TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: A version of spectroscopy that is free of one form of this effect uses a standing wave to give radiation to a moving atom and is named for its two-photon transition. Due to this effect, atoms observe laser resonance leading to the phenomenon of optical molasses at its namesake cooling limit. Mossbauer spectroscopy uses this effect to modulate the energy of the incident gamma rays. An experiment that used a canal ray tube and a mirror to view light emissions was used to detect the transverse form of this effect, while its relativistic form involves changes equal to the square root of one plus beta over one minus beta. For 10 points, name this shift in the wavelength from a moving source that can be heard by an observer.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: This compound promotes the dephosphorylation and activation of enzyme HMG-CoA to favor cholesterol synthesis and a phenylalanine for leucine substitution at residue B25 results in its "Chicago" variety. Its biosynthesis involves an excision of the C-peptide, and the compound functions by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors on cell surfaces. Sanger's improvement upon the methods of Edman degradation involved its sequencing, and its production occurs primarily in beta cells on the islets of langerhans. For ten points, name this pancreatic counterpart of glucagon used to regulate blood sugar, deficiencies of which are found in sufferers of diabetes.  

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: It was signed in Aix-la-Chapelle ten days after a conference began in another city. It was addressed to a former leader of the Albany Regency who had signed the first reciprocity treaty entered into by the United States. One of the men who signed it was a longtime rival of John Slidell, while another had served as Tyler's secretary of the navy and as Polk's attorney general. It claims that the actions it describes could lead to the extension of railroads to Cadiz, Malaga, and northern Portugal. However, it was blasted in the Republican Party platform as a "highwayman's plea that 'might makes right. '"  It condemned the seizure of the Black Warrior and warned that America should not permit the establishment of another "Africanized" Santo Domingo. Its repudiation by William Marcy brought about the resignation of one of its writers, Pierre Soul. FTP, name the 1854 document that called on the U.S. to invade Cuba if Spain refused to sell it, which is named for the city in Belgium where it was written.

SOLUTION:
History