Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: We have previously demonstrated that sophorolipids, a class of easily chemoenzymatically modifiable glycolipids, possess anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Since glycolipids have been shown to have anticancer activity, we investigated the effects of sophorolipids and their derivatives against pancreatic cancer.', 'Human pancreatic carcinoma cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sophorolipid natural mixture or select derivatives (ethyl ester, methyl ester, ethyl ester monoacetate, ethyl ester diacetate, acidic sophorolipid [AS], lactonic sophorolipid diacetate [LSD]) for 24 h and assessed for cell necrosis (cytotoxicity-lactate dehydrogenase release). Controls consisted of cells treated with media or vehicle alone and sophorolipid treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.', 'Sophorolipids demonstrated anticancer activity against human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Natural mixture mediated consistent cytotoxicity at all doses tested (20 +/- 4%). However, methyl ester derivative mediated much greater levels of cytotoxicity (63 +/- 5%) compared with other derivatives (ethyl ester diacetate, 36 +/- 6%, ethyl ester monoacetate, 18 +/- 7%; P < 0.05). In contrast, LSD- and AS-mediated toxicity was inversely proportional with dose (LSD, 40.3% at 0.5 mg/mL, 3.4% at 2.0 mg/mL; AS, 49% at 0.5 mg/mL, 0% at 2.0 mg/mL). Sophorolipid treatment did not affect peripheral blood mononuclear cells at all doses tested.

A: 0
****
Q: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-blocking agents, including etanercept and infliximab, has resulted in reductions in the radiographic progression of RA. However, the exact mechanism by which this protection occurs has not been determined. In order to add to such knowledge, we investigated the effect of anti-TNF therapy on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in synovial tissue.', "The expression of OPG and RANKL in synovial biopsy specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Serial synovial biopsy specimens were obtained from 18 patients with RA, before and after treatment with etanercept (9 patients) or infliximab (9 patients). Biopsy specimens were evaluated by double-blind semiquantitative analysis and image analysis. The in vitro effect of TNF antagonists on the RANKL/OPG expression in osteoblasts and endothelial cells was evaluated by Western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test, followed by the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons of paired samples. The results of in vitro experiments were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance, with Tukey's post hoc test.", 'Treatment with both infliximab and etanercept increased the expression of OPG in synovial tissue. After 8 weeks of treatment, neither infliximab nor etanercept influenced RANKL expression. In both groups of patients, the RANKL:OPG ratio decreased following therapy. In vitro, both of the TNF antagonists mimicked the in vivo effect, inducing a decrease in the RANKL:OPG ratio in TNF-primed osteoblasts and endothelial cells.

A: 1
****
Q: The treatment of adhesive capsulitis is a dilemma for orthopaedic rehabilitation specialists. In this study, we assessed whether extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) improves the functional outcome of primary shoulder adhesive capsulitis.', 'In this prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial, we enrolled 40 patients with primary adhesive capsulitis to assess whether ESWT can improve the functional outcome of primary adhesive capsulitis better than oral steroid therapy. Patients were allocated to the oral steroid group or ESWT group with randomization. Functional outcome evaluations were performed using the Constant Shoulder Score (CSS) and Oxford Shoulder Score.', 'Both groups showed significant improvement in the Oxford Shoulder Score evaluation throughout the study period. In the ESWT group, the total CSS and range of motion (ROM) parameter of the CSS in the ESWT group showed significant improvement from the fourth week that was better than that in the steroid group; the activities–of–daily living (ADL) parameter of the CSS achieved significance and was better than that in the steroid group at the sixth week. For the steroid group, pain was significantly reduced from baseline to the fourth week of the study; ADL and ROM improved at the fourth to 12th week. For the ESWT group, ADL and ROM improvements were significant from baseline to the sixth week.

A:
0
****