Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
--------
Question: Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit therapeutic effects in human autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate how allogeneic MSCs mediate immunosuppression in lupus patients.', 'The effects of allogeneic umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) on inhibition of T cell proliferation were determined. MSC functional molecules were stimulated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy controls and SLE patients and examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were purified using microbeads to stimulate MSCs in order to determine cytokine expression by MSCs and to further determine which cell subset(s) or which molecule(s) is involved in inhibition of MSC-mediated T cell proliferation. The related signaling pathways were assessed. We determined levels of serum cytokines in lupus patients before and after UC-MSC transplantation.', 'Allogeneic UC-MSCs suppressed T cell proliferation in lupus patients by secreting large amounts of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We further found that interferon-γ (IFNγ), which is produced predominantly by lupus CD8+ T cells, is the key factor that enhances IDO activity in allogeneic MSCs and that it is associated with IFNGR1/JAK-2/STAT signaling pathways. Intriguingly, bone marrow-derived MSCs from patients with active lupus demonstrated defective IDO production in response to IFNγ and allogeneic CD8+ T cell stimulation. After allogeneic UC-MSC transplantation, serum IDO activity increased in lupus patients.

Answer: 1


Question: Despite evidence supporting the importance of breastfeeding to child health, breastfeeding practices remain suboptimal in Vietnam. There is currently little evidence on the importance of breastfeeding in the prevention of morbidity during infancy in Vietnam. In order to provide country specific data for policy makers to support breastfeeding friendly policies and programs, analysis was undertaken on a cross-sectional dataset to investigate the association between breastfeeding practices and prevalence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) among infants aged 0-5 months.', 'Data on socio-demographic characteristics, infant feeding practices and prevalence of diarrhea and ARI were obtained from 6,068 mother-child dyads in 11 provinces of Vietnam in 2011. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the associations between breastfeeding practices and child illnesses.', 'On average, the prevalence of diarrhea and ARI among infants 0-5 months was 5.3% and 24.5%, respectively. Though half of all infants were breastfed within one hour of birth, 73.3% were given prelacteal foods in the first three days after birth. Only 20.2% of children 0-5 months old were exclusively breastfed, while 32.4% were predominantly breastfed and 47.4% partially breastfed. After adjusting for confounders, early initiation of breastfeeding was associated with lower prevalence of diarrhea [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u2009=\u20090.74 (95% CI 0.58, 0.93)], while prelacteal feeding was associated with higher prevalence [AOR\u2009=\u20091.53 (95% CI 1.15, 2.03)]. Compared to infants who were exclusively breastfed, infants who were predominantly [AOR\u2009=\u20091.52 (95% CI 1.05, 2.21)] or partially breastfed [AOR\u2009=\u20091.55 (95% CI 1.07, 2.24)] were more likely to have diarrhea. Prelacteal feeding [AOR\u2009=\u20091.16 (95% CI 1.01, 1.33)] and partial breastfeeding [AOR relative to exclusive breastfeeding\u2009=\u20091.24 (95% CI 1.03, 1.48)] were associated with higher prevalence of ARI. While the protective effects of exclusive breastfeeding against diarrhea declined with child age, this effect for ARI appears to have remained constant.

Answer: 0


Question: Calf muscle pump dysfunction is a recognized factor in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). We investigated the hypothesis that limbs with CVI have a reduced ankle range of motion (ROM) that may be responsible for the poor calf pump function associated with venous ulceration.', 'Ankle ROM and calf pump function were assessed in 32 limbs of 26 adult men. Limbs were selected on the basis of clinical presentation: normal (n = 6 limbs), class 1 or 2 CVI with no history of ulceration (n = 9 limbs), class 3 CVI with healed ulceration (n = 9 limbs), and class 3 CVI with active ulceration (n = 8 limbs). ROM was determined by goniometry during maximal plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the ankle. Calf pump function was determined by air plethysmographic measurement of ejection fraction (EF) and residual volume fraction (RVF).', 'Ankle ROM was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in each CVI group compared with age-matched control subjects, because of decreases in both plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. Calf pump function was significantly impaired (decreased EF and increased RVF) in ulcerated limbs. ROM was significantly correlated to EF and RVF. Impairment of ROM and calf pump function was associated with deterioration in the clinical classification of venous disease.

Answer:
1