TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Leaks of the blood-brain barrier can be detected on postcontrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRIs. Although early disruptions of the blood-brain barrier appear to be an important risk factor for tissue plasminogen activator-related hemorrhages in rodents, little is known about their incidence and consequences in human stroke.', "This is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected stroke database over the past 6 years. In 52 patients, multimodal MRI (including diffusion-weighted, perfusion-weighted, and postcontrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI to detect blood-brain barrier changes) had been performed immediately before systemic thrombolysis and in 48 patients within a median of 30 minutes (interquartile range: 30 to 60 minutes) after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment. The incidence of symptomatic hemorrhage (SICH), defined as any parenchymal hemorrhage leading to deterioration in the patient's clinical condition, was related to several clinical and imaging variables, including early blood-brain barrier changes.", 'Overall, SICH was detected in 9 (9%) patients and among these, 2 died. Although no blood-brain barrier changes were detectable before thrombolysis, 3 of 48 patients (6.25%) had a parenchymal gadolinium enhancement in the areas of initial infarction after tissue plasminogen activator treatment. All 3 patients developed SICHs at sites corresponding to the areas of enhancement. The presence of a parenchymal enhancement was significantly associated with SICH (P<0.01), whereas other clinical and imaging variables did not predict SICH in this series.

SOLUTION: Does early disruption of the blood-brain barrier after thrombolytic therapy predict hemorrhage in patients with acute stroke?

PROBLEM: Hepatic myofibroblasts are relevant for pathogenesis of S. mansoni infection. In normal liver, these perisinusoidal cells are quiescent, express the lipocyte phenotype, and are located in the Disse's space, being the major site of vitamin A storage. When activated, they convert to myofibroblasts and contribute to granulomatous and diffuse liver fibrosis. In the present work, we observed that myofibroblasts obtained from granulomatous periovular inflammatory reactions in schistosome-infected mice (GR-MF) produce in vitro immunomodulatory cytokines for eosinophil activation: IL-5 and eotaxin.", 'The secretory activity of GR-MF was detected after TGF-β and IL-13 stimulation using 2D and 3D cell culture systems. In a mixed co-culture system using GR-MF with hematopoietic bone marrow cells from infected mice, we observed eosinophil survival that was dependent upon IL-5 and eotaxin, since antibodies against this cytokines decreased eosinophil population, as measured by eosinophil peroxidase activity.

SOLUTION: Are hepatic myofibroblasts derived from Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice a source of IL-5 and eotaxin : controls of eosinophil populations in vitro?

PROBLEM: There have seen several studies evaluating the efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) compared with conventional therapy (i.e. immunomodulators, mesalamine, or placebo) at preventing postoperative Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence. The results of these studies have been variable and the magnitude by which anti-TNFα therapy alters the natural history of CD in the postoperative setting has not yet been fully defined.", 'A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases was performed (May 2014). All studies on adult patients with CD that compared anti-TNFα therapy versus conventional therapy or placebo to prevent CD recurrence were included. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel (fixed effects) model with odds ratio (OR) to assess for clinical remission.', 'In the pooled analysis, there was a higher frequency of achieving clinical remission beyond 1 year from time of surgery among patients receiving anti-TNFα therapy compared with conventional therapy [OR 6.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.88-14.27]. There was also a significantly higher rate of achieving both endoscopic (OR 26.44; 95% CI 10.48-66.68) and histologic remission (OR 9.80; 95% CI 2.54-37.81) in the anti-TNFα therapy group compared with the conventional therapy group.

SOLUTION:
Is antitumor necrosis factor α more effective than conventional medical therapy for the prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn 's disease : a meta-analysis?