Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: MicroRNAs play important roles in the adaptive responses of plants to nutrient deficiencies. Most research, however, has focused on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) deficiencies, limited data are available on the differential expression of miRNAs and their target genes in response to deficiencies of other nutrient elements. In this study, we identified the known and novel miRNAs as well as the boron (B)-deficiency-responsive miRNAs from citrus leaves in order to obtain the potential miRNAs related to the tolerance of citrus to B-deficiency.', "Seedlings of 'Xuegan' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were supplied every other day with B-deficient (0 μM H3BO3) or -sufficient (10 μM H3BO3) nutrient solution for 15 weeks. Thereafter, we sequenced two small RNA libraries from B-deficient and -sufficient (control) citrus leaves, respectively, using Illumina sequencing.", 'Ninety one (83 known and 8 novel) up- and 81 (75 known and 6 novel) down-regulated miRNAs were isolated from B-deficient leaves. The great alteration of miRNA expression might contribute to the tolerance of citrus to B-deficiency. The adaptive responses of miRNAs to B-deficiency might related to several aspects: (a) attenuation of plant growth and development by repressing auxin signaling due to decreased TIR1 level and ARF-mediated gene expression by altering the expression of miR393, miR160 and miR3946; (b) maintaining leaf phenotype and enhancing the stress tolerance by up-regulating NACs targeted by miR159, miR782, miR3946 and miR7539; (c) activation of the stress responses and antioxidant system through down-regulating the expression of miR164, miR6260, miR5929, miR6214, miR3946 and miR3446; (d) decreasing the expression of major facilitator superfamily protein genes targeted by miR5037, thus lowering B export from plants. Also, B-deficiency-induced down-regulation of miR408 might play a role in plant tolerance to B-deficiency by regulating Cu homeostasis and enhancing superoxide dismutase activity.

Answer: 0


Question: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes and the soft-tissue response to osseous genioplasty in patients with chin retrusion caused by early life facial burn injury.', 'Twenty-two consecutive patients with retrusive chin as a result of severe childhood facial burn were included in this study. Cephalometric analysis and photographs were used to assess the patients for eligibility of a surgical correction. Horizontal hard-tissue advancement and soft-tissue responses were measured as the primary outcomes at the early and late postoperative follow-up visits.', 'A total of 22 patients fulfilled the study requirements. Average preoperative distance between the pogonion, as the most anterior point of the anterior mandibular contour, and a perpendicular line connecting the nasion and the supramental point of the mandible was 0.82 ± 1.1 mm, which increased significantly to 7.8 ± 0.8 mm after genioplasty (p < 0.0001). Soft tissue was repositioned on average 6.1 ± 0.4 mm anteriorly on average, which is in comparison with the amount of chin skeleton advancement, and a response ratio of 0.8:1 was calculated at late follow-up.

Answer: 0


Question: Although ionizing radiation (IR) has been demonstrated to attenuate vessel wall restenosis and intimal hyperplasia (IH), dose-related mural injury and atrophy are possible deleterious side effects. We tested the hypothesis that a radiosensitizing strategy may improve IR-induced inhibition of in vivo vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) without influencing apoptotic cell death.', 'In 28 New Zealand White rabbits, the right common carotid artery (CCA) was injured and subjected to low-flow conditions to promote IH. The CCA was transfected with an adenoviral vector incorporating the cytosine deaminase (CD) gene (1 x 10(9) PFU/ml). 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC), a prodrug that is converted to the radiosensitizing agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by CD, was thereafter administered intravenously. The CCA was exposed to 5 Gy IR at 24 h. Intimal/medial (I/M) area and thickness ratios were determined in the harvested CCAs at 14 days. VSMC proliferative and apoptotic indices were assessed with immunohistochemistry.', 'A 50% reduction in I/M area was found in rabbits treated with IR and IR + CD/5-FC (0.19 +/- 0.03 and 0.18 +/- 0.02) when compared with untreated controls (UC) (0.37 +/- 0.06) (P = 0.005). This finding was substantiated by attenuation of I/M thickness in the IR groups [0.47 +/- 0.13 (IR), 0.41 +/- 0.11 (IR + CD/5-FC), 0.61 +/- 0.17 (UC)] (P = 0.007). The number of proliferating VSMCs was notably smaller when IR was combined with CD/5-FC (4.17 +/- 1.16 vs 2.97 +/- 1.09 log transformed cells/mm(2), P < 0.07). Apoptosis was similar in all groups.

Answer:
0