized that gender-specific differences in circulating carbon monoxide levels contributed to dysregulated microvascular function in preterm male infants.', 'Infants born at 24 to 34 weeks of gestation (N = 84) were studied in a regional tertiary neonatal unit. Carboxyhemoglobin levels were measured through spectrophotometry in umbilical arterial blood and at 24, 72, and 120 hours after birth. Microvascular blood flow was determined through laser Doppler flowmetry.', 'Carboxyhemoglobin levels demonstrated a strong inverse relationship with gestational age (r = -0.636; P < .001) and were higher in boys (P = .032). Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant decrease in arterial carboxyhemoglobin levels over time (P < .001), with significant between-subjects effects for gestational age (P = .011) and gender (P = .025). Positive correlations with microvascular blood flow at 24 hours of age (r = 0.495; P < .001) and 120 hours of age (r = 0.548; P < .001) were observed. With controlling for gestational age, carboxyhemoglobin levels at 72 hours were greater for infants who died in the first week of life (P = .035).

Output: Is carbon monoxide a significant mediator of cardiovascular status following preterm birth?


Input: Consider Input: A defect in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells may cause dysfunction of the neural retina, so rapid recovery of differentiated RPE cells is required after RPE injury. We investigated the effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on wound healing in RPE cells.', 'Confluent monolayers of bovine RPE cells were denuded, and the cells were allowed to recover in the presence or absence of HGF. The effect of HGF on RPE cell proliferation was evaluated by a 3-(4;5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetraz olium assay. In a migration assay, mitomycin C was used to inhibit proliferation, and the number of migrated cells was counted. The signaling pathways involved were examined using inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase and protein kinase C pathways.', 'At 80 ng/mL, HGF stimulated the wound closure of RPE monolayers and rendered the restituted cells more epithelioid in shape. HGF at 10 ng/mL stimulated RPE cell migration the most, whereas 80 ng/mL of HGF inhibited migration, but stimulated proliferation the most. In particular, PI3 kinase and MAPK inhibitor inhibited PRE cell migration and proliferation, respectively.

Output: Does hepatocyte growth factor stimulate proliferation and migration during wound healing of retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro?


Input: Consider Input: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) application and the possible pathways of MSC's effects on tendon strength and healing after tendon repair.", 'The study included 40 Wistar albino rats. Mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from the femurs and tibias of 6 rats. Achilles tendons of the remaining 34 rats were cut and repaired with open surgical procedures. Rats were divided into 2 groups. Percutaneous MSCs were applied to the study group (n=17) and physiological serum only was applied to the control group (n=17) at the 4th week. Rats were sacrificed using the cervical dislocation method under ether anesthesia at the 12th week and samples were analyzed by histological and immunohistochemical methods. For biomechanical analysis, a traction force was applied at 10 mm/min and load to failure was recorded for each specimen in Newtons.', 'Histologically, there was no significant difference between groups (p>0.05). In the immunohistochemical studies, MSCs were located more intensively at the repair zone. Apoptosis was minimally present in the study group and was clearly increased in the control group. Increase in tendon strength was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group at the 12th week (p<0.05).


Output: Does mesenchymal stem cell application improve tendon healing via anti-apoptotic effect ( Animal study )?