In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling
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Question: see schaffer by schaffer, 74 f.3d at 731.

Answer: non-overruling


Question: the principle underlying gaines, however, leads us to now reject the instruction we once approved in tolkow and to overrule that holding.

Answer: overruling


Question: the majority's holding that ""a police officer  being 'familiar with' a resident of an area where the officer works does not, by itself, reasonably imply a prior bad act by that person"" is contrary to this well-established case law.

Answer:
non-overruling