In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Q: Interest in bat-borne diseases and parasites has grown in the past decade over concerns for human health. However, the drivers of parasite diversity among bat host species are understudied as are the links between parasite richness and emerging risks. Thus, we aimed at exploring factors that explain macro and microparasite species richness in bats from Southeast Asia, a hotspot of emerging infectious diseases. First, we identified bat species that need increased sampling effort for pathogen discovery. Our approach highlights pathogen investigation disparities among species within the same genus, such as Rhinolophus and Pteropus. Secondly, comparative analysis using independent contrasts method allowed the identification of likely factors explaining parasite and viral diversity of bats. Our results showed a key role of bat distribution shape, an index of the fragmentation of bat distribution, on parasite diversity, linked to a decrease for both viral and endoparasite species richness. We discuss how our study may contribute to a better understanding of the link between parasite species richness and emergence.

A: Parasite and viral species richness of Southeast Asian bats: Fragmentation of area distribution matters
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Q: Background: Asthma is a major public health problem with a huge social and economic burden affecting 300 million people worldwide. Viral respiratory infections are the major cause of acute asthma exacerbations and may contribute to asthma inception in high risk young children with susceptible genetic background. Acute exacerbations are associated with decreased lung growth or accelerated loss of lung function and, as such, add substantially to both the cost and morbidity associated with asthma. Discussion: While the importance of preventing viral infection is well established, preventive strategies have not been well explored. Good personal hygiene, hand-washing and avoidance of cigarette smoke are likely to reduce respiratory viral infections. Eating a healthy balanced diet, active probiotic supplements and bacterial-derived products, such as OM-85, may reduce recurrent infections in susceptible children. There are no practical anti-viral therapies currently available that are suitable for widespread use. Summary: Hand hygiene is the best measure to prevent the common cold. A healthy balanced diet, active probiotic supplements and immunostimulant OM-85 may reduce recurrent infections in asthmatic children.

A: Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them?
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Q: Beijing, China from 2015 to 2017. Nasopharyngeal swabs and sputum were collected from 30 sentinel hospitals in Beijing and subjected to EV and EV-D68 detection by real-time PCR. The VP1 gene region and complete genome sequences of EV-D68 positive cases were analyzed. Of 21816 ARTI cases, 619 (2.84%) were EV positive and 42 cases were EV-D68 positive. The detection rates of EV-D68 were 0 (0/6644) in 2015, 0.53% (40/7522) in 2016 and 0.03% (2/7650) in 2017, respectively. Two peaks of EV-D68 infections occurred in late summer and early-winter. Ten cases (23.81%) with upper respiratory tract infection and 32 cases (76.19%) presented with pneumonia, including 3 cases with severe pneumonia. The phylogenetic analysis suggested 15 subclade D3 strains and 27 subclade B3 strains of EV-D68 were circulated in China from 2016 to 2017. A total of 52 amino acid polymorphisms were identified between subclades D1 and D3. These data suggest an upsurge of EV-D68 occurred in Beijing in 2016, the new subclade D3 emerged in 2016 and co-circulated with subclade B3 between 2016 and 2017. Enteroviruses (EV) are small, non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA in the family Picornaviridae 1,2 . The length of enteroviruses is approximately 7.5 kilobases, and divided into 15 species (EV-A to L and rhinovirus A to C) 3-6 . Seven species, including EV-A to D and rhinovirus (RV) A to C, caused a wide spectrum of diseases in human 7,8 . Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), a member of the species EV-D, was first identified from bronchiolitis and pneumonia in California in 1962 9 . EV-D68 infections have been rarely reported until the worldwide outbreaks 10-18 . A nationwide outbreak of EV-D68 associated with severe respiratory tract infection was reported in the USA from mid-August 2014 to January 15, 2015 and 1,153 cases were confirmed with clinical characteristics of patients mainly resembling pneumonia with severe dyspnea syndrome during this epidemic 19 . In China, sporadic cases of EV-D68 were reported between 2006 and 2014 13,20-23 . The similar results were found that few patients confirmed with EV-D68 infections during the surveillance among US 24 , China 21 in 2015. However, an upsurge of EV-D68 infections occurred in 2016, ranging from Europe to North America, including Netherlands, France, Sweden and United states 24-27 . In addition, sporadic cases have been reported in Hong Kong, Italy, Germany, Portugal and UK in 2016 28, 29 . Earlier phylogenetic analysis revealed that EV-D68 strains circulating worldwide during 1961-2013 were divided into three clades (clades A to C) or lineages (lineages 1 to 3) 10,11,29-31 . With the deepening of the study, the clades of EV-D68 were further refined. After the outbreak of the United States in 2014, EV-D68 was grouped into four clades and five subclades, including clade A, clade B (subclades B1 to B3), clade C and clade D (subclades D1 to D2) 32,33 . The subclade B1 and B3, as the major subclade, circulated around the world in 2014 and in 2016, respectively. To raise awareness of this upsurge of EV-D68 infection, we performed an EV-D68 surveillance study on ARTI cases from the Respiratory Virus Surveillance System (RVSS) in Beijing and analyzed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of EV-D68 infections from 2015 to 2017 in Beijing. Results A total of 21, 816 ARTI cases were collected from RVSS from January 2015 to December 2017. The median age of them was 36 years old (range: 1 day to 101 years). Among 21, 816 cases, 619 (2.84%) cases were enterovirus positive and 42 (0.19%) cases were EV-D68 positive. 359 cases were successfully amplified among 619 enterovirus positive cases, including 326 cases belonging to EV-A to D, 26 cases and 7 cases belonging to RV-A and RV-C respectively, and no case belonging to RV-B. Of 326 cases belonging to EV-A to D, they were genotyped to 30 serotypes including 9 of EV-A, 16 of EV-B, 4 of EV-C and 1 of EV-D and the dominant serotypes were CVA6, EV-D68, CVA4, CVA2, CVA10, CVA5 and CVA12, accounting for 16.27%, 12.88%, 11.83%, 11.54%, 8.28%, 5.62% and 5.03%, respectively (Fig. 1) . No samples of EV-D68 co-infected with other enteroviruses were found. The annual detection rates of EV-D68 were 0 (0/6, 644) in 2015, 0.53% (40/7, 522) in 2016 and 0.03% (2/7, 650) in 2017, respectively (Table 1) . Twenty cases were aged younger than 18 years, 15 were aged 18 to 60 years and 7 were aged over 60 years. No statistically significant difference of EV-D68 positive rates was identified in the different age groups in 2016 (P = 0.062). Statistical analysis. The differences of EV-D68 positive cases among different age groups were performed using chi-square test. The comparison of EV-D68 different subclades proportions in different age groups were performed using fisher's exact test. The comparison of respiratory diseases by different subclades of EV-D68 were performed using fisher's exact test. A two-sided P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. All analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 17.0.

A:
Upsurge of Enterovirus D68 and Circulation of the New Subclade D3 and Subclade B3 in Beijing OPEN
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