In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

Q: In topological insulators, one version of this effect gives rise to a defect-resistant current induced by spin-orbit coupling. In graphene, this effect is shifted by one half, giving rise to an anomalous minimum of the relevant quantity, which can allow for ballistic transport. A more complex version of it was discovered in gallium arsenide and can be explained by Laughlin quasiparticles; this is referred to as the fractional version. This effect can be understood in terms of partial filling of Landau levels and has characteristic "plateaus", and it yields numbers called filling factors. Discovered by Klaus von Klitzing when studying a two-dimensional electron gas, for 10 points, identify this effect in which conductivity in a strong magnetic field is quantized.

A: Science
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Q: Matousek developed a method for analyzing covered objects by taking the difference between two close measurements called the spatially-offset variety of spectroscopy named for this effect, which has another variety with competing explanations proposed by Albrecht and Creighton and by Jeanmaire and Van Duyne, and occurs on rough metal surfaces. Another form can, due to the properties of the Kramers-Heisenberg formula, dominate the x-ray fluorescence spectrum. This effect, which comes in the aforementioned surface-enhanced and resonance varieties, was discovered independently by Mandelstam and Landsburg. This process can be described as a photon exciting a molecule into a virtual energy state, and it sees energy either absorbed or released in its Stokes and anti-Stokes forms. For 10 points, name this process by which a photon is inelastically scattered.

A: Science
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Q: Milner, Witten, and Cates approximated the average density of the "brush" form of these molecules described in Carothers equation. They are produced in a reaction between copper compounds called ATRP. An equation for Gibbs free energy including terms for volume fraction comprises the Flory-Huggins model of these molecules. Organoaluminum cocatalysts are often used to produce these molecules along with Ziegler-Natta catalysts. They may be produced via step- growth, chain-growth, condensation, or addition. For 10 points, starch and nylon are what macromolecules consisting of repeating subunits called monomers

A:
Science
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