TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: ΔNp63, a splice variant of p63, is overexpressed and exhibits oncogenic activity in many cancers including pancreatic and breast cancer and promotes cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis. Despite its role in tumorigenesis, mechanistic activity of ΔNp63 mediated oncogenic function in osteosarcoma is poorly understood.', 'The expression levels of p63 isoforms in osteosarcoma cell lines were identified using quantitative techniques. Expression profiling using microarray, siRNA mediated loss-of-function, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were employed to identify novel ΔNp63α targets in p63-null osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells that were engineered to express ΔNp63α. The phenotype of SaOS-2-ΔNp63α cells was assessed using wound-healing, colony formation, and proliferation assays.', 'The comparative expression analyses identified ΔNp63α as the predominant p63 isoform expressed by invasive OS cell lines. Phenotypic analyses of SaOS-2-ΔNp63α cells in vitro indicate that ΔNp63α imparted tumorigenic attributes upon tumor cells. Further, we show that in osteosarcoma cells ΔNp63α directly regulated the transcription factor GLI2, which is a component of the hedgehog signaling pathway, and that functional interactions between ΔNp63α and GLI2 confer oncogenic properties upon OS cells.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: The main objective of the present study was the investigation of possible influence of lens opacification on macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements.', 'Eighty-six eyes of 64 patients (mean age 73.4 ± 8.3 years) were included in the study. MPOD was prospectively measured using the one-wavelength reflection method (Visucam500, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) before and after cataract extraction, with implantation of a blue-light filtering intraocular lens (AlconSN60WF). The median of the maximum optical density (MaxOD) and the median of the mean optical density (MeanOD) measurements of macular pigment across the subject group were evaluated.', 'Statistically significant differences were noticed between pre-operative and post-operative measurements, the absolute values were generally lower after cataract extraction. The following median (lower/upper quartile) differences across the group were determined: MaxOD -33.8 % (-46.2 to -19.1 %), MeanOD -44.0 % (-54.6 to -26.6 %). Larger changes were observed in elderly patients [<70 years of age (n\u2009=\u200925 eyes): MaxOD -13.4 % (-20.5 to 3.6 %), MeanOD -23.6 % (-30.5 to -15.3 %) versus patients ≥70 years (n\u2009=\u200961 eyes) MaxOD -40.5 % (-53.2 to -30.1 %), MeanOD -47.2 % (-57.8 to -40.1 %)] and in patients with progressed stage of cataract. MaxOD for lens opacification grade 1 (n\u2009=\u20099 eyes): -27.4 % (-42.1 to -19.6 %), grade 2 (n\u2009=\u200926 eyes): -35.0 % (-44.2 to -25.3 %), grade 3 (n\u2009=\u200921 eyes): -34.4 % (-45.4 to -11.4 %), grade 4 (n\u2009=\u200925 eyes): -32.6 % (-53.2 to -6.4 %), and grade 5 (n\u2009=\u20095 eyes): -53.5 % (-61.7 to -38.7 %) and MeanOD for cataract stage 1 (n\u2009=\u20099 eyes): -42.6 % (-46.0 to -26.0 %), stage 2 (n\u2009=\u200926 eyes): -44.1 % (-51.8 to -26.2 %), stage 3 (n\u2009=\u200921 eyes): -45.7 % (-54.7 to -24.7 %), stage 4 (n\u2009=\u200925 eyes): -39.5 % (-59.4 to -26.1 %), and stage 5 (n\u2009=\u20095 eyes): -57.0 % (-66.1 to -51.4 %).

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: The mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) kinase plays a key role in translational control of a subset of mRNAs through regulation of its initiation step. In neurons, mTOR is present at the synaptic region, where it modulates the activity-dependent expression of locally-translated proteins independently of mRNA synthesis. Indeed, mTOR is necessary for different forms of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory (LTM) formation. However, little is known about the time course of mTOR activation and the extracellular signals governing this process or the identity of the proteins whose translation is regulated by this kinase, during mnemonic processing.', 'Here we show that consolidation of inhibitory avoidance (IA) LTM entails mTOR activation in the dorsal hippocampus at the moment of and 3 h after training and is associated with a rapid and rapamycin-sensitive increase in AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit expression, which was also blocked by intra-hippocampal delivery of GluR1 antisense oligonucleotides (ASO). In addition, we found that pre- or post-training administration of function-blocking anti-BDNF antibodies into dorsal CA1 hampered IA LTM retention, abolished the learning-induced biphasic activation of mTOR and its readout, p70S6K and blocked GluR1 expression, indicating that BDNF is an upstream factor controlling mTOR signaling during fear-memory consolidation. Interestingly, BDNF ASO hindered LTM retention only when given into dorsal CA1 1 h after but not 2 h before training, suggesting that BDNF controls the biphasic requirement of mTOR during LTM consolidation through different mechanisms: an early one involving BDNF already available at the moment of training, and a late one, happening around 3 h post-training that needs de novo synthesis of this neurotrophin.

SOLUTION:
0