In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

[EX Q]: This man's namesake elasticity describes surface tension resistance when a surface is stretched, and can be applied to surface-tension-related mass transfer in an effect named for this man and Marangoni. For a mixture at constant temperature and pressure, the change in the chemical potential of the system can be obtained using an equation named for this man and Duhem. Another equation named for this man is used to calculate the degrees of freedom of a system depending in part on its number of components. For 10 points, name this man with a namesake phase rule and a thermodynamic quantity useful in predicting the spontaneity of a chemical reaction, his free energy.
[EX A]: Science

[EX Q]: On the night before this battle, one side attempted to launch a sneak attack at Nairn whilst the other side was celebrating the birthday of its commander, while during the battle itself the losing commander's bodyguard supposedly shouted "Run, you Italian coward!". It followed an unsuccessful attempt to capture Stirling Castle on one side and the inability of General Hawley to secure a clearcut victory for the opposing side. The bayonet tactics of the victors were what made the difference in this battle which lasted less than an hour, perhaps thanks to George Murray no longer being in command of the Highland forces during it. The Duke of Cumberland had "See the Conquering Hero Comes" written in honor of his triumph in this battle. It followed Falkirk and was the final clash in the "Forty Five Rebellion". FTP, name this 1746 battle, the last fought on British soil, in which the Jacobites under Bonnie Prince Charlie were decisively defeated.
[EX A]: History

[EX Q]: Nicholas of Cusa studied them while attempting to find the area of a circle by integration, Vincenzo Viviani found a method of constructing tangents with them, and Charles Bouvelles discussed them in 1501 as a mechanical means of squaring the circle. Pascal thought about them to take his mind off of a toothache, and later wrote a "History of" them. No matter where a particle is placed on an inverted one of these, it takes the same time to slide to the bottom, according to the Tautochrone problem. Also the solution to the Brachistochrone problem, this was named by Galileo, who suggested that arch bridges be built in the shape of this, and Huygens proposed that pendulum clocks swing in this kind of arc. FTP, name this curve traced out by a point on the circumference of a circle as the circle rolls along a straight line.
[EX A]:
Science