In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

By averaging this quantity, the reduction of a certain intermolecular function to an angle-independent form for polar fluids can be performed in order to express conformal-solution theory. For liquid metals, the upper bound of this quantity can be obtained by the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality. It is equal to the negative product of Boltzmann's constant, temperature, and the natural log of the partition function. The change in this quantity is equal to the maximum work accompanying a process, and it is defined as internal energy minus the product of temperature and entropy. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized by either A or F, a type of free energy named for a German scientist.
Science

Home to the last Barbary Macaque population in the whole of Europe, it joined the EU in 1973, but is a continuing source of diplomatic rows between two of its member states, also because of its role as an international tax haven. Its current status dates back to the 1713 treaty of Utrecht. During the Second World War, the German army devised the Operation Felix to capture this site that acted as an important and strategic British garrison and stronghold, but abandoned it subsequently. Its name is supposed to be derived from Arabic, meaning mountain of Tariq, and in Greco-roman mythology, it was known as one of the Pillars of Hercules. FTP, what is this site, famous for its rock, controlling the entry to the Mediterranean
History

One of this author's title characters has a pet raven named Grip, and another one has his Uncle Ralph help him get a job at Dotheboys Hall. Another one of this author's protagonists is sent to Salem House after biting his stepfather Edward Murdstone. In another novel, Jarvis Lorry returns a prisoner to England, where that prisoner stops making shoes to resume his career as a doctor. That doctor's daughter, Lucie Manette, is loved by Sydney Carton. That novel is set during the French Revolution, which this author wrote was "the best of times [and] the worst of times". Name this author of Barnaby Rudge, Nicholas Nickleby, David Copperfield, and A Tale of Two Cities.

Literature