Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) heterogeneity promotes recurrence and resistance to therapies. Recent studies have reported that HCC may be derived not only from adult hepatocytes and hepatoblasts but also hepatic stem/progenitors. In this context, HepaRG cells may represent a suitable cellular model to study stem/progenitor cancer cells and the retrodifferentiation of tumor-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Indeed, they differentiate into hepatocyte- and biliary-like cells. Moreover, tumor-derived HepaRG hepatocyte-like cells (HepaRG-tdHep) differentiate into both hepatocyte- and biliary-like cells through a hepatic progenitor. In this study we report the mechanisms and molecular effectors involved in the retrodifferentiation of HepaRG-tdHep into bipotent progenitors. Gene expression profiling was used to identify genomic changes during the retrodifferentiation of HepaRG-tdHep into progenitors. We demonstrated that gene expression signatures related to a poor-prognosis HCC subclass, proliferative progenitors, or embryonic stem cells were significantly enriched in HepaRG progenitors derived from HepaRG-tdHep. HepaRG-tdHep retrodifferentiation is mediated by crosstalk between transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and inflammatory cytokine pathways (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα] and interleukin 6 [IL6]). Signatures related to TNFα, IL6, and TGFβ activation pathways are induced within the first hour of retrodifferentiation. Moreover, specific activation or inhibition of these signaling pathways allowed us to determine that TNFα and IL6 contribute to the loss of hepatic-specific marker expression and that TGFβ1 induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of HepaRG-tdHep. Interestingly, the retrodifferentiation process is blocked by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, opening new therapeutic opportunities.
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Evidence regarding the mortality rate after administration of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine on patients with underlying diseases is currently scarce. We conducted a case-control study in Japan to compare the mortality rates of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia after the vaccines were administered and were not administered.', 'Between October 2009 and March 2010, we collected clinical records in Japan and conducted a 1:1 matched case-control study. Patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia who died during this period were considered case patients, and those who survived were considered control patients. We determined and compared the proportion of each group that received the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine and estimated the odds ratio. Finally, we conducted simulations that compensated for the shortcomings of the study associated with adjusted severity of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.', 'The case and control groups each comprised of 75 patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. The proportion of patients who received the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine was 30.7% and 38.7% for the case and control groups, respectively. During that winter, the crude conditional odds ratio of mortality was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.25-1.47) and the adjusted conditional odds ratio was 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-4.49); neither was significant. The simulation study showed more accurate conditional odds ratios of 0.63-0.71.
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Thallium-201 (201Tl) myocardial perfusion imaging has been widely used for evaluation of myocardial ischemia/viability after myocardial infarction. The 3- to 4-h early redistribution imaging has underestimated a considerable part of viable myocardium, while the 24-h late redistribution imaging may enhance the detection of myocardial ischemia/viability, but remains controversial.', 'Thirty-eighty patients with myocardial infarction underwent the initial, 3-h, and 24-h redistribution imaging after intravenous injection of 148-185 MBq 201Tl. Image quality analysis was performed using a four-grade model: excellent, good, moderate, and poor. The initial and 3-h images, the initial and 24-h images, and the 3- and 24-h images were compared double-blinded.', 'The 3- and 24-h images showed no significant differences in image quality according to the four-grade model (P=.3580). Out of the 194 abnormal segments based on the initial imaging, 60 (31%) segments improved by at least one grade on the 3-h imaging, while 86 (44%) segments improved by at least one grade on the 24-h imaging. The 24-h late imaging detected more viable myocardium than the 3-h imaging did, with a significant difference (chi2=7.4235, P=.0064). There were 164 abnormal segments on the 3-h imaging, with an average 30% (48) segments improved by at least one grade on the 24-h imaging. There were 134 initial abnormal segments without any improvement on the 3-h imaging. Out of these segments, the 24-h late redistribution imaging detected additional redistribution in 30 segments, taking up 22%. The mean global score on the 3-h imaging significantly decreased compared to that on the initial imaging (t=5.71, P<.0001), and the mean global score on the 24-h imaging further decreased significantly compared to that on the 3-h imaging (t=6.28, P<.0001).

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