instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a complex mechanism involving several mediators, and different hemodynamic forces. Temporally distinct FMD patterns can be elicited by ischemic stimulus. Some subjects dilate early after cuff release, while others dilate later or do not dilate at all. Aim of the present research was to verify if hemorheological and hemodynamic factors might influence different FMD pattern.', '148 free-living subjects were studied. FMD was measured at 50 s, 2 min and 3 min. Blood viscosity was measured and shear stress calculated. Shear stress stimulus was quantified as the area under the curve after ischemia (SSAUC) over the first 40-s post-occlusion.', 'Based on the timing or absence of arterial dilation, 82 subjects were classified as Early dilators, 37 as Late dilators and 29 as No dilators. Peak FMD was 7.9 ± 4.3 % in Early dilators, and 9.1 ± 5.7 in Late dilators (p = NS). SSAUC was not significantly different among three groups, while blood viscosity was significantly higher in Late FMD subjects. Regression analyses showed the independent predictive role of age and blood viscosity on FMD patterns, and the lack of any association between FMD pattern and the magnitude of SS.
answer:
1


question:
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with functional and structural alterations of the peritoneal membrane. However, the (ir)reversibility of these pathological changes of the peritoneum is not understood fully.', 'In an experimental PD model, rats (n = 15) received daily 10 ml conventional glucose containing PD fluid, via peritoneal catheters connected to implanted subcutaneous mini vascular access ports. After 5 weeks of treatment, the first group of animals (PDF; n = 10) was sacrificed, while peritoneal catheters of the remaining group of rats (PD-rest; n = 5) were removed 1 week later. The latter group (PD-rest) was sacrificed 12 weeks after removing catheters. At both time points, untreated rats were included as controls. Cellular and morphological parameters were analysed by light and electron microscopy.', "Rats exposed to PD fluid for 5 weeks showed a severe angiogenesis in various peritoneal tissues. Peritoneal rest resulted in a significant reduction in blood vessel density in visceral (mesentery, P<0.05), but not in parietal peritoneum. Five weeks' exposure to PD fluid resulted in a profound fibrosis in the parietal peritoneum, whereas the degree of fibrosis was significantly reduced in the PD-rest group (P<0.02). Daily exposure to PD fluid induced a higher number of mast cells in the omentum compared with untreated rats, whereas peritoneal rest normalized the increased mast cell density completely (P<0.03). Likewise, continued PD fluid instillation evoked a strong omental milky spot response, which was returned to the control level after peritoneal rest (P<0.009). Furthermore, the number of mesothelial cells on the liver was significantly increased in rats treated with PD fluid, whereas animals from the PD-rest group had a lower number of mesothelial cells, although this was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). Finally, as evidenced by electron microscopy, daily exposure to PD fluid resulted in severe damage to the mesothelial cell layer covering the peritoneum, whereas this cell layer was completely recovered after peritoneal rest.
answer:
0


question:
Endoscopic removal of duodenal and colorectal adenomas is currently considered to be the standard of care for prevention of adenocarcinoma. The use of cautery carries a risk of delayed bleeding, post-polypectomy syndrome, and perforation. We examined the safety and feasibility of removing colonic and duodenal polyps ≥\u200a1\u200acm using a piecemeal cold snare polypectomy technique.', 'The study included 15 patients with duodenal polyps ≥\u200a1\u200acm and 15 patients with colonic polyps ≥\u200a1\u200acm.', 'Bleeding, perforation, abdominal pain, or hospitalization occurring within 2 weeks of polypectomy.', 'Between 24 August 2011 and 29 April 2013, 15 patients had removal of duodenal polyps ≥\u200a1\u200acm. Mean patient age was 64 years and 9/15 patients were male. The mean polyp size was 24\u200amm (10\u200a-\u200a60\u200amm). All polyps were removed with a cold snare and some required cold biopsy forceps. One patient required hospitalization for gastrointestinal blood loss 7 days post-polypectomy; this patient was using Coumadin. Between 27 February 2012 and 30 May 2013, 15 patients underwent resection of a ≥\u200a1\u200acm colonic polyp.\u200aMean patient age was 68 years and 9/15 were male. The mean polyp size was 20\u200amm (10\u200a-\u200a45\u200amm). All polyps were primarily removed with a cold snare. None of the patients required hemostatic clips for control of immediate bleeding. One patient presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain 1 day after initial endoscopy. CT scan showed no abnormalities and the patient was discharged.
answer:

0