In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

[EX Q]: Background: Proenkephalin (PENK) has been suggested as a novel biomarker for kidney function. We investigated the diagnostic and prognostic utility of plasma PENK in comparison with neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in septic patients. Methods: A total of 167 septic patients were enrolled: 99 with sepsis, 37 with septic shock, and 31 with suspected sepsis. PENK and NGAL concentrations were measured and GFR was estimated by using the isotope dilution mass spectrometry traceable-Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study and three Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations: CKD-EPICr, CDK-EPICysC, and CKD-EPICr-CysC. The PENK, NGAL, and eGFR results were compared according to sepsis severity, presence or absence of acute kidney injury (AKI), and clinical outcomes. Results: The PENK, NGAL, and eGFR results were significantly associated with sepsis severity and differed significantly between patients with and without AKI only in the sepsis group (all P < 0.05). PENK was superior to NGAL in predicting AKI (P = 0.022) and renal replacement therapy (RRT) (P = 0.0085). Regardless of the variable GFR category by the different eGFR equations, PENK showed constant and significant associations with all eGFR equations. Unlike NGAL, PENK was not influenced by inflammation and predicted the 30day mortality. Conclusions: PENK is a highly sensitive and objective biomarker of AKI and RRT and is useful for prognosis prediction in septic patients. With its diagnostic robustness and predictive power for survival, PENK constitutes a promising biomarker in critical care settings including sepsis.
[EX A]: Original Article Clinical Chemistry Proenkephalin, Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rates in Patients With Sepsis

[EX Q]: Several kinds of pressure can lead to the emergence of infectious diseases. In the case of zoonoses emerging from livestock, one of the most significant changes that has taken place since the mid twentieth century is what has been termed the "livestock revolution", whereby the stock of food animals, their productivity and their trade has increased rapidly to feed rising and increasingly wealthy and urbanized populations. Further increases are projected in the future in low and middle-income countries. Using avian influenza as an example, we discuss how the emergence of avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9 in China was linked to rapid intensification of the poultry sector taking place in landscapes rich in wetland agriculture and wild waterfowls habitats, providing an extensive interface with the wild reservoir of avian influenza viruses. Trade networks and live-poultry markets further exacerbated the spread and persistence of avian influenza as well as human exposure. However, as the history of emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) demonstrates in high-income countries such as the USA, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom or the Netherlands, this is by no way specific to low and middle-income countries. Many HPAI emergence events took place in countries with generally good biosecurity standards, and the majority of these in regions hosting intensive poultry production systems. Emerging zoonoses are only one of a number of externalities of intensive livestock production systems, alongside antimicrobial consumption, disruption of nutrient cycles and greenhouse gases emissions, with direct or indirect impacts on human health. In parallel, livestock production is essential to nutrition and livelihoods in many low-income countries. Deindustrialization of the most intensive production systems in high-income countries and sustainable intensifications in low-income countries may converge to a situation where the nutritional and livelihood benefits of livestock production would be less overshadowed by its negative impacts on human an ecosystem health.
[EX A]: Intensifying poultry production systems and the emergence of avian influenza in China: a 'One Health/Ecohealth' epitome

[EX Q]: It is an exciting time in the field of microbiology because of the expansion of rapid diagnostic tests. Pathogen testing previously was performed by traditional laboratory methods such as bacterial, fungal, and viral culture or ova and parasite (O&P) examination. Testing could have a slow time to results; some testing lacked sensitivity, and most testing was centralized in the laboratory. Newer advances in pathogen detection assays are now providing rapid results and have greater sensitivity and specificity, and many assays are moving out of the centralized laboratory and to the patient as pointof-care tests. In this review, the authors chose to highlight the currently available US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared molecular assays for various infectious syndromes relevant to the pediatric population. Although outcome studies in this area are sparse, rapid results may result in decreased time to optimal antimicrobial treatment and improved patient outcomes. Disclosure Statement: E. McElvania is a consultant for Luminex Corporation. M.D. Gonzalez has no disclosures. KEYWORDS Rapid diagnostic assays Group A streptococcus Influenza RSV Syndromic multiplex panels Gastrointestinal panel Respiratory panel Meningitis encephalitis panel Compared with traditional rapid antigen testing, new diagnostics assays for Group A Streptococcus, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus combine rapid turnaround time with high sensitivity and specificity. There has been a surge in the availability of multiplex syndromic panels that test for a broad range of pathogens associated with a single clinical presentation. Molecular infectious disease testing that was previously performed in microbiology laboratories is now being developed in easy-to-use platforms, which are available at point of care.
[EX A]:
New Developments in Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Children