instruction:
In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and you have to write an answerable question based on the context. Your questions can be extractive, abstractive, or yes-no questions.
question:
As shown in Table TABREF39 , the proposed framework consistently obtains the best scores on all of the four datasets. Compared with the winning systems of SemEval ABSA, our framework achieves 5.0%, 1.6%, 1.4%, 1.3% absolute gains on INLINEFORM0 , INLINEFORM1 , INLINEFORM2 and INLINEFORM3 respectively.

Our framework can outperform RNCRF, a state-of-the-art model based on dependency parsing, on all datasets. We also notice that RNCRF does not perform well on INLINEFORM0 and INLINEFORM1 (3.7% and 3.9% inferior than ours). We find that INLINEFORM2 and INLINEFORM3 contain many informal reviews, thus RNCRF's performance degradation is probably due to the errors from the dependency parser when processing such informal texts.
answer:
By how much do they outperform state-of-the-art methods?


question:
Majority: the text picks the label of the largest size.

 ESA: A dataless classifier proposed in BIBREF0. It maps the words (in text and label names) into the title space of Wikipedia articles, then compares the text with label names. This method does not rely on train.

We implemented ESA based on 08/01/2019 Wikipedia dump. There are about 6.1M words and 5.9M articles. Word2Vec BIBREF23: Both the representations of the text and the labels are the addition of word embeddings element-wisely. Then cosine similarity determines the labels. This method does not rely on train either. Binary-BERT: We fine-tune BERT on train, which will yield a binary classifier for entailment or not; then we test it on test – picking the label with the maximal probability in single-label scenarios while choosing all the labels with “entailment” decision in multi-label cases.
answer:
What are their baseline models?


question:
The evaluation of chatbots remains an open problem in the field. Recent work BIBREF25 has shown that the automatic evaluation metrics borrowed from machine translation such as BLEU score BIBREF26 tend to align poorly with human judgement. Therefore, in this paper, we mainly adopt human evaluation, along with perplexity, following the existing work.
answer:

Is some other metrics other then perplexity measured?