Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have multiple abnormalities of autonomic regulation that have been associated to their high mortality rate. Heart rate recovery immediately after exercise is an index of parasympathetic activity, but its prognostic role in CHF patients has not been determined yet.', 'Ninety-two stable CHF patients (83M/9F, mean age: 51+/-12 years) performed an incremental symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Measurements included peak O2 uptake (VO2p), ventilatory response to exercise (VE/VCO2 slope), the first-degree slope of VO2 for the 1st minute of recovery (VO2/t-slope), heart rate recovery [(HRR1, bpm): HR difference from peak to 1 min after exercise] and chronotropic response to exercise [%chronotropic reserve (CR, %)=(peak HR-resting HR/220-age-resting HR)x100]. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %) was also measured by radionuclide ventriculography.', 'Fatal events occurred in 24 patients (26%) during 21+/-6 months of follow-up. HRR1 was lower in non-survivors (11.4+/-6.4 vs. 20.4+/-8.1; p<0.001). All cause-mortality rate was 65% in patients with HRR1<or=12 bpm versus 11% in patients with HRR1>12 bpm (log-rank: 32.6; p<0.001). By multivariate survival analysis, HRR1 resulted as an independent predictor of mortality (chi2=19.2; odds ratio: 0.87; p<0.001) after adjustment for LVEF, VO2p, VE/VCO2 slope, CR and VO2/t-slope. In a subgroup of patients with intermediate exercise capacity (VO2p: 10-18, ml/kg/min), HRR1 was a strong predictor of mortality (chi2: 14.3; odds ratio: 0.8; p<0.001).
Answer: Early heart rate recovery is an independent prognostic risk indicator in CHF patients and could be used in CHF risk stratification.
Does early heart rate recovery after exercise predict mortality in patients with chronic heart failure?

Context: Serum elevations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) correlate with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and mortality in critically injured trauma patients. Data from rodent models of controlled hemorrhage suggest that recombinant IL-6 (rIL-6) infusion protects tissue at risk for ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exogenous rIL-6 administered during shock appears to abrogate inflammation, providing a protective rather than a deleterious influence. In an examination of this paradox, the current study aimed to determine whether rIL-6 decreases inflammation in a clinically relevant large animal model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock, (UHS), and to investigate the mechanism of protection.', 'Swine were randomized to four groups (8 animals in each): (1) sacrifice, (2) sham (splenectomy followed by hemodilution and cooling to 33 degrees C), (3) rIL-6 infusion (sham plus UHS using grade 5 liver injury with packing and resuscitation plus blinded infusion of rIL-6 [10 mcg/kg]), and (4) placebo (UHS plus blinded vehicle). After 4 hours, blood was sampled, estimated blood loss determined, animals sacrificed, and lung harvested for RNA isolation. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to assess granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNFalpha were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).', 'As compared with placebo, IL-6 infusion in UHS did not increase estimated blood loss or white blood cell counts, nor decrease hematocrit or platelet levels. As compared with the sham condition, lung G-CSF mRNA production in UHS plus placebo increased eightfold (*p < 0.05). In contrast, rIL-6 infusion plus UHS blunted G-CSF mRNA levels, which were not significantly higher than sham levels (p = 0.1). Infusion of rIL-6 did not significantly affect endogenous production of either lung IL-6 or mRNA. As determined by ELISA, rIL-6 infusion did not increase final serum levels of IL-6 or TNFalpha over those of sham and placebo conditions.
Answer: Exogenous rIL-6 blunts lung mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokine G-CSF. The administration of rIL-6 does not increase the local expression of IL-6 nor TNFalpha mRNA in the lung. Additionally, rIL-6 infusion does not appear to cause systemic toxicity.
Does interleukin-6 infusion blunt proinflammatory cytokine production without causing systematic toxicity in a swine model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock?

Context: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play pivotal roles in tumor progression. MMP-13 (collagenase-3) digests collagen and other extracellular components.', 'Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and zymograph were used to study the roles of MMP-13 during the neoplastic process of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).', 'Increase of MMP-13 mRNA and protein expression in OSCC cell lines relative to cultivated normal oral keratinocytes was found. MMP-13 mRNA expression in OSCC was significantly higher than in non-cancerous match tissue (NCMT) in 36 tissue pairs. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma also exhibited high MMP-13 mRNA expression. The percentage of OSCC exhibiting strong MMP-13 immunoreactivity was significantly higher than pre-invasive lesion and NCMT. Treatment with >5 microm epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to OEC-M1 cells suppressed the expression and activity of MMP-13.
Answer: MMP-13 could be a potential tumor marker for OSCC. The effects of EGCG in tumor inhibition may act partially through the modulation of MMP-13.

Do increase of MMP-13 expression in multi-stage oral carcinogenesis and epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppress MMP-13 expression?