Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Emerging evidence suggests that the in utero environment is not sterile as once presumed. Work in the mouse demonstrated transmission of commensal bacteria from mother to fetus during gestation, though it is unclear what modulates this process. We have previously shown in the nonhuman primate that, independent of obesity, a maternal high-fat diet during gestation and lactation persistently shapes the juvenile gut microbiome. We therefore sought to interrogate in a population-based human longitudinal cohort whether a maternal high-fat diet similarly alters the neonatal and infant gut microbiome in early life.', 'A representative cohort was prospectively enrolled either in the early third trimester or intrapartum (n\u2009=\u2009163), with a subset consented to longitudinal sampling through the postpartum interval (n\u2009=\u200981). Multiple body site samples, including stool and meconium, were collected from neonates at delivery and by 6\xa0weeks of age. A rapid dietary questionnaire was administered to estimate intake of fat, added sugars, and fiber over the past month (National Health and Examination Survey). DNA was extracted from each infant meconium/stool sample (MoBio) and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analysis.', "On average, the maternal dietary intake of fat ranged from 14.0 to 55.2\xa0%, with an average intake of 33.1\xa0% (σ\u2009=\u20096.1\xa0%). Mothers whose diets significantly differed from the mean (±1 standard deviation) were separated into two distinct groups, a control group (n\u2009=\u200913, μ\u2009=\u200924.4\xa0%) and a high-fat group (n\u2009=\u200913, μ\u2009=\u200943.1\xa0%). Principal coordinate analysis revealed that the microbiome of the neonatal stool at birth (meconium) clustered differently by virtue of maternal gestational diet (PERMANOVA p\u2009=\u20090.001). LEfSe feature selection identified several taxa that discriminated the groups, with a notable relative depletion of Bacteroides in the neonates exposed to a maternal high-fat gestational diet (Student's t-test, p\u2009<\u20090.05) that persisted to 6\xa0weeks of age.
Answer: Similar to the primate, independent of maternal body mass index, a maternal high-fat diet is associated with distinct changes in the neonatal gut microbiome at birth which persist through 4-6 weeks of age. Our findings underscore the importance of counseling pregnant mothers on macronutrient consumption during pregnancy and lactation.

Output: Does the early infant gut microbiome vary in association with a maternal high-fat diet?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Many bacterial meningitis patients experience neurological or neuropsychological sequelae, predominantly deficits in short-term memory, learning, and attention. Neuropsychological symptoms after viral meningitis are observed less frequently. Sleep disturbance has been reported after both viral and bacterial meningitis.', 'To examine systematically the frequency and extent of sleep disturbance in meningitis patients.', 'Eighty six viral or bacterial meningitis (onset of acute disease at least 1 year previously) patients were examined using two standardised questionnaires (Schlaffragebogen B and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) in conjunction with a standardised neurological examination, and compared to a control group of 42 healthy age-matched volunteers.', 'Patients after both viral and bacterial meningitis described their sleep as reduced in quality and less restful than that of healthy control subjects; both patient groups had a pathological mean PSQI total score. Impaired sleep scores after meningitis were not correlated to either the Glasgow Coma Scale or the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Moreover, no relationship between residual neurological dysfunction or depressivity and sleep quality was observed.
Answer: Impaired sleep is a long-term consequence of meningitis. Additional, so far undetermined, factors other than the severity of concomitant neurological deficits are responsible for the development of this sequela.

Output: Are sleep disorders long-term sequelae of both bacterial and viral meningitis?


Input: Consider Input: Context: The present study compared the efficacy of ramp incremented and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)-clamped test protocols for eliciting maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max).', 'Sixteen trained cyclists (age 34 ± 7 years) performed a ramp-incremented protocol and an RPE-clamped protocol 1 week apart in a randomized, counterbalanced order. The RPE-clamped protocol consisted of five, 2-min stages where subjects self-selected work rate and pedal cadence to maintain the prescribed RPE. After completing both test protocols subjects were asked which they preferred.', 'The mean ± SD test time of 568 ± 72 s in the ramp protocol was not significantly different to the 600 ± 0 s in the RPE-clamped protocol (mean difference = 32 s; p = 0.09), or was the VO2max of 3.86 ± 0.73 L min(-1) in the ramp protocol significantly different to the 3.87 ± 0.72 L min(-1) in the RPE-clamped protocol (mean difference = 0.002 L min(-1); p = 0.97). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed for peak power output (p = 0.21), maximal minute ventilation (p = 0.97), maximal respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.09), maximal heart rate (p = 0.51), and post-test blood lactate concentration (p = 0.58). The VO2max attained in the preferred protocol was significantly higher than the non-preferred protocol (mean difference = 0.14 L min(-1); p = 0.03).
Answer: The RPE-clamped test protocol was as effective as the ramp-incremented protocol for eliciting VO2max and could be considered as a valid alternative protocol, particularly where a fixed test duration is desirable.


Output: Do ramp-incremented and RPE-clamped test protocols elicit similar VO2max values in trained cyclists?