TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: A large body of research suggests that light or moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced all-cause mortality. However, concerns remain that the observed relationship is due to selection bias, misclassification of ex-drinkers, or residual confounding.', 'The association between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality was analyzed using Cox regression. The analysis was performed using data from the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal cohort of 24,029 individuals from a nationally representative sample of US adults aged more than 50 years. Drinking level was based on alcohol consumption measured at 3 points over the 4 years before the start of follow-up. Occasional drinkers-those who reported drinking on at least 1 occasion, but always less than once per week-served as the reference category. There was extensive adjustment for sociodemographic variables, health status, and functional status.', 'During 206,966 person-years of follow up, 7902 individuals died. No level of regular alcohol consumption was associated with reduced all-cause mortality. The hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval in fully adjusted analyses was 1.02 (0.94-1.11) for <7 drinks/week, 1.14 (1.02-1.28) for 7 to <14 drinks/week, 1.13 (0.96-1.35) for 14 to <21 drinks/week, and 1.45 (1.16-1.81) for ≥ 21 drinks/week.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Efavirenz is used for the antiretroviral treatment of HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected patients in developing countries. A switch to nevirapine is regularly carried out because of the cost and side effects of efavirenz. Pharmacokinetic studies suggested that nevirapine should be initiated at full dose when used as a substitute for efavirenz.', 'The aim of this study was to measure the cumulative incidence of adverse events (AEs) related to nevirapine in patients switched from efavirenz to immediate full-dose nevirapine (FDN).', 'In 2001 an antiretroviral treatment programme was initiated with the first-line regimen stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz. In 2003, the fixed-dose combination of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine was recommended. Thus, first-line therapy was changed and FDN was initiated when patients were switched from efavirenz to nevirapine.', 'Between April and December 2004, 394 patients were switched from efavirenz to FDN. The cumulative incidence of AEs related to nevirapine was 13.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 10.2-16.7] and that of severe AEs was 8.9% (95% CI 6.5-11.9). In women the incidence of AEs was 17.6% (95% CI 12.1-24.3) and that of severe AEs was 12.2% (95% CI 7.7-18.2).

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: Point-of-care ultrasound evaluates inferior vena cava (IVC) and internal jugular vein (IJV) measurements to estimate intravascular volume status. The reliability of the IVC and IJV collapsibility index during increased thoracic or intra-abdominal pressure remains unclear.', "Three phases of sonographic scanning were performed: spontaneous breathing phase, increased thoracic pressure phase via positive pressure ventilation (PPV) phase, and increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) phase via laparoscopic insufflation to 15\xa0mmHg. IVC measurements were done at 1-2\xa0cm below the diaphragm and IJV measurements were done at the level of the cricoid cartilage during a complete respiratory cycle. Collapsibility index was calculated by (max diameter\xa0-\xa0min diameter)/max diameter\xa0×\xa0100\xa0%. Chi square, t test, correlation procedure (CORR) and Fisher's exact analyses were completed.", 'A total of 144 scans of the IVC and IJV were completed in 16 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery. Mean age was 46\xa0±\xa015\xa0years, with 75\xa0% female and 69\xa0% African-American. IVC and IJV collapsibility correlated in the setting of spontaneous breathing (r (2)\xa0=\xa00.86, p\xa0<\xa00.01). IVC collapsibility had no correlation with the IJV in the setting of PPV (r (2)\xa0=\xa00.21, p\xa0=\xa00.52) or IAP (r (2)\xa0=\xa00.26, p\xa0=\xa00.42). Maximal IVC diameter was significantly smaller during increased IAP (16.5\xa0mm\xa0±\xa04.9) compared to spontaneous breathing (20.6\xa0mm\xa0±\xa04.8, p\xa0=\xa00.04) and PPV (21.8\xa0mm\xa0±\xa05.6, p\xa0=\xa00.01).

SOLUTION:
1