Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)-weighted and vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling (VE-ASL) MRI provide complementary information and can be used in sequence to gauge hemodynamic contributions to cerebrovascular reactivity. Here, cerebrovascular reactivity is assessed using dual echo VE-ASL MRI to understand how VE labeling preparations influence BOLD and ASL contrast in flow-limited and healthy perfusion territories.', 'Patients (n\u2009=\u200912; age\u2009=\u200955 +/- 14 years; 6F/6M) presenting with ischemic steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disease underwent 3.0T angiographic imaging, T1 -weighted structural, and planning-free dual echo hypercarbic hyperoxic (i.e., carbogen) VE-ASL MRI. Vasculopathy extent, timecourses, and cerebrovascular reactivity (signal change and Z-statistic) for different VE-ASL images were contrasted across flow territories and Bonferroni-corrected P-values reported.', 'BOLD cerebrovascular reactivity (i.e., long-TE VE-ASL) Z-statistics were similarly sensitive to asymmetric disease (P\u2009≤\u20090.002) regardless of labeling scenario. Cerebral blood flow reactivity correlated significantly with BOLD reactivity (Z-statistic). However, BOLD signal changes did not differ significantly between labeling scenarios (P\u2009>\u20090.003) or across territories (P\u2009>\u20090.002), indicating BOLD signal changes in response to carbogen offer low sensitivity to lateralizing disease.
Answer: Dual echo VE-ASL can provide simultaneous cerebral blood flow and qualitative BOLD contrast consistent with lateralizing disease severity in patients with asymmetric steno-occlusive disease. The methodological strengths and limitations of composite BOLD and VE-ASL measurements in the clinic are discussed.
[A]: Do dual echo vessel-encoded ASL for simultaneous BOLD and CBF reactivity assessment in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease?


[Q]: Context: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients are at risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). We aimed to explore whether systolic function by strain echocardiography is related to VAs and to the extent of fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR).', 'We included 150 HCM patients and 50 healthy individuals. VAs were defined as non-sustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia and aborted cardiac arrest. Left ventricular function was assessed by ejection fraction (EF) and by global longitudinal strain (GLS) assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography. Mechanical dispersion was calculated as standard deviation (SD) of time from Q/R on ECG to peak longitudinal strain in 16 left ventricular segments. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was assessed by CMR. HCM patients had similar EF (61 ± 5% vs. 61 ± 8%, P = 0.77), but worse GLS (-15.7 ± 3.6% vs. -21.1 ± 1.9%, P < 0.001) and more pronounced mechanical dispersion (64 ± 22 vs. 36 ± 13 ms, P < 0.001) compared with healthy individuals. VAs were documented in 37 (25%) HCM patients. Patients with VAs had worse GLS (-14.1 ± 3.6% vs. -16.3 ± 3.4%, P < 0.01), more pronounced mechanical dispersion (79 ± 27 vs. 59 ± 16 ms, P < 0.001), and higher %LGE (6.1 ± 7.8% vs. 0.5 ± 1.4%, P < 0.001) than patients without VAs. Mechanical dispersion correlated with %LGE (R = 0.52, P < 0.001) and was independently associated with VAs (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3, P = 0.02) and improved risk stratification for VAs.
Answer: GLS, mechanical dispersion, and LGE were markers of VAs in HCM patients. Mechanical dispersion was a strong independent predictor of VAs and related to the extent of fibrosis. Strain echocardiography may improve risk stratification of VAs in HCM.
[A]: Is strain echocardiography related to fibrosis and ventricular arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?


[Q]: Context: Asteatotic eczema (AE) is characterized by itchy, dry, rough, and scaling skin. The treatments for AE are mainly emollients, usually containing urea, lactic acid, or a lactate salt. N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) and N-acetylethanolamine (AEA) are both endogenous lipids used as novel therapeutic tools in the treatment of many skin diseases. The purpose of this study was to compare a PEA/AEA emollient with a traditional emollient in the treatment of AE.', "A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, comparative trial was conducted in 60 AE patients to evaluate and compare the efficacy of the two emollients. The level of skin dryness among the subjects ranged from mild to moderate. The subjects' skin barrier function and the current perception threshold were tested for 28 days by clinical scoring and bioengineering technology.", 'The results showed that, although some aspects were improved in both groups, the group using the emollient containing PEA/AEA presented a better skin surface change in capacitance. However, the most impressive finding was the ability of the PEA/AEA emollient to increase the 5 Hz current perception threshold to a normal level after 7 days, with a significant difference between values at baseline and after 14 days. A current perception threshold of 5 Hz was positively and significantly correlated with skin surface hydration and negatively correlated with transepidermal water loss in the PEA/AEA emollient group.
Answer: Compared with traditional emollients, regular application of a topical PEA/AEA emollient could improve both passive and active skin functions simultaneously.
[A]:
Are n-palmitoylethanolamine and N-acetylethanolamine effective in asteatotic eczema : results of a randomized , double-blind , controlled study in 60 patients?