Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: Natriuretic peptide (NP) levels are routinely employed as useful diagnostic and prognostic tools in the evaluation of patients with heart failure (HF). As hospitalization is the major consumer of healthcare resources, the prognostic power of admission NPs with regard to the duration of hospitalization deserves further investigation.', 'We assessed retrospectively the association between NP values sampled shortly following unplanned admission and the duration of hospitalization in 2978 patients admitted to a cardiology department. Duration of hospitalization (hours) and survival were determined by interrogation of the electronic medical records system. Associations with peptide levels were estimated using regression models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The results demonstrate a significant positive relationship between NP levels and the duration of hospitalization, after adjusting for age (P < 0.001). The median duration of hospitalization for the lowest BNP and NT-proBNP quintiles were 80 and 97 h, respectively, vs. 224.5 and 236 h for the highest quintiles. Using cut-off levels of 115 pmol/L for BNP and 390 pmol/L for NT-proBNP, the peptides have a positive predictive value of 78% and 85% for a stay >4 days. During follow-up, NP levels were strongly predictive of all-cause mortality.
Answer: The results quantify the strong relationship between NP levels taken following an unplanned admission to a cardiology department and the duration of hospitalization. This information permits improved identification of a patient population likely to require a prolonged hospital stay and consume more healthcare resources. Such patients may require a more aggressive diagnostic, treatment, and management strategy.

A: Do natriuretic peptide levels taken following unplanned admission to a cardiology department predict the duration of hospitalization?
****
Q: Context: Chronic stress is generally known to exacerbate the development of numerous neuropsychiatric diseases such as fear and anxiety disorders, which is at least partially due to the disinhibition of amygdala subsequent to the prolonged stress exposure. GABA receptor A (GABAAR) mediates the primary component of inhibition in brain and its activation produces two forms of inhibition: the phasic and tonic inhibition. While both of them are critically engaged in limiting the activity of amygdala, their roles in the amygdala disinhibition subsequent to chronic stress exposure are largely unknown.', 'We investigated the possible alterations of phasic and tonic GABAAR currents and their roles in the amygdala disinhibition subsequent to chronic stress. We found that both chronic immobilization and unpredictable stress led to long lasting loss of tonic GABAAR currents in the projection neurons of lateral amygdala. By contrast, the phasic GABAAR currents, as measured by the spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents, were virtually unaltered. The loss of tonic inhibition varied with the duration of daily stress and the total days of stress exposure. It was prevented by pretreatment with metyrapone to block corticosterone synthesis or RU 38486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, suggesting the critical involvement of glucocorticoid receptor activation. Moreover, chronic treatment with corticosterone mimicked the effect of chronic stress and reduced the tonic inhibition in lateral amygdala of control mice. The loss of tonic inhibition resulted in the impaired GABAergic gating on neuronal excitability in amygdala, which was prevented by metyrapone pretreatment.
Answer: Our study suggests that enduring loss of tonic but not phasic GABAAR currents critically contributes to the prolonged amygdala disinhibition subsequent to chronic stress. We propose that the preferential loss of tonic inhibition may account for the development of stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases.

A: Does chronic stress impair GABAergic control of amygdala through suppressing the tonic GABAA receptor currents?
****
Q: Context: The purpose of this study was to determine the yield and clinical impact of sacrum and coccyx radiographs in the emergency department (ED).', 'Consecutive sacrum and coccyx radiographs obtained in the EDs of four hospitals over a 6-year period were categorized as positive for acute fracture or dislocation, negative, or other. Five follow-up metrics were analyzed: follow-up advanced imaging in the same ED visit, follow-up advanced imaging within 30 days, new analgesic prescriptions, clinic follow-up, and surgical intervention within 60 days.', 'Sacrum and coccyx radiographs from 687 patients (mean age, 48.1 years; 61.6% women and 38.4% men) obtained at level-1 (n = 335) and level-2 (n = 352) trauma centers showed a positivity rate of 8.4% ± 2.1% (n = 58/687). None of the 58 positive cases had surgical intervention. At the level-1 trauma centers, there was no significant association between sacrum and coccyx radiograph positivity and analgesic prescription or clinical follow-up (p = 0.12; odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% CI, 0.81-6.20). At the level-2 trauma centers, 97.1% (n = 34/35) of patients with positive sacrum and coccyx radiographs received analgesic prescriptions or clinical referrals, whereas negative cases were at 82.9% (OR, 7.0; 95% CI, 0.94-52.50). Of all cases, 5.7% (n = 39) and 4.3% (n = 29) had advanced imaging in the same ED visit and within 30 days, respectively. Sacrum and coccyx radiography results had no significant correlation with advanced imaging in the same ED visit (level-1, p = 0.351; level-2, p = 0.179). There was no significant difference in 30-day advanced imaging at the level-1 trauma centers (p = 0.8), but there was at the level-2 trauma centers (p = 0.0493).
Answer: ED sacrum and coccyx radiographs showed a low positivity rate and had no quantifiable clinical impact. We recommend that sacrum and coccyx radiographs be eliminated from ED practice and patients treated conservatively on the basis of clinical parameters.

A:
Do sacrum and Coccyx Radiographs Have Limited Clinical Impact in the Emergency Department?
****