In this task, you are given a part of an article. Your task is to generate headline (title) for this text. Preferred headlines are under fifteen words.

Input: Consider Input: Language learning is thought to be a highly complex process. One of the hurdles in learning a language is to learn the rules of syntax of the language. Rules of syntax are often ordered in that before one rule can applied one must apply another. It has been thought that to learn the order of n rules one must go through all n! permutations. Thus to learn the order of 27 rules would require 27! steps or 1.08889x10 steps. This number is much greater than the number of seconds since the beginning of the universe! In an insightful analysis the linguist Block ([Block 86], pp. 62-63, p.238) showed that with the assumption of transitivity this vast number of learning steps reduces to a mere 377 steps. We present a mathematical analysis of the complexity of Block’s algorithm. The algorithm has a complexity of order n given n rules. In addition, we improve Block’s results exponentially, by introducing an algorithm that has complexity of order less than n log n.

Output: On the complexity of learning a language: An improvement of Block’s algorithm


Input: Consider Input: A new approach called SKYSET (Synthetic Knowledge Yield Social Entities Translation) is proposed to validate completeness and to reduce ambiguity from written instructional documentation. SKYSET utilizes a quintuple set of standardized categories, which differs from traditional approaches that typically use triples. The SKYSET System defines the categories required to form a standard template for representing information that is portable across different domains. It provides a standardized framework that enables sentences from written instructions to be translated into sets of category typed entities on a table or database. The SKYSET entities contain conceptual units or phrases that represent information from the original source documentation. SKYSET enables information concatenation where multiple documents from different domains can be translated and combined into a single common filterable and searchable table of entities. Index Terms – Cognitive Linguistics, Dual Intentional Semantic Decomposition and Reconstruction (DISDR), Frame Semantics, Information Concatenation, Information Integration, Information Summarization, Knowledge Architecture, Knowledge Management Internal External (KMIE), Metalinguistic Awareness, Synthetic Knowledge Yield Social Entities Translation (SKYSET).

Output: Introducing SKYSET - a Quintuple Approach for Improving Instructions


Input: Consider Input: Predicting protein secondary structure is a fundamental problem in protein structure prediction. Here we present a new supervised generative stochastic network (GSN) based method to predict local secondary structure with deep hierarchical representations. GSN is a recently proposed deep learning technique (Bengio & Thibodeau-Laufer, 2013) to globally train deep generative model. We present the supervised extension of GSN, which learns a Markov chain to sample from a conditional distribution, and applied it to protein structure prediction. To scale the model to full-sized, high-dimensional data, like protein sequences with hundreds of aminoacids, we introduce a convolutional architecture, which allows efficient learning across multiple layers of hierarchical representations. Our architecture uniquely focuses on predicting structured low-level labels informed with both low and high-level representations learned by the model. In our application this corresponds to labeling the secondary structure state of each amino-acid residue. We trained and tested the model on separate sets of non-homologous proteins sharing less than 30% sequence identity. Our model achieves 66.4% Q8 accuracy on the CB513 dataset, better than the previously reported best performance 64.9% (Wang et al., 2011) for this challenging secondary structure prediction problem.


Output: Deep Supervised and Convolutional Generative Stochastic Network for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction