instruction:
In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and you have to write an answerable question based on the context. Your questions can be extractive, abstractive, or yes-no questions.
question:
To evaluate model robustness, we devise a test set consisting of ‘adversarial’ examples, i.e, perturbed examples that can potentially change the base model's prediction. These could stem from paraphrasing a sentence, e.g., lexical and syntactical changes. We use two approaches described in literature: back-translation and noisy sequence autoencoder. Note that these examples resemble black-box attacks but are not intentionally designed to fool the system and hence, we use the term 'adversarial' broadly. We use these techniques to produce many paraphrases and find a subset of utterances that though very similar to the original test set, result in wrong predictions. We will measure the model robustness against such changes.
answer:
How authors create adversarial test set to measure model robustness?


question:
We compare our method to the following baselines: (1) Single-task CNN: training a CNN model for each task individually; (2) Single-task FastText: training one FastText model BIBREF23 with fixed embeddings for each individual task; (3) Fine-tuned the holistic MTL-CNN: a standard transfer-learning approach, which trains one MTL-CNN model on all the training tasks offline, then fine-tunes the classifier layer (i.e. $\mathrm {M}^{(cls)}$ Figure 1 (a)) on each target task; (4) Matching Network: a metric-learning based few-shot learning model trained on all training tasks; (5) Prototypical Network: a variation of matching network with different prediction function as Eq. 9 ; (6) Convex combining all single-task models: training one CNN classifier on each meta-training task individually and taking the encoder, then for each target task training a linear combination of all the above single-task encoders with Eq. ( 24 ). 
answer:
Do they compare with the MAML algorithm?


question:
The resulting sequence of vectors is encoded using an LSTM encoder. 
answer:

What architecture does the encoder have?