In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

Ex Input:
after careful and deliberate study of each of the cases and treatises cited by counsel for the respective parties, as supplemented by own independent research, we are constrained to overrule collins and adopt justice (later chief justice) gardner's dissent in that case.

Ex Output:
overruling


Ex Input:
to the extent they are inconsistent with our analysis, we disapprove darden v. general motors corp., supra, 40 cal.app.4th 342, and its progeny, barr v. acands, inc. (1997) 57 cal.app.4th 1038.

Ex Output:
overruling


Ex Input:
see, e.g., united states v. coven, 662 f.2d 162, 176 (2d cir. 1981).

Ex Output:

non-overruling