TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Among factors that may affect the potency of botulinum toxin A (Botox), it is said that foam, together with bubbles, may cause surface denaturation of the toxin.', 'To determine whether the muscle relaxation effect of Botox is preserved and has the same duration when it is reconstituted in the presence of foam.', 'Six female volunteers, aged 42 to 56 years old, were treated for glabellar and periocular wrinkles. Each half of the face was treated with 16 U of Botox divided in four sites: three at the lateral orbital area and one at the medial brow, in the glabellar region. The right side received Botox gently reconstituted with saline to avoid foaming formation. The left side of the face was treated with Botox that was rapidly reconstituted in order to achieve as many bubbles as possible, even with shaking. Blinded observers compared pretreatment and posttreatment photographs and answered assessment-related questions. The results were analyzed clinically and statistically.', 'There was no difference in muscle paralysis between treated sides in all patients, neither in early (15 days) nor late (4 months) follow-up evaluations.
Answer: Botox maintains its potency even in the presence of foaming during the reconstitution process.

SOLUTION: Does foam during reconstitution affect the potency of botulinum toxin type A?

PROBLEM: Context: After ingestion of phosphatidylcholine, l-carnitine or betaine, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is formed by gut microbiota and liver enzymes. Elevated TMAO plasma levels were associated with increased cardiovascular risk and other diseases. Also betaine and choline itself were recently associated with increased cardiovascular risk.', 'A newly developed LC-HRMS method was applied to measure the plasma concentrations of TMAO, betaine and choline in a cohort of 339 patients undergoing coronary angiography for the evaluation of suspected coronary artery disease.', "Betaine concentrations in males were significantly higher than in females (42.0 vs. 35.9\xa0μmol/L; p\xa0<\xa00.001). Plasma concentrations of TMAO but not of betaine or choline were higher in patients with diabetes compared to euglycemic patients (2.39 vs. 0.980\xa0μmol/L; p\xa0=\xa00.001) as well as in patients with metabolic syndrome as compared to patients without metabolic syndrome (2.37 vs. 1.43\xa0μmol/L; p\xa0=\xa00.002). Plasma concentrations of TMAO or choline increased significantly with decreasing renal function (Spearman's rho:\xa0-0.281; p\xa0<\xa00.001). However, plasma levels of TMAO or betaine were associated with neither a history of myocardial infarction nor the angiographically assessed presence of coronary heart disease, nor incident cardiovascular events during 8 years of follow-up. Plasma levels of choline were significantly lower in patients with a history of acute myocardial infarction as compared to those without such history (10.0 vs. 10.8\xa0μmol/L; p\xa0=\xa00.045).
Answer: Plasma levels of TMAO are confounded by impaired kidney function and poor metabolic control but are not associated with the history, presence or incidence of symptoms or events of coronary heart disease.

SOLUTION: Are plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide confounded by impaired kidney function and poor metabolic control?

PROBLEM: Context: Impairments of intestinal barrier function are discussed as risk factors for the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Studies suggest an association between arginine/citrulline homeostasis and the development of liver damages. Here, the effect of an oral L-citrulline (Cit) supplement on the development of a Western-style diet (WSD)-induced NAFLD was determined in mice.', 'Female 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were either pair-fed a liquid Western-style or control diet (C)\xa0±\xa02.5\xa0g/kg bodyweight Cit for 6\xa0weeks (C\xa0+\xa0Cit or WSD\xa0+\xa0Cit). Indices of liver damage, glucose metabolism, intestinal barrier function and NO synthesis were measured.', 'While bodyweight gain was similar between groups, markers of glucose metabolism like fasting blood glucose and HOMA index and markers of liver damage like hepatic triglyceride levels, number of neutrophils and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein levels were significantly lower in WSD\xa0+\xa0Cit-fed mice when compared to WSD-fed mice only. Protein levels of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 in duodenum were significantly lower in mice fed a WSD when compared to those fed a WSD\xa0+\xa0Cit (-~70 and -~60\xa0%, respectively, P\xa0<\xa00.05), whereas portal endotoxin levels, concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts in duodenum and toll-like receptor-4 mRNA expression in livers of WSD\xa0+\xa0Cit-fed mice were markedly lower than in WSD-fed mice (-~43\xa0%, P\xa0=\xa00.056; -~80 and -~48\xa0%, respectively, P\xa0<\xa00.05).
Answer: Our data suggest that the protective effects of supplementing Cit on the development of NAFLD in mice are associated with a decreased translocation of endotoxin into the portal vein.

SOLUTION:
Does oral citrulline supplementation protect female mice from the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD )?