Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Human and ovine fetuses demonstrate an enhanced rate of spontaneous and angiotensin II-stimulated swallowing. Angiotensin II and nitric oxide synthase have been localized to thirst centers in the brain. This study was performed to determine whether central nitric oxide contributes to the regulation of angiotensin II-induced fetal swallowing.', 'Six pregnant ewes with near-term singleton fetuses were chronically prepared with fetal vascular and lateral ventricle catheters and electrocorticogram and esophageal electromyogram electrodes. After a 2-hour control period, fetuses were administered serial lateral ventricle injections (1 mL) of angiotensin II (3.2 microg; time, 2 hours) and N omega-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester (3 mg; time, 3 hours) and a repeat angiotensin II injection (3.2 microg; time, 5 hours). All fetuses received an additional control study of lateral ventricle injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid on a previous day.', 'Angiotensin II injection significantly increased mean +/- SEM fetal swallowing (0.9 +/- 0.1 to 2.7 +/- 0.4 swallows/min). N omega-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester significantly decreased fetal swallowing to below the basal rate (0.4 +/- 0.1 swallows/min), and swallowing did not increase with the second angiotensin II dose (in the presence of nitric oxide blockade).

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in approximately 40 genes have been associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in genome-wide association studies. It is not known whether a similar genetic impact on the risk of prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance [IGT] or impaired fasting glycemia [IFG]) exists.', 'In our cohort of 1442 non-diabetic subjects of European origin (normal glucose tolerance [NGT] n\u200a=\u200a1046, isolated IFG n\u200a=\u200a142, isolated IGT n\u200a=\u200a140, IFG+IGT n\u200a=\u200a114), an impact on glucose homeostasis has been shown for 9 SNPs in previous studies in this specific cohort. We analyzed these SNPs (within or in the vicinity of the genes TCF7L2, KCNJ11, HHEX, SLC30A8, WFS1, KCNQ1, MTNR1B, FTO, PPARG) for association with prediabetes.', 'The genetic risk load was significantly associated with the risk for IGT (p\u200a=\u200a0.0006) in a model including gender, age, BMI and insulin sensitivity. To further evaluate potential confounding effects, we stratified the population on gender, BMI and insulin sensitivity. The association of the risk score with IGT was present in female participants (p\u200a=\u200a0.008), but not in male participants. The risk score was significantly associated with IGT (p\u200a=\u200a0.008) in subjects with a body mass index higher than 30 kg/m(2) but not in non-obese individuals. Furthermore, only in insulin resistant subjects a significant association between the genetic load and the risk for IGT (p\u200a=\u200a0.01) was found.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: To improve the extent over which whole brain quantitative three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) maps can be obtained and be used to explore brain metabolism in a population of healthy volunteers.', 'Two short echo time (20 ms) acquisitions of 3D echo planar spectroscopic imaging at two orientations, one in the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) plane and the second tilted in the AC-PC +15° plane were obtained at 3 Tesla in a group of 10 healthy volunteers. B1 (+) , B1 (-) , and B0 correction procedures and normalization of metabolite signals with quantitative water proton density measurements were performed. A combination of the two spatially normalized 3D-MRSI, using a weighted mean based on the pixel wise standard deviation metabolic maps of each orientation obtained from the whole group, provided metabolite maps for each subject allowing regional metabolic profiles of all parcels of the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) atlas to be obtained.', 'The combined metabolite maps derived from the two acquisitions reduced the regional intersubject variance. The numbers of AAL regions showing N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) SD/Mean ratios lower than 30% increased from 17 in the AC-PC orientation and 41 in the AC-PC+15° orientation, to a value of 76 regions of 116 for the combined NAA maps. Quantitatively, regional differences in absolute metabolite concentrations (mM) over the whole brain were depicted such as in the GM of frontal lobes (cNAA = 10.03 + 1.71; cCho = 1.78 ± 0.55; cCr = 7.29 ± 1.69; cmIns = 5.30 ± 2.67) and in cerebellum (cNAA = 5.28 ± 1.77; cCho = 1.60 ± 0.41; cCr = 6.95 ± 2.15; cmIns = 3.60 ± 0.74).


Output: 0