TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was shown to improve the immune function and survival in experimental sepsis. This study examined the effect of DHEA on intestinal leukocyte recruitment during experimental sepsis, considering factors of gender (male, female and ovariectomized female animals) and combined treatment using orthovanadate (OV) in two models of sepsis.', 'Male rats underwent colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) or endotoxemia. DHEA was administered after induction of experimental sepsis. Changes in leukocyte adherence and capillary perfusion (measured as intestinal functional capillary density - FCD) were assessed using intravital microscopy. While DHEA increased baseline leukocyte adherence in control animals, DHEA reduced leukocyte adherence and increased FCD in male animals with CASP. These effects were also observed in DHEA-treated ovariectomized female rats with CASP. Similarly, the administration of DHEA reduced the number of adherent leukocytes to intestinal venules by 30% in the endotoxemia model. The combined treatment of DHEA and OV significantly reduced adherence of leukocytes to intestinal venules and improved FCD.\Question: Does combination of dehydroepiandrosterone and orthovanadate administration reduce intestinal leukocyte recruitment in models of experimental sepsis?

SOLUTION: Our results indicate that DHEA is able to reduce intestinal leukocyte recruitment induced by experimental sepsis. Combination of DHEA with OV inhibits leukocyte adherence to intestinal endothelium, similar to what is achieved by the single administration of DHEA but with significantly improved FCD. These findings suggest a potential role for DHEA and OV in clinical sepsis.

PROBLEM: Context: Although the C5 variant of cholinesterase is known to be a cause of hypercholinesterasemia, the pathophysiological significance of the C5 variant and the C5 variant-related hypercholinesterasemia in cardiovascular diseases remain unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the pathophysiological significance of the C5 variant as a risk or protective factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with severe hypercholinesterasemia.', 'Severe hypercholinesterasemia was defined as serum cholinesterase (ChE) activity >= 450 IU/L (>= 2.0 SD). We screened 11,648 consecutive outpatients between 2005 and 2011 at Toho University, Sakura Medical Center. In patients with severe hypercholinesterasemia, phenotyping of the C5 variant was conducted using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and alpha-naphthyl butyrate staining.', '157 subjects (1.4% of 11,648 outpatients screened) were diagnosed with severe hypercholinesterasemia (mean serum ChE activity 574 ± 109 IU/L), and the frequency of the C5 variant was 45.2%. Subjects with the C5 variant had higher age, lower body mass index, milder dyslipidemia and liver dysfunction, and lower rates of hypertension and CAD compared with subjects without the C5 variant. Multivariate logistic regression model demonstrated that the presence of C5 variant independently lowered the risk of CAD, with odds ratio 0.071 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.007 - 0.763, p = 0.029).\Question: Is c5 variant associated with decreased risk of coronary artery disease in outpatients with severe hypercholinesterasemia?

SOLUTION: The prevalence of the C5 variant was relatively high, and the C5 variant is associated with decreased risk of CAD in outpatients with severe hypercholinesterasemia.

PROBLEM: Context: Whether higher penile human papillomavirus (HPV) viral load is associated with a lower rate of HPV clearance remains unknown.', 'We examined the association between penile HPV16 and HPV18 viral load and subsequent HPV clearance in uncircumcised Kenyan men.', 'Participants were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative, sexually active, 18- to 24-year-old men randomized to the control arm of a male circumcision trial in Kisumu, Kenya. Men provided exfoliated penile cells from two anatomical sites (glans/coronal sulcus and shaft) every 6 months for 2 years. GP5+/6+ polymerase chain reaction was used to identify 44 HPV-DNA types. Human papillomavirus viral load testing was conducted using a LightCyler real-time polymerase chain reaction assay; viral load was classified as high (>250 copies/scrape) or low (≤250 copies/scrape), for nonquantifiable values. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression modeling were used to examine the association between HPV viral load and HPV clearance.', 'A total of 1097 men, with 291 HPV16 and 131 HPV18 cumulative infections over 24 months were analyzed. Human papillomavirus clearance at 6 months after first HPV detection was lower for high versus low viral load HPV16 infections in the glans (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.92)] and shaft (aHR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.16-0.90), and HPV18 infections in the glans (aHR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.17).\Question: Do higher HPV16 and HPV18 Penile Viral Loads Are Associated With Decreased Human Papillomavirus Clearance in Uncircumcised Kenyan Men?

SOLUTION:
High versus low HPV viral load was associated with a reduced HPV clearance for HPV16 infections in the glans and shaft, and for HPV18 infections in the glans, among young uncircumcised men. Reduced clearance of high viral load HPV16 and HPV18 infections in men may increase HPV transmission to their female partners as well as enhance the development of penile lesions in comparison to men with low viral load HPV infections.