Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Longer-term tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance surveillance among children is rare. We determined the prevalence of drug resistance among children with culture-confirmed TB from 2011 to 2013, compared these results with four previous consecutive 2-year periods and documented other mycobacterial isolates identified.', "Surveillance study of mycobacterial culture in all children aged <13 years conducted from March 2011 to February 2013 at the Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Drug susceptibility testing against isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP) was performed using line-probe assay (GenoType(®) MTBDRplus). Clinical data were obtained through folder review.", 'Of 381 children, 323 (84.8%; 324 episodes) had Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 46 (12.1%) had M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin and 12 (3.1%) had non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated. Forty-one (12.7%) children had M. tuberculosis resistant to INH and/or RMP; 15 (4.7%) had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The prevalence of INH mono- or polyresistance remained stable; however, RMP monoresistance increased (0/313 in 2003-2005 vs. 6/324, 1.9%, in 2011-2013; P = 0.041); MDR-TB prevalence has declined significantly, from 26/292 (8.9%) in 2007-2009 to 15/324 (4.7%) in 2011-2013 (OR 0.50, 95%CI 0.24-0.99). The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection has decreased significantly, from a peak of 29% to 15.3%.

A: Does surveillance provide insight into epidemiology and spectrum of culture-confirmed mycobacterial disease in children?
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Q: High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein has been identified as a novel pro-inflammatory cytokine in coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated the relationship between serum HMGB1 level and the severity of coronary artery stenosis.', 'Serum HMGB1 concentration in patients was measured by ELISA. All patients underwent coronary angiography and were assigned into groups according to the quartile of HMGB1 level.', 'HMGB1 level in USAP group was higher than that in control and SAP group. HMGB1 level in SAP group was higher than that in control group (p<0.05). Gensini scores in the highest quartile group (group IV), group III and group II were all significantly higher than that in the lowest quartile group (group I). There was significant correlation between angiographic Gensini score and serum level of HMGB1 (r=0.710, p<0.05). However, in subgroup analysis, we found that serum HMGB1 level was only correlated with angiographic Gensini score in SAP patients (r=0.786, p<0.05), but not USAP patients.

A: Is increased serum HMGB1 related to the severity of coronary artery stenosis?
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Q: Hostile neck anatomy is assumed to be associated with increased surgical risk for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and is often considered a reason to choose carotid stenting or medical management. This retrospective case-control study evaluated whether, and how much, anatomically hostile necks represent a condition of higher surgical risk of early and late mortality and major or minor morbidity.', 'The data for 966 homogeneous CEA patients was prospectively entered in a computer database. Seventy-seven had a hostile neck anatomy due to previous oncologic surgery or neck irradiation, restenoses after CEA, high carotid bifurcation, or bull-like and inextensible neck. A case-control matched-pair cohort study considered sex, age (5-year intervals), and year of operation. Regional anesthesia was used for all operations for atherosclerotic stenosis >or=70%, conforming to the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, at a single center and by one surgeon or under his direct supervision.', 'The hostile neck patients and the control group were matched for age, sex, carotid-related symptoms, degree of stenoses, and main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Intraoperative variables were substantially equivalent in the two groups; however, procedure length and clamping time were, respectively, about 22 minutes (P = .0001) and 7 minutes longer (P = .01) in the hostile neck group. Rates of postoperative mortality and neurologic events were equivalent. Peripheral nerve lesions were multiple and significantly more frequent in the hostile neck patients (21% with >or=1 cranial nerve lesion vs 7% of controls, P = .03), yet all were transient and limited to a few months. The subgroups of patients with hostile neck, restenoses, and bull-like inextensible necks required the longest operative and clamping time, and those with bull-like and high bifurcation had the most frequent cranial nerve dysfunctions. At the respective follow-up of 47 and 45 months, survival curves (P = .48) and the incidence of restenoses and fatal and nonfatal strokes were similar (5 and 4, respectively).

A:
Does the hostile neck increase the risk of carotid endarterectomy?
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