In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question separated with a 
. You have to answer the question based on the context.

Q: In addition to the majority baseline, we also compare our results with a lexicon-based approach. For experimental results, we report majority baseline for each language where the majority baseline corresponds to a model's accuracy if it always predicts the majority class in the dataset. 
 Question: what are the baselines?

A: majority baseline lexicon-based approach
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Q: Suppose there are $M$ total layers, and define a subset of these layers at which to apply the loss function: $K = \lbrace k_1, k_2, ..., k_L\rbrace \subseteq \lbrace 1,..,M-1\rbrace $. The total objective function is then defined as

where $Z_{k_l}$ is the $k_l$-th Transformer layer activations, $Y$ is the ground-truth transcription for CTC and context dependent states for hybrid ASR, and $Loss(P, Y)$ can be defined as CTC objective BIBREF11 or cross entropy for hybrid ASR. T 
 Question: Do they just sum up all the loses the calculate to end up with one single loss?

A: No
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Q: For English dataset, we crawl 687 cybersecurity articles from a collection of advanced persistent threats (APT) reports which are published from 2008 to 2018.  
 Question: Where are the cybersecurity articles used in the model sourced from?

A:
 from a collection of advanced persistent threats (APT) reports which are published from 2008 to 2018
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