In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

[EX Q]: Context: To examine whether differences emerged when the Chinese version of the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-C) was administered to community-dwelling older adults with instructions to respond in the context of "general" movements, walking, using chopsticks or dressing. Furthermore, the difference between the six-point Likert scale and four-point Likert scale response formats of the MSRS-C was investigated.', 'The study was implemented in the community of Hong Kong with 52 older adults (mean age 77.4 years). Telephone interviews were carried out on two occasions for each participant. Participants provided a verbal response to each of 10 questions from the MSRS-C with different response formats (i.e., six-point or four-point Likert Scales) and different instructions in the response context (i.e. general, walking, using chopsticks, dressing). The sequence of response format and context was randomized for each participant.', 'Older fallers scored significantly higher on the MSRS-C (general) with six-point or four-point response formats than non-fallers. The MSRS-C (general) and MSRS-C (walking) were not statistically different, and showed good discriminative power for previous older fall status (older fallers or older non-fallers). However, MSRS-C (chopsticks) and MSRS-C (dressing) failed to differentiate older fallers from older non-fallers.\Question: Do instructions influence response to the Chinese version of the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale in community-dwelling older adults?
[EX A]: Both the MSRS-C (general) and MSRS-C (walking) with a six-point or a four-point response format showed good discrimination of older fallers from non-fallers. Older adults might respond to the MSRS-C with respect to the most challenging movements (e.g. fall-related movements) in their daily living. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; ●●: ●●-●●.

[EX Q]: Context: Oxidative stress plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiopathogenesis. There were several studies that showed impaired antioxidant defense system (ADS) enzymes expression or activity in AD patients. There are only few studies evaluating the importance of ADS gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as risk factors of AD. We evaluated association between chosen SNPs of the enzymes of the ADS and risk of AD.", 'We included 400 AD patients and 402 healthy controls. We studied rs1041740, rs4998557 and rs2070424 of the SOD1 gene, rs2855116, rs5746136 and rs4880 of the SOD2 gene and rs3448, rs1050450 and rs1800668 of the GPx-1 gene (real time PCR). To determine the APOE gene common polymorphism, two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; NCBI SNPs rs429358 and rs7412) were genotyped (TaqMan assays, Applied Biosystems [ABI], Foster City, CA, USA). The genotype and gender frequencies were compared between the studied groups by the χ(2) test and mean age by the t-Student test.', 'Among all studied SNPs only rs2070424 of the SOD1 gene was a protective factor for AD in an additive (OR=0.47; 95% CI=0.30-0.74, p=0.001) and recessive (OR=0.47; 95% CI=0.30-0.75, p=0.002) models including age, gender and APOE gene status.\Question: Is rs2070424 of the SOD1 gene associated with risk of Alzheimer 's disease?
[EX A]: rs2070424 polymorphism of the SOD1 gene is a risk factor for AD in Polish population. Allel G and genotype AG and GG are protective factors for AD.

[EX Q]: Context: Thrombin influences the biological behavior of periodontal ligament cells and plays multiple roles in the early stages of bone healing. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is one of the key molecules that regulate bone homeostasis and prevent osteoclastogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of thrombin on OPG synthesis in human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells in vitro.', 'Cells were treated with various concentrations (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 U/mL) of thrombin. The mRNA expression and protein synthesis of OPG, as well as of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL), were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. The influence of thrombin on OPG synthesis and its signaling pathway were investigated using inhibitors.', "Thrombin profoundly induces protein synthesis of OPG at 0.1 U/mL. The inductive effect was inhibited by cycloheximide, but not by indomethacin. The phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin, exerted an inhibitory effect on the thrombin-induced OPG synthesis. In addition, the effect was inhibited by protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 antagonist. Activation of phospho-Akt (p-Akt) was observed and the effect was abolished by LY294002.\Question: Does thrombin induce osteoprotegerin synthesis via phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in human periodontal ligament cells?
[EX A]:
Thrombin induces OPG synthesis in HPDL cells post-transcriptionally, possibly through PAR-1. The regulation was through the PI3K/Akt and mTOR pathway. This finding suggests that thrombin may play a significant role in alveolar bone repair and homeostasis of periodontal tissue, partly through the OPG/RANKL system.