Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: A patient with a suspected cervical spine injury may be at risk for secondary neurologic injury when initially placed and repositioned to the center of the spine board.', 'We sought to determine which centering adjustment best limits cervical spine movement and minimizes the chance for secondary injury.', 'Using five lightly embalmed cadaveric specimens with a created global instability at C5-C6, motion sensors were anchored to the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies. Three repositioning methods were used to center the cadavers on the spine board: horizontal slide, diagonal slide, and V-adjustment. An electromagnetic tracking device measured angular (degrees) and translation (millimeters) motions at the C5-C6 level during each of the three centering adjustments. The dependent variables were angular motion (flexion-extension, axial rotation, lateral flexion) and translational displacement (anteroposterior, axial, and medial-lateral).', 'The nonuniform condition produced significantly less flexion-extension than the uniform condition (p\xa0=\xa00.048). The horizontal slide adjustment produced less cervical flexion-extension (p\xa0=\xa00.015), lateral bending (p\xa0=\xa00.003), and axial rotation (p\xa0=\xa00.034) than the V-adjustment. Similarly, translation was significantly less with the horizontal adjustment than with the V-adjustment; medial-lateral (p\xa0=\xa00.017), axial (p\xa0<\xa00.001), and anteroposterior (p\xa0=\xa00.006).
Answer: Of the three adjustments, our team found that horizontal slide was also easier to complete than the other methods. The horizontal slide best limited cervical spine motion and may be the most helpful for minimizing secondary injury based on the study findings.
Does horizontal Slide create Less Cervical Motion When Centering an Injured Patient on a Spine Board?

Context: Islet cell transplantation can cure type 1 diabetes (T1D), but only a minority of recipients remains insulin-independent in the following years. We tested the hypothesis that allograft rejection and recurrent autoimmunity contribute to this progressive loss of islet allograft function.', 'Twenty-one T1D patients received cultured islet cell grafts prepared from multiple donors and transplanted under anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) induction and tacrolimus plus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) maintenance immunosuppression. Immunity against auto- and alloantigens was measured before and during one year after transplantation. Cellular auto- and alloreactivity was assessed by lymphocyte stimulation tests against autoantigens and cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor assays, respectively. Humoral reactivity was measured by auto- and alloantibodies. Clinical outcome parameters--including time until insulin independence, insulin independence at one year, and C-peptide levels over one year--remained blinded until their correlation with immunological parameters. All patients showed significant improvement of metabolic control and 13 out of 21 became insulin-independent. Multivariate analyses showed that presence of cellular autoimmunity before and after transplantation is associated with delayed insulin-independence (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively) and lower circulating C-peptide levels during the first year after transplantation (p = 0.002 and p = 0.02, respectively). Seven out of eight patients without pre-existent T-cell autoreactivity became insulin-independent, versus none of the four patients reactive to both islet autoantigens GAD and IA-2 before transplantation. Autoantibody levels and cellular alloreactivity had no significant association with outcome.
Answer: In this cohort study, cellular islet-specific autoimmunity associates with clinical outcome of islet cell transplantation under ATG-tacrolimus-MMF immunosuppression. Tailored immunotherapy targeting cellular islet autoreactivity may be required. Monitoring cellular immune reactivity can be useful to identify factors influencing graft survival and to assess efficacy of immunosuppression.
Does cellular islet autoimmunity associate with clinical outcome of islet cell transplantation?

Context: Infarct heterogeneity has been shown to be independently associated with adverse outcomes in previous smaller studies. However, it is unknown whether infarct characterization is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy, after adjusting for clinical risk factors, severity of ischemic mitral regurgitation, incomplete revascularization, and device therapy.', 'A total of 362 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (left ventricular dysfunction with >70% stenosis in ≥1 epicardial coronary artery) underwent delayed hyperenhancement-magnetic resonance imaging and coronary angiography between 2002 and 2006. Total myocardial scar and peri-infarct (PI) area were measured using various threshold techniques. Multivariate survival analysis (primary end point of all-cause mortality) was conducted. One hundred fifty-seven deaths occurred during a mean 5.4-year follow-up (mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 23±9%; mean end-systolic volume index, 113±48 mL; mean total myocardial scar %, 25.5±16.0%; mean PI%, 5.7±2.9%). PI% (β=2.07; P<0.001) was an independent predictor of survival, independent of age, end-systolic volume, sex, mitral regurgitation, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease severity, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and incomplete revascularization. PI% using 2 to 3 SD technique yielded the highest incremental prognostic power (χ(2) score 149).
Answer: In advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy, PI% is a powerful independent and incremental predictor of all-cause mortality. Infarct heterogeneity offers substantial further risk stratification when compared with quantification of total myocardial scar % alone even after adjusting for clinical risk factors, end-systolic volume index, mitral regurgitation, incomplete revascularization, and implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation.

Is infarct characterization and quantification by delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging a powerful independent and incremental predictor of mortality in patients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy?