TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: The combined effects of Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) infections and their effects on cancer cell radioresistance are unexplored.', 'An HPV16-positive hypopharyngeal carcinoma cell line (UD-SCC-2) was infected with wt-HSV-1 at low multiplicity of infection (MOI) and irradiated with 2 Gy at 24 h postinfection. Viability assays and quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR for HPV16 E6, E7, nuclear factor kappa B1, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2), and caspases 3, 8 and 9 at 24, and 72 h, as well as immunocytochemistry for BCL2, caspase 3, cyclin E, mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), HSV-1 and Ki-67 were performed at 144 h postirradiation.', 'At 144 h, cell viability was significantly lowered by irradiation only in uninfected cells. Infection combined with irradiation resulted in increased expression of E6, E7, BCL2 and NF-κB1 at 144 h. Simultaneously, E6 and E7 were down-regulated in non-irradiated infected cells. Irradiation and infection with 0.00001 MOI separately up-regulated caspase 3 but infection with 0.0001 MOI halved its expression in irradiated cells.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Enhanced processing of emotional stimuli after stress exposure is reported to be associated with stress-induced cortisol. Because enhanced emotional information processing could make cognitive emotion regulation more difficult, it was hypothesized that stress-induced cortisol would be associated with non-negative interpretation generation associated with the cognitive reappraisal processes.', 'A total of 36 participants (Mean age\u2009=\u200921.3\xa0years, SD\u2009=\u20091.8) watched video clips of depression-related stressful situations before and after the administration of a stress induction task. They were then asked to generate as many non-negative interpretations as possible to reduce the depressive mood. Saliva samples were obtained before and after the stress induction task to measure change in the cortisol level.', 'Participants were allocated post-hoc to either a responder (n\u2009=\u200919) or non-responder group (n\u2009=\u200917) based on the cortisol response to the stress induction task. The number of non-negative interpretations generated following the stress induction task was reduced only in the cortisol responders. The number of post-stress non-negative interpretations was fewer in the responder group when compared by sex, baseline cortisol level, and the number of pre-stress non-negative interpretations, statistically controlled.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: There is a scarcity of information on the effect of white matter degeneration in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 7. Therefore, we investigated the WM integrity in a large group of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 by using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics.', "Thirty-three patients with a molecular diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 and their age- and sex-matched healthy controls participated in this study. The patients' ataxia severity was evaluated with the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia. Voxelwise analyses of diffusion metrics, including fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity, were performed with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. The correlation between WM abnormalities and ataxia severity was then calculated.", 'Tract-Based Spatial Statistics analysis revealed WM abnormalities in the cerebellum and the cerebellar peduncles, as well as in other major cortical and subcortical pathways. Further analysis between the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia score and WM mean diffusivity showed significant associations only in key areas related to motor control and visuospatial processing, including the cerebellar WM, the middle occipital WM, the superior cerebellar peduncle, and bilateral anterior thalamic radiation. No significant associations between fractional anisotropy and the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia were found.

SOLUTION:
1