In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

[Q]: Context: To assist in the development of preventive strategies, we studied whether the neighbourhood environment or modifiable behavioural parameters, including cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA), are independently associated with obesity and metabolic risk markers in children.', 'We carried out a cross-sectional analysis of 502 randomly selected first and fifth grade urban and rural Swiss schoolchildren with regard to CRF, PA and the neighbourhood (rural vs urban) environment. Outcome measures included BMI, sum of four skinfold thicknesses, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and a standardised clustered metabolic risk score.', 'CRF and PA (especially total PA, but also the time spent engaged in light and in moderate and vigorous intensity PA) were inversely associated with measures of obesity, HOMA-IR and the metabolic risk score, independently of each other, and of sociodemographic and nutritional parameters, media use, sleep duration, BMI and the neighbourhood environment (all p < 0.05). Children living in a rural environment were more physically active and had higher CRF values and reduced HOMA-IR and metabolic risk scores compared with children living in an urban environment (all p < 0.05). These differences in cardiovascular risk factors persisted after adjustment for CRF, total PA and BMI.\Question: Are reduced cardiorespiratory fitness , low physical activity and an urban environment independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children?
[A]: Reduced CRF, low PA and an urban environment are independently associated with an increase in metabolic risk markers in children.


[Q]: Context: Protein kinase D (PKD or PKD1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has been shown to play a role in a variety of cellular processes; however, the function of PKD1 in the skin has not been fully investigated. The balance between proliferation and differentiation processes in the predominant cells of the epidermis, the keratinocytes, is essential for normal skin function.', 'To investigate the effect of PKD1 deficiency on proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes.', 'We utilized a floxed PKD1 mouse model such that infecting epidermal keratinocytes derived from these mice with an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase allowed us to determine the effect of PKD1 gene loss in vitro. Proliferation and differentiation were monitored using qRT-PCR, Western blot, transglutaminase activity assays, [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell cycle analysis.', 'A significant decrease in PKD1 mRNA and protein levels was achieved in adenoviral Cre-recombinase-infected cells. Deficiency of PKD1 resulted in significant increases in the mRNA and protein expression of various differentiation markers such as loricrin, involucrin, and keratin 10 either basally and/or upon stimulation of differentiation. PKD1-deficient keratinocytes also showed an increase in transglutaminase expression and activity, indicating an anti-differentiative role of PKD1. Furthermore, the PKD1-deficient keratinocytes exhibited decreased proliferation. However, PKD1 loss had no effect on stem cell marker expression.\Question: Does protein kinase D1 deficiency promote differentiation in epidermal keratinocytes?
[A]: Cre-recombinase-mediated knockdown represents an additional approach demonstrating that PKD1 is an anti-differentiative, pro-proliferative signal in mouse keratinocytes.


[Q]: Context: Platelet concentrates are important for support of patients with malignancies requiring myelotoxic chemotherapy. During storage, 10% to 15% of platelets may become activated resulting in the release of alpha-granules, which contain growth factors. We hypothesize that, during storage, growth factors accumulate in the plasma, specifically platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-beta, and fibroblast growth factor-2, which may adversely affect cancer patients.', 'The concentrations of growth factors were measured by ELISA from the plasma of apheresis platelets serially throughout storage (days 1, 3, 5, and 7) and compared with concentrations in fresh plasma from healthy blood donors. Washing was evaluated as a method of growth factor removal, and an in vitro model of platelet transfusion in a patient receiving Bevacizumab (Avastin) using immunoprecipitation was employed to determine if Bevacizumab would be bound by the VEGF in apheresis platelets.', 'VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta were increased on day 1 versus fresh plasma and throughout storage reaching a relative maximum at outdate (P < 0.01, day 5 or 7). Fibroblast growth factor-2 concentrations were significantly increased on day 7 alone versus day 1 or to fresh plasma (P < 0.01). Washing removed 41 +/- 11% to 56 +/- 2% of the growth factors. Bevacizumab effectively bound the VEGF from apheresis platelets, with significant amounts of VEGF remaining in the supernatant.\Question: Do oncogenic and angiogenic growth factors accumulate during routine storage of apheresis platelet concentrates?
[A]:
Significant amounts of growth factors are present in apheresis platelets due to the isolation procedures, and these concentrations increase over storage, which may be partially removed by washing. In addition, apheresis platelet transfusion could affect cancer treatment by binding monoclonal antibodies directed against growth factors of tumor origin.