In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Previous follow-up studies indicate that increased visual cortical, ventral cingulate and subcortical responses of depressed individuals to sad facial stimuli, but not happy stimuli could represent reversible markers of disease severity. We hypothesized that greater responses in these areas to sad stimuli, but not happy stimuli, would predict better subsequent clinical outcome. We also explored areas that would predict a poor outcome.', 'Twelve melancholically depressed individuals in the early stages of antidepressant treatment in a secondary care setting participated in two experiments comparing responses to varying intensities of sad and happy facial stimuli, respectively, using event related functional MRI. They repeated the experiments after a mean delay of 12 weeks of treatment.', 'There was a variation in response to treatment. Greater right visual cortex and right subgenual cingulate (R-BA25) responses to sad stimuli, but not happy stimuli, in the early stages of treatment were associated with a good clinical outcome. Greater ventrolateral prefrontal cortex responses to either stimulus type were associated with a relatively poor outcome.\Question: Do subgenual cingulate and visual cortex responses to sad faces predict clinical outcome during antidepressant treatment for depression?

Ex Output:
The sample size was modest and patients were taking a variety of antidepressants.


Ex Input:
Context: To elucidate the importance of hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotype in HIV disease progression.', 'This study was conducted among 126 HIV/HCV co-infected drug users with a known interval of HIV seroconversion whose HCV genotype was known early in HIV infection. Both clinical progression (to AIDS) and immunological progression (to a CD4+ T-cell count of 200 x 10(6) cells/l) by HCV genotype were studied using Cox proportional hazards analysis.', 'The median duration of follow-up was 7.3 years [interquartile range (IQR), 4.6-10.1 years]. The majority of the HCV infections concerned genotype 1 and genotype 3; The distribution was: HCV type 1: 48%, HCV type 3: 34%, HCV type 4: 13%, multiple HCV types: 5%. Concurrent multiple infections consisted of HCV genotypes 1b+3a, 1b+4 and 3a+4. HCV genotype 1 and multiple HCV genotype infections were associated with faster immunological progression [hazard ratio (HR), 2.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-3.92 and HR, 2.74; 95% CI, 0.95-7.90, respectively]. Multiple HCV genotype infection was also associated with faster clinical progression (HR, 3.36; 95% CI, 0.82-13.79). These hazard ratios increased further and were all significant when analyses were limited to data in the pre-HAART era (HR, 3.92; 95% CI, 1.51-10.20; HR, 4.38; 95% CI, 1.04-18.40 and HR, 6.54; 95% CI, 1.39-30.76, respectively).\Question: Is infection with concurrent multiple hepatitis C virus genotypes associated with faster HIV disease progression?

Ex Output:
HIV disease progression differs by HCV genotype and is especially faster in individuals whose HCV infection involves more than one HCV genotype. The effect of HCV genotype on HIV progression was greater in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, suggesting that the effectiveness of HAART may diminish the effect of HCV genotype on HIV disease progression.


Ex Input:
Context: Von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF-Ag) is a marker of pulmonary and systemic endothelial activation and injury. Adult studies indicate that patients with plasma vWF-Ag levels > or = 450% of control early in the course of acute lung injury (ALI) have an increased risk of death. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether vWF-Ag is elevated in the early phase of ALI in children and whether the magnitude of the increase was predictive of two important outcomes: mortality or duration of mechanical ventilation.', 'Two-center, prospective observational study.', "Two pediatric intensive care units: one in an academic university setting and one in a major community children's hospital.", 'After appropriate consent, plasma was collected from 48 pediatric patients on day 1 of ALI, 45 patients on day 2 of ALI, and four intubated controls.', 'None.', 'Mean PaO2/FiO2 at the onset of ALI was 140 +/- 70, and mortality rate was 17%. vWF-Ag levels on day 1 of ALI were higher in patients compared with controls (287 +/- 183 vs. 87 +/- 84% of control [mean +/- SD], p < .05). Patients with vWF-Ag levels > or = 450% of control on day 1 of ALI had a markedly greater risk of death (odds ratio, 7.0; confidence interval, 1.31, 37.30; p < .05). Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated vWF-Ag level and either presence of multiple organ system failure or Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score independently predict increased risk of death. vWF-Ag levels on day 2 of ALI were significantly higher in patients who required prolonged mechanical ventilation (316 +/- 173 vs. 191 +/- 89% of control, p < .05).\Question: Is early elevation of plasma von Willebrand factor antigen in pediatric acute lung injury associated with an increased risk of death and prolonged mechanical ventilation?

Ex Output:

Early injury to the systemic and pulmonary endothelium, as measured by plasma vWF-Ag levels, is associated with an increased risk of death and prolonged mechanical ventilation in pediatric patients with ALI.