TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Prolonged re-exposure to a fear-eliciting cue in the absence of an aversive event extinguishes the fear response to the cue, and has been clinically used as an exposure therapy. Arc (also known as Arg3.1) is implicated in synaptic and experience-dependent plasticity. Arc is regulated by the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein, which is upregulated with and necessary for fear extinction. Because Arc expression is also activated with fear extinction, we hypothesized that Arc expression is required for fear extinction.', 'Extinction training increased the proportion of Arc-labeled cells in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Arc was transcribed during latter part of extinction training, which is possibly associated with fear extinction, as well as former part of extinction training. Intra-BLA infusions of Arc antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) before extinction training impaired long-term but not short-term extinction memory. Intra-BLA infusions of Arc antisense ODN 3\xa0h after extinction training had no effect on fear extinction.

SOLUTION: Does fear extinction require Arc/Arg3.1 expression in the basolateral amygdala?

PROBLEM: Episodic memory enables us to consciously recollect personally experienced past events. Memory performance is reduced in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an at-risk condition for Alzheimer's disease (AD).", 'We used functional MRI (fMRI) to compare brain activity during memory encoding in 29 healthy elderly subjects (mean age 67.7 (SD 5.4) years) and 21 patients with MCI (mean age 69.7 (SD 7.0) years). Subjects remembered a list of words while fMRI data were acquired. Later, they had to recognise these words among a list of distractor words. The use of an event related paradigm made it possible to selectively analyse successfully encoded items in each individual. We compared activation for successfully encoded words between healthy elderly subjects and patients with MCI.', 'The main intergroup difference was found in the left hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions for the patients with MCI compared with healthy subjects during successful encoding.

SOLUTION: Is hippocampal activation in patients with mild cognitive impairment necessary for successful memory encoding?

PROBLEM: The single nucleotide polymorphism rs10494366 in the nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene is associated with QTc prolongation, through an effect on the intracellular Ca levels. As sulfonylurea stimulate insulin secretion by an increased influx of Ca, we hypothesized that this polymorphism is associated with the glucose-lowering effect and mortality risk in sulfonylurea users.', 'Associations between the NOS1AP polymorphism, prescribed doses, and mortality rates in sulfonylurea, metformin, and insulin users were assessed in the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study of 7983 elderly people.', 'We identified 619 participants who were prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs during follow-up. In glibenclamide users carrying the TG genotype, the prescribed doses were higher compared with the glibenclamide users carrying the TT genotype [0.38 defined daily dose units, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.63]. Glibenclamide users with the TG or GG genotype had an increased mortality risk compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype [hazard ratio (HR) 2.80, 95% CI: 1.09-7.22]. Tolbutamide users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.63) and glimepiride users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04-0.74) had a decreased mortality risk compared with tolbutamide and glimepiride users with the TT genotype.

SOLUTION:
Is common variation in the NOS1AP gene associated with reduced glucose-lowering effect and with increased mortality in users of sulfonylurea?