instruction:
In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question separated with a 
. You have to answer the question based on the context.
question:
 We defined a sequence labeling task to extract custom entities from user input. We assumed seven (7) possible entities (see Table TABREF43) to be recognized by the model: topic, subtopic, examination mode and level, question number, intent, as well as the entity other for remaining words in the utterance.   We defined a classification problem to predict the system's next action according to the given user input. We assumed 13 custom actions (see Table TABREF42) that we considered being our labels. In the conversational dataset, each input was automatically labeled by the rule-based system with the corresponding next action and the dialogue-id. Thus, no additional post-labeling was required.  
 Question: How does the IPA label data after interacting with users?
answer:
It defined a sequence labeling task to extract custom entities from user input and label the next action (out of 13  custom actions defined).


question:
Machine-machine Interaction A related line of work explores simulation-based dialogue generation, where the user and system roles are simulated to generate a complete conversation flow, which can then be converted to natural language using crowd workers BIBREF1. Such a framework may be cost-effective and error-resistant since the underlying crowd worker task is simpler, and semantic annotations are obtained automatically. It is often argued that simulation-based data collection does not yield natural dialogues or sufficient coverage, when compared to other approaches such as Wizard-of-Oz. We argue that simulation-based collection is a better alternative for collecting datasets like this owing to the factors below. 
 Question: How did they gather the data?
answer:
simulation-based dialogue generation, where the user and system roles are simulated to generate a complete conversation flow, which can then be converted to natural language using crowd workers 


question:
The second Turkish dataset is the Twitter corpus which is formed of tweets about Turkish mobile network operators. Those tweets are mostly much noisier and shorter compared to the reviews in the movie corpus. In total, there are 1,716 tweets. 973 of them are negative and 743 of them are positive. These tweets are manually annotated by two humans, where the labels are either positive or negative. 
 Question: What details are given about the Twitter dataset?
answer:

Those tweets are mostly much noisier and shorter compared to the reviews in the movie corpus. In total, there are 1,716 tweets. 973 of them are negative and 743 of them are positive.