Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[EX Q]: Smoking, largely through increased oxidative stress, causes endothelial dysfunction which is an early key event in atherosclerosis. Smoking cessation and antioxidant vitamin therapy are shown to have beneficial role by restoring altered endothelial physiology. The present study was aimed to determine whether Terminalia arjuna, an Indian medicinal plant with potent antioxidant constituents, would improve endothelial dysfunction in smokers.', 'Eighteen healthy male smokers (age 28.16+/-9.45 years) and equal number of age-matched non-smoker controls participated in the study. The baseline brachial artery reactivity studies were performed using high frequency ultrasound according to standard protocol under identical conditions to determine endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated dilation and endothelium-independent nitroglycerine-mediated dilation. The two groups were matched regarding age, body mass index, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, mean resting vessel diameters and post-occlusion flow velocities (all p=NS). While flow-mediated dilation was significantly impaired amongst smokers compared to controls (4.71+/-2.22 v. 11.75+/-5.94%, p <0.005), the nitroglycerine-mediated dilation was similar in the two groups (20.35+/-3.89 v. 19.68+/-3.74%, p=NS). Subsequently the smokers were given Terminalia arjuna (500 mg q8h) or matching placebo randomly in a double blind cross-over design for two weeks each, followed by repetition of brachial artery reactivity studies to determine various parameters including flow-mediated dilation after each period. There was no significant difference as regards vessel diameter and flow velocities between the two therapies. However, the flow-mediated dilation showed significant improvement from baseline values after Terrminalia arjuna therapy but not with placebo (9.31+/-3.74 v. 5.17+/-2.42%, p <0.005).
[EX A]: 0

[EX Q]: It has been suggested that early localization of both necrosis and extrapancreatic fluid collections by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) can predict the outcome in severe acute pancreatitis. These two assumptions were evaluated.', 'This study comprises 228 patients with a first attack of acute pancreatitis admitted to our clinic from 1987 to 1995 and for whom the prognostic value of a contrast-enhanced CT obtained within 72 h of admission was prospectively evaluated. These CTs were retrospectively re-evaluated for the localization of pancreatic necrosis and extrapancreatic fluid collections. The indication for dialysis and artificial ventilation, the development of pancreatic pseudocysts, the necessity for surgery (necrosectomy), and mortality were used as clinical parameters.', 'There was a significant correlation between the presence of pancreatic necrosis and extrapancreatic fluid collections versus the clinical parameters. The localization of pancreatic necrosis was of no importance for the outcome of the disease, whereas the increasing amount of extrapancreatic fluid collections paralleled the severity of acute pancreatitis.
[EX A]: 0

[EX Q]: Atherosclerosis is a multigenic process leading to the progressive occlusion of arteries of mid to large caliber. A key step of the atherogenic process is the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells into the intimal layer of the arterial conduit. The phenotype of smooth muscle cells, once within the intima, is known to switch from contractile to de-differentiated, yet the regulation of this switch at the genomic level is unknown. Estrogen has been shown to regulate cell proliferation both for cancer cells and for vascular cells. However, methylation of the estrogen receptor-alpha gene (ERalpha) promoter blocks the expression of ERalpha, and thereby can antagonize the regulatory effect of estrogen on cell proliferation. We sought to determine whether methylation of the ERalpha is differentially and selectively regulated in contractile versus de-differentiated arterial smooth muscle cells.', 'We used Southern blot assay, combined bisulfite restriction analysis (Cobra) and restriction landmark genome scanning (RLGS-M) to determine the methylation status of ERalpha in human aortic smooth muscle cells, either in situ (normal aortic tissue, contractile phenotype), or the same cells explanted from the aorta and cultured in vitro (de-differentiated phenotype).', 'We provide evidence that methylation of the ERalpha in smooth muscle cells that display a proliferative phenotype is altered relative to the same cells studied within the media of non-atherosclerotic aortas. Thus, the ERalpha promoter does not appear to be methylated in situ (normal aorta), but becomes methylated in proliferating aortic smooth muscle cells. Using a screening technique, RLGS-M, we show that alteration in methylation associated with the smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch does not seem to require heightened activity of the methyltransferase enzyme, and appears to be selective for the ERalpha and a limited pool of genes whose CpG island becomes either demethylated or de novo methylated.
[EX A]:
1