instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is an active metabolite of curcumin. It has been reported to have similar pharmacological activity to curcumin. The proteases that participate in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation are involved in cancer cell metastasis. The present study investigates the effect of an ultimate metabolite of curcumin, THC, on the invasion and motility of highly-metastatic HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells.', 'The effect of THC on HT1080 cell invasion and migration was determined using Boyden chamber assay. Cell-adhesion assay was used for examining the binding of cells to ECM molecules. Zymography assay was used to analyze the effect of THC on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) secretion from HT1080 cells. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 and membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) proteins levels were analyzed by Western blotting.', 'Treatment with THC reduced HT1080 cell invasion and migration in a dose-dependent manner. THC also decreased the cell adhesion to Matrigel and laminin-coated plates. Analysis by zymography demonstrated that treatment with THC reduced the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA. THC also inhibited the levels of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 proteins detected by Western blot analysis.\Question: Does tetrahydrocurcumin inhibit HT1080 cell migration and invasion via downregulation of MMPs and uPA?
answer:
Our findings revealed that THC reduced HT1080 cell invasion and migration. The inhibition of cancer cell invasion is associated with the downregulation of ECM degradation enzymes and the inhibition of cell adhesion to ECM proteins.


question:
Context: Linitis plastica-type gastric carcinoma remains a disease with poor prognosis despite an aggressive surgical approach. Although a prominent pattern of disease failure is peritoneal carcinomatosis, some patients experience rapid disease progression without signs of the peritoneal disease.', 'Clinicopathologic data from 178 patients with linitis plastica-type gastric cancer operated on between 1991 and 2000 were analyzed. Survival stratified by curability of surgery, pN stage, and patterns of failure were evaluated by using the Kaplan-Meier method, and chi(2) test was used to evaluate correlation between the number of metastatic lymph nodes in terms of pN categories and the incidence of various patterns of metastasis and recurrence. Cox regression hazard model was used to identify independent prognostic factors.', 'R0 resection was performed only among 82 patients (46% of those who underwent laparotomy). Node metastasis was frequent with only 22 patients classified as pN0. Peritoneal carcinomatosis was observed in 131 patients and was the commonest pattern of recurrence. Bone metastasis, found in 13 patients, was associated with poor outcome, and its incidence was significantly correlated with the number of metastatic nodes. pT4 status and pN3 status were identified as significant independent prognostic determinants.\Question: Is the number of metastatic lymph nodes a significant risk factor for bone metastasis and poor outcome after surgery for linitis plastica-type gastric carcinoma?
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Treatment strategy for the linitis plastica should in general combine surgery with aggressive treatment directed toward peritoneal disease. However, patients with >16 metastatic nodes more often are associated with bone metastasis than those with modest nodal involvement and suffer from poor prognosis.


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Context: Macroprolactinemia is a frequent finding in hyperprolactinemic individuals, usually without clinical impact. Data on biological activity of macroprolactin (bbPRL) are controversial and mostly based on a heterologous rat Nb2 cell bioassay. Biological activity of bbPRL observed in vitro but not in vivo may be due to its high molecular weight, preventing its passage through capillary barrier. Alternatively, bbPRL bioactivity may differ depending on the prolactin (PRL) receptor (PRLR) species specificity.', 'The objective of the study was to characterize the bioactivity of bbPRL in a homologous bioassay: Ba/F-3 cells stably expressing the human PRLR.', "Chromatography-purified bbPRL from macroprolactinemic individuals (group I, n = 18) and monomeric PRL from hyperprolactinemic patients without macroprolactinemia (group II, n = 5) were tested in Nb2 and Ba/F-LLP bioassays. Both groups were followed up at the neuroendocrinology outpatients' clinic.", 'Biological activity of bbPRL presented in the two bioassays was measured.', 'In group I, no patient had hypogonadism. Mean ratio bioactivity to immunoactivity of bbPRL in the Nb2 assay was 0.69. There was no dose-response in 15 of the 18 samples tested in Ba/F-LLP assay. In group II, three patients had galactorrhea and all five had hypogonadism. Mean ratio bioactivity to immunoactivity of monomeric PRL samples was 1.35 in Nb2 and 0.91 in Ba/F-LLP assay.\Question: Does human macroprolactin display low biological activity via its homologous receptor in a new sensitive bioassay?
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Whereas both bioassays achieve similar results with respect to monomeric PRL activity, our results indicate that the activity displayed by bbPRL toward the rat receptor may be inappropriate because it is not observed in the human PRLR-mediated assay, consistent with the apparent absence of bioactivity in vivo.