Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: Surfactant protein (SP) D shares target cells with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha, an important autocrine stimulator of dendritic cells and macrophages in the airways.', 'We sought to study the mechanisms by which TNF-alpha and SP-D can affect cellular components of the pulmonary innate immune system.', 'Cytokine and SP-D protein and mRNA expression was assessed by means of ELISA, Western blotting, and real-time PCR, respectively, by using in vivo models of allergic airway sensitization. Macrophage and dendritic cell phenotypes were analyzed by means of FACS analysis. Maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was investigated in vitro.', 'TNF-alpha, elicited either by allergen exposure or pulmonary overexpression, induced SP-D, IL-13, and mononuclear cell influx in the lung. Recombinant IL-13 by itself was also capable of enhancing SP-D in vivo and in vitro, and the SP-D response to allergen challenge was impaired in IL-13-deficient mice. Allergen-induced increase of SP-D in the airways coincided with resolution of TNF-alpha release and cell influx. SP-D-deficient mice had constitutively high numbers of alveolar mononuclear cells expressing TNF-alpha, MHC class II, CD86, and CD11b, characteristics of proinflammatory, myeloid dendritic cells. Recombinant SP-D significantly suppressed all of these molecules in bone marrow-derived dendritic cell cultures.
Answer: TNF-alpha can contribute to enhanced SP-D production in the lung indirectly through inducing IL-13. SP-D, on the other hand, can antagonize the proinflammatory effects of TNF-alpha on macrophages and dendritic cells, at least partly, by inhibiting production of this cytokine.
Does surfactant protein D inhibit TNF-alpha production by macrophages and dendritic cells in mice?

Context: Reduction-oxidation (redox) signaling, the translation of an oxidative intracellular environment into a cellular response, is mediated by the reversible oxidation of specific cysteine thiols. The latter can result in disulfide formation between protein hetero- or homodimers that alter protein function until the local cellular redox environment has returned to the basal state. We have previously shown that this mechanism promotes the nuclear localization and activity of the Forkhead Box O4 (FOXO4) transcription factor.', 'In this study, we sought to investigate whether redox signaling differentially controls the human FOXO3 and FOXO4 paralogs.', 'We present evidence that FOXO3 and FOXO4 have acquired paralog-specific cysteines throughout vertebrate evolution. Using a proteome-wide screen, we identified previously unknown redox-dependent FOXO3 interaction partners. The nuclear import receptors Importin-7 (IPO7) and Importin-8 (IPO8) form a disulfide-dependent heterodimer with FOXO3, which is required for its reactive oxygen species-induced nuclear translocation. FOXO4 does not interact with IPO7 or IPO8.
Answer: IPO7 and IPO8 control the nuclear import of FOXO3, but not FOXO4, in a redox-sensitive and disulfide-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that evolutionary acquisition of cysteines has contributed to regulatory divergence of FOXO paralogs, and that phylogenetic analysis can aid in the identification of cysteines involved in redox signaling.
Does evolutionary acquisition of cysteines determine FOXO paralog-specific redox signaling?

Context: Because of its inherent risks, ERCP should only be performed for purposes of treatment. EUS and MRCP have emerged as diagnostic alternatives before therapeutic ERCP.', 'Our purpose was to test the accuracy of EUS in predicting the need for therapeutic ERCP in low-risk patients.', 'Prospective, unblinded, single-center study.', 'Academic center of the University of Witten/Herdecke.', 'Fifty patients with clinical, laboratory, or transabdominal US findings suggestive of biliary obstruction were included.', 'After clinical assessment and US, all patients underwent EUS. If EUS was conclusive, either ERCP with sphincterotomy (EST) was performed or the patients were followed up for 1 year. If EUS was inconclusive, MRCP was performed, followed by ERCP or a 1-year follow-up. After each diagnostic step, the examiner decided whether any biliary conditon was present and whether therapeutic ERCP was necessary. The decicions were compared with the results of ERCP with EST or the outcome after the 1-year follow-up.', 'Accuracy of EUS in predicting the need for therapeutic ERCP.', 'Nine patients had ERCP with EST. The final assessment classified 2 of these interventions as having been unnecessary. EUS was conclusive in 49 cases. After EUS, the accuracy of the decision on the presence of a biliary condition increased from 82% to 96% and on the need for therapeutic ERCP from 86% to 96%.
Answer: Single-center experience.

Does eUS accurately predict the need for therapeutic ERCP in patients with a low probability of biliary obstruction?