Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Evaluation of right ventricular (RV) function in patients with pulmonary regurgitation (PR) after tetralogy repair remains challenging because of abnormal RV loading conditions.', 'We examined 124 patients, aged 21+/-11.4 years, who had tetralogy repair at 3.7+/-3.5 years. By Doppler echocardiography, 33 patients had mild, 22 moderate, and 69 severe PR; 55 had significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Myocardial velocities, myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction (IVA), strain, and strain rate were measured at RV and LV base. Tricuspid valve annulus was measured in a 4-chamber view. QRS, QT, and JT intervals and their dispersions were measured from 12-lead electrocardiogram. IVA in the RV was lower in all patients compared with controls (0.8+/-0.4 versus 1.8+/-0.5, P<0.0001) and correlated with the severity of PR (r=-0.43, P<0.0001), whereas myocardial velocities, and strain/strain rate did not. LV IVA correlated with PR (r=-0.32, P<0.001) and with RV IVA (r=0.28, P<0.003). Patients with severe PR had a higher incidence of TR (r=0.69, P<0.0001) and lower RV IVA (1.0+/-0.4 versus 0.6+/-0.3, P<0.0001), a larger tricuspid valve ring diameter (P<0.0001), and prolonged electrical depolarization (P<0.001). Age at surgery or examination did not correlate with PR and with RV function assessed by IVA. In the RV, IVA correlated inversely with QRS duration (P<0.01).

Ex Output:
Is pulmonary regurgitation an important determinant of right ventricular contractile dysfunction in patients with surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot?


Ex Input:
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disease with a highly variable clinical course. IgV(H) mutational status, chromosomal aberrations, CD38 expression and ZAP-70 expression are prognostic markers in CLL, however, they are not exclusively confined to this disease. We recently identified a novel CLL-specific gene (CLL upregulated gene1, CLLU1) that is exclusively upregulated in CLL cells. Here we describe our evaluation of the prognostic significance of CLLU1 in CLL.', 'A cohort of 59 previously untreated CLL patients was studied. We determined the expression levels of two CLLU1 transcripts, cDNA1 and CDS, by quantitative RT-PCR. The relation between CLLU1 expression and time to therapy, overall survival and presence or absence of ZAP-70, CD38, chromosomal aberrations or IgV(H) mutations in the 59 patients was analyzed.', 'Analyzed as a continuous, quantitative parameter CLLU1 levels significantly predicted time from diagnosis to initiation of therapy (P < or = 0.0003) Analyzed as a categorical parameter, by segregation of the patients into groups with cDNA1 or CDS expression above or below the median, the CLLU1 levels significantly predicted time from diagnosis to initiation of therapy (P = 0.001) and predicted overall survival with borderline significance (P < or = 0.05). Patient stratification according to clinical stage, cytogenetics, IgV(H) mutational status, ZAP-70 and CD38, demonstrated significantly increased CLLU1 expression in all investigated CLL poor risk groups. CLLU1 expression levels contributed additional prognostic information to ZAP-70-positive patients.

Ex Output:
Do cLLU1 expression levels predict time to initiation of therapy and overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia?


Ex Input:
Chronic inflammation and remodeling of the bronchial wall are basic hallmarks of asthma. It is known that mesenchymal cells in the lamina reticularis underlying the basement membrane of the thickened airway wall of asthmatics predominantly display the phenotype of myofibroblasts and express alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). Human bronchial fibroblasts (HBFs) transform in vitro into myofibroblasts under the influence of transforming growth factor (TGF-beta). Differences in the reactivity of fibroblasts to TGF-beta in cultures derived from healthy and asthmatic donors are elucidated here.', 'Primary human bronchial fibroblasts (HBFs) were cultured from bronchial biopsies from non-asthmatic (n=7) and asthmatic (n=7) donors and treated with TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta2 to induce myofibroblast differentiation. Expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) was assessed by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. The cell size and shape parameters were measured by computer-aided methods.', 'Regardless of whether TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta2 was used, asthmatic cells showed enhanced expression of the myofibroblast marker as confirmed by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. Analysis of the shape parameters of cells incubated in the presence of TGF-beta1 revealed that HBFs of asthmatics differ from those of non-asthmatics.

Ex Output:

Do asthmatic bronchial fibroblasts demonstrate enhanced potential to differentiate into myofibroblasts in culture?