In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

[Q]: Context: Exosomes are 30-100 nm membrane vesicles of endocytic origin, mediating diverse biological functions including tumor cell invasion, cell-cell communication and antigen presentation through transfer of proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs. Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs can be released through ceramide-dependent secretory machinery regulated by neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) enzyme encoded by the smpd3 gene that triggers exosome secretion. However, whether exosome-mediated microRNA transfer plays any role in cell invasion remains poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the exosomal microRNAs involved in breast cancer invasion.', 'The expression level of endogenous and exosomal miRNAs were examined by real time PCR and the expression level of target proteins were detected by western blot. Scanning electron and confocal microscopy were used to characterize exosomes and to study its uptake and transfer. Luciferase reporter plasmids and its mutant were used to confirm direct targeting. Furthermore, the functional significance of exosomal miR-10b was estimated by invasion assay.', 'In this study, we demonstrate that microRNA carrying exosomes can be transferred among different cell lines through direct uptake. miR-10b is highly expressed in metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells as compared to non-metastatic breast cancer cells or non-malignant breast cells; it is actively secreted into medium via exosomes. In particular, nSMase2 or ceramide promotes the exosome-mediated miR-10b secretion whereas ceramide inhibitor suppresses this secretion. Moreover, upon uptake, miR-10b can suppress the protein level of its target genes such as HOXD10 and KLF4, indicating its functional significance. Finally, treatment with exosomes derived from MDA-MB-231 cells could induce the invasion ability of non-malignant HMLE cells.\Question: Does exosome-mediated transfer of miR-10b promote cell invasion in breast cancer?
[A]: Together, our results suggest that a set of specific microRNAs may play an important role in modulating tumor microenvironment through exosomes. Thus, a better understanding of this process may aid in the development of novel therapeutic agents.


[Q]: Context: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of local injection of vasopressin on blood loss and secondary impact on complications during cesarean section in patients with placenta previa.', 'We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients diagnosed with placenta previa admitted to our hospital. Two consecutive periods were compared. During period B, 59 patients underwent the local injection of a vasopressin solution (4 U in 20 mL of saline) into the placental implantation site after placental delivery. During period A, 50 patients underwent cesarean section without vasopressin injection, and were analyzed as a control group. The estimated blood loss was recorded, as were the complications during surgery. In addition, the expression of the vasopressin V1α receptor in uterine smooth muscle was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.', 'The mean estimated blood loss was significantly lower in the vasopressin group than in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences with surgical complications. The vasopressin V1α receptor was highly expressed in smooth muscle cells in the lower segment of the uterine body, whereas the immunoreactivity for the oxytocin receptor was faint in the lower segment.\Question: Does local injection of vasopressin reduce the blood loss during cesarean section in placenta previa?
[A]: The local injection of vasopressin into the placental implantation site significantly reduced the blood loss without increasing the morbidity.


[Q]: Context: Increased systemic levels of inflammatory mediators are seen after open abdominal operations. Macrophages that are exposed to lipopolysaccharide secrete cytokines. Peritoneal macrophages normally reside in a pO(2) of 40 mm Hg. We hypothesize that exposure of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages to "non-physiologic" pO(2) augments cytokine secretion.', 'Murine macrophages were preconditioned to a pO(2) of 40 mm Hg for 24 hours. The medium then was discarded and exchanged for a medium containing a pO(2) of 40, 150, or 440 mm Hg. Macrophages were incubated in the desired pO(2) for 6 and 24 hours while stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (0 to 100 ng/mL). The effect of pO(2) was compared. Supernatant tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistics were performed with analysis of variance.', 'We found dose-dependent lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF and interleukin-6 production with macrophages incubated at physiologic pO(2). Higher pO(2) did not stimulate TNF and interleukin-6 in the absence of lipopolysaccharide. However, a pO(2) of 150 and 440 mm Hg significantly (P <.05) increased lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF and interleukin-6 production versus 45 mm Hg.\Question: Does relative hyperoxia augment lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine secretion by murine macrophages?
[A]:
Our data suggest synergy between increased pO(2) and lipopolysaccharide for macrophage TNF and interleukin-6 production. Similar pO(2) elevations may occur with an open peritoneum or high supplemental O(2). Cytokines from peritoneal macrophages may contribute to the increased systemic inflammation after open operations.