In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

A failed naval expedition led by this country's Blanco Encalada resulted in the 1837 Treaty of Paucarpata, while its 1925 Constitution began its Presidential Republic period. This modern day country was captured in a campaign led by Pedro de Valdivia; that campaign saw fighting against its native Araucanian or Mapuche Indians. This country's Patria Vieja period of independence was ended at the Disaster of Rancagua. Its independence campaign was led by men like the Carrera Brothers and Bernardo O'Higgins, and the 19th century saw the flourishing of its free port Valparaiso. For 10 points, name this South American country led in the 20th century by Salvador Allende and Augusto Pinochet.
History

One of this artist's paintings portrays Hur and Aaron holding up a scowling Moses' arms during a battle against the Amalekites. In addition to Victory, O Lord!, this painter depicted a young man pulling off a white armband while embracing his lover in A Huguenot on St. Bartholomew's Day. A child looks back at a double rainbow while perched on the lap of the title accordion player in this painter's Blind Girl. His created a painting of the Holy Family lambasted for its realism by Charles Dickens, and a painting in which Elizabeth Siddal modeled a drowned Shakespearean character. For 10 points, name this pre-Raphaelite painter of Christ in the House of His Parents and Ophelia.
Fine Arts

The protagonist is impressed by a performance of Thomas Corneille's The Count of Essex, but when he admires a play set in Arabia the person sitting next to him at the theater sets him straight about the work. After losing money at a game of faro he overhears a discussion of a novel by Doctor Gauchat, while Madame de Parolignac mocks the works of Archdeacon T.  Later, a Venetian nobleman disparages the works of Horace and Milton, and complains that the Raphaels he owns are a bit too brownish. The title character ends up in Constantinople, having spent time in Portugal and Paraguay in earlier portions of the book. In the end, he enjoys the company of a dour philosopher named Martin and a loyal servant named Cacambo while living on his farm. FTP, name this novel in which an endless stream of misadventures befalls Paquette, Cungonde, and Doctor Pangloss, a work about optimism by Voltaire.

Literature