Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: One of the most important tools against foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious and variable viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is vaccination. However, the effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on slowing the spread of the disease is questionable. In contrast, high potency vaccines providing early protection may solve issues with the spread of the disease, escaping mutants, and persistency. To increase the potency of the vaccine, additives such as saponin and aluminium hydroxide are used. However, the use of saponin with an oil adjuvant is not common and is sometimes linked to toxicity. QS-21, which is less toxic than Quil A, has been presented as an alternative for use with saponin. In this study, the addition of QS-21 to a commercially available foot-and-mouth disease water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccine was evaluated in cattle.', 'After vaccination, serum samples were collected periodically over 3 months. Sera of the QS-21 and normal oil vaccine groups were compared via serum virus neutralization antibody titre and liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titre.', 'The results showed that there was a significant early antibody increase in the QS-21 group.
Answer: Strong early virus neutralizing antibody response will be useful for emergency or ring vaccinations against foot-and-mouth disease in target animals.

A: Does qS-21 enhance the early antibody response to oil adjuvant foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in cattle?
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Q: Context: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine. Recently, the G-308A polymorphism of the TNF-alpha gene has been associated with modified gene expression and increased TNF-alpha production in the -308A allele. We evaluated its influence on the incidence and clinical course of membranous glomerulonephritis.', 'We studied 53 patients with biopsy-proven primary membranous glomerulonephritis followed up for 5.7 +/- 4.9 years. 100 volunteers were analyzed as controls. According to the slope of the curve of reciprocal serum creatinine against time, group A (slow progressors, n = 35) and group B (fast progressors, n = 18) were defined. TNF-alpha G-308A polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification.', 'The frequency of the A-allele (associated with higher TNF-alpha levels) was significantly higher in patients than control subjects (patients: G-allele: 0.66, A-allele: 0.34; controls: G-allele 0.85, A-allele 0.15, p < 0.001). Similarly, the genotype distribution differed significantly between our study and control populations (patients: GG-genotype: 41.5%, GA: 49.1%, AA 9.4%; controls: GG: 71%, GA: 27%, AA 2%, p = 0.001). Age, renal function, proteinuria and blood pressure were similar at the time of renal biopsy between patients with different genotypes (NS). There was also a tendency towards an overpresentation of the A-allele in group B indicating a possible impact on the progression of membranous nephropathy, but a significance was not reached. Furthermore, no impact on renal survival in the Kaplan- Meier analysis was detected (NS).
Answer: Our results suggest that TNF-alpha gene G-308A polymorphism is a risk factor for the development of membranous glomerulonephritis.

A: Is tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene G-308A polymorphism a risk factor for the development of membranous glomerulonephritis?
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Q: Context: Several studies in vitro or in rodent models have suggested a potential relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis. However, this relationship has only rarely been investigated in humans. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to assess the association of ACE inhibitors with free IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the blood of older hypertensive adults.', 'Data are from the baseline evaluation of the IlSIRENTE study, which enrolled 364 subjects aged 80 or older. For the present study we selected a subpopulation of 264 hypertensive participants without congestive heart failure. Free IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the blood were measured by a radioimmunoassay method. Analyses of covariance were performed to evaluate the differences in free IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels according to the use of ACE inhibitors.', 'The mean age of participants was 85.7 years (SD: 4.9), 170 (64%) were women and 123 (47%) were using an ACE inhibitor. Following adjustment for potential confounders, the concentration of free IGF-1 was slightly, but not significantly higher among ACE inhibitor users than among non-users (0.74 vs. 0.65 ng/mL; p=0.20). In contrast, ACE inhibitor users had a significantly higher IGFBP-3 serum levels than non-users (4821 vs. 4330 ng/mL; p=0.005). In addition, the concentration of IGFBP-3 was significantly higher among ACE inhibitors users than among non-users of antihypertensive drugs (p=0.02) and users of other antihypertensive drugs (p=0.01).
Answer: Among hypertensive older adults, ACE inhibitors use is associated with higher IGFBP-3 levels.

A:
Is use of ACE inhibitors associated with elevated levels of IGFBP-3 among hypertensive older adults : results from the IlSIRENTE study?
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