In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Q: Essential oil of star anise as well as phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpenes, for example, trans-anethole, eugenol, β-eudesmol, farnesol, β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide, which are present in many essential oils, were examined for their antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro. Antiviral activity was analyzed by plaque reduction assays and mode of antiviral action was determined by addition of the drugs to uninfected cells, to the virus prior to infection or to herpesvirusinfected cells. Star anise oil reduced viral infectivity by >99%, phenylpropanoids inhibited HSV infectivity by about 60-80% and sesquiterpenes suppressed herpes virus infection by 40-98%. Both, star anise essential oil and all isolated compounds exhibited anti-HSV-1 activity by direct inactivation of free virus particles in viral suspension assays. All tested drugs interacted in a dosedependent manner with herpesvirus particles, thereby inactivating viral infectivity. Star anise oil, rich in trans-anethole, revealed a high selectivity index of 160 against HSV, whereas among the isolated compounds only β-caryophyllene displayed a high selectivity index of 140. The presence of β-caryophyllene in many essential oils might contribute strongly to their antiviral ability. These results indicate that phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpenes present in essential oils contribute to their antiviral activity against HSV.

A: Original Article Screening for Antiviral Activities of Isolated Compounds from Essential Oils
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Q: Ca 2+ is one of the most universal and versatile signaling molecules and is involved in almost every aspect of cellular processes. Viruses are adept at utilizing the universal Ca 2+ signal to create a tailored cellular environment that meets their own demands. This review summarizes most of the known mechanisms by which viruses perturb Ca 2+ homeostasis and utilize Ca 2+ and cellular Ca 2+ -binding proteins to their benefit in their replication cycles. Ca 2+ plays important roles in virion structure formation, virus entry, viral gene expression, posttranslational processing of viral proteins and virion maturation and release. As part of the review, we introduce an algorithm to identify linear "EF-hand" Ca 2+ -binding motifs which resulted in the prediction of a total of 93 previously unrecognized Ca 2+ -binding motifs in virus proteins. Many of these proteins are nonstructural proteins, a class of proteins among which Ca 2+ interactions had not been formerly appreciated. The presence of linear Ca 2+ -binding motifs in viral proteins enlarges the spectrum of Ca 2+ -virus interplay and expands the total scenario of viral calciomics. (J.J. Yang). for structural integrity or functionality; and (3) critical virus-host interactions depend on cellular Ca 2+ -regulated proteins or pathways. This review, which aims to stimulate future studies on the roles of Ca 2+ in virus infection, is focused on such interplay by highlighting recent discoveries in the biological roles of Ca 2+ in virus infection. 0143-4160/$ -see front matter

A: Viral calciomics: Interplays between Ca 2+ and virus
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Q: , an algae-derived lectin, is one of the most potent viral entry inhibitors discovered to date. It is currently being developed as a microbicide with broad-spectrum activity against several enveloped viruses. GRFT can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at picomolar concentrations, surpassing the ability of most anti-HIV agents. The potential to inhibit other viruses as well as parasites has also been demonstrated. Griffithsin's antiviral activity stems from its ability to bind terminal mannoses present in high-mannose oligosaccharides and crosslink these glycans on the surface of the viral envelope glycoproteins. Here, we review structural and biochemical studies that established mode of action and facilitated construction of GRFT analogs, mechanisms that may lead to resistance, and in vitro and pre-clinical results that support the therapeutic potential of this lectin.

A:
viruses Griffithsin: An Antiviral Lectin with Outstanding Therapeutic Potential
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