Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Environmental conditions (eg, latitude) play a critical role in the susceptibility and severity of many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of immune regulatory processes induced in the skin by moderate ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity.', 'Effects of UVB light were analyzed in a murine model of CNS autoimmunity (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis). Additionally, patients with relapsing-remitting MS were treated with narrowband UVB phototherapy. Immunomodulatory effects were examined in skin biopsies, serum samples, and immune cells of the peripheral blood.', 'Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are induced locally in the skin-draining lymph nodes in response to UVB exposure, connect the cutaneous immune response to CNS immunity by migration to the sites of inflammation (blood, spleen, CNS). Here, they attenuate the inflammatory response and ameliorate disease symptoms. Treg-inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) were further necessary for induction of this systemic immune regulation by UVB radiation, because ablation of Langerhans cells abolished the UVB-induced phenotype. MS patients treated with UVB phototherapy showed an increase in induced Tregs and tolerogenic DCs accompanied by the downregulation of the T-cell effector cytokine interleukin 21. The treatment further induced elevated serum levels of vitamin D.

Output: Does ultraviolet B light attenuate the systemic immune response in central nervous system autoimmunity?


Input: Consider Input: Are submaximal and maximal exercise tests reliable, valid and acceptable in people with chronic pain, fibromyalgia and fatigue disorders?', 'Systematic review of studies of the psychometric properties of exercise tests.', 'People older than 18 years with chronic pain, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue disorders.', 'Studies of the measurement properties of tests of physical capacity in people with chronic pain, fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue disorders were included.', "Studies were required to report: reliability coefficients (intraclass correlation coefficient, alpha reliability coefficient, limits of agreements and Bland-Altman plots); validity coefficients (intraclass correlation coefficient, Spearman's correlation, Kendal T coefficient, Pearson's correlation); or dropout rates.", 'Fourteen studies were eligible: none had low risk of bias, 10 had unclear risk of bias and four had high risk of bias. The included studies evaluated: Åstrand test; modified Åstrand test; Lean body mass-based Åstrand test; submaximal bicycle ergometer test following another protocol other than Åstrand test; 2-km walk test; 5-minute, 6-minute and 10-minute walk tests; shuttle walk test; and modified symptom-limited Bruce treadmill test. None of the studies assessed maximal exercise tests. Where they had been tested, reliability and validity were generally high. Dropout rates were generally acceptable. The 2-km walk test was not recommended in fibromyalgia.

Output: Are several submaximal exercise tests reliable , valid and acceptable in people with chronic pain , fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue : a systematic review?


Input: Consider Input: Hypotension increases mortality after all types of injuries. Prior studies comparing mortality of hypotensive traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients to normotensive TBI patients have implied that hypotension is particularly detrimental after TBI. It is unknown whether hypotension affects TBI patients more severely than it affects other types of patients. We hypothesized that hypotension does not increase mortality in TBI patients more than it does in non-TBI patients.', 'National Trauma Data Bank (1994-2002) patients aged 18 to 45 years with blunt mechanisms of injury treated at Level I and Level II centers were included. Deaths occurring before 24 hours were excluded. Logistic regression was used to measure the association between hypotension (< or =90 mm Hg) and death after adjusting for confounding variables of age, gender, comorbidities, complications, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and severity of associated injuries. Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) indicate the risk of death in hypotensive patients in each group compared with normotensive patients in the same group.', 'The study population consisted of 79,478 patients (TBI, 30,742; no TBI, 48,736). Hypotension independently quadrupled the risk of death after adjusting for confounding variables (odds ratio [OR], 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1-5.6). However, increase in this risk associated with hypotension was the same in TBI (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 3.5-4.9) and non-TBI patients (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 3.4-6.0). Furthermore, the relationship between hypotension and TBI did not change with increasing head Abbreviated Injury Scale score severity.


Output: Does hypotension increase mortality in brain-injured patients more than it does in non-brain-injured Patients?