In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

[EX Q]: 2 k. o'malley, j. grenig, & w. lee, federal jury practice and instructions: criminal  31:03, p. 225 (6th ed. 2008) (emphasis added); see also id.,  31:02, at 220 (explaining that a defendant must ""intend to agree and must intend that the substantive offense be committed "" (emphasis added)).
[EX A]: non-overruling

[EX Q]: clark implicitly overrules our cases holding that harmless error analysis is inapplicable where the defendant contests intent.
[EX A]: overruling

[EX Q]: to the extent that hudson provides otherwise, it is overruled.
[EX A]:
overruling