instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
Liver ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathophysiological process in many clinical settings. Carvacrol, a food additive commonly used in essential oils, has displayed antimicrobials, antitumor and antidepressant-like activities. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of carvacrol on I/R injury in the Wistar rat livers and an in vitro hypoxia/restoration (H/R) model.', 'The hepatoportal vein, hepatic arterial and hepatic duct of Wistar rats were isolated and clamped for 30 min, followed by a 2 h reperfusion. Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells were incubated under hypoxia for 4 h, followed normoxic conditions for 10 h to establish the H/R model in vitro. Liver injury was evaluated by measuring serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspatate aminotransferase (AST), and hepatic levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and malondiadehyde (MDA), and hepatic histology and TUNEL staining. MTT assay, flow cytometric analysis and Hoechst 33258 staining were used to evaluate the proliferation and apoptosis of BRL cells in vitro. Protein expression was examined by Western Blot analysis.', 'Carvacrol protected against I/R-induced liver damage, evidenced by significantly reducing the serum levels of ALT and AST, histological alterations and apoptosis of liver cells in I/R rats. Carvacrol exhibited anti-oxidative activity in the I/R rats, reflected by significantly reducing the activity of SOD and the content of MDA, and restoring the activity of CAT and the content of GSH, in I/R rats. In the in vitro assays, carvacrol restored the viability and inhibited the apoptosis of BRL cells, which were subjected to a mimic I/R injury induced by hypoxia. In the investigation on molecular mechanisms, carvacrol downregulated the expression of Bax and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, thus inhibited the activation of caspase-3. Carvacrol was also shown to enhance the phosphorylation of Akt.
answer:
0


question:
Chagas heart disease (CHD) patients may have a reduced functional capacity (FC). Field tests, as the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT), can estimate peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). However, the relationship between the ISWT and the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET), the gold standard in the assessment of FC, is not well established in CHD patients.', 'This study aimed to evaluate the FC of CHD patients by ISWT with direct measurement of VO2 peak and to compare these findings with data obtained from CPET. A secondary goal was to derive a regression equation to calculate the VO2 peak by ISWT.', 'Cross-sectional and correlative study.', 'Research laboratory setting.', 'Thirty-two CHD patients (58.8±9.0 years, 81.3% women) participated in this study.', 'Eligible patients underwent clinical evaluation, echocardiography, CPET by ramp protocol and ISWT according to current guidelines.', 'The distance walked in ISWT showed a positive correlation with VO2 peak from CPET and ISWT (r=0.456, P=0.009 and r=0.869, P<0.001, respectively). In the agreement analysis, the values of the differences between VO2 peak from CPET and ISWT showed absence of bias (mean bias ±95% CI and mean -1.29±5.09 mL.kg.min). Based in real values of VO2 obtained from ISWT, one equation including sex, functional class and distance walked was provided to predict the VO2 values in this test.
answer:
1


question:
To examine the impact of glaucoma and visual acuity (VA) and visual field (VF) losses on psychosocial functioning (PF).', 'Cross-sectional study.', 'We compared PF between 192 participants with bilateral glaucoma with VA or VF losses and 40 controls from a tertiary eye hospital clinic in Singapore.', 'Glaucoma was defined using the Hodapp-Anderson-Parish criteria. Four psychosocial outcomes of the Glaucoma Quality of Life 36 questionnaire were psychometrically assessed using Rasch analysis. Multivariate regression was performed to determine the independent impact of glaucoma and VA and VF losses on PF. The impact of VA and VF on PF were evaluated by restricted cubic spline analysis.', 'Anxiety, self-image, psychological well-being, and confidence in health care.', 'The mean age of participants was 66.2±11.0 years, and 63% were male. In the better eye, VA and mean deviation were Snellen 20/25 and -8.89±6.52 dB, respectively. In multivariate models, glaucoma patients had 63.0% greater anxiety (95% confidence interval [CI], -66.0% to -61.2%; P<0.001), 71.0% lower self-image (95% CI, -74.1% to -68.5%; P<0.001), 38.3% less psychological well-being (95% CI, -37.4% to -39.0%; P<0.001), and 32.4% reduced confidence in health care than patients without glaucoma. The worst VA and VF categories had the most reduced PF (range, 26.0% to 81.5%; P<0.001 for all associations) compared with controls. With worsening VA, there was a linear increase in anxiety (P=0.009) and decrease in self-image (P=0.005). With worsening VF from 0 to -12.1 dB (P=0.003), anxiety increased before plateauing. Self-image decreased as VF worsened from 0 to -10 dB (P<0.001), and confidence in health care decreased when VF worsened from 0 to -9.3 dB (P=0.008). However, self-image and confidence in health care actually improved at greater levels of VF loss beyond these thresholds.
answer:

1