Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: NI margins have to be chosen appropriately to control the risk of degradation of treatment effects in non-inferiority (NI) trials. We aimed to study whether the current choice of NI margins protects sufficiently against a degradation of treatment effect on an average.', 'NI trials reflecting current practice were assembled and for each trial, the NI margin was translated into a likelihood of degradation. The likelihood of degradation was calculated as the conditional probability of a treatment being harmful given that it is declared non-inferior in the trial, using simulation. Its distribution among the NI trials was then studied to assess the potential risk of degradation.', "The median (lower/upper quartile) NI margin among 112 binary outcome NI trials corresponded to an odds ratio of 0.57(0.45, 0.66), while among 38 NI trials with continuous outcome, to a Cohen's d of -0.42(-0.54, -0.31) and a hazard ratio of 0.82(0.73, 0.86) among 24 survival outcome NI trials. Overall, the median likelihood of degradation was 56% (45%, 62%).

Answer: 1


Question: In heart failure, a holistic approach incorporating the patient's perspective is vital for prognosis and treatment. Self-rated health has strong associations with adverse events and short-term mortality risk, but long-term data are limited. We investigated the predictive value of two consecutive self-rated health assessments with regard to long-term mortality in a large, well characterised sample of elderly patients with stable chronic heart failure.", "We measured self-rated health by asking 'In general, would you say your health is: 1, excellent; 2, very good; 3, good; 4, fair; 5, poor?' twice: at baseline and the end of a 12-week beta-blocker up-titration period in the CIBIS-ELD trial. Mortality was assessed in an observational follow-up after 2-4 years. A total of 720 patients (mean left ventricular ejection fraction 45±12%, mean age 73±5 years, 36% women) rated their health at both time points. During long-term follow-up, 144 patients died (all-cause mortality 20%). Fair/poor self-rated health in at least one of the two reports was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio 1.42 per level; 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.75; P<0.001). It remained independently significant in multiple Cox regression analysis, adjusted for N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP), heart rate and other risk prediction covariates. Self-rated health by one level worse was as predictive for mortality as a 1.9-fold increase in NTproBNP.

Answer: 1


Question: During endoscopic or open carpal tunnel release, a palmar fat pad is visualized immediately proximal to the distal end of the transverse carpal ligament (TCL). Visualization of the fat pad allows anticipation of complete release of the TCL without unnecessary distal dissection that could risk iatrogenic injury. This study defines the anatomic relationship of the distal edge of the TCL to the fat pad, the superficial palmar arch, and the motor branch of the median nerve.', 'Eighteen fresh-frozen cadaver hands were dissected, and the proximal aspect of the palmar fat pad, the distal edge of the TCL, the superficial palmar arch, and the motor branch of the median nerve were identified. An electronic caliper was used to measure distances between each structure along the axis of the radial border of the ring finger. A subset of 8 hands was radiographically imaged with fingers flexed and extended (wrist neutral) to determine if finger positioning influenced measurements between marked structures.', 'The proximal aspect of the palmar fat pad is 2.0 mm proximal to the distal edge of the TCL. The distal end of the TCL, as measured along the axis of the radial border of the ring finger is 12.7 mm from the most proximal aspect of the palmar arch and 6.5 mm from the nearest aspect of the motor branch. Flexing the fingers decreases the distance between the distal end of the TCL and the fat pad while not markedly affecting the distance between the TCL and the palmar arch or the motor branch.

Answer:
1