instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: Depression is a prevalent comorbidity of chronic respiratory disease (CRD), and may indicate worse clinical outcomes. The relationship between depression and living with chronic hypoxia due to CRD or residence at altitude has received little attention in resource-poor settings.', 'To investigate the association between CRD conditions and depressive symptoms in four settings in Peru.', 'We collected data on CRD and depressive symptoms in adults aged ⩾35 years. Depressive symptoms were measured according to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was used to assess the adjusted odds of being in a higher category of depressive symptoms as a function of CRD.', 'We analyzed data from 2953 participants (mean age 55.3 years, 49% male). The prevalence of major depressive symptoms was 19%, with significant variation according to setting. Participants with at least one CRD (OR 1.34, 95%CI 1.06-1.69) and those living at altitude (OR 1.64, 95%CI 1.10-2.43) had an increased adjusted odds of being in a higher category of depressive symptoms.\Question: Are chronic respiratory disease and high altitude associated with depressive symptoms in four diverse settings?
answer:
We found a high prevalence of depressive symptoms, and a positive association between depressive symptoms with CRD and with living at altitude, both of which cause chronic hypoxia.


question:
Context: Clinical use of doxorubicin is greatly limited by its severe cardiotoxic side effects. L-carnitine is a vitamin-like substance which has been successfully used in many cardiomyopathies, however, the intracellular mechanism(s) remain unclear. The objective of this study was set to evaluate the protective effect of L-carnitine on doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and to explore its intracellular mechanism(s).', "Primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were treated with doxorubicin (1 µM) with or without pretreatment with L-carnitine (1-30 mM). Lactate dehydrogenase assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling staining, and flow cytometry measurement were used to assess cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Fluorescent probes 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and chemiluminescence assay of superoxide production were used to detect the production of reactive oxygen species. Western blotting was used to evaluate the quantity of cleaved caspase-3, cytosol cytochrome c, and Bcl-x(L) expression.", "L-carnitine inhibited doxorubicin-induced reactive oxygen species generation and NADPH oxidase activation, reduced the quantity of cleaved caspase-3 and cytosol cytochrome c, and increased Bcl-x(L) expression, resulting in protecting cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. In addition, L-carnitine was found to increase the prostacyclin (PGI(2)) generation in cardiomyocytes. The siRNA transfection for PGI(2) synthase significantly reduced L-carnitine-induced PGI(2) and L-carnitine's protective effect. Furthermore, blockade the potential PGI(2) receptors, including PGI(2) receptors (IP receptors), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta (PPARα and PPARδ), revealed that the siRNA-mediated blockage of PPARα considerably reduced the anti-apoptotic effect of L-carnitine.\Question: Does l-carnitine reduce doxorubicin-induced apoptosis through a prostacyclin-mediated pathway in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes?
answer:
These findings suggest that L-carnitine protects cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in part through PGI(2) and PPARα-signaling pathways, which may potentially protect the heart from the severe toxicity of doxorubicin.


question:
Context: The present study was designed to give possible answers to some of the discrepancies regarding the presence or not of intact fetal cells in maternal plasma during pregnancy.', '12-mL peripheral blood was collected from 33 pregnant women in the second trimester: 6 mL was harvested by 3-step Percoll gradient centrifugation and plasma cells were analyzed by FISH with X/Y chromosome specific probes. From the remaining 6 mL, plasma-derived cells were isolated with three different gradient centrifugation protocols and apoptosis was determined following EthBr staining.', 'The number of cells recovered ranged from 900 to 3000. At least one Y positive signal was seen in 12 out of 17 cases with male fetuses at a frequency of 0.12% (range 0.05-0.27%). No XY cells were detected in the plasma of women carrying female fetuses. Hybridization efficiency was <60%. EthBr staining demonstrated that the majority of these cells were in their late apoptosis.\Question: Are fetal cells in maternal plasma found in a late state of apoptosis?
answer:

Our findings confirm the presence of intact fetal apoptotic cells in maternal plasma; however, their late apoptotic state and the low number does not as yet encourage their use in clinical practice.