In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
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Question: ('filoviruses') that cause severe hemorrhagic fever with human case fatality rates of up to 90%. Filovirus infection requires fusion of the host cell and virus membranes, a process that is mediated by the envelope glycoprotein (GP). GP contains two subunits, the surface subunit (GP1), which is responsible for cell attachment, and the transmembrane subunit (GP2), which catalyzes membrane fusion. The GP2 ectodomain contains two heptad repeat regions, N-terminal and C-terminal (NHR and CHR, respectively) that adopt a six-helix bundle during the fusion process. The refolding of this six-helix bundle provides the thermodynamic driving force to overcome barriers associated with membrane fusion. Here we report the crystal structure of the MARV GP2 core domain in its post-fusion (six-helix bundle) conformation at 1.9 Å resolution. The MARV GP2 core domain backbone conformation is virtually identical to that of EBOV GP2 (reported previously), and consists of a central NHR core trimeric coiled-coil packed against peripheral CHR α-helices and an intervening loop/helix-turn-helix segment. We previously reported that the stability of the MARV GP2 post-fusion structure is highly pH-dependent, with increasing stability at lower pH [Harrison, J.S.; Koellhoffer, J. K.; Chandran, K.; and Lai, J. R. Biochemistry, 2012Biochemistry, , 51, 2515Biochemistry, -2525. We hypothesized that this pH-dependent stability provides a mechanism for conformational control such that the post-fusion six helix bundle is promoted in the environments of appropriately matured endosomes. In this report, a structural rationale for this pH-dependent stability is described, and involves a high-density array of core and surface acidic side chains at the midsection of the structure, termed the 'anion stripe.' In addition, many surface-exposed salt bridges likely contribute to stabilizing the post-fusion structure at low pH. These results provide structural insights into the mechanism of MARV GP2-mediated membrane fusion.

Answer: Crystal Structure of the Marburg Virus GP2 Core Domain in its Post-Fusion Conformation †


Question: Collagen-induced arthritis is a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Recently published studies have demonstrated that in some rare cases pathogens can confer protection from autoimmunity. Trypanosoma brucei parasites are tsetse fly transmitted extracellular protozoans causing sleeping sickness disease in humans and Nagana in livestock in sub-Saharan endemic areas. In the past, we demonstrated that trypanosome infections impair B cell homeostasis and abolish vaccine-induced protection against unrelated antigens. Hence, here we hypothesized that trypanosome infection can affect the onset of CIA by specifically dampening specific B-cell responses and type II collagen antibody titers in DBA/1 prone mice. We observed a substantial delay in the onset of collagen-induced arthritis in T. brucei-infected DBA/1 mice that correlates with a drastic decrease of type II collagen titers of the different IgG isotypes in the serum. Treatment of infected mice with Berenil, a trypanocidal drug, restored the development of CIA-associated clinical symptoms. Interestingly, these data were confirmed by the challenge of immunized DBA/1 prone mice with T. brucei-infected tsetse flies. Together, these results demonstrate that T. brucei infection is impairing the maintenance of the antigen specific plasma B cell pool driving the development of CIA in DBA/1 prone mice.

Answer: Experimental African Trypanosome Infection by Needle Passage or Natural Tsetse Fly Challenge Thwarts the Development of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in DBA/1 Prone Mice via an Impairment of Antigen Specific B Cell Autoantibody Titers


