Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Thigmotaxis refers to a specific behavior of animals (i.e., to stay close to walls when exploring an open space). Such behavior can be assessed with the open field test (OFT), which is a well-established indicator of animal fear. The detection of similar open field behavior in humans may verify the translational validity of this paradigm. Enhanced thigmotaxis related to anxiety may suggest the relevance of such behavior for anxiety disorders, especially agoraphobia.', 'A global positioning system was used to analyze the behavior of 16 patients with agoraphobia and 18 healthy individuals with a risk for agoraphobia (i.e., high anxiety sensitivity) during a human OFT and compare it with appropriate control groups (n = 16 and n = 19). We also tracked 17 patients with agoraphobia and 17 control participants during a city walk that involved walking through an open market square.', 'Our human OFT triggered thigmotaxis in participants; patients with agoraphobia and participants with high anxiety sensitivity exhibited enhanced thigmotaxis. This behavior was evident in increased movement lengths along the wall of the natural open field and fewer entries into the center of the field despite normal movement speed and length. Furthermore, participants avoided passing through the market square during the city walk, indicating again that thigmotaxis is related to agoraphobia.
Answer: This study is the first to our knowledge to verify the translational validity of the OFT and to reveal that thigmotaxis, an evolutionarily adaptive behavior shown by most species, is related to agoraphobia, a pathologic fear of open spaces, and anxiety sensitivity, a risk factor for agoraphobia.

Output: Does a Human Open Field Test reveal Thigmotaxis Related to Agoraphobic Fear?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Evidence of hyperplasia with atypia found both on random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) and in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) fluid are associated with an increased risk for breast cancer.', 'In this study, we report the correlation of NAF production with cytological assessment of ductal cells obtained by RPFNA.', '113 women at high risk for development of breast cancer attending the Breast Cancer Prevention Clinic at the University of Kansas Medical Center underwent a single NAF collection attempt and RPFNA.', 'NAF was successfully collected in 51% of women. There was no significant difference in age, 5-year Gail risk assessment, menopausal status, hormone use, family history of breast cancer, history of prior atypical hyperplasia/LCIS or history of contralateral DCIS/invasive breast cancer between women who produced NAF and those that did not. The only significant difference between the two groups was in history of prior lactation (p = 0.018). Twenty-seven of the 113 subjects were found to have hyperplasia with atypia by RPFNA was 31% in women who produced NAF versus 16% in those who did not (p = 0.07).
Answer: Although prevalence of RPFNA atypia was numerically higher in NAF producers than non-producers the difference did not reach statistical significance. Failure to produce NAF does not exclude the presence of hyperplasia with atypia by random periareolar fine needle aspiration.

Output: Does failure of high risk women to produce nipple aspirate fluid exclude detection of cytologic atypia in random periareolar fine needle aspiration specimens?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with high mortality due to the lack of effective therapeutic strategies. Mechanical ventilation itself can cause ventilator-induced lung injury. Pulmonary vascular barrier function, regulated in part by Src kinase-dependent phosphorylation of caveolin-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), plays a crucial role in the development of protein-/neutrophil-rich pulmonary edema, the hallmark of ALI. Amide-linked local anesthetics, such as ropivacaine, have anti-inflammatory properties in experimental ALI. We hypothesized ropivacaine may attenuate inflammation in a "double-hit" model of ALI triggered by bacterial endotoxin plus hyperinflation via inhibition of Src-dependent signaling.', 'C57BL/6 (WT) and ICAM-1 (-/-) mice were exposed to either nebulized normal saline (NS) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10\xa0mg) for 1\xa0hour. An intravenous bolus of 0.33\xa0mg/kg ropivacaine or vehicle was followed by mechanical ventilation with normal (7\xa0ml/kg, NTV) or high tidal volume (28\xa0ml/kg, HTV) for 2\xa0hours. Measures of ALI (excess lung water (ELW), extravascular plasma equivalents, permeability index, myeloperoxidase activity) were assessed and lungs were homogenized for Western blot analysis of phosphorylated and total Src, ICAM-1 and caveolin-1. Additional experiments evaluated effects of ropivacaine on LPS-induced phosphorylation/expression of Src, ICAM-1 and caveolin-1 in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC).', 'WT mice treated with LPS alone showed a 49% increase in ELW compared to control animals (p\u2009=\u20090.001), which was attenuated by ropivacaine (p\u2009=\u20090.001). HTV ventilation alone increased measures of ALI even more than LPS, an effect which was not altered by ropivacaine. LPS plus hyperinflation ("double-hit") increased all ALI parameters (ELW, EVPE, permeability index, MPO activity) by 3-4 fold compared to control, which were again decreased by ropivacaine. Western blot analyses of lung homogenates as well as HLMVEC treated in culture with LPS alone showed a reduction in Src activation/expression, as well as ICAM-1 expression and caveolin-1 phosphorylation. In ICAM-1 (-/-) mice, neither addition of LPS to HTV ventilation alone nor ropivacaine had an effect on the development of ALI.
Answer: Ropivacaine may be a promising therapeutic agent for treating the cause of pulmonary edema by blocking inflammatory Src signaling, ICAM-1 expression, leukocyte infiltration, and vascular hyperpermeability.


Output: Does ropivacaine attenuate endotoxin plus hyperinflation-mediated acute lung injury via inhibition of early-onset Src-dependent signaling?