Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: Previous studies have shown that giving other foods while breastfeeding increases the risk of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. The mechanism is speculated to be increased inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.', 'In a prospective longitudinal study, we compared fecal calprotectin, a marker of intestinal inflammatory disease, in healthy U.S. infants 0-6 months of age who were exclusively breastfed compared to those given additional liquids or solids.', 'In comparison to infants who were mixed-fed, fecal calprotectin was significantly higher in the exclusively breastfed group (p = 0.01) by a mean of 60 mg/kg (SE = 23).

Answer: 0


Question: Dexamethasone (Dex)-induced spontaneous tendon rupture and decreased self-repair capability is very common in clinical practice. The metaplasia of adipose tissue in the ruptured tendon indicates that Dex may induce tendon stem cells (TSCs) to differentiate into adipocytes, but the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we used in vitro methods to investigate the effects of Dex on rat TSC differentiation and the molecular mechanisms underlying this process.', 'First, we used qPCR and Western blotting to detect the expression of the adipogenic differentiation markers aP2 and C/EBPα after treating the TSCs with Dex. Oil red staining was used to confirm that high concentration Dex promoted adipogenic differentiation of rat TSCs. Next, we used qPCR and Western blotting to detect the effect of a high concentration of dexamethasone on molecules related to the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway in TSCs.', 'Treating rat TSCs with Dex promoted the synthesis of the inhibitory molecule dickkopf1 (DKK1) at the mRNA and protein levels. Western blotting results further showed that Dex downregulated the cellular signaling molecule phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (P-GSK-3 β (ser9)), upregulated P-GSK-3β (tyr216), and downregulated the pivotal signaling molecule β-catenin. Furthermore, DKK1 knockdown attenuated Dex-induced inhibition of the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and of the adipogenic differentiation of TSCs. Lithium chloride (LiCl, a GSK-3β inhibitor) reduced Dex-induced inhibition of the classical WNT/β-catenin pathway in TSCs and of the differentiation of TSCs to adipocytes.

Answer: 1


Question: The goal of this study was to identify factors that might aid in diagnosis and intraoperative management of hyperparathyroidism.', 'We analyzed biopsy specimens of 242 parathyroids from 159 patients by use of flow cytometry and image cytometry (ICM) for DNA index (DI), defined as the content of nuclear DNA compared with that expected for a DNA diploid standard, for proliferative index (PI), and for ploidy (diploid versus aneuploid or tetraploid).', 'True normal and normal parathyroids from patients with solitary adenomas were uniformly diploid. Abnormal ploidy (aneuploidy or tetraploidy) was identified frequently in adenomas and occasionally in hyperplasias with the exception that multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) biopsy specimens were uniformly diploid. DI for adenomas was similar to that for hyperplasias, and DI of both was higher than for normal glands. ICM-DI correlated positively with flow cytometry-DI and patient age and inversely with serum parathyroid hormone. PI was relatively low in all groups but was higher for hyperplasias versus normal parathyroids from patients with solitary adenomas and MEN versus non-MEN. PI correlated inversely with patient age.

Answer:
0