instruction:
In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
question:
Context: To ascertain the predictive role of longitudinally acquired biochemical measures of cartilage turnover in relation to X-ray defined knee osteoarthritis (OAK), knee pain and functioning.', "This is a feasibility study based on 72 enrollees of the Michigan site of Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a longitudinal, population-based cohort study with 11 annual visits to characterize health at the mid-life. At visits in 1996, 1998 and 2007, radiographs were evaluated for the presence of OAK [>or=2 on the Kellgren and Lawrence (K-L) scale]. Knee pain and stiffness were assessed by interview. Functioning was assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and Type II collagen telopeptides (CTX-II) were assayed in serum and urine samples collected on alternate years from 1997 to 2006. We related trajectories of the cartilage biochemical markers from these five time points to OAK severity (no OAK, K-L score<2; mild OAK, K-L score=2; moderate/severe OAK, K-L score=3 or 4), pain, stiffness, or functioning, using longitudinal non-linear mixed modeling.", 'The 2007 prevalence of X-ray defined OAK was 50% in these 72 women. Upward trajectories of COMP (P=0.02) and CTX-II (P=0.006) were associated with increased OAK severity and body size. COMP trajectories were associated with pain and stiffness, but not functioning. CTX-II trajectories were associated with stiffness scores, but not knee pain or functioning scores.\Question: Do longitudinal changes of serum COMP and urinary CTX-II predict X-ray defined knee osteoarthritis severity and stiffness in women?
answer:
Multiple, biennial measures of COMP or CTX-II taken over a 10-year period were predictive of subsequent OAK and knee stiffness.


question:
Context: The present analyses intend to clarify if gender and puberty modify the relationship between bone development (modeling and remodeling) and fat mass at the forearm.', 'Data were collected from participants (139 males, 157 females, age = 5-19 years) of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study in a cross-sectional investigation. The main outcome measures were total and trabecular bone mineral density (BMDtot and BMDtrab), strength strain index (SSI) and parameters associated with modeling (cortical area, CA; periosteal circumference, CP) and remodeling (cortical bone mineral density, BMDcort, endosteal circumference, CE) were analyzed in their relationship to cross-sectional fat (FA) and muscle area (MA) at the forearm.', 'BMDtot was correlated with FA in pubertal males (r = -0.25). BMDtrab was contrarily predicted by FA in pubertal males and females (r = -0.28 vs. 0.31). FA was correlated with BMDcort (r = -0.32) and CE (r = 0.26) in pubertal females. MA was positively correlated with CA, CP and SSI.\Question: Is local body composition associated with gender differences of bone development at the forearm in puberty?
answer:
Modeling and bone strength were primarily predicted by MA. Markers of remodeling were positively correlated with FA in pubertal females, but not in prepubertal individuals and pubertal males. Therefore, gender and puberty modify the relationship between FA and bone development.


question:
Context: Acute rejection (AR) after organ transplantation results in transplant arteriosclerosis (TA). Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in tissue repair and blood vessel formation but are suspected to be a cause of TA.', 'In this study, we introduced a syngeneic and allogeneic abdominal aortic transplant model with C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Syngeneic and allogeneic grafts were histopathologically analyzed after transplantation. Bone marrow-derived EPCs were injected into transplant model animals to observe their distribution and temporal concentration changes. Changes of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR-1), phosphorylated VEGFR-1 (pVEGFR-1), VEGFR-2, pVEGFR-2, protein kinase B (Akt), pAkt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (Erk1), pErk1 levels in EPCs upon VEGF165 and the VEGFR inhibitor Vandetanib exposure were analyzed in\xa0vitro with western blotting.', 'In the allogeneic transplant group, two weeks after transplantation, formations of new intima layers could be observed, and its proliferation gradually increased to four and six weeks post-transplantation (p\xa0<\xa00.05), accompanied by significant arterial stenoses. Exogenous EPCs mainly localized to the damaged sites of the transplant arteries. In\xa0vivo, Vandetanib caused a significant dose dependent decrease of transplant hyperplasia (p\xa0<\xa00.05) and inhibited VEGF related proliferation, migration and adhesion of EPCs.\Question: Do endothelial progenitor cells induce transplant arteriosclerosis via VEGFR-1/2 activity?
answer:

Vandetanib treatment can reduce arteriosclerosis induced by abdominal aorta transplantation by blocking VEGFRs in EPCs.