Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: The normal anterior translation of the articular surface of the distal humerus with respect to the humeral diaphysis facilitates elbow flexion. We hypothesize that there is a correlation between anterior translation of the distal humeral articular surface and flexion after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture of the distal humerus.', 'Two independent observers evaluated 141 lateral radiographs of patients more than 6 months after fracture of the distal humerus and 155 lateral radiographs of patients without injury of the distal humerus. The distance between the most anterior point of the distal humerus articular surface, perpendicular to the humeral shaft, from the anterior border of the distal part of the humeral diaphysis, was measured on lateral radiographs as a percentage of the width of the humeral shaft.', 'The technique of measuring anterior translation of the distal humeral articular surface had good intra- and interobserver reliability. The most anterior point of the distal humeral articular surface lies an average of 11.7 mm (range, 6.8 to 17.0 mm) in front of the most anterior border of the humeral shaft in normal distal humeri, which represents 62% of the humeral shaft diameter (range, 33% to 91%). There was a limited but significant correlation between flexion and anterior translation as a percentage of the humeral shaft diameter in distal humeri after fracture that was maintained in multivariable statistical models.
Answer: Using a reproducible technique for measuring anterior translation of the distal humerus, there was a correlation between anterior translation of the distal humeral articular surface and elbow flexion after ORIF. Although the weakness of the correlation emphasizes that limitation of elbow flexion after ORIF of a distal humerus fracture is multifactorial, reduced anterior translation of the distal humeral articular surface might be a contributing factor.
Is loss of anterior translation of the distal humeral articular surface associated with decreased elbow flexion?

Context: Invasive species can have devastating effects on native ecosystems and therefore impose a significant threat to human welfare. The introduction rate of invasive species has accelerated dramatically in recent times due to human activity (anthropogenic effects), with a steadily growing pool of widespread tramp species. We present an in-depth analysis of four pantropical species of Xyleborus ambrosia beetles (Xyleborus volvulus, Xyleborus perforans, Xyleborus ferrugineus, and Xyleborus affinis) with similar ecology (fungus cultivation in dead wood), reproductive biology (permanent inbreeding) and genetic system (haplodiploidy). The unique combination of reproductive traits and broad host plant usage pre-adapts these beetles for colonizing of new areas.', 'We found that all four species were broadly distributed long before human-assisted dispersal became common, and that the impact of anthropogenic effects varied among the species. For X. volvulus, X. perforans, and X. affinis there was evidence of ancient establishment in numerous regions, but also of abundant recent introductions into previously colonized areas. For X. ferrugineus, we found clear biogeographical structuring of old clades, but little evidence for recent successful introductions.
Answer: Our results indicate that current human-aided transoceanic dispersal has strongly affected the genetic makeup of three of the species in this study. However, current biogeographical patterns of all four species are equally, if not more strongly, influenced by ancient establishment on different continents.
Do globally distributed Xyleborus species reveal recurrent intercontinental dispersal in a landscape of ancient worldwide distributions?

Context: Exposure to hypoxia has been suggested to acutely alter glucose regulation. However, the effects of successive exposure to moderate hypoxia on postprandial glucose regulation and substrate oxidation pattern after multiple meals have not been elucidated.', 'We examined the effects of successive exposure to moderate hypoxia on metabolic responses and substrate oxidation pattern.', 'Eight healthy men (21.0\u2009±\u20090.6\xa0yrs, 173\u2009±\u20092.3\xa0cm, 70.6\u2009±\u20095.0\xa0kg, 23.4\u2009±\u20091.1\xa0kg/m(2)) completed two experimental trials on separate days: a rest trial under normoxic conditions (FiO2\u2009=\u200920.9%) and a rest trial under hypoxic conditions (FiO2\u2009=\u200915.0%). Experimental trials were performed over 7\xa0h in an environmental chamber. Blood and respiratory gas samples were collected over 7\xa0h. Standard meals were provided 1\xa0h (745\xa0kcal) and 4\xa0h (731\xa0kcal) after entering the chamber.', 'Although each meal significantly increased blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations (P\u2009<\u20090.05), these responses did not differ significantly between the trials. There were no significant differences in areas under the curves for glucose or insulin concentrations over 7\xa0h between the trials. No significant differences were observed in blood lactate, serum cortisol, free fatty acid, or glycerol concentrations over 7\xa0h between the trials. The oxygen consumption ( [Formula: see text]) and carbon dioxide production ( [Formula: see text]) 3\xa0h after entering the chamber were significantly higher in the hypoxic trial than in the normoxic trial (P\u2009<\u20090.05). However, the differences did not affect respiratory exchange ratio (RER). The average values of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and RER did not differ between the trials.
Answer: Seven hours of moderate hypoxia did not alter postprandial glucose responses or substrate oxidation in young healthy men.

Does successive exposure to moderate hypoxia affect glucose metabolism and substrate oxidation in young healthy men?