Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Intrathecal adenosine is antinociceptive under conditions of central sensitization, but not in response to acute stimuli in normals. The reasons for this selective circumstance of action remain unclear, but some evidence links adenosine's antinociceptive effects to release of norepinephrine by terminals in the spinal cord. The purpose of this study was to test whether spinal adenosine induces norepinephrine release selectively in settings of hypersensitivity.", 'Rats randomly assigned to spinal nerve ligation, sham operation, or no operation were anesthetized. A microdialysis fiber was implanted in the spinal cord dorsal horn at the L5-L6 level and perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. After washout and a baseline sample period, adenosine at various concentrations was infused through the fiber for 150 min, and samples were collected every 15 min.', "In ligated, but not in sham or normal animals, adenosine perfusion increased norepinephrine in spinal cord microdialysates in a concentration-dependent manner. The effects of adenosine plateaued after 75 min and remained stable until the end of the experiment. Intravenous injection of selective adenosine A1 and A2 receptor antagonists revealed that adenosine's effect on spinal norepinephrine release was A1 receptor mediated.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Bariatric surgery is associated with cognitive benefits, but the nature of such gains may be variable across demographically and clinically diverse persons. Older adults achieve less weight loss and resolution of fewer medical co-morbidities after surgery compared to younger patients and are also at heightened risk for nutritional deficiencies. However, no study has examined the influence of age on cognitive improvements after bariatric surgery. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of age on cognitive function postbariatric surgery.', 'A total of 95 participants enrolled in the Longitudinal Assessment for Bariatric Surgery completed a computerized cognitive test battery before bariatric surgery and at 12-weeks and 12-months postoperatively.', 'Baseline cognitive impairments were common. Significant improvements were found in attention/executive function and memory abilities 12-weeks and 12-months after surgery. Age was not associated with baseline cognitive test performance. Separate multivariable regression analyses controlling for baseline attention/executive function and memory also showed that age was not a significant predictor of 12-week or 12-month performances in these domains (P>.05 for all).

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Ribavirin (RBV) remains part of several interferon-free treatment strategies even though its mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. One hypothesis is that RBV increases responsiveness to type I interferons. Pegylated Interferon alpha (PEG-IFNa) has recently been shown to alter natural killer (NK) cell function possibly contributing to control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the effects of ribavirin alone or in combination with IFNa on NK cells are unknown.', 'Extensive ex vivo phenotyping and functional analysis of NK cells from hepatitis C patients was performed during antiviral therapy. Patients were treated for 6 weeks with RBV monotherapy (n\u200a=\u200a11), placebo (n\u200a=\u200a13) or PEG-IFNa-2a alone (n\u200a=\u200a6) followed by PEG-IFNa/RBV combination therapy. The effects of RBV and PEG-IFNa-2a on NK cells were also studied in vitro after co-culture with K562 or Huh7.5 cells.', 'Ribavirin monotherapy had no obvious effects on NK cell phenotype or function, neither ex vivo in patients nor in vitro. In contrast, PEG-IFNa-2a therapy was associated with an increase of CD56bright cells and distinct changes in expression profiles leading to an activated NK cell phenotype, increased functionality and decline of terminally differentiated NK cells. Ribavirin combination therapy reduced some of the IFN effects. An activated NK cell phenotype during therapy was inversely correlated with HCV viral load.

Ex Output:

0