TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) may have a role in disordered folliculogenesis in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Though there have been several investigations into circulating AMH levels in patients with PCOS, no previous studies have compared AMH concentrations in the follicular fluid of unstimulated ovaries in women with PCOS with that of normally ovulating women.', 'Follicular fluid was aspirated from 4-8-mm follicles of unstimulated ovaries during routine laparoscopy or laparotomy from women with anovulatory PCOS (n = 11) and those with regular ovulatory cycles (n = 8). Follicular AMH was compared in the two groups. Serum samples were analysed for AMH and endocrine profile.', 'Follicular fluid AMH levels were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in women with anovulatory PCOS (median: 466.2 ng/ml) compared with normal-ovulatory controls (median: 78.0 ng/ml). Mean follicular fluid AMH levels in PCOS patients were 60 times higher than in the serum. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the follicular fluid and serum concentrations of AMH in the PCOS group (r = 0.86; P = 0.007) but not in controls.
Answer: Highly elevated AMH in follicular fluid from PCOS patients in contrast to age-matched normal controls suggests that increased circulating concentrations of AMH are partly due to the increased production of AMH by individual follicles and not simply attributable to the increased number of small antral follicles. This suggests an intrinsic abnormality in the ovarian follicles themselves in PCOS, which could contribute to disordered folliculogenesis.

SOLUTION: Is anti-Mullerian hormone increased in follicular fluid from unstimulated ovaries in women with polycystic ovary syndrome?

PROBLEM: Context: Ficus religiosa L. is one of the most relevant members of the family of Moraceae. It is the most sacred tree of South Asia, and it is used in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicine to cure respiratory disorders like cough, wheezing and asthma. Some studies were performed to investigate the anti-asthmatic potential of F. religiosa bark, leaves and fruit extracts but none of them tested their antiviral activity against viruses responsible for the exacerbation of wheezing and asthma.', 'The present study was undertaken to investigate the antiviral activity of F. religiosa L. extracts against respiratory viruses such as human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV).', 'The antiviral activity of F. religiosa L. was tested in vitro by plaque reduction and virus yield assays and the major mechanism of action was investigated by virus inactivation and time-of-addition assays.', 'F. religiosa L. methanol bark extract was the most active against HRV with an EC50 of 5.52 µg/mL. This extract likely inhibited late steps of replicative cycle. Water bark extract was the most active against RSV with an EC50 between 2.23 and 4.37 µg/mL. Partial virus inactivation and interference with virus attachment were both found to contribute to the anti-RSV activity. Replication of both viruses was inhibited in viral yield reduction assays.
Answer: The results of the present study demonstrate that F. religiosa L. is endowed with antiviral activity against RSV and HRV in vitro. Further work remains to be done to identify the active components and to assess the therapeutic potential in vivo.

SOLUTION: Do ficus religiosa L. bark extracts inhibit human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro?

PROBLEM: Context: The BXD2 mouse strain spontaneously develops glomerulonephritis and erosive arthritis. The goal of this study was to identify the antigenic target proteins and epitopes and to unravel the mechanisms by which the related conditions arise in BXD2 mice.', 'Individual hybridomas isolated from the spleen of a 10-month-old BXD2 mouse were injected intraperitoneally into nonautoimmune mice for evaluation of pathogenicity of each autoantibody. Autoantigens were immunoprecipitated with the pathogenic autoantibody L3A4. Autoantigens were identified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS. Antigenic epitopes were determined using a high-throughput epitope mapping method.', 'The production of autoantibodies in BXD2 mice occurred in an orderly progression, with peak levels of autoantibodies to nitrotyrosine (NT)-modified enolase, Ro, alpha-actin, and heat-shock proteins (HSPs) preceding peak levels of antihistone, anti-DNA, and rheumatoid factor. Two monoclonal autoantibodies, L3A4 and T56G10, were identified that could induce immune complexes, renal disease, and/or arthritis. Both L3A4 and T56G10 were polyreactive, and each reacted with separate sets of autoantigens. The antigenic targets of L3A4 consisted of NT-modified enolase, ATP5b, alpha-actin, and Hsp70 family proteins including Hspa5 and Hsp74. The antigenic epitopes of NT-modified enolase and Hspa5 exhibited sequence homology and cross-reactivity, suggesting that epitope spreading may occur through a molecular mimicry mechanism.
Answer: The polyreactivity of autoantibodies that target a novel class of autoantigens may enable these autoantibodies to induce erosive arthritis or glomerulonephritis either by direct pathogenic mechanisms or indirectly via Fc or immune complex deposition.

SOLUTION:
Does production of a novel class of polyreactive pathogenic autoantibodies in BXD2 mice cause glomerulonephritis and arthritis?