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The live oral rotavirus (RV) vaccines have shown a reduced efficacy in Africa. Recent in vitro studies have shown binding of the RV surface protein (VP4) to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in an RV genotype-dependent manner, suggesting them to be putative receptors for RV. The diversity of HBGA phenotypes in different ethnic populations, combined with prevalence/absence of specific RV genotypes, led us to hypothesize whether the genetic variations in HBGAs in a population limit susceptibility to certain RV genotypes, plausibly leading to reduced vaccine efficacy.', 'Association between HBGAs status and susceptibility to RV P genotypes was investigated in children in Burkina Faso and Nicaragua. In total, 242 children with diarrhea in Burkina Faso and Nicaragua were investigated, 93 of whom were RV positive.', 'In Burkina Faso, the P[8] RV strains (n = 27) infected only Lewis- and secretor-positive children (27/27; P < .0001), but no Lewis-negative children. In contrast, the P[6] strains (n = 27) infected predominantly Lewis-negative children (n = 18; P < .0001) but also Lewis-positive children, irrespective of their secretor status. The results from Nicaragua confirmed that all P[8]-infected children (n = 22) were secretor Lewis positive.
Do both Lewis and secretor status mediate susceptibility to rotavirus infections in a rotavirus genotype-dependent manner?

Patients with diabetes are at greater risk of cardiovascular events. Insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinaemia are both related to an increased cardiovascular risk, but whether IR predicts coronary heart disease (CHD) independently of other risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a topic of considerable controversy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prospective relationship of fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h post-load glucose (2hPG) load with CHD incidence among such patients.', 'A total of 2607 patients with T2D were enrolled in a community-dwelling cohort and followed for an average of 7.2 years. Conventional CHD risk factors, FPG, 2hPG, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR index were measured at baseline. Cox regression hazard ratios (HRs) were used to assess CHD risk.', "A total of 299 'hard' CHD events were registered (in 114 women and 185 men). Increasing levels of fasting insulinaemia were positively associated with CHD incidence. This correlation persisted after controlling for gender, body mass index, blood pressure, lipid profile, medication use and HbA1c [HR for each increase in quartile (fully adjusted model): 1.18 (95% CI: 1.06-1.32); P<0.01]. 2hPG showed a non-linear association with incident CHD [HR of highest vs lowest quartile: 1.64 (95% CI: 1.03-2.61)]. Fasting glycaemia was not associated with CHD risk, whereas HOMA-IR had a direct and independent correlation with CHD risk [HR for each one-quartile increase: 1.19 (95% CI: 1.07-1.34); P<0.01].
Do fasting hyperinsulinaemia and 2-h glycaemia predict coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is one of the key cytokines in the embryo implantation regulation. We investigated the prevalence of the LIF gene mutations in the population of infertile women that consisted of nulligravid and secondary infertile patients.', 'We designed a LIF gene mutation screening method that is based on the Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE). The population to screen consisted of 176 infertile women including group A of 147 nulligravid women and group B of 29 women with secondary infertility that had a history of either miscarriage or an ectopic pregnancy but no live births. The control population was comprised of 75 healthy fertile subjects. The groups of fertile controls and infertile patients were compared for statistically significant differences using the t-test.', 'Six potentially functional LIF gene mutations, the G to A transitions at the position 3400 leading to the valin to methionin exchange at codon 64 (V64M) in the AB loop region of the LIF protein, were detected. All of the six positive women were infertile. Four of them were nulligravid and two of them had history of spontaneous conception followed by early miscarriage. No positive TGGE samples were identified in the control group, which means that the frequency of functionally relevant mutations of the LIF gene in infertile women is significantly enhanced in comparison with controls (P<0.05, t-test).

Are leukemia inhibitory factor gene mutations in the population of infertile women restricted to nulligravid patients?