TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: To evaluate whether P2X3 receptors (P2X3R) are expressed in the bladder urothelium and to determine their possible function in modulating purinergic detrusor contractions in the rat urinary bladder.', 'The expression of urothelial receptors was determined using conventional immunohistochemistry in bladders from normal Sprague-Dawley rats. The urothelial layer was removed by incubation with protamine, and disruption of the urothelium was confirmed using haematoxylin and eosin staining on bladder sections. Open cystometry was used to determine the effects of both urothelial removal as well as intravesical application of a specific P2X3R antagonist on bladder properties from intact and protamine-treated rats. Isometric contractile responses to potassium chloride (KCl) depolarization, electrical field stimulation (EFS) or chemical P2X activation were determined in normal and urothelium-denuded bladder strips, with and without application of the P2X3R antagonist.', 'Immunohistochemical staining showed high expression of P2X3R in the medial and basal layers of the urothelium. Removal of the urothelial layer disturbed normal bladder performance in vivo and eliminated the effects of the P2X3R antagonist on increasing the contractile interval and reducing the amplitude of voiding contractions. Removal of the urothelium did not affect bladder strip contractile responses to KCl depolarization or EFS. Pharmacological inhibition of P2X3R prevented desensitization to P2X-mediated detrusor muscle contractions during EFS only in the strips with an intact urothelium. A concentration-dependent, specific inhibition of P2X3R also prevented desensitization of purinergic contractile responses in intact bladder strips.
Answer: In the rat bladder, medial and basal urothelial cells express P2X3R, and specific inhibition of the receptor leads to a more hyporeflexive bladder condition. This pathway may involve P2X3R driving a paracrine amplification of ATP released from umbrella cells to increase afferent transmission in the sub-urothelial sensory plexus and desensitization of P2X1-mediated purinergic detrusor contractions.

SOLUTION: Does inhibition of urothelial P2X3 receptors prevent desensitization of purinergic detrusor contractions in the rat bladder?

PROBLEM: Context: Hair loss is related to follicular density, programmed regrowth and hair productivity.', 'The dissatisfaction with hair growth in patients experiencing hair loss might be due to slower linear hair growth rate (LHGR).', 'LHGR and hair diameter was evaluated in Caucasian controls and patients with patterned hair loss employing the validated non-invasive, contrast-enhanced-phototrichogram with exogen collection.', 'We evaluated 59,765 anagen hairs (controls 24,609, patients 35,156) and found thinner hairs grew slower than thicker hairs. LHGR in normal women was generally higher than in normal men. LHGR correlates with hair diameter (P < 0.006) and global thinning is associated with slower growth rates. Compared with hair of equal thickness in controls, subjects affected with patterned hair loss showed reduced hair growth rates, an observation found in both male and female patients. Males with pattern hair loss showed further reduction in growth rates as clinical severity worsened. However, sample size limitations prevented statistical evaluation of LHGR in severely affected females.
Answer: Caucasian ethnicity.

SOLUTION: Are gender differences in scalp hair growth rates maintained but reduced in pattern hair loss compared to controls?

PROBLEM: Context: This study examined the predictive factors of preference for residential care in cognitively intact and impaired elders and their family caregivers. It was hypothesized that disagreement in preference for residential care between the elders and their caregivers was greater in the cognitively impaired.', 'A cross-sectional survey was conducted during June 2007 to March 2008 in Hong Kong, and 707 community-dwelling elders aged 65 and above and 705 family caregivers were interviewed. Cognitively impaired elders were over-sampled to give reliable estimates for that sub-group. A structural questionnaire was used to collect data on preference for residential care and potential factors. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors.', "More cognitively impaired elder-caregiver dyads (37.4%) had disagreement in preference for residential care than cognitively intact elder-caregiver dyads (20.5%) (p < .001). From the elders' perspective, less preference for residential care was associated with cognitive impairment, whereas greater preference was associated with depression (for cognitively intact elders), more usage of community service and functional impairment. From the caregivers' perspective, greater preference for residential care was associated with greater caregiver burden, or care-recipients having cognitive or functional impairment, or more usage of community services.
Answer: Cognitively intact elders were more likely to indicate preference for residential care than cognitively impaired elders. Elders, both cognitively intact and impaired, were less likely than their caregivers to indicate preference for residential care. Disagreement in preference for residential care between the elders and their caregivers was larger for the cognitively impaired group than the cognitively intact group.

SOLUTION:
Is disagreement in preference for residential care between family caregivers and elders greater among cognitively impaired elders group than cognitively intact elders group?