instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
The Notch signaling pathway has been shown to play a role in bone marrow-derived stromal cell differentiation, however, the precise outcome of Notch activation remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Notch signaling in primary human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (hBMSCs).', 'hBMSCs were transduced to >90% with lentiviral vectors containing either human notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), jagged1, or dominant negative mastermind1. Cells were exposed to adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation stimuli and differentiation was quantified by oil red or alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase liver/bone/kidney (ALPL) activity and expression of adipogenic or osteogenic marker genes.', 'NICD and jagged1 transgene-expressing hBMSCs demonstrated enhanced mineralization, nodule formation, and ALPL activity in osteogenic differentiation media. These findings correlated with increased gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and ALPL. In contrast, NICD or jagged1 transgene expression strongly inhibited adipocyte formation and reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, fatty acid binding protein 4, and adiponectin precursor gene expression. Co-overexpression of dominant negative mastermind1 and NICD or jagged1 led to a partial rescue of the differentiation phenotypes. In addition, high endogenous jagged1 expression levels were observed in hBMSCs samples with strong ALPL activity compared to a group of samples with low ALPL activity.
answer:
1


question:
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PCa) are characterized by intrapancreatic neuropathic alterations, including increased neural density and hypertrophy, pancreatic neuritis and neural invasion (NI) by cancer cells in PCa. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of these neuropathic changes on the quality of pancreatic innervation, intrapancreatic glia, and visceral pain.', 'Pancreatic nerve fiber qualities were characterized by immunohistochemical visualization of various markers, including those for sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) and cholinergic innervation (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT), as well as the glial transcription factor, Sox10, and the neuroepithelial progenitor cell marker, Nestin, in normal pancreas (NP, n=16), CP (n=20), and PCa (n=20) patients. The neural immunoreactivity scores of these markers were correlated with the severity of intrapancreatic neuropathic changes and with abdominal pain sensation of patients.', 'Pancreatic sympathetic innervation was significantly reduced in CP and PCa, whereas parasympathetic innervation did not show major changes. Nestin neuro-immunoreactivity was stronger, and Sox10-immunoreactivity was weaker in CP and PCa than in NP. Pancreatic sympathetic and cholinergic innervation was noticeably decreased in patients with severe pancreatic neuritis, NI by cancer cells, or abdominal pain. Moreover, the neural immunoreactivity for Sox10 and Nestin also varied with intrapancreatic neuropathic alterations and abdominal pain.
answer:
1


question:
Successful cancer treatments still require more compounds to be isolated from natural sources. Thus, we have investigated anti-proliferative/apoptotic effects of methanolic extracts of lichen species Parmelia sulcata Taylor and Usnea filipendula Stirt on human lung cancer (A549, PC3), liver cancer (Hep3B) and rat glioma (C6) cells.', 'Anti-proliferative effects were monitored by MTT and adenosine triphosphate viability assays, while genotoxic activity was studied using the comet assay. Additionally, cell death mode and apoptosis assays (fluorescence staining, caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18, caspase-3 activity and PARP cleavage) were performed.', 'Extracts produced anti-population growth effects in a dose-dependent manner (1.56-100 μg/ml) by inducing apoptosis-like cell death. This resulted in the lines having the presence of pyknotic cell nuclei. In addition, significant increase in genetic damage in the cell lines was seen, indicating that DNA damage may have been responsible for apoptotic cell death.
answer:

1