TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Magnetic fields have been shown to affect cell proliferation and growth factor expression in cultured cells. Although the activation of endorphin systems is a recurring motif among the biological events elicited by magnetic fields, compelling evidence indicating that magnetic fields may modulate opioid gene expression is still lacking. We therefore investigated whether extremely low frequency (ELF) pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) may affect opioid peptide gene expression and the signaling pathways controlling opioid peptide gene transcription in the adult ventricular myocyte, a cell type behaving both as a target and as a source for opioid peptides.', 'Prodynorphin gene expression was investigated in adult rat myocytes exposed to PMF by the aid of RNase protection and nuclear run-off transcription assays. In PMF-exposed nuclei, nuclear protein kinase C (PKC) activity was followed by measuring the phosphorylation rate of the acrylodan-labeled MARCKS peptide. The effect of PMF on the subcellular distribution of different PKC isozymes was assessed by immunoblotting. A radioimmunoassay procedure coupled to reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used to monitor the expression of dynorphin B.', 'Here, we show that PMF enhanced myocardial opioid gene expression and that a direct exposure of isolated myocyte nuclei to PMF markedly enhanced prodynorphin gene transcription, as in the intact cell. The PMF action was mediated by nuclear PKC activation but occurred independently from changes in PKC isozyme expression and enzyme translocation. PMF also led to a marked increase in the synthesis and secretion of dynorphin B.
Answer: The present findings demonstrate that an opioid gene is activated by myocyte exposure to PMF and that the cell nucleus and nuclear embedded PKC are a crucial target for the PMF action. Due to the wide ranging importance of opioid peptides in myocardial cell homeostasis, the current data may suggest consideration for potential biological effects of PMF in the cardiovascular system.

SOLUTION: Do elf-pulsed magnetic fields modulate opioid peptide gene expression in myocardial cells?

PROBLEM: Context: Studies that investigate the subjective benefit from a bone conduction implant (BCI) sound processor in patients with single-sided sensorineural deafness (SSD) have been limited to examining short- and mid-term benefit. In the current study, we performed a survey among 44 SSD BCI users with a median follow-up time of 50 months.', 'Forty-four experienced SSD BCI users participated in the survey, which consisted of the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit, the Single-Sided Deafness Questionnaire, the Short Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults, and a self-made user questionnaire. For patients with tinnitus, the Tinnitus Questionnaire was also completed. The results of the survey were correlated with contralateral hearing loss, age at implantation, duration of the hearing loss at the time of implantation, duration of BCI use, and the presence and burden of tinnitus.', 'In total, 86% of the patients still used their sound processor. The Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit and the Short Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults show a statistically significant overall improvement with the BCI. The Single-Sided Deafness Questionnaire and the user questionnaire showed that almost 40% of the patients reported daily use of the sound processor. However, the survey of daily use reveals benefit only in certain circumstances. Speech understanding in noisy situations is rated rather low, and 58% of all patients reported that their BCI benefit was less than expected.
Answer: The majority of the patients reported an overall improvement from using their BCI. However, the number of users decreases during a longer follow-up time and patients get less enthusiastic about the device after an extended period of use, especially in noisy situations. However, diminished satisfaction because of time-related reductions in processor function could not be ruled out.

SOLUTION: Do long-term subjective benefit with a bone conduction implant sound processor in 44 patients with single-sided deafness?

PROBLEM: Context: To examine antigen (Ag)-specific CTL response during anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID).', "OVA or OVA257-264 peptide was injected into the anterior chamber (AC) of C57BL/6 mice. There were 16 mice in each ACAID group induced with OVA or OVA257-264 peptide. The mice were primed by SC injection with OVA or OVA 257-264 peptide in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) on day 7. Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in spleens were analyzed on day 14 using Pentamer H-2K(b)-SIINFEKL(OVA257-264 peptide). IFN-gamma ELISPOT and intracellular granzyme B staining were used to characterize the CTL response. Twelve mice in each group immunized with OVA or OVA257-264 peptide in CFA served as positive controls. Twelve normal mice served as negative controls and 12 receiving injection of CFA as CFA controls for studying the influence of CFA on the Ag-specific CTL response.", 'The results showed that anterior chamber inoculation of OVA or OVA257-264 peptide could induce ACAID as evidenced by an impaired DTH response. The frequency of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in ACAID mice was not different from that in mice challenged with Ags in CFA only (positive controls). IFN-gamma production by these cells in ACAID mice was not different compared to positive controls. However, Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in ACAID mice failed to secrete granzyme B. Mice challenged only with OVA peptide and CFA also showed a granzyme B negative CD8+ T cell response. Ag-specific CTL response induced by CFA alone was similar with the negative control.
Answer: These results show that the frequency of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells is not altered during ACAID. The Ag-specific CTL response during ACAID is characterized by the absence of granzyme B expression.

SOLUTION:
Do oVA-specific CD8+ T cells do not express granzyme B during anterior chamber associated immune deviation?