instruction:
In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
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The cellular role of DNA is relatively limited, perhaps because of the restrictions imposed by bonding between complementary strands. Outside the cell, however, nanoengineers are uncovering the many hidden talents of DNA. The DNA sequence is able to process information in biochemical assays, its structure is an ideal building material, and its folding pathway allows DNA to move and respond to its environment. Here, I review several innovative applications of designed DNA molecules, some underlying design principles and the prospects for future developments. The applications of new DNA-based technologies range from molecular diagnostics to protein purification and from therapeutics to the assembly of tiny electronic circuits. These uses exploit the properties of DNA at three levels -sequence only, structure (which depends on sequence) and folding pathways (which depend on both sequence and structure) -as the following examples show. By taking their cue from the genetic code found in nature, nanoengineers are now using DNA sequences in vitro to direct the synthesis and evolution of molecules with new functions and reactive properties. When attached to other molecules, detection methods that exploit DNA sequences allow complementary molecules to be identified at extremely low concentrations. DNA sequences can also be used, in a non-biological setting, to control the layout of electronic components in a nanocircuit. DNA strands can fold into stable structures that have valuable functional and material properties. Sensitive methods for detecting DNA have been extended to detect proteins and other macromolecular targets of DNA aptamers -that is, nucleic-acid molecules that have high binding specificity for their targets. Lattices and even three-dimensional (3D) objects have been self-assembled from rigid DNA structures. DNA lattices can organize proteins and nanoelectronic components on a surface with unprecedented precision, making it possible to gain a better understanding of the properties and interactions of proteins. The folding pathway of a DNA molecule to its stable structure allows it to move and perform mechanical functions. The energy released in DNA-folding pathways has been used in vitro to drive motors, providing the ability to release, grab or cleave target molecules and even to control the release of drugs, depending on the outcome of certain diagnostic tests. This review focuses on the recent developments in generating rationally designed DNA molecules and their applications. The past decade has seen huge advances in the development of design principles, particularly by exploiting DNA structure and folding pathways, but also in applications of designed DNA sequences. Together, techniques for the in vitro selection or molecular evolution of DNA molecules from random pools have given spectacular yields, including DNA aptamers and enzymes, which can inhibit the expression of harmful genes or disrupt protein function. Excellent reviews of selected DNA molecules can be found elsewhere 1-3 ; this paper includes only examples of designed DNA molecules, or molecules that combine both selected and designed Abstract | Long admired for its informational role in the cell, DNA is now emerging as an ideal molecule for molecular nanotechnology. Biologists and biochemists have discovered DNA sequences and structures with new functional properties, which are able to prevent the expression of harmful genes or detect macromolecules at low concentrations. Physical and computational scientists can design rigid DNA structures that serve as scaffolds for the organization of matter at the molecular scale, and can build simple DNA-computing devices, diagnostic machines and DNA motors. The integration of biological and engineering advances offers great potential for therapeutic and diagnostic applications, and for nanoscale electronic engineering.
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Designed DNA molecules: principles and applications of molecular nanotechnology


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Compared to classical epidemiologic methods, genomics can be used to precisely monitor virus evolution and transmission in real time across large, diverse populations. Integration of pathogen genomics with data about host genetics and global transcriptional responses to infection allows for comprehensive studies of population-level responses to infection and provides novel methods for predicting clinical outcomes. As genomic technologies become more accessible, these methods will redefine how emerging viruses are studied and outbreaks are contained. Here we review the existing and emerging genomic technologies that are enabling systems epidemiology and systems virology and making it possible to respond rapidly to emerging viruses such as Zika.
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Genomic Signatures of Emerging Viruses: A New Era of Systems Epidemiology


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This article reviews the pulmonary route of administration, aerosol delivery devices, characterization of pulmonary drug delivery systems, and discusses the rationale for inhaled delivery of siRNA. Diseases with known protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics for the treatment of various pulmonary diseases, however barriers to pulmonary delivery and intracellular delivery of siRNA exists. siRNA loaded nanocarriers can be used to overcome the barriers associated with the pulmonary route, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems comprise of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. Such siRNA delivery systems formulated as aerosols can be successfully delivered via an inhaler or nebulizer to the pulmonary region. Preclinical animal investigations of inhaled siRNA therapeutics rely on intratracheal and intranasal siRNA and siRNA nanocarrier delivery. Aerosolized siRNA delivery systems may be characterized using in vitro techniques, such as dissolution test, inertial cascade impaction, delivered dose uniformity assay, laser diffraction, and laser Doppler velocimetry. The ex vivo techniques used to characterize pulmonary administered formulations include the isolated perfused lung model. In vivo techniques like gamma scintigraphy, 3D SPECT, PET, MRI, fluorescence imaging and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics analysis may be used for evaluation of aerosolized siRNA delivery systems. The use of inhalable siRNA delivery systems encounters barriers to their delivery, however overcoming the barriers while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
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Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 1: Rationale for Gene Delivery Systems †