Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: With male gender as a strong predictor of cardiovascular instability, we hypothesized that gender-specific differences in circulating carbon monoxide levels contributed to dysregulated microvascular function in preterm male infants.', 'Infants born at 24 to 34 weeks of gestation (N = 84) were studied in a regional tertiary neonatal unit. Carboxyhemoglobin levels were measured through spectrophotometry in umbilical arterial blood and at 24, 72, and 120 hours after birth. Microvascular blood flow was determined through laser Doppler flowmetry.', 'Carboxyhemoglobin levels demonstrated a strong inverse relationship with gestational age (r = -0.636; P < .001) and were higher in boys (P = .032). Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant decrease in arterial carboxyhemoglobin levels over time (P < .001), with significant between-subjects effects for gestational age (P = .011) and gender (P = .025). Positive correlations with microvascular blood flow at 24 hours of age (r = 0.495; P < .001) and 120 hours of age (r = 0.548; P < .001) were observed. With controlling for gestational age, carboxyhemoglobin levels at 72 hours were greater for infants who died in the first week of life (P = .035).

Answer: Is carbon monoxide a significant mediator of cardiovascular status following preterm birth?


Question: Butyrate has been shown to potently regulate energy expenditure and lipid metabolism in animals, yet the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of butyrate (in the form of butyrate glycerides, BG)-induced lipid metabolism at the level of gene expression in the jejunum and liver of broilers.', 'Two animal experiments were included in this study. In Experiment 1, two hundred and forty male broiler chickens were equally allocated into two groups: 1) basal diet (BD), 2) BG diets (BD + BG). Growth performance was compared between treatments for the 41-day trial. In Experiment 2, forty male broiler chickens were equally allocated into two groups. The general experimental design, group and management were the same as described in Experiment 1 except for reduced bird numbers and 21-day duration of the trial. Growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipid profiles as well as serum and tissue concentrations of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were compared between treatments. RNA-seq was employed to identify both differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and treatment specifically expressed genes (TSEGs). Functional clustering of DEGs and TSEGs and signaling pathways associated with lipid metabolism were identified using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) and DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.7 (DAVID-BR). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were subsequently conducted to further examine the expression of genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathway identified by DAVID-BR. Dietary BG intervention significantly reduced abdominal fat ratio (abdominal fat weight/final body weight) in broilers. The decreased fat deposition in BG-fed chickens was in accordance with serum lipid profiles as well as the level of lipid metabolism-related enzymes in the serum, abdominal adipose, jejunum and liver. RNA-seq analysis indicated that dietary BG intervention induced 79 and 205 characterized DEGs in the jejunum and liver, respectively. In addition, 255 and 165 TSEGs were detected in the liver and jejunum of BG-fed group, while 162 and 211 TSEGs genes were observed in the liver and jejunum of BD-fed birds, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis with both IPA and DAVID-BR further revealed a significant enrichment of DEGs and TSEGs in the biological processes for reducing the synthesis, storage, transportation and secretion of lipids in the jejunum, while those in the liver were for enhancing the oxidation of ingested lipids and fatty acids. In particular, transcriptional regulators of THRSP and EGR-1 as well as several DEGs involved in the PPAR-α signaling pathway were significantly induced by dietary BG intervention for lipid catabolism.

Answer: Does transcriptome Analysis reveal Regulation of Gene Expression for Lipid Catabolism in Young Broilers by Butyrate Glycerides?


Question: There is no consensus about the impact of a high BMI on postoperative morbidity and survival after esophagectomy. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a high BMI on postoperative complications and survival in a large cohort of esophageal cancer patients.', 'From January 2006 to December 2012, 1,342 consecutive esophageal cancer patients who underwent esophagectomy were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups: 950 patients were classified as normal BMI (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), 279 were classified as high BMI (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)), and 113 as low BMI (BMI < 18.5 kg/m(2)). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify confounding factors associated with postoperative complications. The impact of BMI on overall survival (OS) was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models.', 'The predominance of pathological type was esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1,280, 95.4 %). Overall morbidity, mortality, and hospital stay did not differ among groups. The incidence of pneumonia was higher in patients with high BMI compared with those with normal BMI (14.7 vs. 9.9 %, P = 0.025). However, chylothorax was less frequent in high-BMI group (0.4 % in high-BMI group, 3.1 % in normal group, and 3.5 % in low group, P = 0.011). Logistic regression analysis revealed high BMI was independently associated with decreased incidence of chylothorax [HR 0.86; 95 % confidence interval 0.76-0.97]. Overweight and obese patients had significantly better overall survival than underweight patients (median OS 55.6 vs. 32.5 months, P = 0.013), while the pathological stage was significantly higher in underweight patients (P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, T status, N status, differentiation grade, and tumor length were identified as independent prognostic factors.

Answer:
Is a high body mass index in esophageal cancer patients associated with adverse outcomes following esophagectomy?