instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
A limited amount of literature suggests that plasma leptin concentrations are reduced with habitual physical activity in men and non-pregnant women. We investigated the relationship between maternal physical activity and plasma leptin during early pregnancy.', 'The study population included 879 normotensive, non-diabetic pregnant women who reported physical activity type, frequency, and duration in early pregnancy. Plasma leptin, measured in blood samples collected <16 weeks gestation, were determined using enzyme immunoassays. Weekly duration (h/week) and energy expended on recreational physical activity [metabolic equivalent score (MET)-h/week] were categorized by tertiles among active women. Physical activity intensity was categorized as none, moderate (<6 MET) and vigorous (> or =6 MET). Differences in leptin concentrations across categories were estimated using linear regression procedures.', 'Mean leptin was 5.8 ng/ml lower among active versus inactive women (P=0.001). Mean leptin was lower among women in the highest levels (>12.8 h/week) of time performing physical activity (-8.1 ng/ml, P<0.001) and energy expenditure (>70.4 MET-h/week) (-8.3 ng/ml, P=0.001) compared with inactive women. Leptin was inversely associated with the intensity of physical activity.
answer:
0


question:
Sinonasal epithelial cells are recognized as drivers of inflammation in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) through secretion of T helper 2 (Th2)-promoting cytokines. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is overexpressed in nasal polyps and modulates epithelial cytokine secretion in healthy mucosa. The objective of this study is to determine whether P-gp overactivity promotes Th2-associated cytokine secretion in CRSwNP.', 'Polyp explants (n = 4) and primary epithelial cell cultures (n = 5) were cultivated from patients with CRSwNP. Explant P-gp activity was determined using a calcein assay. In culture, P-gp was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and sensitivity to PSC-833 inhibition was determined using a calcein assay. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-25, and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were quantified by ELISA and compared to secretion following P-gp inhibition. Differences in P-gp expression and cytokine secretion were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test. Secretion was correlated with P-gp expression using a Pearson correlation coefficient.', 'Calcein retention is increased in P-gp inhibited vs uninhibited polyp explants (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; 5.17 ± 1.76 vs 2.55 ± 0.62; p < 0.05) but not in controls, indicating increased nasal polyp P-gp activity. P-gp is sensitive to dose-dependent P-gp inhibition with PSC-833 in vitro. LPS-stimulated secretion of normalized GM-CSF (45.21 ± 41.39) and IL-6 (63.16 ± 36.37) were significantly reduced following P-gp inhibition (8.47 ± 3.28; p < 0.01, and 39.94 ± 31.07; p < 0.05; respectively) and secretion was highly correlated with P-gp expression(r = 0.824, p < 0.05, and r = 0.833, p < 0.05; respectively).
answer:
0


question:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, and their combination in predicting the duration and severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery in adults.', 'Using data from a prospective observational study of 100 adult cardiac surgical patients, we correlated early postoperative concentrations of plasma NGAL and serum cystatin C with the duration (time during which AKI persisted according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria) and severity of AKI (change in serum creatinine) and with length of stay in intensive care.', 'We found a mean AKI duration of 67.2 +/- 41.0 hours which was associated with prolonged hospitalization (p < 0.001). NGAL, cystatin C, and their combination on arrival in intensive care correlated with subsequent AKI duration (all p < 0.01) and severity (all p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for AKI prediction was 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.63 to 0.91) for NGAL and 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.61 to 0.91) for cystatin C on arrival in intensive care. Both markers also correlated with length of stay in intensive care (p = 0.037; p = 0.001). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and cystatin C were independent predictors of AKI duration and severity and of length of stay in intensive care (all p < 0.05). The value of cystatin C on arrival in intensive care appeared to be due to a carry-over effect from preoperative values.
answer:

0