Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: Spinally elicited peripheral nerve responses, commonly called neurogenic motor evoked potentials (NMEPs), are widely used to monitor spinal cord motor function during surgery. However, numerous evidence suggests that these responses are primarily sensory rather than motor. The collision technique was utilized to address this issue.', 'Collision studies were performed in 7 patients during surgery. An ascending volley of sensory (AS) and motor activity (AM) was elicited by posterior tibial nerve stimulation at the popliteal fossa. After a short time delay, high cervical spinal stimulation produced a descending volley of sensory (DS) and motor (DM) activity. The AM volley ascended only to the anterior horn cells whereas the AS and DS volleys collided in the spinal cord. The inter-stimulus delays were varied so as to affect the degree of spinal cord collision. The DS and DM activity which remained after collision was recorded from the posterior tibial nerves at the ankle.', 'Inter-stimulus delays of 18 ms or less resulted in no apparent peripheral descending volleys. These findings were consistent for all the patients studied.

A: 1
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Q: Neonatal therapy-resistant septic shock is a common problem in middle and low-income countries. We investigated whether newborn infants with infection and therapy-resistant hypotension showed evidence of abnormal levels of cortisol or cortisol precursors.', 'A total of 60 term or near term neonates with evidence of infection were enrolled after informed consent. Of these, 30 had an infection and refractory shock and 30 had an infection without shock. There were no detectable differences between the groups in the length of gestation, birth weight or gender distribution. Serum was obtained during days four and 14 after birth. Cortisol and cortisol precursor concentrations were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.', 'The cortisol concentrations were low considering the expected responses to stress and they did not differ between the groups. The infants with infection and shock had higher serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels than those without shock (319.0 ± 110.3 μg/dL, versus 22.3 ± 18.3 μg/dL; p < 0.0001) and they also had higher 17-hydroxy-pregnenolone, pregnenolone and progesterone concentrations. There were no detectable differences in the levels of 17-hydroxy-progesterone, 11-deoxy-cortisol, cortisol or cortisone.

A: 1
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Q: We examined the effect of male circumcision on the acquisition of 3 nonulcerative sexually transmitted infections (STIs).', 'We evaluated the incidence of STI among men aged 18-24 years enrolled in a randomized trial of circumcision to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Kisumu, Kenya. The outcome was first incident nonulcerative STI during 2 years of follow-up. STIs examined were laboratory-detected Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis infection.', 'There were 342 incident infections among 2655 men followed up. The incidences of infection due to N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and T. vaginalis were 3.48, 4.55, and 1.32 cases per 100 person-years, respectively. The combined incidence of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis infection was 7.26 cases per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 6.49-8.13 cases per 100 person-years). The incidences of these STIs, individually or combined, did not differ by circumcision status as a time-dependent variable or a fixed variable based on assignment. Risks for incident STIs in multivariate analysis included an STI at enrollment, multiple sex partners within <30 days, and sexual intercourse during menses in the previous 6 months; condom use was protective.

A:
0
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