Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: Invasive species can have devastating effects on native ecosystems and therefore impose a significant threat to human welfare. The introduction rate of invasive species has accelerated dramatically in recent times due to human activity (anthropogenic effects), with a steadily growing pool of widespread tramp species. We present an in-depth analysis of four pantropical species of Xyleborus ambrosia beetles (Xyleborus volvulus, Xyleborus perforans, Xyleborus ferrugineus, and Xyleborus affinis) with similar ecology (fungus cultivation in dead wood), reproductive biology (permanent inbreeding) and genetic system (haplodiploidy). The unique combination of reproductive traits and broad host plant usage pre-adapts these beetles for colonizing of new areas.', 'We found that all four species were broadly distributed long before human-assisted dispersal became common, and that the impact of anthropogenic effects varied among the species. For X. volvulus, X. perforans, and X. affinis there was evidence of ancient establishment in numerous regions, but also of abundant recent introductions into previously colonized areas. For X. ferrugineus, we found clear biogeographical structuring of old clades, but little evidence for recent successful introductions.
Answer: Our results indicate that current human-aided transoceanic dispersal has strongly affected the genetic makeup of three of the species in this study. However, current biogeographical patterns of all four species are equally, if not more strongly, influenced by ancient establishment on different continents.

Answer: Do globally distributed Xyleborus species reveal recurrent intercontinental dispersal in a landscape of ancient worldwide distributions?


Question: Context: Chemerin has been implicated to play opposing roles, either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, in various tissue inflammation processes primarily through the regulation of tissue recruitment of immune cells. However, the effect of chemerin in allergic asthma has not yet been explored. We sought to investigate the role of chemerin in the murine model of allergic asthma and explore the underlying mechanism.', 'We examined the effect of intranasal (i.n.) administration of chemerin during antigen challenge in murine models of asthma. Moreover, we examined whether administration of CCL2 or bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) transfer reversed the effects of chemerin on ovalbumin-induced asthma. We finally examined the effect of chemerin on CCL2 expression in activated lung epithelial cells in vitro.', 'The administration of chemerin attenuated allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity during antigen challenge. Chemerin treatment caused significant decreases in BALF CD4(+) T-cell accumulation and mRNA expression of Th2-attracting chemokines, CCL17 and CCL22, which was accompanied by significantly decreased BALF CD11c(+) CD11b(+) inflammatory DC accumulation and CCL2 production. Furthermore, airway administration of exogenous CCL2 or adoptive transfer of CD11c(+) CD11b(+) BMDCs abrogated the suppressive effects of chemerin on allergic asthma. Finally, in vitro study showed that chemerin inhibited CCL2 secretion by low-dose LPS-stimulated lung epithelial cells, which led to decreased chemotaxis of BMDCs.
Answer: Our study demonstrates that chemerin plays a protective role in allergic asthma by suppressing airway recruitment of inflammatory CD11c(+) CD11b(+) DCs through the inhibition of CCL2 secretion by active lung epithelial cells.

Answer: Does chemerin suppress murine allergic asthma by inhibiting CCL2 production and subsequent airway recruitment of inflammatory dendritic cells?


Question: Context: Our objective was to determine whether paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells is Fas dependent.', 'Human lung cancer cell lines were evaluated for morphologic evidence of apoptosis, DNA fragmentation (TUNEL positivity), and caspase-3 activation after paclitaxel treatment. Human lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, undifferentiated lung carcinoma, and bronchoalveolar carcinoma cell lines were each cultured in 10 micromol/L paclitaxel.', 'After 24 hours of culture in paclitaxel, a 22% to 69% increase in the number of apoptotic cells was evident by means of methylene blue-azure A-eosin staining with characteristic blebbing and nuclear condensation. TUNEL assay also confirmed an increase of 19.9% to 73.0% of cells with nuclear fragmentation. Caspase-3 activity, assayed by Z-DEVD cleavage, increased from 20% to 215% (P <.05). ZB4, an antagonistic anti-Fas antibody, did not block paclitaxel induction of caspase-3 activity (155.8 vs 165.8 U, not significant). Apoptotic morphologic changes were inhibited in cells cultured in the presence of paclitaxel and Ac-DEVD-CHO, a caspase-3 inhibitor.
Answer: Paclitaxel induces apoptosis in lung cancer cell lines, as assessed by a consistent increase in caspase-3 activity, DNA laddering, and characteristic morphologic changes. Paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells is associated with caspase-3 activation but is not Fas dependent.

Answer:
Is paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines associated with increased caspase-3 activity?