TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Animal and human studies suggest that programing of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may be involved in the development of obesity, but human studies of biological indicators of HPA axis activity are lacking. We studied the association between levels of the stress hormone cortisol during pregnancy and overweight offspring during childhood into adolescence.', 'Salivary samples from 655 Danish pregnant women with singleton pregnancies (1989-1991) were collected once in the morning and once in the evening in their second and third trimester. We followed the offspring from two to 16 years of age with at least one measurement of height and weight, and classified their body mass index into overweight and normal weight. The adjusted relative difference in median salivary cortisol (with 95% confidence interval (CI)) during pregnancy (the four samples), in second and third trimester (morning and evening samples) between overweight and normal weight offspring was estimated. Furthermore, the adjusted median ratio between morning and evening maternal salivary cortisol level was estimated for normal weight and overweight children. All the analyses were stratified into the equal age groups: 2-6, 7-11, and 12-16 years.', 'We found non-significant higher maternal cortisol levels during pregnancy in offspring that were overweight at the age of 2-6, 7-11 and 12-16 years than in normal weight peers; adjusted relative difference in median salivary cortisol 11% (95% CI: -2; 25), 6% (95% CI: -7; 20), and 9% (95% CI: -4; 24), respectively. A statistically significantly higher level of maternal cortisol was found in the second trimester in 2-6-year-old and 12-16-year-old overweight offspring; relative difference 19% (95% CI: 3; 37), and 20% (95% CI: 3; 41), respectively. The median ratio between morning and evening maternal salivary cortisol level was similar for overweight and normal weight children; e.g. at age 2-6 years in third trimester 4.31 (95% CI: 4.05; 4.60)nmol/l and 4.28 (95% CI: 3.60; 5.09)nmol/l, respectively (P=0.93).
Answer: Our findings suggest a relatively consistent association between pregnancy cortisol levels and overweight offspring, especially in the second trimester.

SOLUTION: Are maternal salivary cortisol levels during pregnancy positively associated with overweight children?

PROBLEM: Context: Breast reconstruction (BR) following mastectomy for breast cancer has been shown to improve quality of life and body image; however, there is significant geographic variation in BR rates. We explored factors associated with BR following mastectomy.', 'This is a population-based data linkage study consisting of cancer registry records linked to hospital inpatient episodes for 4104 women aged 20\u2009years and over-diagnosed with a first primary invasive localized stage breast cancer between 1997 and 2012 in Queensland, Australia, who underwent a mastectomy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model predictors of BR.', 'Overall, 481 women (11.7%) underwent reconstruction. Proportions increased over time and were higher for younger women. Younger age, more recent diagnosis, living in high or very high accessibility areas or less disadvantaged areas, smaller tumours and attending a private or high-volume hospital independently increased the odds of reconstruction. The geographical disparity reduced significantly over time.
Answer: Geographical barriers to accessing BR have reduced; however, continued monitoring and further research to inform strategies to further reduce subgroup disparities remain a priority.

SOLUTION: Does geographical disparity in breast reconstruction following mastectomy have reduced over time?

PROBLEM: Context: The efficacy of programmes to reduce long-term benzodiazepine use could be compromised by subsequent increases in contacts with the family practice. In this study the hypothesis was tested as to whether participation in a benzodiazepine discontinuation programme affects the frequency of contacts with the family practice.', 'A controlled stepped-care intervention programme to decrease long-term benzodiazepine use.', 'Family practices in the Netherlands. Subjects. The experimental group consisted of 996 long-term benzodiazepine users and a control group of 883 long-term benzodiazepine users.', 'Practice contacts before and up to 12 months after the start of the programme.', 'There was a general tendency visible for contacts to decrease during the follow-up time. The course of the number of contacts during the follow-up was not different for the experimental and control groups (p=0.45). The level of non-benzodiazepine prescriptions was generally not altered. The number of non-benzodiazepine prescriptions decreased in benzodiazepine quitters during the follow-up of the programme.
Answer: No clinically important differences in practice contacts were observed when the course of the number of contacts and non-benzodiazepine prescriptions were compared between the experimental and control groups. Family practitioners do not have to anticipate an increased workload associated with participation in such a benzodiazepine discontinuation programme.

SOLUTION:
Does a benzodiazepine discontinuation programme increase the frequency of contacts with the family practice?