Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Sympathetic responses to cigarette smoking may be implicated in the link between smoking and cardiovascular disease. We tested the hypothesis that the sympathetic neural responses to smoking are age dependent.', 'We examined the effects of cigarette smoking and sham smoking on muscle sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure and heart rate in 14 normotensive middle-aged (49 +/- 4 years) and 12 young (29 +/- 4 years) habitual smokers matched for body mass index (25 +/- 2 kg/m2 in both groups).', 'Sham smoking had no significant effect on sympathetic drive, blood pressure or heart rate in either group. Cigarette smoking increased heart rate in both middle-aged subjects and young subjects. In comparison to younger subjects, middle-aged smokers showed similar smoking-related increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) [10 +/- 3 versus 12 +/- 2 mmHg, respectively, not significant (NS)]. Smoking decreased sympathetic nerve activity by 28 +/- 12% of baseline values (P < 0.01) in young subjects. However, muscle sympathetic nerve activity did not change significantly after smoking in middle-aged subjects (5 +/- 8%, NS), despite the increased blood pressures, which would be expected to inhibit sympathetic activity. By contrast, in young subjects, the heart rate increase (22 +/- 2 bpm) was greater than that seen in middle-aged subjects (13 +/- 2 bpm, P < 0.01).

Ex Output:
Are sympathetic neural responses to smoking age dependent?


Ex Input:
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the detection rate of genomic aberrations in haematological malignancies using oligobased array-CGH (oaCGH) analysis in combination with karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses, and its feasibility in a clinical pragmatic approach.', 'The 4x180K Cancer Cytochip array was applied in 96 patients with various haematological malignancies in a prospective setting and in 41 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients retrospectively.', 'Combined use of oaCGH analysis and karyotyping improved the overall detection rate in comparison to karyotyping-alone and vice versa. In cases with normal karyotypes oaCGH analysis detected genomic aberrations in 66% (39/60) of cases. In the group of simple karyotypes oaCGH analysis extended karyotypic findings in 39% (12/31) while oaCGH analysis extended the karyotypic findings in 89% (39/44) of cases with complex karyotypes. In 7% (5/75) of cases oaCGH analysis failed in detecting the observed abnormalities by karyotyping.

Ex Output:
Does oligo-based High-resolution aCGH Analysis enhance Routine Cytogenetic Diagnostics in Haematological Malignancies?


Ex Input:
High levels of wild-type alpha-synuclein are found in autopsied brain samples of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), some familial PD, some Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome with dementia. Therefore, we have investigated whether overexpression of wild-type alpha-synuclein causes degeneration during adenosine, 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-induced differentiation of murine neuroblastoma (NB) cells in culture. We have also studied whether selenomethionine can modify the effect of overexpression of alpha-synuclein during differentiation of NB cells.", 'To study these issues, we established a murine neuroblastoma (NB) clone (NBP2-PN54-C20) that expressed high levels of wild-type human alpha-synuclein as determined by real time PCR and Western blot. We have utilized RO20-1724, an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, and prostaglandin A1 (PGA1), a stimulator of adenylate cyclase, or RO20-1724 and dibutyryl cAMP to induce terminal differentiation in over 95% of the cell population by elevating the intracellular levels of cAMP in NB cells. The viability of cells was determined by MTT assay and LDH leakage assay, and the degeneration was documented by photomicrographs.', 'The results showed that overexpression of human wild-type alpha-synuclein decreased viability and increased degenerative changes in comparison to those observed in vector control cells, when differentiation was induced by treatment with RO20-1724 and PGA1, but not with RO20-1724 and dibutyryl cAMP. When selenomethionine was added to NB cells overexpressing alpha-synuclein immediately after the addition of RO20-1724 and PGA1, the viability and degenerative changes were markedly reduced, suggesting the involvement of increased oxidative stress in the mechanism of action of alpha-synuclein. This protective effect was not observed after treatment with sodium selenite or methionine.

Ex Output:

Does selenomethionine prevent degeneration induced by overexpression of wild-type human alpha-synuclein during differentiation of neuroblastoma cells?