Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is common in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Although insulin resistance contributes to cardiac hypertrophy, the relationship between insulin resistance and LVH in patients with ADPKD has not been previously studied.', 'We performed M-mode and color Doppler echocardiography on 176 family members (106 patients and 70 healthy relatives) from 16 families with polycystic kidney disease type 1 (PKD1). Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated using the Penn equation and corrected for body surface area. Fasting insulin and glucose concentrations were measured and insulin resistance was evaluated by means of the homeostasis model assessment.', 'In multivariate regression analysis, insulin resistance was significantly associated with LVMI in healthy relatives (P < 0.01) and patients with PKD1 (P < 0.05) independent of age, weight, systolic blood pressure, and albuminuria.
Answer: Insulin resistance is associated with LVMI in patients with PKD1 independently of other factors known to increase LVMI.

A: Is insulin resistance related to left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with polycystic kidney disease type 1?
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Q: Context: Serum ghrelin levels are elevated in uremic patients. However, no data are available on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and serum ghrelin levels in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.', 'Metabolic syndrome and its components were defined using diagnostic criteria recommended by the International Diabetes Federation. Fasting serum samples were taken from 30 PD patients. Serum ghrelin levels were measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.', 'Of the 30 PD patients, 53.3% (16/30) had metabolic syndrome. Fasting serum ghrelin corrected inversely with metabolic syndrome among these PDs patients (p = 0.002). By odds ratio (OR) analysis of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria, the predictors for metabolic syndrome are fasting glucose [OR: 39.00; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.80 to 399.85; p < 0.001], triglycerides (OR: 37.50; 95% CI: 3.64 to 386.51; p < 0.001), and waist circumference (OR: 4.20; 95% CI: 1.95 to 9.03; p < 0.001). Univariate linear regression analysis showed that body weight (r = -0.461, p = 0.010), waist circumference (r = -0.390, p = 0.033), and body mass index (r = -0.438, p = 0.016) were negatively correlated with serum ghrelin, and serum high density lipoprotein [HDL (r = 0.626, p < 0.001)] was positively correlated with serum ghrelin. Multivariate forward stepwise linear regression analysis of the significant variables showed that HDL (R(2) change = 0.392; p < 0.001) was the independent predictor of serum ghrelin in PD patients and explained 39.2% of the variance.
Answer: These results indicate an inverse association between circulating fasting ghrelin and metabolic syndrome in PD patients. Serum HDL was associated with serum ghrelin among PD patients.

A: Is fasting serum ghrelin level associated with metabolic syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients?
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Q: Context: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children, and falls are the most common type of unintentional injury in the US. The incidence of falls from windows, a common cause of death in urban areas, has not been described outside major cities such as New York and Chicago, and rates in urban and suburban areas have not been compared.', 'To estimate the incidence and identify the population at risk for falls from windows among children in Hamilton County, Ohio.', "Retrospective case series identified using Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CHMC) Trauma Registry.", 'Hamilton County, Ohio, which has urban and nonurban areas.', 'Children less than 15 years old residing in Hamilton County, Ohio, presenting to CHMC in Cincinnati, Ohio, after a fall from a window between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 1997.', 'Annual incidence by age, race, gender, and residence of those who fell from windows.', 'Over the 7-year study period, 86 (6.3%) of 1,363 falls were from windows. The mortality rate for falls from windows was 4.7%, compared to 0.07% for all other falls presenting to CHMC (P<.0001). Children 0-4 years old had a higher rate of falls than children aged 5-14 (14.6/100,000 vs. 2.0/100,000) (P<.0001). Males were twice as likely to fall as females (P<.016), and black children were three times more likely to fall than non-black children (P<.002). The incidence of falls in the city of Cincinnati was four times that of the non-urban area (P<.0002).
Answer: Injuries from falls from windows are a public health problem in Hamilton County, Ohio, especially for young, urban children.

A:
Does childhood injuries and deaths due to fall from windows?
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