Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

To investigate whether tafluprost, which is a prostaglandin-related compound and an anti-glaucoma drug, has a direct anti-apoptotic effect in cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and rat RGCs in retinas with optic nerve crush (ONC).', 'RGC-5 cells were induced to undergo apoptosis by a serum deprivation and by exogenous glutamate. The level of cell death with or without tafluprost was monitored by an XTT assay and by immunocytochemistry with activated caspase-3. Changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) levels were measured with fluo-4 fluorescence. Rat RGCs were degenerated by ONC. After topical instillation of tafluprost for 7 and 14 days, the numbers of retrograde-labeled RGCs were counted. Retinal flatmounts were subjected to terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining to detect apoptotic cells.', 'Tafluprost dose-dependently promoted RGC-5 cell viability with an optimum concentration of 3 microM (p = 0.006). Tafluprost significantly reduced caspase-3-positive cells and suppressed [Ca(+2)]i evoked by exogenous glutamate. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor and KT-5823 partially blocked the rescue effect of tafluprost (p = 0.002). The survival rate of RGCs significantly increased in eyes treated with tafluprost (p = 0.01), and the prevalence of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly decreased 14 days after ONC (p < 0.001).
0

Methotrexate (MTX) is the anchor drug in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MTX shows effects on disease activity and mortality. However, it is unclear whether the effect of MTX on mortality depends on its effect on disease activity.', 'In a post-hoc analysis we analysed the data of our cohort established in Ratingen, Germany, and included all patients starting treatment with MTX (n=271) between 1980 and 1987. One year after baseline (BL), response to MTX treatment was assessed using a modified ACR 20 response. Follow-up data of 250 patients were available after 10 and 18 years.', 'After 1 year, there were 66% responders and 20% non-responders; only 14% had discontinued MTX treatment due to side effects or lack of efficacy. Most patients continued MTX treatment irrespective of efficacy. Ten years after BL, 61% of the patients were still treated with MTX. After 18 years, the responder-group showed a standardised mortality ratio of 1.6 compared to 3.2 for the group of non-responders. However, when adjusting for age, gender, response to MTX treatment one year after BL, number of swollen joints and comorbidities after 10 years an independent association of continued MTX treatment with lower mortality was found for the period 10 to 18 years after BL (hazard ratio (HR): 0.63, 95% confidence interval: 0.43-0.92, p=0.015).
1

Hepatocholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CC) is a rare primary liver cancer. Its long-term prognosis is still not well-defined. Results from the Eastern and Western literature have been conflicting and no conclusions can be drawn. The aim of the present study was to review the long-term outcome of curative hepatectomy for HCC-CC.', 'Prospectively collected data from December 1991 to 2006 recording patients with primary liver cancer receiving curative hepatectomy were reviewed. Twenty-five patients, 16 men and 9 women with a median age of 48 years, all ethnic Chinese, had HCC-CC. Their long-term outcome of resection was analyzed and compared to that of patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CC) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).', 'The HCC-CC patients had a median tumor size of 7.5 cm. Five of them developed postoperative complications. The median follow-up period was 25 months. All of the patients developed recurrence. The median overall survival was 25.2 months. The HCC-CC and CC groups had significantly worse overall survival than the HCC group (HCC versus HCC-CC, p = 0.012; HCC versus CC, p = 0.001) whereas between them there was no significant difference (p = 0.822). As for disease-free survival, there was no significant difference between the three groups; the median disease-free survival for HCC-CC patients was 13.5 months; that for CC patients, 16.1 months; and that for HCC patients, 19.0 months. All HCC-CC patients died within 120 months of primary surgery.

0