Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is present in one-third of all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals in the United States and is associated with rapid progression of liver fibrosis and poor response to pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin. In this study we examined gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from different groups of individuals who are monoinfected or coinfected with HIV and HCV. Data showed that HIV and HCV viremia up-regulate genes associated with immune activation and immunoregulatory pathways. HCV viremia is also associated with abnormalities in all peripheral immune cells, suggesting a global effect of HCV on the immune system. Interferon-alpha-induced genes were expressed at a higher level in PBMCs from HIV-infected individuals. HCV and HIV infections leave distinct profiles or gene expression of immune activation in PBMCs. HIV viremia induces an immune activated state; by comparison, HCV infection induces immunoregulatory and proinflammatory pathways that may contribute to progression of liver fibrosis.

Output: Do human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C infections induce distinct immunologic imprints in peripheral mononuclear cells?


Input: Consider Input: We investigated the clinical significance of GALNT4 expression in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.', 'Enrolled in this study were 104 patients treated with curative nephrectomy at Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai during 2004. Of the cohort 23 patients died of disease, 33 experienced recurrence and 3 died of another cause. GALNT4 density was assessed by immunohistochemistry in patient specimens. Univariate and multivariate Cox models, and ROC analysis were used to analyze the impact of prognostic factors on overall and relapse-free survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log rank test was done to compare clinical outcomes between subgroups.', 'Intratumor GALNT4 expression was significantly lower than peritumor expression. Low GALNT4 expression was associated with poor overall and relapse-free survival (p = 0.001 and 0.004, respectively). Intratumor GALNT4 expression, which negatively correlated with tumor size (p = 0.032), necrosis (p\xa0=\xa00.013) and TNM stage (p = 0.017), was an independent prognostic indicator for overall and relapse-free survival (HR 3.088, p = 0.020 and 2.173, p = 0.047, respectively). Extending the TNM staging system according to GALNT4 expression showed a better prognostic value for overall and relapse-free survival (AUC 0.786, p = 0.029 and 0.761, p = 0.040, respectively).

Output: Does gALNT4 predict clinical outcome in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma?


Input: Consider Input: Bronchial asthma is characterized by infiltration of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells into the airways. Binding to adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells is an initial step of eosinophil accumulation in the airways of asthmatic patients. Theophylline has been widely used in the treatment of bronchial asthma mainly due to its bronchodilating effect. It has recently been suggested that theophylline induces modulating effects on the survival or functional status of eosinophils. The objective of this study was to determine whether theophylline modifies the adhesive interaction between eosinophils and endothelial cells.', 'Eosinophils were isolated from blood of patients with mild asthma. The effects of theophylline on eosinophil adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or recombinant adhesion proteins were evaluated. The effect of theophylline on the expression of adhesion molecules on HUVEC was also examined.', "Theophylline significantly inhibited the eosinophil adhesion induced by formyl-methionyl-leucil-phenylalanine (FMLP) or interleukine-5 (IL-5) at a concentration within the therapeutic range. The effect of theophylline on eosinophil adhesion was mimicked by rolipram, a selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and N6,2'-O-dibutyladenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (Db-cAMP; cAMP analogue). Finally, theophylline inhibited the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on HUVEC stimulated with IL-4 plus TNF-alpha.


Output: Does theophylline attenuate the adhesion of eosinophils to endothelial cells?