Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Endoscopic snare papillectomy (ESP) is a viable alternative to surgical treatment of ampullary adenomas and T1N0 stage ampullary carcinomas. The main drawback of this technique is the high risk of acute pancreatitis post procedure.The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, safety, and long-term results of this procedure, and to determine whether routine pancreatic intubation facilitated by intraductal methylene blue (MB) injection reduces the risk for pancreatitis.', 'Between 2004 and 2011, 56 consecutive patients underwent ESP. Before resection, the pancreatic duct was cannulated, and MB was injected intraductally to facilitate stent placement after ampullectomy.', 'ESP was performed en bloc in 45 patients with histological findings of low-grade dysplasia (39%), high-grade dysplasia (25%), carcinoma (32.5%), and others (3.5%). The morbidity rate was 19.5%: acute pancreatitis (n=6), bleeding (n=4), perforation (n=1), and sepsis (n=1). Pancreatic intubation was performed in 89% of the patients. Postprocedure pancreatitis occurred significantly less in the patients with a pancreatic stent than in those without: 3/49 versus 3/6, P=0.013. ESP was considered as curative in 39 patients (75%). Of the 12 recurrences (25%), 10 were managed endoscopically, but with higher morbidity (acute pancreatitis=40%).

A: Does pancreatic intubation facilitated by methylene blue injection decrease the risk for postpapillectomy acute pancreatitis?
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Q: Physical activity is beneficial for cancer survivors, but exercise participation is low in this population. It is therefore important to understand the psychological factors underlying exercise uptake so that more effective interventions can be developed. Social-cognitive theory constructs such as outcome expectancies predict exercise behavior, but self-report measures have several limitations. We examined the associations between implicit (automatic) cognitions and exercise behavior and self-efficacy in endometrial cancer survivors.', 'This was a longitudinal study to examine predictors of exercise behavior in female endometrial cancer survivors who all received an exercise intervention. Participants (N = 100, mean age of 57.0) completed questionnaires to assess self-report exercise-related measures (outcome expectancy and attitudes about and identification with exercise) and reaction time (RT) tasks to assess implicit exercise cognitions (expectancy accessibility, implicit attitudes about exercise, and implicit self-identification with exercise) at baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 months at follow-up. Exercise behavior was measured using accelerometers and self-report. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models.', 'Expectancy accessibility was associated with exercise duration independent of the corresponding self-report measure. Exercise implicit attitudes and self-identification were prospectively associated with exercise self-efficacy only after adjustment for the corresponding self-report measures and baseline self-efficacy. Self-report measures were also associated with study outcomes.

A: Are self-reported and automatic cognitions associated with exercise behavior in cancer survivors?
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Q: Histologic evidence of the comparative neurotoxicity of lidocaine, mepivacaine, and prilocaine is incomplete. We compared the intrathecal neurotoxicity in rats among these 3 drugs based on morphologic and neurofunctional findings.', 'Rats (n=169) randomly received 0.12 microL/g of 0%, 2%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, or 20% lidocaine, mepivacaine, or prilocaine or 25% glucose dissolved in distilled water via a chronically implanted intrathecal catheter. The effect of the agents on neurofunction was evaluated by movement of the hind limb (behavior test) and by sensory threshold (paw-stimulation test). The L1 spinal cord, the posterior and anterior roots, and the cauda equina were removed en bloc 5 days later and examined by light and electron microscopy.', 'A significant decrease in sensory threshold or irreversible hind-limb limitation was observed only in rats receiving 20% lidocaine. Morphologic abnormalities characterized by axonal degeneration were observed in rats receiving > or =7.5% lidocaine, 20% mepivacaine, and 20% prilocaine, at the posterior white matter and the proximal portion of the posterior root just at the entrance into the spinal cord. The incidence of lesions was significantly higher in rats receiving lidocaine than mepivacaine and prilocaine.

A:
Are intrathecal mepivacaine and prilocaine less neurotoxic than lidocaine in a rat intrathecal model?
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