Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Context: Heat shock protein-27 (HSP-27) belongs to the group of small heat shock proteins that become induced in response to various pathologic conditions. HSP-27 has been shown to protect cells and subcellular structures, particularly mitochondria, and serves as a carrier for estradiol. It is a reliable marker for tissues affected by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and related cellular defence mechanisms are currently thought to play a major role during experimentally induced epileptic neuropathology. We addressed the question whether HSP-27 becomes induced in the neocortex resected from patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.', "Human epileptic temporal neocortex was obtained during neurosurgery, and control tissue was obtained at autopsy from subjects without known neurologic diseases. The tissues were either frozen for Western blot analysis or fixed in Zamboni's fixative for the topographic detection of HSP-27 at the cellular level by means of immunohistochemistry.", 'HSP-27 was highly expressed in all epilepsy specimens and in the cortex of a patient who died in the final stage of multiple sclerosis (positive control), whereas only low amounts of HSP-27 were detectable in control brains. In epilepsy patients, HSP-27 was present in astrocytes and in the walls of blood vessels. The intracortical distribution patterns varied strongly among the epilepsy specimens.
Answer: These results demonstrate that HSP-27 becomes induced in response to epileptic pathology. Although the functional aspects of HSP-27 induction during human epilepsy have yet to be elucidated, it can be concluded that HSP-27 is a marker for cortical regions in which a stress response has been caused by seizures.
[EX A]: Is heat shock protein-27 upregulated in the temporal cortex of patients with epilepsy?

[EX Q]: Context: Severe mitral regurgitation (MR) reduces left atrial thrombus formation in patients with mitral stenosis (MS) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Plasma D-dimer levels represent a biochemical marker for fibrinolytic activity in prothrombotic states. The prothrombotic burden in patients with mitral valve disease and/or AF was assessed using plasma D-dimer levels.', 'The study population included 89 patients with mitral valve disease, 21 with AF but normal valves, and 15 healthy controls. The mitral valve group was subdivided into patients with MS (n = 27), severe MR (n = 26), and MS with concomitant with severe MR (MS/MR; n = 36). These subgroups were further subdivided according to the atrial rhythm (sinus rhythm (SR)+AF).', 'The mean left atrial size was increased in all groups with cardiac disease. D-dimer levels were highest in the MS+AF subgroup (527 +/- 134 microg/l). Patients with MS+AF, MS+SR, and nonvalvular AF had significantly higher D-dimer levels than controls (p < 0.01, by ANOVA). Patients with MR had normal levels of D-dimer. The atrial rhythm did not influence D-dimer levels in the MS/MR subgroup, or in the pure MR subgroup (p = NS).
Answer: Plasma D-dimer levels correlated with the embolic risk in mitral valve disease and non-valvular AF. The highest levels were found in patients with MS+AF and non-valvular AF. Severe MR decreased the D-dimer levels in MS and/or AF to control levels.
[EX A]: Does mitral regurgitation reduce systemic coagulation activity in patients with rheumatic heart disease?

[EX Q]: Context: Most knee joint biomechanics studies have involved knees with an isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, a large portion of patients with injured ACLs have accompanied meniscus tearing. In this study, the in vivo alteration of knee biomechanics after tearing the ACL with or without combined medial or lateral meniscus tear was investigated during stair-ascending activity.', 'The kinematic behavior of ACL-deficient knees changes with a combined medial or lateral meniscus tear.', 'Controlled laboratory study.', 'Twenty-one patients with injured ACLs (contralateral side intact) were recruited before undergoing ACL reconstruction. Among these patients, 5 had isolated ACL injuries (group I), 8 had combined ACL and medial meniscus injuries (group II), and 8 had combined ACL and lateral meniscus injuries (group III). Bilateral magnetic resonance scans were obtained on each patient to construct 3-dimensional anatomic knee models. Both knees were then scanned during stair-climbing activity using a dual fluoroscopic imaging system. The knee kinematics during stair climbing were reproduced using a bone model image matching method. Anteroposterior and mediolateral translations and axial tibial rotation of the knee during stair ascent were then compared between the injured and intact contralateral knees of the patients.', 'On average, injured knees in groups I and III showed more than 2 mm increased anterior tibial translation close to full knee extension. In group II, no statistically significant difference was observed between the injured and contralateral side in anteroposterior translation. Near full extension, in groups I and III, injured knees had less than 1 mm of increased medial tibial translation compared with the contralateral side, whereas in group II, a 1.0-mm increase in lateral tibial shift was observed in the injured knees. With regard to axial tibial rotation, group I showed an increased external tibial rotation (approximately 5°), group II had little variation, whereas group III had increased internal tibial rotation (approximately 3°).
Answer: The results of this study demonstrate that a combined ACL/meniscus injury could alter the kinematics of ACL-injured knees in a different way compared with knees with isolated ACL tears, depending on the pattern of the meniscus tear. Considering the varying effect of meniscus injuries on knee joint kinematics, future studies might focus on specific treatment of patients with combined ACL and meniscus injuries to protect the joint from abnormal kinematics and subsequent postoperative cartilage degeneration.
[EX A]:
Do meniscus Injuries Alter the Kinematics of Knees With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency?