Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Lymphocyte alterations have been associated with an increased prevalence of acute respiratory infections in COPD patients. AM3 is an oral immunomodulator that normalizes the defective functions of peripheral blood natural killer and phagocytic cells in COPD patients and improves their health-related quality of life.', 'To characterize putative systemic abnormalities of the T-cell compartment in COPD patients, and to investigate whether AM3 can restore such abnormalities.', 'The study was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in a cohort of COPD patients. The results were also compared to those of nonsmoker and ex-smoker healthy control subjects.', 'Outpatient departments of four hospitals.', 'Seventy COPD patients were randomized to receive either AM3 or a placebo orally for 90 consecutive days. Populations of 36 healthy nonsmokers and 36 healthy ex-smokers were used as control subjects.', 'Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon (IFN)-gamma proteins in response to the T-cell polyclonal mitogens were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment.', 'The proliferative response was significantly decreased in COPD patients. Decreased production of IFN-gamma was the only defect in the profiles of the cytokine measures, and was selectively observed in COPD patients, but not in nonsmoker and ex-smoker healthy control subjects. Treatment with AM3 significantly restored the PBMC proliferative response to polyclonal mitogens and significantly promoted stimulated IFN-gamma production in these patients. The normalization of these proliferative responses was not related to significant variations in the numbers of peripheral blood monocytes, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells or of any major naïve/memory/activated T-cell subset. The increased IFN-gamma production in the AM3 study arm was associated with an increase in the mean of number of IFN-gamma molecules produced per CD8+ T cells.
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Studies have reported effects of prenatal marijuana exposure (PME) on cognitive and behavioral outcomes. An earlier publication from this study found that PME predicted early onset of marijuana use and frequency of marijuana use at age 14. No study has reported the effects of PME on marijuana use in young adulthood. This is a developmental period when substance use peaks, and by which, initiation of substance use has largely occurred.', 'Subjects were from a longitudinal cohort. Women were interviewed initially in their fourth prenatal month and women and their offspring were followed through 22 years. Significant covariates of offspring marijuana use at 22 years were identified and controlled for using ordinal logistic regression.', 'PME predicted marijuana use in the offspring at 22 years after controlling for significant covariates. Prenatal alcohol exposure, offspring race, gender, and age were also significant predictors, but family history of substance abuse or disorder, and sociodemographic and psychological characteristics of the mother and offspring were not. This association was not moderated by gender or race.
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Stricture formation in Crohn's disease (CD) occurs as a result of persistent intestinal inflammatory activation, which leads to enhanced adhesion molecule expression in serosal fibroblasts (SFs). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. Treatment with VIP prevents experimental CD in animal models at the clinical and pathologic levels. The present study reports the effect of VIP on the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in IL-1beta-stimulated human colon SFs.", 'Primary human colon SFs were incubated with or without IL-1beta (10 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of VIP at various concentrations (0.1 to 100 nM) for designated time. Cell surface and cytosolic ICAM-1 expression were evaluated by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis, respectively. The DNA binding capacity of NF-kappaB was analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha was examined by Western blot analysis.', 'VIP inhibited IL-1beta-induced expression of ICAM-1 in a dose-dependent manner. The IL-1beta-induced ICAM-1 was also inhibited by a potent inhibitor of NF-kappaB, MG132. VIP also decreased IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB DNA binding capacity and phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha.

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