Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
--------
Question: Context: Long-QT syndrome (LQTS), a cardiac arrhythmia disorder with variable phenotype, often results in devastating outcomes, including sudden cardiac death. Variable expression, independently from the primary disease-causing mutation, can partly be explained by genetic modifiers. This study investigates variants in a known LQTS-causative gene, AKAP9, for potential LQTS-type 1-modifying effects.', "Members of a South African LQTS-type 1 founder population (181 noncarriers and 168 mutation carriers) carrying the identical-by-descent KCNQ1 p.Ala341Val (A341V) mutation were evaluated for modifying effects of AKAP9 variants on heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc), cardiac events, and disease severity. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in AKAP9 rs11772585, rs7808587, rs2282972, and rs2961024 (order, 5'-3'positive strand) were genotyped. Associations between phenotypic traits and alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes were statistically assessed, adjusting for the degree of relatedness and confounding variables. The rs2961024 GG genotype, always represented by CGCG haplotype homozygotes, revealed an age-dependent heart rate-corrected QT interval increase (1% per additional 10 years) irrespective of A341V mutation status (P=0.006). The rs11772585 T allele, found uniquely in the TACT haplotype, more than doubled (218%) the risk of cardiac events (P=0.002) in the presence of A341V; additionally, it increased disease severity (P=0.025). The rs7808587 GG genotype was associated with a 74% increase in cardiac event risk (P=0.046), whereas the rs2282972 T allele, predominantly represented by the CATT haplotype, decreased risk by 53% (P=0.001).
Answer: AKAP9 has been identified as an LQTS-type 1-modifying gene. Variants investigated altered heart rate-corrected QT interval irrespective of mutation status, as well as cardiac event risk, and disease severity, in mutation carriers.

Answer: Is aKAP9 a genetic modifier of congenital long-QT syndrome type 1?


Question: Context: Early inflammatory arthritis is clinically heterogenous and biologically-based indicators are needed to distinguish severe from self-limited disease. Anti-cyclical citrullinated peptides (CCP) have been identified as potential prognostic markers in early arthritis cohorts. Since cytokine networks are known to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other forms of inflammatory arthritis, a panel of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines was measured to identify biologically-based subsets of early arthritis, relating cytokine profiles to clinical measures and to the presence of RA-associated autoantibodies.', 'Plasma concentrations of cytokines [interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, CXCL8 (IL-8), IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-g (IFN-g), CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1), CCL4 (MIP-1beta), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)] were measured in patients with early, untreated inflammatory arthritis [symptom duration < or = 12 months; > or = 1 swollen joint; RA, n = 41; undifferentiated arthritis (UA), n = 23]. Cytokine expression patterns were determined using cluster analysis.', 'Both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines were elevated in patients over controls (n = 21). RA clustered into subgroups based solely on cytokine profiles. The "mild" RA subgroup (n = 23) had higher CCL4 (MIP-1beta), CXCL8 (IL-8), IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, IL-5, and IL-10 levels, lower IL-6, IFN-g, GM-CSF, and IL-4 levels, less CCP positivity (52% vs 82%; p < 0.05), and lower CCP titers [71 (78) vs 153 (94); p < 0.01], but similar erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and joint counts compared to the "severe" RA groups. CCL4 (MIP-1beta), IL-13, IL-12, TNF-a, and IL-4 best distinguished the groups. Combining UA with RA samples preserved cytokine subgroups and strengthened the autoantibody associations. Fewer UA patients in the "mild" cluster (n = 16) were RF-positive (24% vs 100%; p < 0.002) or CCP-positive (24% vs 66%; p < 0.08) compared to the "severe" group.
Answer: Early untreated inflammatory arthritis can be categorized into distinct subgroups based on cytokine profiles. These subgroups are associated with CCP and RF autoantibodies. Integration of cytokine profiles with autoantibody status may assist prognostication and treatment decisions in these patients.

Answer: Is a distinct multicytokine profile associated with anti-cyclical citrullinated peptide antibodies in patients with early untreated inflammatory arthritis?


Question: Context: Recurrence after surgery for secondary hyperparathyroidism is not infrequent. Regrowth of the residual parathyroid tissue after subtotal parathyroidectomy or of the autograft after total parathyroidectomy occurs in many cases. Supernumerary glands are also frequently cited as the offending cause and upon revisiting the neck, the surgeon may be surprised that such an obvious gland was 'missed' at the first operation. Indeed, multiple glands removed in sequential operations have been reported suggesting that they develop over time rather than being present from the start. It is possible that microscopic parathyroid 'rests' of embryological origin proliferate under the ongoing stimulus of renal failure to produce supernumerary glands after apparently adequate initial surgery for hyperparathyroidism. The aim of the present study was to determine whether such rests occur frequently or infrequently.", 'Operative details and pathology results from 60 consecutive parathyroidectomies were reviewed and the occurrence of parathyroid rests noted.', 'Parathyroid rests were found in 37% of extra parathyroidal tissues submitted for analysis. These rests were found commonly in the thymus. The potential significance of such parathyroid rests undergoing hyperplasia in response to the ongoing stimulus of renal failure and leading to recurrent hyperparathyroidism is discussed.
Answer: Parathyroid rests are common and potentially serve as a cause of recurrent disease in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Consideration should be given to performing thymectomy as part of the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. A more detailed study is warranted.

Answer:
Does embryonic parathyroid rest occur commonly and have implications in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism?