TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Although right-sided diverticulitis is perceived to have a higher incidence among Asians and infrequently requires surgical management in comparison with sigmoid diverticulitis, it is unknown whether differences in outcomes are due to ethnic disparity or disease pathophysiology.', 'The aim of this study was to determine the surgical outcomes for Asian and non-Asian patients with diverticulitis who underwent colectomy.', 'Patients identifiable by ethnicity in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample with diverticulitis and colectomy between 2004 and 2010 were included. Univariate comparisons were made between Asian and non-Asian patients by using t tests for continuous variables and χ tests for categorical variables. Propensity score matching analysis was performed to compare Asian patients with otherwise similar non-Asian patients.', 'Included were 58,142 non-Asian and 335 Asian patients with diverticulitis who underwent a colectomy.', 'The primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay, and total costs.', 'Asian patients were younger (56.1 vs. 59.2 years, p < 0.0001), were more likely to undergo a right colectomy (22.7% vs. 4.1%, p < 0.0001), and were more likely to have emergent/urgent surgery than the non-Asian patients (67.1% vs. 49.8%, p < 0.0001). Without controlling for patient/disease factors, there were statistically significant differences in mortality (non-Asian 2.2% vs. Asian 4.2%; p = 0.014), length of stay (non-Asian 8.9 vs. Asian 9.8 days; p = 0.0166), and costs (non-Asian $18,783 vs. Asian $21,901; p = 0.001). Propensity score matching comparing 333 non-Asian patients with 333 similar Asian patients showed that, whereas differences in cost and length of stay became insignificant, the difference in mortality remained statistically significant.\Question: Is higher Mortality in Surgically Managed Diverticulitis Associated with Asian Ethnicity and Right-Sided Disease?

SOLUTION: The ethnicity variable was not uniformly collected by all states within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database.

PROBLEM: Context: Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of ischemic events. Suv39h1 is a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of histone 3 lysine 9, which is associated with the suppression of inflammatory genes in diabetes. However, the role of Suv39h1 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury under diabetic condition has not been evaluated.', 'To generate diabetic model, male SD rats were fed with 60% fat diet followed by intraperitoneal injection with 40mg/kg streptozotocin. Adenovirus encoding Suv39h1 gene was used for Suv39h1 overexpression. Each rat received injections of adenovirus at five myocardial sites. Three days after gene transfection, each rat was subjected to left main coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. After 30 min ischemia and reperfusion for 4 h, the rats were euthanized for real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemical staining, and morphometric analysis.', 'Delivery of Ad-Suv39h1 into the hearts of diabetic rats could markedly increase Suv39h1 expression. Up-regulation of Suv39h1 significantly reduced infarct size and tissue damage after I/R injury, which was associated with protection from apoptosis of cardiac myocytes and reduction of inflammatory response. In addition, compared with injury group, Ad-Suv39h1 led to a decreased activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase family and its down-steam transcriptional factor NF-κB.\Question: Does suv39h1 protect from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats?

SOLUTION: Overexpression of Suv39h1 results in the de-activation of proinflammatory pathways and reduced apoptosis and myocardial injury. Therefore, Suv39h1 might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce I/R injury under diabetic condition.

PROBLEM: Context: Closed suction drains have an important role in surgical wound healing. Although most surgeons use them routinely, indications for use and their postoperative management (emptying, removal) vary. The purpose of this study was to assess drain use by head and neck surgeons in Canada, to conduct a biomechanical analysis of the drains in a laboratory setting, and to make recommendations for drain use and management.', 'A survey was mailed to 343 active members of the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology. Three sets of experimental trials were conducted on the most commonly used drains to assess the effect of increased reservoir filling on suction generated through (1) incrementally increasing the amount of fluid within the reservoir, (2) compression of the reservoir with no fluid within, and (3) compression with the reservoirs while filled to 25% capacity with fluid.', 'A 41% response rate was obtained. It was found that the majority of head and neck surgeons in Canada use Hemovac and Jackson-Pratt drainage systems routinely. There is considerable variability in practice with regard to drain emptying and timing of removal. Experimental results indicate that as filling of the reservoir increases, suction generated decreases sharply, to between 13 and 20% of initial values at 50% capacity.\Question: Does survey of the use of suction drain in head and neck surgery and analysis of their biomechanical properties?

SOLUTION:
Postoperative drain management has important implications in surgical wound healing. Drain reservoirs should be monitored frequently to ensure adequate compression, particularly in the first 24 hours after insertion. Anticipated volume of drainage should dictate in part which reservoir is chosen. A larger reservoir is preferable in most cases. Drains should be removed promptly to decrease the risk of wound contamination.