TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Collagenous colitis (CC) is a major cause of chronic non-bloody diarrhoea, particularly in the elderly female population. The aetiology of CC is unknown, and still poor is the understanding of its pathogenesis. This possibly involves dysregulated inflammation and immune-mediated reactions in genetically predisposed individuals, but the contribution of genetic factors to CC is underinvestigated. We systematically tested immune-related genes known to impact the risk of several autoimmune diseases for their potential CC-predisposing role.', 'Three independent cohorts of histologically confirmed CC cases (N=314) and controls (N=4299) from Sweden and Germany were included in a 2-step association analysis. Immunochip and targeted single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data were produced, respectively, for discovery and replication purposes. Classical human leucocyte antigen (HLA) variants at 2-digit and 4-digit resolution were obtained via imputation from single marker genotypes. SNPs and HLA variants passing quality control filters were tested for association with CC with logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and country of origin.', 'Forty-two markers gave rise to genome-wide significant association signals, all contained within the HLA region on chromosome 6 (best p=4.2×10\Question: Does dense genotyping of immune-related loci identify HLA variants associated with increased risk of collagenous colitis?

SOLUTION: HLA genotype associates with CC, thus implicating HLA-related immune mechanisms in its pathogenesis.

PROBLEM: Context: Poor condition at operation determined by the physiologic POSSUM score is related to postoperative mortality and morbidity of colorectal cancer surgery. This study was designed to analyze the relationship between condition of patients with colorectal cancer at operation and long-term overall survival.', 'A total of 542 patients survived a radical resection for Stages I, II, or III colorectal cancer. Physiologic POSSUM score at surgery, exclusive of age, was calculated for all patients. Mean physiologic POSSUM score was used as cutoff point to determine low-risk and high-risk group patients. A Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed to study the effect of low-risk and high-risk group on overall survival and to identify independent risk factors.', 'Five-year overall survival was significantly higher in low-risk group patients than in high-risk group patients (low-risk group 66.6 percent vs. high-risk group 48.5 percent; P < 0.001). Differences in overall survival also were found when patients in Stages I, II, and III were analyzed separately. Risk factors for overall survival were advanced stage of disease, poor tumor differentiation, mucinous adenocarcinoma, older than age 70 years, and poor condition of the patient at time of operation.\Question: Does pOSSUM predict decreased overall survival in curative resection for colorectal cancer?

SOLUTION: Poor condition at operation, as determined by physiologic POSSUM score, is a risk indicator for long-term overall survival in colorectal cancer patients.

PROBLEM: Context: Elevated levels of cardiometabolic markers are characteristic of normal pregnancy, however, insulin resistance and increased glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels can adversely influence maternal and child health. Diet is a modifiable behaviour that could have significant impact on maternal cardiometabolic levels during pregnancy. We investigated the association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic markers (glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, and cholesterol) during pregnancy.', 'Data from the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition prospective cohort study (2000-05) was used (n = 513). Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived using latent class analysis (LCA) and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. Linear regression was used to examine the dietary patterns-cardiometabolic markers association during pregnancy.', 'Three dietary patterns evolved from the LCA characterised by high intakes of: (1) hamburgers, hot dogs, bacon, French fries, fried chicken, white bread, and soft drinks; (2) some vegetables, fruit juice, refined grains, mixed dishes, processed meat, and empty calorie foods; and (3) fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, breakfast bars, and water. After adjustment for potential confounders including prepregnancy body mass index, a diet consistent with Latent Class 3 was negatively associated with maternal insulin (μU/mL: β = -0.12; 95% CI -0.23, -0.01) and HOMA-IR (β = -0.13; 95% CI -0.25, -0.00). Additionally, DASH scores within Tertile 3 (higher dietary quality) were also negatively associated with maternal triglycerides (mg/dL).\Question: Are maternal Dietary Patterns Associated with Lower Levels of Cardiometabolic Markers during Pregnancy?

SOLUTION:
The study findings suggest an association between maternal dietary patterns and several cardiometabolic markers during pregnancy.