TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Is weight-training exercise intervention harmful to women with or at risk of breast cancer-related lymphoedema?', 'Systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised trials.', 'Women with or at risk of breast cancer-related lymphoedema.', 'Progressive weight-training exercise.', 'The primary outcomes were severity (volume difference) and incidence of arm lymphoedema. Secondary outcomes included muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs, quality of life and body mass index.', 'Eleven studies from eight trials involving 1091 women were included. Weight-training exercise of low to moderate intensity with relatively slow progression significantly improved the upper limb strength (SMD 0.93, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.12) and lower limb strength (SMD 0.75, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.04) without increasing the arm volume (SMD -0.09, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.05) or incidence of breast cancer-related lymphoedema (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.15). No significant effects were noted for body mass index (SMD -0.10, 95% -0.31 to 0.11). Some aspects of quality of life may improve with weight training. PARTICIPANTS in all trials used pressure garments and received supervision; no trials used high-intensity weight training.
Answer: Weight training appears to be safe and beneficial in improving limb strength and physical components of quality of life in women with or at risk of lymphoedema. Pressure garments, supervision and limiting the intensity of the weight training may each be important, but this could not be confirmed with this review.

SOLUTION: Is weight training harmful for women with breast cancer-related lymphoedema : a systematic review?

PROBLEM: Context: To investigate the effects of quercetin, an herbal flavonoid, on LPS-induced delay in spontaneous apoptosis, adhesion molecules (CD62L, CD11b/CD18) expression of neutrophils, and superoxide (O(2)(-)) generation by LPS-primed fMLP-induced human neutrophils.', 'Neutrophils were incubated in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a final concentration of 1 microg/ml for 24 hours. Some wells with neutrophils were pre-treated with quecetin at the final concentration ranging from 0-100 microM for 30 min and then 1 microg/ml LPS was added into the cultures for 24 hours. The apoptosis of neutrophils was evaluated by flowcytometry analysis of propidum iodide (PI)-staining of the nuclei and annexin V staining of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the cell membrane. Agarose gel electrophoresis of low molecular weight DNA was performed to analyze DNA fragmentation. The effects of quercetin on adhesion molecules were detected by using flowcytometry analysis. The generation of O(2) (-) by LPS-primed fMLP-induced neutrophils was determined by reduced cytochrome c assay.', 'LPS markedly inhibited the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils, but the inhibitory effect was abrogated after the pre-treatment of neutrophils with quercetin (approximately 40 microM) for 30 min. Quercetin (40 microM) also prevented LPS-induced down-regulation of CD62L expression, up-regulation of CD11b/CD18 expression, and O(2) (-) generation by fMLP-induced neutrophils.
Answer: As one of the pro-inflammatory factors, LPS aggravates inflammation through priming neutrophils to synthesize/release cytotoxic contents and prolonging functional lifespan of neutrophils by delaying the spontaneous apoptosis. Thus, our data suggest to us that quercetin might decrease the susceptibility of neutrophils to pro-inflammatory factors (e. g. LPS), which could partially explain the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of quercetin.

SOLUTION: Does quercetin inhibit LPS-induced delay in spontaneous apoptosis and activation of neutrophils?

PROBLEM: Context: Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a complex heritable condition associated with impairments in multiple neurocognitive domains. Substantial heritability has been reported for DD and related phenotypes, and candidate genes have been identified. Recently, a candidate gene for human cognitive processes, that is, GRIN2B, has been found to be associated significantly with working memory in a German DD sample. In this study, we explored the contribution of six GRIN2B markers to DD and key DD-related phenotypes by association analyses in a sample of Italian nuclear families. Moreover, we assessed potential gene-by-environment interactions on DD-related phenotypes.', 'We carried out a family-based association study to determine whether the GRIN2B gene influences both DD as a categorical trait and its related cognitive traits in a large cohort of 466 Italian nuclear families ascertained through a proband affected by DD. Moreover, we tested the role of the selected GRIN2B markers and a set of commonly described environmental moderators using a test for G×E interaction in sib pair-based association analysis of quantitative traits in 178 Italian nuclear families.', 'Evidence for a significant association was found with the categorical diagnosis of DD, performance intelligence quotient, phonemic elision, and auditory short-term memory. No significant gene-by-environment effects were found.
Answer: Our results add further evidence in support of GRIN2B contributing toward DD and deficits in DD. More specifically, our data support the view that GRIN2B influences DD as a categorical trait and its related quantitative phenotypes, thus shedding further light on the etiologic basis and the phenotypic complexity of this disorder.

SOLUTION:
Does gRIN2B mediate susceptibility to intelligence quotient and cognitive impairments in developmental dyslexia?