Question: 1. To recognize the importance to the maintenance of good health of adequate public health regulations and an infrastructure that provides clean water and appropriate waste management 2. To see the lack of such amenities over many centuries, but the progressive development of public health bureaucracies dedicated to provision of an appropriate infrastructure, beginning during the Victorian Era. 3. To observe how responsibility for the provision of adequate housing for poorer city dwellers has been shared between government, benevolent entrepreneurs and charities. 4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel. Some early civilizations enacted quite specific health regulations, and some also developed an impressive health infrastructure, at least for their wealthier citizens. We will cite briefly examples from the Harrapan region of the Punjab, Egypt and Israel. The Harrapan Culture The Harrapan cities date back 2 millennia BCE, The Harrapan people were perhaps the first to pay significant attention to a healthy urban infrastructure. Multi-storied brick houses boasted wells and an effective covered sewage system. Public baths facilitated personal, hygiene, and dykes protected the region against flooding. Laws also protected the community against the adulteration of grain and fats. Egypt In Egypt, pigs were regarded as unclean animals, and were avoided as sources of protein; further, the eating of other meat products was prohibited during the hotter parts of the year. The wealthier citizens used natron, a paste of ash or clay, to clean their hands, and for upper-class Egyptians the laundry supervisor was an important member of the domestic staff. There are ruins of a few public bath-houses built during the period of Greek domination, but most Egyptians were content to wash their bodies by a quick dip in a canal or river. Israel Moses (1391-1271 BCE) imported some early Egyptian regulations into Israel, and the priestly class elaborated 213 of 613 Biblical commandments that focussed upon health and personal hygiene. Items covered in these discourses of the Torah include rigid quarantine regulations, a variety of dietary restrictions, and a regular weekly Sabbath period of relaxation. Water, usually drawn from wells, was a precious commodity in ancient Israel, and excreta accumulated in cess-pits. Minoans The Minoan culture (2000-1500 BCE) seems to have had some knowledge of the principles of public health. Networks of clay pipes provided upper class houses with water and sewage facilities, and aqueducts brought fresh water to the palace fountains and spigots from springs that were some 10 km away. Separate pipes cleared waste-water and the run-off from heavy rains, and the Minoan palace even had a footbath for weary travellers. However, provision for the lower echelons of society was less satisfactory. People still had to carry water from a local spring, and dysentery and typhoid fever were likely frequent problems for poorer Minoans. Greece Classical Athens viewed hygiene as the management of 6 non-natural things (air, exercise, diet, sleep, excretion and retention, and passions of the mind). 22 Infrastructure for Health and Fitness 345 However, the city also made major public investments in infrastructure to provide clean water and treat sewage. There are reports of groundwater exploitation and water transportation from distant sources, together with storm water and wastewater systems, flood protection and drainage, and the construction of fountains, baths and other sanitary and purgatory facilities. Laws also required the inspection of wines to ensure the purity and soundness of these products. The ideas of classical Greece were further developed in Rome, where good health was seen as dependent upon a combination of bathing, wise eating, massage and exercise. Infrastructure included public and private baths, aqueducts as long as 350 km, and city-wide sewage systems. The private villas of wealthy citizens boasted indoor plumbing, with flush toilets, and baths were often included in their dream homes, sometimes staffed by one or more athletes. Ordinary citizens made wide use of public baths. A water commissioner named Frontinus (40-103 CE) reported that under his jurisdiction there were 856 baths in Rome alone. Visitors to the baths gave their belongings to slaves, and then entered the cold-plunge-bath. After exercising in this pool, they moved into a warm and humid room where they sweated and were massaged. They could then progress to a yet warmer room with a mosaic floor immediately above the furnace, finishing with a brief spell of dry sweating in the hottest room of the facility. Women used an adjoining, smaller set of baths. There were rigid state laws to guard the purity of food products and protect the public against bad quality and fraud. Documentation describes the watering of wine and the adulteration of olive oil. It was once suggested that lead piping had caused a widespread poisoning of the Roman population. However, Vitruvius (c. 75-15 BCE) seemed aware of this danger: "Water conducted through earthen pipes is more wholesome than that through lead; indeed that conveyed in lead must be injurious, because from it white lead…. is obtained, and this is said to be injurious to the human system." If indeed there was chronic lead poisoning in Rome, it more likely arose from syrups prepared by concentrating grape juice in lead kettles. The return of the Roman legions from foreign expeditions exposed the population to many micro-organisms for which they had little natural immunity. The Antonine plague (165-180 CE) was probably smallpox. It quickly decimated the ranks of the legions, with a clinical picture of fever, diarrhoea, inflammation of the pharynx, and a pustular skin eruption on the 9th day. A similar plague raged under Cyprian, between 251 and 270 CE. One charlatan (Alexander the Paphlagonian, second century CE) made much money selling a protective oracle to hang over front doors; however, it did little to stem the infection! Classical Civilizations

Answer:
Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness Learning Objectives