TASK DEFINITION: In this task your given two statements. You must judge whether the second sentence is the cause or effect of the first one. Label the instances as "cause" or "effect" based on your judgment. The sentences are separated by a newline character.
PROBLEM: The man defied the authorities of the church.
He was excommunicated from the church.

SOLUTION: effect

PROBLEM: The man started an argument with me.
My friend stood up for me.

SOLUTION: effect

PROBLEM: The woman handed her sister a tissue.
The woman's sister began to cry.

SOLUTION:
cause