Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) whose culprit lesion lies in a branch of the 3 major coronary arteries have well-preserved cardiac function. A first MI with preserved cardiac function is a risk factor for left ventricular free wall rupture (LVFWR), so the aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between AMI with branch segment occlusion and LVFWR.', 'The 439 patients with AMI were retrospectively studied. They were divided into 2 groups: group B (n=70; segments 4 atrioventricular node artery, 4 posterior descending coronary artery, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, or 15 according to the AHA classification), and group P (n=369; segments 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, or 13). Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was more often performed in group P (75% vs 57%; P=0.0018). In-hospital mortality tended to be lower in group B (1.4% vs 6.2%; P=0.105). The incidence of LVFWR was significantly higher in group B (10.0% vs 1.6%; P=0.0002).By multivariate logistic regression analysis, 1-vessel disease, absence of primary PCI, branch segment occlusion, and age were identified as independent predictors of LVFWR.

Answer: 0


Question: HIV-1-infected and/or immune-activated microglia and macrophages are pivotal in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Glutaminase, a metabolic enzyme that facilitates glutamate generation, is upregulated and may play a pathogenic role in HAND. Our previous studies have demonstrated that glutaminase is released to the extracellular fluid during HIV-1 infection and neuroinflammation. However, key molecular mechanisms that regulate glutaminase release remain unknown. Recent advances in understanding intercellular trafficking have identified microvesicles (MVs) as a novel means of shedding cellular contents. We posit that during HIV-1 infection and immune activation, microvesicles may mediate glutaminase release, generating excessive and neurotoxic levels of glutamate.', 'MVs isolated through differential centrifugation from cell-free supernatants of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and BV2 microglia cell lines were first confirmed in electron microscopy and immunoblotting. As expected, we found elevated number of MVs, glutaminase immunoreactivities, as well as glutaminase enzyme activity in the supernatants of HIV-1 infected MDM and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia when compared with controls. The elevated glutaminase was blocked by GW4869, a neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor known to inhibit MVs release, suggesting a critical role of MVs in mediating glutaminase release. More importantly, MVs from HIV-1-infected MDM and LPS-activated microglia induced significant neuronal injury in rat cortical neuron cultures. The MV neurotoxicity was blocked by a glutaminase inhibitor or GW4869, suggesting that the neurotoxic potential of HIV-1-infected MDM and LPS-activated microglia is dependent on the glutaminase-containing MVs.

Answer: 0


Question: Cell signaling pathways underlying wound repair are under extensive investigation; however, there is still a poor understanding of the mechanisms orchestrating these processes. Hox genes, which are a subgroup of homeobox genes, encode for a family of transcription factors that play a critical role in tissue migration and cell differentiation during embryogenesis and may also serve as master regulatory genes of postnatal wound repair. We have developed a fetal excisional wound healing model whereby mid-gestational wounds heal in a regenerative manner while late-gestational wounds display scar formation. We theorize that Hoxd3 and Hoxd8 will be differentially expressed in mid- and late-gestational wounds compared with normal skin.', 'Pregnant FVB mice underwent hysterotomy at mid (E15)- or late (E18)-gestational time points, and 3-mm excisional wounds were made on the dorsum of each fetus. Wound samples (w) were collected at the site of injury as well as near wound normal skin (nwc) on the same fetus. Control (c) skin samples were also obtained from unwounded adjacent fetuses. Samples were harvested at 3 and 6 h and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for Hoxd3 and Hoxd8 and normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with statistical significance of P < 0.05.', 'Hoxd3 levels were increased in all of the mid-gestational groups, with a significant increase at 3 h compared with late-gestational control groups. In the 3-h time group, Hoxd8 is increased in mid-gestational wounds compared with late-gestational control skin. This is repeated in the 6-h time group, where Hoxd8 is increased in mid-gestational wounds compared with all groups. Also, Hoxd8 in the mid-gestational near wound controls is significantly greater than that in the late-gestational near wound control and control groups.

Answer:
0