Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

To determine the effects of maternal undernutrition (MUN) on the reproductive axis of aging offspring.', 'Animal (rat) study.', 'Research laboratory.', 'Female Sprague-Dawley rats.', 'Food restriction during the second half of pregnancy in rats.', 'Circulating gonadotropins, antimüllerian hormone (AMH), ovarian morphology, estrous cyclicity, and gene expression studies in the hypothalamus and ovary in 1-day-old (P1) and aging adult offspring.', 'Offspring of MUN dams had low birth weight (LBW) and by adult age developed obesity. In addition, 80% of adult LBW offspring had disruption of estrous cycle by 8 months of age, with the majority of animals in persistent estrous. Ovarian morphology was consistent with acyclicity, with ovaries exhibiting large cystic structures and reduced corpora lutea. There was an elevation in circulating T, increased ovarian expression of enzymes involved in androgen synthesis, an increase in plasma LH/FSH levels, a reduction in E2 levels, and no changes in AMH in adult LBW offspring compared with in control offspring. Hypothalamic expression of leptin receptor (ObRb), estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), and GnRH protein was altered in an age-dependent manner with increased ObRb and ER-α expression in P1 LBW hypothalami and a reversal of this expression pattern in adult LBW hypothalami.
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In patients undergoing total knee replacement (TKR), most blood loss occurs post-operatively, and the return of unwashed filtered shed blood (USB) from post-operative drainage may represent an alternative to allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT). We evaluated the impact of USB return on the cellular immune response (CIR) after TKR.', 'Forty TKR patients, intended to receive post-operative USB, entered the study. Blood samples were obtained before and 6 h, 24 h, 72 h and 7 days after surgery, and from USB, after it had been passed through a 40-microm filter. Full blood cell counts, lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) were measured in all samples. A set of clinical data was collected from each patient.', 'Twenty-four of the 25 patients received a mean of 1.2 USB units and did not need additional ABT (USB group). Twelve of the 15 remaining patients who received neither USB nor ABT served as a control group for the post-operative CIR study. All patients showed a post-operative decrease in T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell counts, but not B-cell counts, and there were no significant differences between the groups with regard to CIR parameters, post-operative infection or hospital stay.
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Bacterial infections and bacteremia in acute liver failure may at least partly be attributed to translocation of enteric bacteria. Attempts to prevent or treat such infections by the use of antibiotics may instead result in overgrowth of surviving microbes.', 'In the present study, normal saline (1.5 ml/100 g body weight), phosphatidylcholine (1.5 ml/100 g body weight), and phosphatidylinositol (1.5 ml/100 g body weight) were orally administered by means of a gastric tube both 12 h and 30 min before operation. Effects of enteric administration of phospholipids on the prevention of enteric bacterial translocation, intestinal and mucosal mass, and enterocyte protein contents in acute liver failure induced by subtotal liver resection in the rat were evaluated.', 'The incidence of bacterial translocation increased significantly 2 and 4 h after 90% hepatectomy as compared with sham-operated animals. Enteric administration of phospholipids, however, significantly reduced the incidence of bacterial translocation after 90% hepatectomy. Phospholipid treatment prevented the postoperative decrease in intestinal mucosal mass and enterocyte protein content.

0