In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: Exosomes are 30-100 nm membrane vesicles of endocytic origin, mediating diverse biological functions including tumor cell invasion, cell-cell communication and antigen presentation through transfer of proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs. Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs can be released through ceramide-dependent secretory machinery regulated by neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) enzyme encoded by the smpd3 gene that triggers exosome secretion. However, whether exosome-mediated microRNA transfer plays any role in cell invasion remains poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the exosomal microRNAs involved in breast cancer invasion.', 'The expression level of endogenous and exosomal miRNAs were examined by real time PCR and the expression level of target proteins were detected by western blot. Scanning electron and confocal microscopy were used to characterize exosomes and to study its uptake and transfer. Luciferase reporter plasmids and its mutant were used to confirm direct targeting. Furthermore, the functional significance of exosomal miR-10b was estimated by invasion assay.', 'In this study, we demonstrate that microRNA carrying exosomes can be transferred among different cell lines through direct uptake. miR-10b is highly expressed in metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells as compared to non-metastatic breast cancer cells or non-malignant breast cells; it is actively secreted into medium via exosomes. In particular, nSMase2 or ceramide promotes the exosome-mediated miR-10b secretion whereas ceramide inhibitor suppresses this secretion. Moreover, upon uptake, miR-10b can suppress the protein level of its target genes such as HOXD10 and KLF4, indicating its functional significance. Finally, treatment with exosomes derived from MDA-MB-231 cells could induce the invasion ability of non-malignant HMLE cells.\Question: Does exosome-mediated transfer of miR-10b promote cell invasion in breast cancer?

Output: Together, our results suggest that a set of specific microRNAs may play an important role in modulating tumor microenvironment through exosomes. Thus, a better understanding of this process may aid in the development of novel therapeutic agents.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Surgery has been the gold standard in the treatment of adult pyloric stenosis (APS). The introduction of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in 1989 revolutionised the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and its complications.', 'We carried out a prospective study to evaluate the effectiveness of PPIs as an alternative to surgery for treatment of APS. Six consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of adult peptic pyloric stenosis between November 1999 and August 2002 were studied. The diagnosis was confirmed with endoscopy. All patients were commenced on a twice-daily dose of intravenous PPI. This was changed to oral treatment after 2 days. Main outcome measures evaluated were resolution of symptoms on PPIs and failure of medical therapy.', 'There were five females and one male. Median age at diagnosis was 72 years (range, 30-90 years). Median duration of symptoms was 2 weeks (range, 1-5 weeks). Of the patients, five had a history of peptic ulcer disease. Complete resolution was achieved in 5 patients (83%). Median duration for resolution of symptoms was 9 days (range, 5-14 days). All patients were changed to oral PPIs after 2 days. One patient did not respond to oral therapy and required surgical intervention (pyloroplasty). Median follow-up was 26 months (range, 6-48 months). There was no recurrence of symptoms. All patients were discharged on low-dose PPI.\Question: Is proton pump inhibition a feasible primary alternative to surgery and balloon dilatation in adult peptic pyloric stenosis ( APS ) : report of six consecutive cases?

Output: This study supports the view that proton pump inhibitors are a safe and feasible alternative to surgery in adult pyloric stenosis secondary to peptic ulcer disease.


Input: Consider Input: Context: To examine the individual and combined influence of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) on mortality risk in older people.', 'Longitudinal cohort study.', 'Cardiovascular Health Study, a longitudinal study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in older people.', 'Five thousand two hundred men and women aged 65 and older.', 'BMI and WC were measured at baseline. The risks of all-cause mortality associated with BMI and WC were examined using Cox proportional hazards models over 9 years of follow-up.', 'When examined individually, BMI and WC were both negative predictors of mortality, but when BMI and WC were examined simultaneously, BMI was a negative predictor of mortality, whereas WC was a positive predictor of mortality. After controlling for WC, mortality risk decreased 21% for every standard deviation increase in BMI. After controlling for BMI, mortality risk increased 13% for every standard deviation increase in WC. The patterns of associations were consistent by sex, age, and disease status.\Question: Is body mass index inversely related to mortality in older people after adjustment for waist circumference?


Output: Higher BMI values indicated a lower mortality risk once the risk attributable to WC was accounted for, whereas higher WC values indicate a higher mortality risk once the risk attributable to BMI was accounted for. Both BMI and WC should be measured in the clinical setting, but in older adults higher BMI is associated with lower mortality rates.