TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: To determine whether the number and location of positive surgical margins (PSMs) in radical prostatectomy (RP) surgical specimens affect biochemical recurrence (BCR) rates.', 'The locations of PSMs were recorded for 1308 consecutive men who underwent RP between October 2000 and December 2006. BCR was defined as three consecutive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level rises with the peak level >or=0.15 ng/mL. Multivariate regression analyses were used to identify preoperative predictors of PSMs and BCR. The estimated 5-year risk of BCR was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.', 'In all, 128 (9.8%) men had one or more PSMs. The mean body mass index, mean preoperative serum PSA level, the distributions of clinical stage and biopsy Gleason scores, and the presence or absence of biopsy perineural invasion were significantly different between men with or with no PSMs. In multivariate analysis, baseline serum PSA level, Gleason score and perineural invasion were independent preoperative predictors of PSMs. The 5-year actuarial BCR rates were dependent on the site of the PSM (P = 0.035) and not the number of PSMs (P = 0.18). The rank order of estimated 5-year BCR rates according to the site of PSMs were base > anterior > posterolateral > apex approximately posterior.

SOLUTION: Does site of positive surgical margins influence biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy?

PROBLEM: Sigma-1 receptors are involved in the pathophysiological process of several neuropsychiatric diseases such as epilepsy, depression. Allosteric modulation represents an important mechanism for receptor functional regulation. In this study, we examined antidepressant activity of the latest identified novel and selective allosteric modulator of sigma-1 receptor 3-methyl-phenyl-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[d]azepin-7-ol (SOMCL-668).', 'A single administration of SOMCL-668 decreased the immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST) and tailing suspended test in mice, which were abolished by pretreatment of sigma-1 receptor antagonist BD1047. In the chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) model, chronic application of SOMCL-668 rapidly ameliorated anhedonia-like behavior (within a week), accompanying with the enhanced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) (Ser-9) in the hippocampus. SOMCL-668 also rapidly promoted the phosphorylation of GSK3β (Ser-9) in an allosteric manner in vitro. In the cultured primary neurons, SOMCL-668 enhanced the sigma-1 receptor agonist-induced neurite outgrowth and the secretion of BDNF.

SOLUTION: Does allosteric Modulation of Sigma-1 Receptors elicit Rapid Antidepressant Activity?

PROBLEM: To determine the effects of co-ingesting caffeine (CAF) and carbohydrate (CHO) on high-intensity intermittent sprints (HIS) performance and physiological responses.', 'Twelve active males underwent 4 interventions at least 7\xa0days apart in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced trial. A meal contained 65\xa0% CHO was provided 2\xa0h before the HIS test. Participants ingested the placebo (PLA) or CAF (6\xa0mg\xa0kg(-1) BW) 1\xa0h before taking an HIS test, and ingested a PLA or CHO solution (0.8\xa0g\xa0kg(-1)\xa0BW) before undergoing the testing protocol. The HIS protocol comprised ten sets of 5\xa0×\xa04-s sprints on a cycle ergometer with a 2-min recovery between each set.', 'There was no significant difference between peak power output and mean power output between trials (p\xa0>\xa00.05). Compared with PLA, CAF\xa0+\xa0CHO resulted in a 5.2\xa0% reduction in total work, corresponding to a 24.7-25.7\xa0% increase in fatigue at the end stage of the HIS. The administration of CAF\xa0+\xa0CHO supplementation also resulted in an 11.1\xa0% increase in blood lactate, and elevated blood glucose concentrations throughout HIS testing compared with PLA (p\xa0<\xa00.05). Cortisol concentrations also increased with CAF\xa0+\xa0CHO intake compared with PLA; however, there was no significant effect of CAF\xa0+\xa0CHO supplementation on testosterone concentrations.

SOLUTION:
Does co-ingestion of caffeine and carbohydrate after meal improve performance at high-intensity intermittent sprints with short recovery times?