Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: To evaluate pain behavior and structural damage in mice subjected to either meniscal transection or removal.', 'Mice (10/group) were subjected to transection of the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLT/MCLT) followed by either transection (meniscotomy) or removal (meniscectomy) of the medial meniscus. A control group was subjected only to transection of the ligaments. Pain was assessed using the electronic pressure-meter paw test. Cell influx, measured in joint exudates, and joint histopathology were assessed after 49 days. Four other groups subjected to meniscotomy received indomethacin, the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor 1400W, morphine or the vehicles.', 'Both meniscotomy and meniscectomy groups displayed persistent and significant increase in pain behavior as compared to controls, being significantly more severe in the former. Cell influx was more intense in the meniscotomy as compared to the meniscectomy group. Structural damage at the tibia, but not at the femur, was also more severe in the meniscotomy group. Indomethacin and 1400W partially but significantly reduced pain whereas morphine abrogated pain behavior in meniscotomized mice.
Answer: Meniscal transection rather than resection promotes more severe pain and structural damage in mice. Administration of opioids, cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors provide analgesia in this model. Careful description of the structures damaged is crucial when reporting experimental osteoarthritis (OA).

Output: Does meniscal transection rather than excision increase pain behavior and structural damage in experimental osteoarthritis in mice?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Women with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are at increased risk of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and preeclampsia. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) directly alter trophoblast function. Treatment with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) reduces the risk of RPL but not preeclampsia. Moreover, LMWH stimulates trophoblast sFlt-1 release, an anti-angiogenic factor associated with preeclampsia. Since vitamin D deficiency is associated with APS and preeclampsia, this study sought to determine the effect of vitamin D on trophoblast function in the setting of aPL and LMWH.', 'A human first trimester trophoblast cell line (HTR8) and primary trophoblast cultures were treated with or without aPL in the presence and absence of vitamin D, LMWH or both. Trophoblast secretion of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors were measured by ELISA.', 'Vitamin D alone or in combination with LMWH attenuated the aPL-induced trophoblast inflammatory response in the HTR8 cells and primary cultures. While vitamin D did not have any impact on aPL-mediated modulation of angiogenic factors in the primary trophoblast, it significantly inhibited LMWH-induced sFlt-1 release.
Answer: LMWH in combination with vitamin D may be more beneficial than single-agent therapy by preventing aPL-induced trophoblast inflammation and reversing LMWH-induced sFlt-1 secretion.

Output: Does vitamin D reverse aPL-induced inflammation and LMWH-induced sFlt-1 release by human trophoblast?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Proteins containing the SPX (SYG1/Pho81/XPR1) domain are vital components in the phosphorus (P) signalling pathway, and regulate phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in plants. However, the characteristics and functions of GmSPX members in soybean (Glycine max) remain largely unknown.', 'BLAST searching revealed nine GmSPX members in the soybean genome. Subsequently, expression patterns of GmSPX members were investigated in various tissues of soybean grown in nutrient solution or sand culture through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. Sub-cellular localization of GmSPX was examined via transient expression of 35S:GmSPX-GFP in epidermal cells of onion (Allium cepa). Finally, soybean transgenic composite plants were generated to study GmSPX3 functions.', 'Nine GmSPX members were identified, which were classified into three groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Diverse responses of GmSPX members to deficiencies of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron) or inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia were observed in soybean. In addition, variations of sub-cellular localization of GmSPX members were found. Among them, GmSPX3, GmSPX7 and GmSPX8 were localized in the nuclei, and the other GmSPX members were confined to the nuclei and cytoplasm. The nuclear-localized and Pi starvation responsive-gene, GmSPX3, was functionally analysed in soybean transgenic composite plants. Overexpression of GmSPX3 led to increased P concentrations in both shoots and roots in the high-P treatment, and increased transcription of seven Pi starvation-responsive genes in soybean hairy roots.
Answer: Taken together, the results suggest that GmSPX3 is a positive regulator in the P signalling network, and controls Pi homeostasis in soybean.


Output: Does comparative characterization of GmSPX members reveal that GmSPX3 is involved in phosphate homeostasis in soybean?