In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

Q: By averaging this quantity, the reduction of a certain intermolecular function to an angle-independent form for polar fluids can be performed in order to express conformal-solution theory. For liquid metals, the upper bound of this quantity can be obtained by the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality. It is equal to the negative product of Boltzmann's constant, temperature, and the natural log of the partition function. The change in this quantity is equal to the maximum work accompanying a process, and it is defined as internal energy minus the product of temperature and entropy. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized by either A or F, a type of free energy named for a German scientist.

A: Science
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Q: composed a set of works dedicated to Grand Duke Paul of Russia that includes pieces such as "The Birds" and "How Do You Do" and one finale contains various pauses to confuse the audience, titled "The Joke. " One of his works contains the "Ewiger, machtiger Gott" chorus towards the end of its "Spring" movement. Another set of his works are occaisonally named for his collaborator Johann Salomon, including one whose second movement contains an 8-note accompaniment by the bassoons that imitates the ticking of the title device, and another which derives its name from the loud G chord in its sixteenth measure. For 10 points, identify this composer of the Clock and Surprise symphonies.

A: Fine Arts
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Q: This author's essay "Maxims of Love" discusses his feelings for Metilde Dembowsky. An orphan who leaves Normandy to find "what love is all about" is the title character in this man's unfinished novel Lamiel. Giletti, the protector of Marietta Valsera, is killed in a scuffle in one of this man's works, in which the main character ultimately ends up as a (*) monk. He wrote a novel in which Mathilde de la Mole imitates an ancestor by burying her lover's head and decorates his tomb with marble. That novel features a character who is sentenced to die after attempting to kill Madame de Renal. For 10 points, name this French author of The Charterhouse of Parma and a novel about Julien Sorel, The Red and the Black.

A:
Literature
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