instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: The incidence and predictors of spontaneous hepatitis B surface-antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) were evaluated.', 'A total of 1427 patients with chronic HBV infection, who were followed between 1994 and 2013, were investigated in this retrospective study. All data were extracted from patient files.', 'Spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance occurred in 84 patients during 8798 person-years of follow-up. The patients were categorized into 3 groups at follow-up based on HBV DNA features as continuously <100 copies/mL (Group A), 0-10,000 copies/mL (Group B), and 0 to >10,000 copies/mL (Group C). Alanine aminotransferase features in the 2 groups were categorized as continuously normal (<40 U/L) and 0 to >40 U/L. Spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance was seen primarily in patients with Group A HBV DNA features, and continuously low HBV DNA values were the main predictor of HBsAg seroclearance (P < 0.001).\Question: Is a persistently low HBV DNA level a predictor of spontaneous HBsAg clearance in patients with chronic hepatitis B?
answer:
These results suggest that a continuously low viral load is the most important factor affecting spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance.


question:
Context: We sought to assess whether mechanical unloading has beneficial effects on cardiomyocytes from doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats.', 'Mechanical unloading by a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) improves the cardiac function of terminal heart failure in humans. However, previous animal studies have failed to demonstrate beneficial effects of mechanical unloading in the myocardium.', 'The effects of mechanical unloading by heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation were evaluated in the myocardium from doxorubicin-treated rats by analyzing the intracellular free calcium level ([Ca(2+)](i)) and the levels of intracellular Ca(2+)-regulatory proteins.', 'In doxorubicin-treated rats, the duration of cell shortening and [Ca(2+)](i) transients in cardiomyocytes was prolonged (432 +/- 28.2% of control in 50% relaxation time; 184 +/- 10.5% of control in [Ca(2+)](i) 50% decay time). Such prolonged time courses significantly recovered after mechanical unloading (114 +/- 10.4% of control in 50% relaxation time; 114 +/- 5.8% of control in 50% decay time). These effects were accompanied by an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA2a) protein levels (0.97 +/- 0.05 in unloaded hearts vs. 0.41+/- 0.09 in non-unloaded hearts). The levels of other intracellular Ca(2+)-regulatory proteins (phospholamban and ryanodine receptor) were not altered after mechanical unloading in doxorubicin-treated hearts. These parameters in unloaded hearts without doxorubicin treatment were similar to normal hearts.\Question: Does mechanical unloading improve intracellular Ca2+ regulation in rats with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy?
answer:
Mechanical unloading increases functional sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase and improves [Ca(2+)](i) handling and contractility in rats with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. These beneficial effects of mechanical unloading were not observed in normal hearts.


question:
Context: Immune dysregulation can affect insulin resistance (IR) and β-cell function and hence contribute to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The complement system, as a regulator of immune and inflammatory homeostasis, may be a relevant contributor therein. However, longitudinal studies focusing on complement as a determinant of T2DM and IR are scarce. Therefore, we prospectively investigated the association of plasma complement factor 3 (C3) with (estimates of) IR in muscle, liver, and adipocytes, as well as with glucose tolerance, including incident T2DM.', 'Fasting C3, nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, and insulin (the latter two during oral glucose tolerance tests) were measured at baseline (n = 545) and after 7 years of follow-up (n = 394) in a prospective cohort study.', 'Over the 7-year period, C3 levels (per 0.1 g/L) were longitudinally associated with higher homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA2-IR; β = 15.2% [95% CI 12.9-17.6]), hepatic IR (β = 6.1% [95% CI 4.7-7.4]), adipocyte IR (β = 16.0% [95% CI 13.0-19.1]), fasting glucose (β = 1.8% [95% CI 1.2-2.4]), 2-h glucose (β = 5.2% [95% CI 3.7-6.7]), and area under the curve for glucose (β = 3.6% [95% CI 2.7-4.6]). In addition, greater changes in C3 (per 0.1 g/L) were associated with greater changes in HOMA2-IR (β = 0.08 [95% CI 0.02-0.15]) and greater changes in hepatic IR (β = 0.87 [95% CI 0.12-1.61]) over 7 years, but not glucose tolerance. Moreover, baseline C3 was associated with the 7-year incidence of T2DM (odds ratio 1.5 [95% CI 1.1-2.0]).\Question: Is complement factor 3 associated with insulin resistance and with incident type 2 diabetes over a 7-year follow-up period : the CODAM Study?
answer:

Changes in C3 were associated with changes in several measures of IR and may reflect progression of metabolic dysregulation, which eventually leads to abnormalities in glucose tolerance and T2DM.