TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Mast cells have been associated with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) in human pulmonary allografts, although their role in the development of OB remains unknown.', 'In this study, we evaluated the role of mast cells in pulmonary allograft rejection using an orthotopic rat pulmonary allograft model that utilizes chronic aspiration of gastric fluid to reliably obtain OB. Pulmonary allograft recipients (n = 35) received chronic aspiration of gastric fluid with (n = 10) and without (n = 16) treatment with a mast cell membrane stabilizer, cromolyn sodium, or chronic aspiration with normal saline (n = 9) as a control.', 'The acute graft injury associated with long ischemic time in the model (6 hours total ischemic time; typical acute graft injury rate ~30%) was apparently blocked by cromolyn, because peri-operative mortality associated with the acute graft injury was not observed in any of the animals receiving cromolyn (p = 0.045). Further, the rats receiving cromolyn developed significantly fewer OB lesions than those treated with gastric fluid alone (p < 0.001), with a mean reduction of 46% of the airways affected.\Question: Does cromolyn ameliorate acute and chronic injury in a rat lung transplant model?

SOLUTION: These findings provide impetus for further studies aimed at elucidating the effects of cromolyn and the role of mast cells in pulmonary allotransplantation.

PROBLEM: Context: To investigate the role of the anti-cellular immune response in the protection of rhesus macaques against infection with the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac. To determine the biological differences between SIV challenge stocks grown either on human T-cell lines or on monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MPBMC).', 'A protective SIVmac split vaccine was administered to rhesus macaques and their anti-, B- and T-cell response monitored. Vaccinees and controls were challenged with SIVmac grown either on human or on monkey cells. The in vivo replication rate of, and the immune response to, the two viruses was compared.', 'Five rhesus macaques were immunized with a total of 2 mg each of purified SIVmac251/32H grown on the human C8166 T-cell line. The antibody and proliferative T-cell responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and T-cell proliferation assay, respectively. Four protected animals and four controls were reboosted and challenged with MPBMC-grown SIVmac251 (SIVmac251/MPBMC). Cell-free virus load was determined by titration of plasma for SIV infectivity on C8166 cells and antigen with a core antigen capture assay.', 'Protection from virus challenge with C8166-grown SIVmac251/32H or SIVmac251/MPBMC did not correlate with anti-cellular antibodies or proliferative T-cell reactivities. Control animals infected with SIVmac251/MPBMC showed high persistent antigenaemia and high plasma virus titres. Both were absent in controls infected with complement C8166-grown SIVmac251/32H. Whereas the latter always seroconverted against the full panel of viral polypeptides, SIVmac251/MPBMC-infected animals showed a drastically decreased antibody response.\Question: Does protection of monkeys by a split vaccine against SIVmac depend upon biological properties of the challenge virus?

SOLUTION: Neither the antibody nor the proliferative T-cell response to SIVmac correlates with protection from virus challenge. In contrast to SIVmac251/32H grown on C8166 cells, the MPBMC-grown challenge virus SIVmac251 appears to belong to the 'rapid-high' phenotype, possibly explaining the lack of protection against this SIV.

PROBLEM: Context: The regulatory mechanisms of IL-5 gene transcription in human peripheral T cells are unclear because the transfection efficiency of plasmid constructs into nontransformed T cells is very low.', 'Concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated blastocytes derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes of asthmatic subjects were transiently transfected with the human IL-5 gene promoter/enhancer-luciferase gene construct, pIL-5 (-511)Luc, and cultured with THP-1 cells (human monocytoid cells) and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb). IL-5 level in the culture medium was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Transcriptional activity of the IL-5 gene was measured by luciferase reporter analysis.', "ConA-blast lymphocytes of asthmatic patients produced a significant amount of IL-5 upon combined stimulation with anti-CD3 mAb and THP-1 cells, but not with anti-CD3 mAb alone. Costimulation with anti-CD28 mAb also enhanced the anti-CD3 mAb- induced IL-5 production. Accordingly, luciferase activity induced by anti-CD3 mAb stimulation in pIL-5(-511)Luc-transfected ConA-blast lymphocytes was increased 1.9- and 3.4-fold by the addition of anti-CD28 mAb and THP-1 cells, respectively. Serial 5' deletion analysis of the reporter gene demonstrated that the cis-regulatory element located at -119 to -80 is critical for anti-CD3 mAb-induced IL-5 gene transcription.\Question: Does interaction with monocytes enhance IL-5 gene transcription in peripheral T cells of asthmatic patients?

SOLUTION:
Our present findings provide a useful model reflecting IL-5 gene transcription in human peripheral T cells in vivo, and clearly demonstrate that an interaction with monocytes enhances IL-5 gene transcription.