In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

man angered Isabella de l'Anguileme when he named his brother as the Comte de Poitou. He won a battle against Henry III and the Comte de la Marche before negotiating a truce with Hugh of Lusignan at Taillebourg Bridge. John of Ibelin helped this man to push Fakhr ad-Din to Damietta in his most famous initiative, which later saw the arrival of Alfonso of Poitou at Cairo. He was captured at the Battle of Farsikur during a war that he fought alongside his brother, Robert of Artois. This son of Blanche of Castille and was the leader of the Seventh Crusade. For 10 points, name this ruler from 1226 to 1270, the only French king to be canonized.
History

In his early career, this man repeatedly lost to the forces of Muhammad Shaybani. This man took advantage of the scheming of Alam Khan and Dualat Khan to defeat Ibrahim Lodi in battle. Shortly after that battle, this man defeated the Rajput army of Rana Sanga at the Battle of Khanua. This descendant of (*) Tamurlane made several unsuccessful attempts to capture Samarkand and was forced to capture Kabul instead. This man was succeeded by his son Humayan and defeated the Delhi sultanate at the first Battle of Panipat. For 10 points, name this founder of the Mughal Empire.
History

One type of this can be approximated with a model that incorporates hardness and which is similar to the Oren-Nayer model, the Blinn model. The Cook-Torrance model involves terms for surface roughness and geometric attenuation and implements a four dimensional model for it, the BRDF. Another model of this process employs a namesake interpolation and combines the constants ks, kd, and ka and is known as the Phong model. The Lambertian model for this does not change based on the position of the viewer and is used in modeling the diffuse form of this, the opposite of the specular type of it. The angle of this is equal to the angle of incidence, while at angles larger than the critical angle, the total internal type of this occurs. FTP, identify this phenomenon commonly produced by lakes and mirrors.

Science