In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

[EX Q]: In ferromagnetic materials, a version of this effect occurs in which the resultant resistivity predicted by this effect contains an additional zero-field term proportional to the magnetization. Arranging two solid-state elements which demonstrate this effect at right angles to each other and summing their output voltage to eliminate the noise is a typical way of producing a magnetic field sensor using this effect. This effect is derived by noting that the current crossed with the magnetic field creates a transverse current, which results in a potential difference. For ten points, identify this classical effect in which charge flowing across a transverse magnetic field results in an electric field component orthogonal to both the current and the magnetic field, often used to measure the sign of charge carriers.
[EX A]: Science

[EX Q]: This author's short stories include one about doctor who offers water from the Fountain of Youth and another based off John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. This author of ""Dr. Heidegger's Experiment"" and ""The Celestial Railroad"" also wrote many stories set in Puritan New England, including ""Young Goodman Brown. "" He also wrote a novel featuring such characters as the minister Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth, and Hester Prynne. For 10 points, name this American author of The Scarlet Letter.
[EX A]: Literature

[EX Q]: In one of his paintings, yellow and brown dominate the sky and the water around the title geologic entities, with just the tip of a small boat in the bottom left and an apparent animal in the right. That work was rediscovered in 1979 and is this man's Icebergs. He also painted a wide vista of a noted waterfall, and he visited Ecuador in order to stay in Alexander von Humboldt's old house, and he painted several views of Cotopaxi there as well as a painting in which a small waterfall is surrounded by detailed greenery in the titular mountains. For 10 points, name this painter of Niagara and Heart of the Andes, a member of the Hudson River School.
[EX A]:
Social Science