Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
It is known that noxious stimuli from inflamed tissue may increase the excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons (a process known as central sensitization), which can signal back and contribute to peripheral inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully defined. A number of recent studies have indicated that spinal NF-κB/p65 is involved in central sensitization, as well as pain-related behavior. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether NF-κB/p65 can facilitate a peripheral inflammatory response in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA).', "Lentiviral vectors encoding short hairpin RNAs that target NF-κB/p65 (LV-shNF-κB/p65) were constructed for gene silencing. The spines of rats with AIA were injected with LV-shNF-κB/p65 on day 3 or day 10 after treatment with Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA). During an observation period of 20 days, pain-related behavior, paw swelling, and joint histopathologic changes were evaluated. Moreover, the expression levels of spinal tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) were assessed on day 14 after CFA treatment.", 'The presence of peripheral inflammation in rats with AIA induced an increase in NF-κB/p65 expression in the spinal cord, mainly in the dorsal horn neurons and astrocytes. Delivery of LV-shNF-κB/p65 to the spinal cord knocked down the expression of NF-κB/p65 and significantly attenuated hyperalgesia, paw edema, and joint destruction. In addition, spinal delivery of LV-shNF-κB/p65 reduced the overexpression of spinal TNFα, IL-1β, and COX-2.

Ex Output:
Does activation of spinal NF-κB/p65 contribute to peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis?


Ex Input:
To examine the lipid profile in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients and their relationship with anthropometric parameters, glycaemic control and cardiovascular mortality.', 'A consecutive cohort of 562 newly referred patients with type 2 diabetes to a hospital-based diabetes centre were examined in 1996. Subjects treated with lipid lowering drugs at the time of referral were excluded. A total of 517 subjects were followed up over a mean (+/-SD) period of 4.6 +/- 0.9 years. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin and lipid profile and anthropometric parameters were documented at the time of recruitment. Cardiovascular mortality, mainly due to coronary heart disease and stroke, was ascertained using death registry and review of hospital case notes in 2001.', 'Of the 517 subjects (mean age of 54.0 +/- 14.0 years), 42.6% were men. In this cohort, 63.3% of subjects were either overweight (BMI > or = 23 kg/m2) or obese (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) using Asian criteria. The mean (+/-SD) total cholesterol (TC), LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) and geometric mean (x// antilog SD) of triglycerides (TG) were 5.6 +/- 1.3 mmol/L, 3.6 +/- 1.1 mmol/L, 1.3 +/- 0.3 mmol/L and 1.46x//1.90 mmol/L respectively. TC and LDL-C correlated positively with HbA1c, HDL-C negatively with BMI and WC (waist circumference), while TG positively with HbA1c, BMI, WC and HOMA (insulin resistance estimated using the homeostasis model assessment). During the 4.6 years follow-up period, there were 61 deaths giving a total mortality rate of 11.4%, of which 15 (25%) were because of cardiovascular events. Apart from age and disease duration, logarithm of TG was significantly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (p = 0.049, relative risk = 2.97, 95% CI 1.00-8.77).

Ex Output:
Does triglyceride predict cardiovascular mortality and its relationship with glycaemia and obesity in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients?


Ex Input:
To identify the presence of side population (SP) cells in established head and neck squamous carcinoma cell (HNSCC) lines and to determine the role of EGFR in the regulation of the side population of these cells.', 'SP cells were identified using flow cytometry analysis by the ability of these cells to extrude the Hoechst 33342 dye via the drug transporter BCRP1/ABCG2. Effect of EGFR on the side population was determined also by difference in Hoechst extrusion and by immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to show the presence of the BCRP1/ABCG2 transporter and the phosphorylated form of EGFR in HNSCC tissue.', 'SP cells are present in HNSCC cell lines. With the Hoechst 33342 extrusion assay, SP cells were found to comprise an average of 0.69% of the UMSCC10B cells and 0.91% of HN12 cells. Addition of the EGF ligand increased the SP population while inactivation of the EGFR kinase by Iressa significantly decreased SP.

Ex Output:

Does eGFR regulate the side population in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma?