Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Context: Lung transplantation is a viable option for patients with cystic fibrosis. The current strategy of selection, based on spirometry and deterioration of quality of life, results in a high mortality on the waiting list. We reviewed the case histories of patients with cystic fibrosis accepted for lung transplantation to ascertain whether pulmonary hemodynamics could contribute to predict life expectancy.', 'Forty-five patients with cystic fibrosis were accepted: 11 died on the waiting list (group I), 24 underwent transplantation (group II), and 10 are still waiting (group III). During evaluation we recorded spirometry, oxygen requirement, ratio of arterial oxygen tension to inspired oxygen fraction (PaO (2)/FIO (2)), arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO (2)), 6-minute walk test results, right ventricular ejection fraction, echocardiography, and pulmonary hemodynamics. We compared data from group I, II, and III patients. A comparison was also made within group II between the data collected at the time of evaluation and at the time of transplantation to quantify the deterioration during the waiting time.', 'The waiting time, spirometry, 6-minute walk test results, and right ventricular ejection fraction did not differ among the three groups. A statistically significant difference was found for PaO (2)/FIO (2), PaCO (2), mean pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, and intrapulmonary shunt between groups I and II. Groups I and III showed statistically significant differences for mean pulmonary artery pressure, PaO (2)/FIO (2), and systemic vascular resistance indexed. No differences were observed between groups II and III. The comparison within group II showed a significant deterioration of pulmonary hemodynamics during the waiting time.
Answer: Pulmonary hemodynamics are worst in patients dying on the waiting list and deteriorate significantly during the waiting time. They may thus contribute to establish priority for lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Ex Output:
Do pulmonary hemodynamics contribute to indicate priority for lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis?


Ex Input:
Context: Current knowledge of the potential effects that several dietary lipids exert on immune functions indicates that these substances participate actively in the modulation of immune system by which they contribute to the improvement of the conditions of patients suffering from inflammatory disorders. However, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce an immunosuppressive status that leads to a reduction of the host natural resistance to infectious agents as well as to an enhancement of oxidative damage. Hence, the present study has been designed to evaluate the effects on the immune system of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) in mice fed dietary lipids and infected with Listeria monocytogenes.', 'Balb/c mice were fed for 4 weeks with diets containing either olive oil (OO, 20% by weight), fish oil (FO, 20% by weight) or hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO, 20% by weight). After dietary lipid administration mice were experimentally infected with L. monocytogenes or treated with NAC (25mg/ml intraperitoneally).', 'NAC at a concentration of 1mM promoted a loss of cell viability, although no differences were observed among the four groups. After injection of NAC in combination with L. monocytogenes, 25% of mice fed a low-fat (LF) diet survived. However, in the groups fed dietary lipids no effect on survival of mice was found. NAC participated in the reduction of superoxide anion generation measured with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) in the group fed a FO diet. Finally, NAC reduced the recovery of L. monocytogenes from spleen of mice fed diets containing LF or HCO.
Answer: On the basis of these results, we can confirm that the administration of NAC improves survival in mice fed LF diet, whereas a reduction in the generation of superoxide radicals was measured in mice fed a FO diet and infected with L. monocytogenes. Similarly, bacterial recovery was diminished in mice fed diets containing LF or HCO. Hence, these data reveal a beneficial effect of NAC in mice fed LF or HCO and a detrimental action of this antioxidant in mice fed diets containing FO or OO.

Ex Output:
Do anti-oxidant properties of N-acetyl-L-cysteine improve the immune resistance of mice fed dietary lipids to Listeria monocytogenes infection?


Ex Input:
Context: As next-generation sequencing (NGS) becomes a major sequencing platform in clinical diagnostic laboratories, it is critical to identify artifacts that constitute baseline noise and may interfere with detection of low-level gene mutations. This is especially critical for applications requiring ultrasensitive detection, such as molecular relapse of solid tumors and early detection of cancer. We recently observed a ~10-fold higher frequency of C:G\xa0>\xa0T:A mutations than the background noise level in both wild-type peripheral blood and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. We hypothesized that these might represent cytosine deamination events, which have been seen using other platforms.', 'To test this hypothesis, we pretreated samples with uracil N-glycosylase (UNG). Additionally, to test whether some of the cytosine deamination might be a laboratory artifact, we simulated the heat associated with polymerase chain reaction thermocycling by subjecting samples to thermocycling in the absence of polymerase. To test the safety of universal UNG pretreatment, we tested known positive samples treated with UNG.', 'UNG pretreatment significantly reduced the frequencies of these mutations, consistent with a biologic source of cytosine deamination. The simulated thermocycling-heated samples demonstrated significantly increased frequencies of C:G\xa0>\xa0T:A mutations without other baseline base substitutions being affected. Samples with known mutations demonstrated no decrease in our ability to detect these after treatment with UNG.
Answer: Baseline noise during NGS is mostly due to cytosine deamination, the source of which is likely to be both biologic and an artifact of thermocycling, and it can be reduced by UNG pretreatment.

Ex Output:

Is cytosine deamination a major cause of baseline noise in next-generation sequencing?