Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: To investigate the inhibition of amyloid beta-protein 42 (Abeta42) production in M146L cells by gamma-schisandrin.', 'M146L cells which can produce considerable Abeta42 in vitro were treated with gamma-schisandrin (1.67, 5.00 and 15.00 microg x mL(-1)), beta-secretase inhibitor (S4562, 100.00 microg x mL(-1)) and gamma-secretase inhibitor (S2188, 13.68 microg x mL(-1)), separately. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to assess cell viability. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out to determine the amount of Abeta42. Western blotting was used to examine C99, an intermediary product of APP cleaved by beta-secretase. beta-Secretase and gamma-secretase activities were assayed by commercial kits.', 'The CCK-8 assay indicated that different concentrations of gamma-schisandrin had no neurotoxicity on the cultured M146L. And the ELISA test showed that the amount of Abeta42 secreted by M146L cells treated with gamma-schisandrin (5.00 and 15.00 microg x mL(-1)) decreased obviously as compared with solvent control. The results of Western blotting test indicated that there was no change of C99 contents and beta-secretase activity in gamma-schisandrin treated cells, while gamma-secretase activity decreased obviously.

A: Does [ Gamma-Schisandrin inhibit production of amyloid beta-protein 42 in M146L cells ]?
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Q: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is often required in the management of perioperative congenital heart surgery (CHS) patients. However, 24-hour in-hospital congenital cardiac surgical coverage (24-CCSC) is not available at all institutions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of 24-CCSC on perioperative ECMO outcomes in CHS patients.', "An institutional review board approved, retrospective review of 128 perioperative CHS ECMO patients at a single, quaternary care children's hospital between January 2003 and December 2012 was performed. Primary endpoints evaluated were mortality in children supported with ECMO after undergoing cardiac surgery and ECMO-related morbidity after initiation of 24-CCSC with advanced congenital cardiac surgical fellows. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether 24-CCSC was absent (cohort 1: January 2003 to July 2007) or present (cohort 2: August 2007 to December 2012) at the time of ECMO management.", 'The surgical procedures performed were similar in both cohorts based on STAT Mortality Categories (5 Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Congenital Heart Surgery Mortality Categories). The overall mortality rate in children supported with ECMO after undergoing cardiac surgery was 53%. This mortality was significantly reduced from 68% to 43% (p\xa0= 0.007) with\xa024-CCSC. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that 24-CCSC (p\xa0= 0.009) and lower STAT Mortality Category (p\xa0= 0.042) were independent predictors of operative survival. Cardiac arrhythmias (36% to 16%; p\xa0= 0.012) and pulmonary complications (32% to 8%; p < 0.001) were significantly reduced with 24-CCSC.

A: Does twenty-four hour in-hospital congenital cardiac surgical coverage improve perioperative ECMO support outcomes?
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Q: Previous studies of biomechanical efficiency (external work/energy input--Watt/O(2) consumed) in heart failure (HF) using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have had discordant results with increased efficiency by CPET and decreased efficiency by MRS.', 'Compare biomechanical efficiency of HF subjects and normal controls during steady state (SS=35 W for 6 min) and ramp cycle ergometer exercise. The hypothesis was that HF subjects would have impaired biomechanical efficiency that correlated with HF symptoms.', 'Biomechanical efficiency used the actual Vo(2) during exercise and recovery. Gross (Vo(2) above zero), Net (Vo(2) above the resting Vo(2)) and Work (Vo(2) above the unloaded pedaling Vo(2)) efficiencies were calculated.', 'HF subjects had an 18% higher Vo(2) during SS exercise (P=0.029). Biomechanical efficiency was reduced during SS exercise (gross -15%, P=0.019, net -15%, P=0.062, and work -35%, P=0.002). Gross Efficiency during SS exercise had the strongest correlation with HF symptoms (r=0.55). During ramp exercise gross (-26%), net (-10%) and work (-8%) biomechanical efficiency were all reduced (all P<0.05). The slope of the Vo(2)/Watt relationship during ramp exercise had the best correlation with HF symptoms (r=0.46).

A:
Is biomechanical efficiency decreased in heart failure during low-level steady state and maximal ramp exercise?
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