In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: To examine the effect of short-term improvements in glycaemic control on brachial artery endothelial function as a marker of cardiovascular health.', 'Persons with Type 2 diabetes who were poorly controlled on oral therapy were randomly assigned to monotherapy with repaglinide or combination therapy with repaglinide plus metformin. Brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation was assessed by ultrasonography at randomization and following 16 weeks of therapy. The primary outcome was change in brachial artery endothelial function from baseline. Comparison of randomized groups was a secondary aim.', 'Eighty-six participants were randomized, and 83 were followed to study completion. Post occlusion brachial artery vasodilation was 3.74% at baseline and 3.82% following 16 weeks of therapy (P = 0.77). The treatment effect was 0.08% (95% CI: -0.48%, 0.64%). No difference was seen between treatment groups (P = 0.69). Overall, A1C was reduced from 8.3% to 7.0%, with a greater reduction in the combination therapy group (from 8.4% to 6.7%) than in the monotherapy group (from 8.3% to 7.3%, p for difference between groups = 0.01). Statistically significant reductions were observed in fasting glucose, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Statistically significant increases were observed for fasting insulin, uric acid, weight and BMI.\Question: Does the combination oral and nutritional treatment of late-onset diabetes mellitus ( CONTROL DM ) trial result?

Ex Output:
Brachial artery endothelial function was not influenced by short-term improvements in glycaemic control. The CONTROL DM group was successful in lowering A1C. Future research should explore more intensive and longer-lasting improvements in glycaemic control on endothelial function. Some data previously published in abstract form (Diabetes 2001; 50 (Suppl. 2): A217).


Ex Input:
Context: Extracellular hemoglobin and cell-free heme are toxic breakdown products of hemolyzed erythrocytes. Mammals synthesize the scavenger proteins haptoglobin and hemopexin, which bind extracellular hemoglobin and heme, respectively. Transfusion of packed red blood cells is a lifesaving therapy for patients with hemorrhagic shock. Because erythrocytes undergo progressive deleterious morphological and biochemical changes during storage, transfusion of packed red blood cells that have been stored for prolonged intervals (SRBCs; stored for 35-40 days in humans or 14 days in mice) increases plasma levels of cell-free hemoglobin and heme. Therefore, in patients with hemorrhagic shock, perfusion-sensitive organs such as the kidneys are challenged not only by hypoperfusion but also by the high concentrations of plasma hemoglobin and heme that are associated with the transfusion of SRBCs.', 'To test whether treatment with exogenous human haptoglobin or hemopexin can ameliorate adverse effects of resuscitation with SRBCs after 2 hours of hemorrhagic shock, mice that received SRBCs were given a coinfusion of haptoglobin, hemopexin, or albumin.', 'Treatment with haptoglobin or hemopexin but not albumin improved the survival rate and attenuated SRBC-induced inflammation. Treatment with haptoglobin retained free hemoglobin in the plasma and prevented SRBC-induced hemoglobinuria and kidney injury. In mice resuscitated with fresh packed red blood cells, treatment with haptoglobin, hemopexin, or albumin did not cause harmful effects.\Question: Does haptoglobin or Hemopexin Therapy prevent Acute Adverse Effects of Resuscitation After Prolonged Storage of Red Cells?

Ex Output:
In mice, the adverse effects of transfusion with SRBCs after hemorrhagic shock are ameliorated by treatment with either haptoglobin or hemopexin. Haptoglobin infusion prevents kidney injury associated with high plasma hemoglobin concentrations after resuscitation with SRBCs. Treatment with the naturally occurring human plasma proteins haptoglobin or hemopexin may have beneficial effects in conditions of severe hemolysis after prolonged hypotension.


Ex Input:
Context: The clinical benefit of using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assays to detect circulating tumour cells during post-operative surveillance of cancer patients remains unclear. Cytokeratin 20 has been proposed as a tissue-specific marker for the detection of micrometastases in the blood of colorectal cancer patients. However, recent reports have challenged its specificity, and hence the validity of its use.', 'The aim of this study was to evaluate the tissue-specificity of ck20 mRNA transcription and its use for detecting circulating colon epithelial cells.', 'RNA was isolated from the peripheral blood of 51 colorectal cancer patients, four patients with benign gastrointestinal disease and 42 healthy controls. In addition, it was prepared from 32 colorectal cancers, from a pituitary cancer, from normal kidney, liver, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and from 24 lymph nodes obtained from eight patients with benign gastrointestinal disease. Real-time RT-PCR assays were used to quantitative and compare ck20 transcription.', 'Significant levels of ck20 mRNA were detected in all 42 blood samples from healthy volunteers and in all pre- and post-operative blood samples from colorectal cancer patients regardless of the presence of metastatic disease. It was also detected in all other mRNA samples analysed.\Question: Is cytokeratin 20 a tissue-specific marker for the detection of malignant epithelial cells in the blood of colorectal cancer patients?

Ex Output:

The lack of colon tissue-specificity renders ck20 useless as a marker for the post-operative surveillance of colorectal cancer patients.