Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine gland malignancy. Advances in understanding the genetic basis for thyroid cancer revealed the potential involvement of several genes in the formation of thyroid tumors. Mutations in the gene coding for succinate dehydrogenase subtype B (SDHB) have been implicated in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a heterotetrameric protein composed of four subunits, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD, and participates in both the electron transport chain and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between variants in the SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD genes and familiar PTC in a large Brazilian family.', 'Four patients with PTC, 1 patient with PTC and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), 1 patient with GIST, and their relatives - several of them with different thyroid problems - from a large Brazilian family were screened for genetic variations of SDHx genes with the use of polymerase chain reaction-single-stranded conformational polymorphism and direct sequencing.', 'Only one rare variation in SDHA was found in some of the family members, but not segregating with the disease. No other genetic variants of these genes were detected in the family members that presented with PTC and/or GIST.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: Alterations of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors contribute to prostate cancer progression by enhancing cellular proliferation, survival, and motility. The Sprouty gene family negatively regulates FGF signaling and may limit the ability of FGFs to enhance tumor progression. Sprouty1 is down regulated in human prostate cancers and Sprouty1 expression can markedly inhibit prostate cancer proliferation in vitro. Sprouty4 has been shown to negatively regulate both proliferation and cell migration in other systems. We therefore examined whether Sprouty4 expression was altered in prostate cancer.', 'Expression of Sprouty4 was examined by in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR. Methylation of the Sprouty4 gene promoter was assessed using bisulfite modification and sequencing. The effect of Sprouty4 expression on cell migration was determined using an in vitro wounding assay.', "By in situ hybridization Sprouty4 is expressed in normal prostatic epithelial cells and is decreased in a subset of prostate cancers. Quantitative RT-PCR confirms that Sprouty4 expression is decreased in approximately one half of prostate cancers. Analysis of the 5'-regulatory region revealed a CpG island approximately 1 kb upstream of the transcription initiation site, the proximal portion of which was preferentially methylated in prostate cancer tissues. More than one half of all prostate cancer DNAs were methylated in this region and methylation was significantly correlated with decreased Sprouty4 expression as determined by quantitative RT-PCR. When overexpressed in prostate cancer cell lines, Sprouty4 did not inhibit cell proliferation but did inhibit cell migration.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of a new digitized, controlled, scalp-cooling system to prevent chemotherapy-induced alopecia.', "Seventy-four female cancer patients who received 13 varying chemotherapy regimens were included in a nonrandomized pilot study. The Digni 2-3 with Dignicap system consists of a refrigerator unit and a control unit integrated into a mobile cabinet and connected to a tight-fitting cooling cap. This system maintains a constant scalp temperature of +5 degrees C for many hours. In this study, 60 patients were treated for ovarian cancer with either taxane or epirubicin combination chemotherapy. Eight patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma, three with breast cancer, two with endometrial cancer, and one with sarcoma were also included. Photo documentation and patient assessment of hair loss and discomfort were performed.", 'In anthracycline-treated patients, total prevention of hair loss was observed, whereas hair loss in paclitaxel/docetaxel-treated patients was minimal to none. The combination of anthracycline and taxane resulted in more hair loss, but only three of six patients used a wig. Scalp cooling was generally very well tolerated; only two of 74 patients discontinued use of the cold cap due to discomfort. No scalp metastases occurred over a median follow-up period of 15 months.


Output: 1