TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: To compare the frequency of Pap test results in a prospective series of direct to vial ThinPrep tests to a cohort of conventionally prepared tests. To follow-up all test results for a minimum of 2 years and assess performance based on this outcome.', 'All women presenting for either routine screening or colposcopic examination in 2001 were enrolled in the ThinPrep cohort. A similar, population of conventionally prepared tests was extracted from the year 2000 laboratory data. Information on all concurrent and follow-up cervical specimens over the ensuing 2 years was retrieved.', 'The ThinPrep cohort comprised 2288 Pap tests and the conventional, 2211. The frequency of normal [within normal limits (WNL) and benign cellular changes (BCC)] results in the ThinPrep cohort was 6% lower and the frequency of abnormal [> or =atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS)] results was 6.8% higher. Respective ThinPrep and conventional cohort results were 1156 (51%) and 1291 (58%) WNL, 625 (27%) and 561 (25%) BCC, 101 (4%) and 65 (3%) ASCUS, 21 (1%) and 2 (0.1%) atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance, 301 (13%) and 224 (10%) low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and 74 (3%) and 40 (2%) high-grade SIL (HSIL) (P < 0.0001). Follow-up was available for nearly 80% of each cohort. LSIL or higher was confirmed in 57.5% (n = 266) of the abnormal ThinPrep and 60.9% (n = 190) of the abnormal conventional tests. The ThinPrep yield of confirmed tests however was almost 50% higher than the conventional test.
Answer: In this population, ThinPrep was superior to the conventional Pap test.

SOLUTION: Does comparative study of the ThinPrep Pap test and conventional cytology result in a Canadian cohort?

PROBLEM: Context: Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) may have a role in disordered folliculogenesis in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Though there have been several investigations into circulating AMH levels in patients with PCOS, no previous studies have compared AMH concentrations in the follicular fluid of unstimulated ovaries in women with PCOS with that of normally ovulating women.', 'Follicular fluid was aspirated from 4-8-mm follicles of unstimulated ovaries during routine laparoscopy or laparotomy from women with anovulatory PCOS (n = 11) and those with regular ovulatory cycles (n = 8). Follicular AMH was compared in the two groups. Serum samples were analysed for AMH and endocrine profile.', 'Follicular fluid AMH levels were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in women with anovulatory PCOS (median: 466.2 ng/ml) compared with normal-ovulatory controls (median: 78.0 ng/ml). Mean follicular fluid AMH levels in PCOS patients were 60 times higher than in the serum. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the follicular fluid and serum concentrations of AMH in the PCOS group (r = 0.86; P = 0.007) but not in controls.
Answer: Highly elevated AMH in follicular fluid from PCOS patients in contrast to age-matched normal controls suggests that increased circulating concentrations of AMH are partly due to the increased production of AMH by individual follicles and not simply attributable to the increased number of small antral follicles. This suggests an intrinsic abnormality in the ovarian follicles themselves in PCOS, which could contribute to disordered folliculogenesis.

SOLUTION: Is anti-Mullerian hormone increased in follicular fluid from unstimulated ovaries in women with polycystic ovary syndrome?

PROBLEM: Context: Cardiac troponin is widely accepted as a biomarker of myocyte injury in patients with myocardial ischemia. Patients with congestive heart failure are also associated with elevated cardiac troponin and it is a very sensitive prognostic marker. However, the mechanisms of troponin elevation in patients with heart failure are not fully understood. Decompensated state itself is suggested as a factor contributing to elevated cardiac troponin-T. However comparison between invasive hemodynamic parameters and cardiac troponin-T is insufficient.', 'Data were collected from 167 patients in stable, chronic HF, without acute coronary syndrome, recent revascularization, mitral stenoses, hemodialysis, or clinically significant right HF. We evaluated the correlations and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between invasive hemodynamic measurements and serum high-sensitivity (hs) concentrations of cTnT.', 'The serum cTnT concentration was equal to or more than the detection threshold (0.003ng/ml) in all patients. The serum cTnT concentration was equal to or more than the cut-off value of 0.014ng/ml in 46% of patients. By multiple variable analysis, left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (EDP; adjusted coefficient=0.014; 95% CI 0.0003-0.029; P=0.046) was positively correlated, while hemoglobin (adjusted coefficient=-0.079; 95% CI -0.140 to -0.018; P=0.012), estimated glomerular filtration rate (adjusted coefficient=-0.008; 95% CI -0.013 to -0.003; P=0.004), and LV ejection fraction (EF; adjusted coefficient=-0.011; 95% CI -0.018 to -0.003; P=0.004) were negatively correlated with hs-cTnT concentrations.
Answer: In patients with stable chronic HF, LVEDP and LVEF correlate with the serum concentrations of hs-cTnT, independently of other correlates of elevated plasma concentrations of hs-cTnT.

SOLUTION:
Do left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and ejection fraction correlate independently with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-T concentrations in stable heart failure?