Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: The biliary cast syndrome (BCS) is a frequent problem following liver transplantation. The pathogenesis of this complication is not well understood. Previous research has demonstrated that the soluble form of MICA (sMICA) is significantly higher in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than in healthy volunteers. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible involvement of sMICA in the formation of BCS after liver transplantation.', 'Serum soluble MICA was retrospectively evaluated in pre- and post-transplant sera from 133 consecutive primary liver transplant patients and in sera from 88 healthy volunteers using sandwich ELISA. Normal distribution of serum sMICA was described by the data obtained from healthy population and sMICA concentration that was greater than the upper bound 95% normal range was considered as high levels of sMICA. Patient records were reviewed to identify patients who developed BCS.', 'The results demonstrated that 37.6% of patients with end-stage liver diseases had significantly higher pre-transplant serum sMICA than in healthy population. 34.4% of recipients with post-transplant high levels of sMICA developed BCS. In contrast, 17.3% of patients with post-transplant normal levels of sMICA developed BCS. The risk of BCS development is significantly associated with the presence of post-transplant high levels of sMICA (P=0.0365). Further analysis disclosed that patients with decreased post-transplant sMICA following liver transplantation had a lower incidence rate of BCS than those with remained high levels of sMICA after transplantation (10.5% vs. 38.7%, P=0.0302). Furthermore, log-rank test showed that BCS occurrence was significantly associated with dynamic changes of sMICA among different groups (P=0.0188).

Answer: Are high levels of soluble Major Histocompatibility Complex class I related chain A ( MICA ) associated with biliary cast syndrome after liver transplantation?


Question: Construction of electrochemical impedance sensors by the self-assembly technique has become a promising strategy for the 'label-free' detection of protein-ligand interactions. However, previous impedance sensors are devoid of an inherent electrochemical signal, which limits the standardization of the sensors for protein recognition in a reproducible manner.", "We designed and synthesized an anthraquinonyl glycoside (AG) where the anthraquinone (AQ) moiety can bind to the surface of a graphene-based working electrode while the glycoside serving as a ligand for lectin. By measuring the inherent voltammetric signal of AQ, the glycosides decorated on the working electrode could be simply quantified to obtain electrodes with a unified signal window. Subsequently, impedance analysis showed that the 'standardized' electrodes gave a reproducible electrochemical response to a selective lectin with no signal variation in the presence of unselective proteins.

Answer: Does anthraquinonyl glycoside facilitate the standardization of graphene electrodes for the impedance detection of lectins?


Question: Recent studies have shown the apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 ratio (apoB/A1) to be superior to LDL-cholesterol measurements to predict cardiovascular events. The present study aims to relate apoB/A1 to endothelium-dependent vasodilation, an early marker of atherosclerosis, in the Prospective Study of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study.', 'In this population-based study, 1016 subjects aged 70 years were evaluated by the invasive forearm technique with acetylcholine (EDV), brachial artery ultrasound to assess flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and pulse wave analysis with a beta-2 receptor agonist challenge, terbutaline. EDV and the pulse wave response, but not FMD, were related to apoB/A1 levels (r=-0.11, p=0.0038 for EDV, r=-0.16, p<0.0001 for the pulse wave analysis and r=0.01, p=0.65 for FMD). Neither LDL-cholesterol, nor non-HDL-cholesterol, was significantly related to the measurements of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Also endothelium-independent vasodilation (EIDV) evaluated by the invasive forearm technique with sodium nitroprusside was related to apoB/A1 levels (r=-0.12, p<0.0016).

Answer:
Is vasodilation in resistance arteries related to the apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio in the elderly : the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors ( PIVUS ) study?