TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: Both BALB/c mice and common voles (Microtus arvalis) are considered highly susceptible to tularemia. However, the common vole is reported to harbour Francisella tularensis in European habitats as well as to survive longer with chronic shedding of the bacterium. The purpose of the present study was to compare the response of these two rodents to a wild Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica strain infection.', 'Rodents were evaluated for differences in the total antioxidant capacity derived from low-molecular-weight antioxidants, biochemistry including lipid metabolism, tissue bacterial burdens and histopathology following experimental intraperitoneal infection with 160 colony forming units (CFU) pro toto.', 'Bacterial burdens in common voles started to develop later post-exposure and amounted to lower levels than in BALB/c mice. Elevation of liver function enzymes was more pronounced in mice than common voles and there were marked differences in lipid metabolism in the course of tularemia in these two species. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia developed in mice, while physiologically higher levels of triglycerides and cholesterol showed a decreasing tendency in common voles. On the other hand, the total plasma antioxidant capacity gradually dropped to 81.5% in mice on day 5 post-infection, while it increased to 130% on day 6 post-infection in common voles. Significant correlations between tissue bacterial burdens and several biochemical parameters were found.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: The extent to which tolerance acquired in one motion environment can be transferred to another has not been fully elucidated. This study compares three provocative motion stimuli and whether tolerance acquired from cross-coupled motion and torso rotation can be transferred to simulated aircraft motion.', "There were 18 healthy subjects (9 men and 9 women), 18-44 yr of age, who were divided into 3 groups. Each group was exposed to the following desensitization procedure in a pseudo-random repeated measures design. In condition D1, subjects were exposed to 4 consecutive days of cross-coupling and on the 5th d they were exposed to simulated aircraft motion. In D2, subjects were exposed to 4 consecutive days of torso rotation and on the 5th day they were exposed to the simulated aircraft motion as in D1. In D3, subjects were exposed to 5 consecutive days of simulated aircraft motion. Based on Graybiel's diagnostic criteria, severity of motion sickness on the 1st and 5th day in D1, D2, and D3 were compared.", 'Cross-coupled motion was the most provocative stimulus followed by torso rotation and simulated aircraft motion. Within each motion stimulus, there was evidence of desensitization (p < 0.001) within 4 d. There were no significant differences in the severity of motion sickness observed on the 5th day regardless of the desensitization stimuli.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of staff radiologists regarding the incorporation of a nonanonymous peer review system at an academic hospital.', 'A questionnaire gauging knowledge of, attitudes toward, and perceptions regarding peer review was distributed to all staff radiologists at a large academic hospital. The survey was distributed before the implementation of a nonanonymous peer review system. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Responses were cross-tabulated according to subspecialty and number of years in practice.', 'The majority of respondents agreed that peer review is important for improving patient care (31 of 36 [86%]) and professional development (29 of 36 [81%]), but the vast majority (33 of 36 [92%]) believed that peer review should be anonymous. Twenty-six of 36 respondents (72%) believed that peer review will not be safe from malpractice issues, 24 of 36 (67%) agreed that it has the potential to damage interpersonal relationships within the department, and 15 of 36 (42%) believed that it may influence their job security or rankings within the department. Significant differences were identified between radiologists with more and fewer years of practice experience.

SOLUTION:
1