TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Transmural heterogeneity in ventricular repolarization demonstrated in vitro has been difficult to confirm in vivo. Whether this discrepancy reflects a physiological phenomenon or a methodological problem remains a vivid matter of debate despite a plethora of experimental work. Therefore, we have measured the relevant electrophysiological parameters first in vivo and repeated these in the same heart and at identical sites in vitro. Methodological issues were tackled by using both unipolar and bipolar recordings. Physiological issues were explored by measuring both local and functional electrophysiological parameters.', 'In 10 healthy dogs, 2 high-resolution needle electrodes were inserted into the left ventricle. Effective refractory periods (ERP) as well as activation recovery intervals (ARI) were determined at each electrode along both needles at basic cycle lengths (BCL) of 850 and 300 ms, respectively. After excision of the heart, ERP and ARI measurements were repeated in the arterially perfused wedge preparations.', 'First, we observed that ERPs and ARIs were significantly shorter in vivo than in vitro. Mean ERPs and ARIs of all muscle layers were relatively uniform throughout the ventricular wall in vivo. The transition from the in vivo to the in vitro preparation was associated with a significant albeit small increase of mean ARIs in the subendocardium, whereas interlayer differences in mean ERPs did not reach statistical significance as in vivo.

SOLUTION: Is there no transmural heterogeneity in an index of action potential duration in the canine left ventricle?

PROBLEM: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children, and falls are the most common type of unintentional injury in the US. The incidence of falls from windows, a common cause of death in urban areas, has not been described outside major cities such as New York and Chicago, and rates in urban and suburban areas have not been compared.', 'To estimate the incidence and identify the population at risk for falls from windows among children in Hamilton County, Ohio.', "Retrospective case series identified using Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CHMC) Trauma Registry.", 'Hamilton County, Ohio, which has urban and nonurban areas.', 'Children less than 15 years old residing in Hamilton County, Ohio, presenting to CHMC in Cincinnati, Ohio, after a fall from a window between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 1997.', 'Annual incidence by age, race, gender, and residence of those who fell from windows.', 'Over the 7-year study period, 86 (6.3%) of 1,363 falls were from windows. The mortality rate for falls from windows was 4.7%, compared to 0.07% for all other falls presenting to CHMC (P<.0001). Children 0-4 years old had a higher rate of falls than children aged 5-14 (14.6/100,000 vs. 2.0/100,000) (P<.0001). Males were twice as likely to fall as females (P<.016), and black children were three times more likely to fall than non-black children (P<.002). The incidence of falls in the city of Cincinnati was four times that of the non-urban area (P<.0002).

SOLUTION: Does childhood injuries and deaths due to fall from windows?

PROBLEM: Ginsenoside Rg1, the major effective component of ginseng, possesses a variety of pharmacologic activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Rg1 on liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and explore its potential mechanisms.', 'Liver warm IR injury was achieved by occluding the portal vein and hepatic artery for 1 h followed by 6-h reperfusion. Eighteen mice were equally randomized into three groups: sham group, IR group, and IR plus Rg1 group (n = 6 mice per group). Mice received an intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg Rg1 or an equivalent volume of saline before ischemic insult. Liver samples and serum were collected for analyses. Serum aminotransferase, histopathology, and apoptosis were determined. Cytokines were measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 was assessed by Western blotting. In addition, the effect of Rg1 in a simulated IR model in vitro was also investigated. Rg1 (100 ug/mL and 500 ug/mL) was administered 1 h before hypoxia insult, and then apoptosis was measured after 12-h reperfusion.', 'Liver IR injury led to a dramatic increase in aminopherase activity, apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes, and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Pretreatment with Rg1 protected mice from IR-induced liver injury. Treatment with a high-dose Rg1 (500 ug/mL) significantly suppressed apoptosis compared with a lower dose or control (both P < 0.001). Phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 was increased significantly in IR group, and administration with Rg1 suppressed the level of phosphorylation.

SOLUTION:
Does ginsenoside Rg1 protect mouse liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties?