TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
PROBLEM: Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) is the simplest form of genetic molecule and constitutes the genome in some viruses and presumably in primitive life-forms. However, an innate and unsolved problem regarding the ssRNA genome is formation of inactive doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) during replication. Here, we addressed this problem by focusing on the secondary structure. We systematically designed RNAs with various structures and observed dsRNA formation during replication using an RNA replicase (Q␤ replicase). From the results, we extracted a simple rule regarding ssRNA genome replication with less dsRNA formation (less GC number in loops) and then designed an artificial RNA that encodes a domain of the ␤-galactosidase gene based on this rule. We also obtained evidence that this rule governs the natural genomes of all bacterial and most fungal viruses presently known. This study revealed one of the structural design principles of an ssRNA genome that replicates continuously with less dsRNA formation.

SOLUTION: A design principle for a single-stranded RNA genome that replicates with less double-strand formation

PROBLEM: Computational (in silico) methods have been developed and widely applied to pharmacology hypothesis development and testing. These in silico methods include databases, quantitative structure-activity relationships, similarity searching, pharmacophores, homology models and other molecular modeling, machine learning, data mining, network analysis tools and data analysis tools that use a computer. Such methods have seen frequent use in the discovery and optimization of novel molecules with affinity to a target, the clarification of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties as well as physicochemical characterization. The first part of this review discussed the methods that have been used for virtual ligand and target-based screening and profiling to predict biological activity. The aim of this second part of the review is to illustrate some of the varied applications of in silico methods for pharmacology in terms of the targets addressed. We will also discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of in silico methods with respect to in vitro and in vivo methods for pharmacology research. Our conclusion is that the in silico pharmacology paradigm is ongoing and presents a rich array of opportunities that will assist in expediating the discovery of new targets, and ultimately lead to compounds with predicted biological activity for these novel targets.

SOLUTION: In silico pharmacology for drug discovery: applications to targets and beyond

PROBLEM: 【Abstract】 Lung cancer is one of the most common tumor, which lacks of effective clinical treatment to lead to desirable prognosis. According to cancer stem cell hypothesis, lung cancer stem cells are considered to be responsible for carcinogenesis, development, metastasis, recurrence, invasion, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy of lung cancer. In recent years, more and more institutes used glycosylated CD133 epitopes to define, isolate, purify lung cancer stem cells. However, along with deeply research, the application of CD133 epitopes in lung cancer stem cell research is questioned. The utilization and limitation of CD133 epitopes in lung cancer stem cells research for the past few years is summaried in this review. 死率呈明显增高的趋势。虽然近年来在肺癌的诊断和治疗 上有了很大的进展， 但是肺癌患者的5年生存率仍未超过 16% [1] 。肿瘤干细胞学说认为，肺癌组织中一类数量较少 但具有较强的致瘤性、 自我更新、无限增殖以及分化潜能 的细胞是肺癌发生、发展、转移、复发、耐受放化疗以及 肺癌细胞具有侵袭性的主要原因，因其具有干细胞样特 性被称为肺癌干细胞。在肺癌组织中靶定并清除这类肿 瘤干细胞或许会给肺癌的治疗带来更为有效的方案 [2] 。近 年研究发现在人类多种实体肿瘤中存在CD133 + 肿瘤干细 胞，如肺癌、室管膜瘤、前列腺癌、结肠癌、肝癌、喉癌、 黑色素瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌 [3] 、 骨肉瘤 [4] 及胆囊癌 [5] 等。随 着在脑肿瘤干细胞中AC133/AC141阳性细胞群的发现， 以 AC133和AC141表位作为标记已经广泛应用于其他实质性 肿瘤干细胞的纯化。有些机构联合应用AC133和AC141表 位作为肿瘤干细胞的标记物。但已有研究 [6] 检测到AC133 与AC141表位表达的不一致；并且即使能够检测到CD133 蛋白的存在其表位也可能缺失 [3] 。此外，有研究 [7, 8] 显示 CD133的表达受氧浓度水平调节。此外还未确定的CD133 的生物学功能、是否存在CD133阴性的肺癌干细胞以及目 前流式细胞术进行细胞分析时存在的潜在技术缺陷，提 示若在实验中用CD133作为肺癌干细胞的标记物需要进 行严密的评估以及慎重的考虑，并且要重视其它一些直接 参与保持肺癌干细胞特性的肿瘤干细胞表面标记物。 1 干细胞与肿瘤干细胞 干细胞是一类具有自我更新、无限增殖和多向分化 潜能的细胞。1959年Mak ino等 [9] 首次提出肿瘤干细胞假 说，并指出肿瘤可能由肿瘤干细胞产生。直到2001年肿瘤 干细胞这一概念才被正式提出。肿瘤干细胞学说认为肿 www.lungca.org

SOLUTION:
0 1 1 年 1 0 月 第 1 4 卷 第 1 0 期 Chin J Lung Cancer