Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: Human and ovine fetuses demonstrate an enhanced rate of spontaneous and angiotensin II-stimulated swallowing. Angiotensin II and nitric oxide synthase have been localized to thirst centers in the brain. This study was performed to determine whether central nitric oxide contributes to the regulation of angiotensin II-induced fetal swallowing.', 'Six pregnant ewes with near-term singleton fetuses were chronically prepared with fetal vascular and lateral ventricle catheters and electrocorticogram and esophageal electromyogram electrodes. After a 2-hour control period, fetuses were administered serial lateral ventricle injections (1 mL) of angiotensin II (3.2 microg; time, 2 hours) and N omega-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester (3 mg; time, 3 hours) and a repeat angiotensin II injection (3.2 microg; time, 5 hours). All fetuses received an additional control study of lateral ventricle injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid on a previous day.', 'Angiotensin II injection significantly increased mean +/- SEM fetal swallowing (0.9 +/- 0.1 to 2.7 +/- 0.4 swallows/min). N omega-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester significantly decreased fetal swallowing to below the basal rate (0.4 +/- 0.1 swallows/min), and swallowing did not increase with the second angiotensin II dose (in the presence of nitric oxide blockade).

Answer: 1


Question: Biomarkers predictive of recovery from acute kidney injury (AKI) after liver transplantation (LT) could enhance decision algorithms regarding the need for liver-kidney transplantation or renal sparing regimens. Multianalyte plasma/urine kidney injury protein panels were performed immediately before and 1 month post-LT in an initial test group divided by reversible pre-LT AKI (rAKI = post-LT renal recovery) versus no AKI (nAKI). This was followed by a larger validation set that included an additional group: irreversible pre-LT AKI (iAKI = no post-LT renal recovery). In the test group (n = 16), six pre-LT plasma (not urine) kidney injury proteins (osteopontin [OPN], neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, trefoil factor 3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase [TIMP]-1, and β-2-microglobulin) were higher in rAKI versus nAKI (P < 0.05) and returned to normal values with renal recovery post-LT. In the validation set (n = 46), a number of proteins were significantly higher in both rAKI and iAKI versus nAKI. However, only pre-LT plasma OPN (P = 0.009) and TIMP-1 (P = 0.019) levels were significantly higher in rAKI versus iAKI. Logistic regression modeling was used to correlate the probability of post-LT rAKI, factoring in both pre-LT protein markers and clinical variables. A combined model including elevated OPN and TIMP-1 levels, age <57, and absence of diabetes had the highest area under the curve of 0.82, compared to protein-only and clinical variable-only models.

Answer: 0


Question: To compare optic nerve head (ONH) morphology between eyes with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).', 'Seventy-eight NTG patients and 78 POAG patients matched according to age and axial length were analyzed. Optic nerve head tilt and torsion were identified from cross-sectional images of optical coherence tomography. The degree of horizontal, vertical, and maximum ONH tilt and torsion was compared between NTG and POAG eyes, and additional comparisons were based on the presence of myopia and the location of the visual field defect. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors related to the degree of ONH torsion.', 'Vertical (P = 0.610) and horizontal tilt degree (P = 0.746) did not differ between NTG and POAG eyes. However, torsion degree (P = 0.022) differed significantly between NTG and POAG eyes. Direction of vertical tilt (P = 0.040) and torsion (P < 0.001) showed more prevalent superior tilt and torsion in NTG eyes (21.8% and 33.3%, respectively) compared to POAG eyes (10.3% and 10.3%, respectively). Myopic NTG eyes showed greater torsion degree (P = 0.014) than nonmyopic NTG eyes, which was not observed in the comparison between myopic and nonmyopic POAG eyes. Only NTG eyes showed a significant difference in the degree of maximum tilt (P < 0.001) and torsion (P < 0.001) and the direction of vertical tilt (P < 0.001) and torsion (P = 0.010) by the location of visual field defect. Longer axial length, maximum tilt degree, and diagnosis of NTG were the factors related to the degree of ONH torsion.

Answer:
1