In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Input: Consider Input: Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. Many Arab countries demonstrate nearly all the features of those countries classified as poor, less developed, or failing to achieve the eight Millennium Goals. Even the economies of the richer oil-exporting countries in the Region have been seriously damaged by the downturn in oil and gas prices as new sources come on stream elsewhere and demand falls as a result of renewable sources of energy becoming available. Climate change predictions for the Region are worrisome even if most of the environmental commitments made by countries at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris at the end of 2015 are delivered. Large parts of the Region already suffer from periods of extreme temperatures and shortages of fresh water, so harsher conditions of higher temperatures and weather extremes pose special problems for inhabitants and policymakers, with heightened geopolitical risks and uncertainties. Agriculture is especially vulnerable. Modern agricultural technologies with improved cultivars and livestock breeds must displace poor agricultural and pastoral practices. Larger-scale, bettercapitalised production units are required with policy shifts to remove marketdistorting subsidies, tariffs, and other regulatory impedances. Agricultural "roadmaps" are needed to encourage the most appropriate crops and maintain livestock in the most appropriate places. The trading of meat, dairy products and many types of crops to water-poor regions can be regarded as an efficient way to 261 redistribute water. In unsettled times, food security requires protection of foodproducing, food-processing, and food-distribution industries are protected along with research and development facilities, and the maintenance of skilled personnel. There are doubts as to whether agencies of the United Nations, other international agencies, donor countries and charities are able to provide adequate humanitarian aid and humanitarian intervention to enable safeguarding of displaced peoples and ensuring the resumption of normal peaceful conditions essential for food security to be guaranteed. Promises of aid funds must become reality, followed by the establishment of functional supply and transport networks, and rapid transition to self-reliance thereafter. Food security and social stability are inextricably linked. The solution to the food-security problems in the Region ultimately lies in the actions of governments, businesses and individuals. Governments need embedded scientific and technological expertise, strong civil-society institutions, integrity, and a particular focus on high-quality education.

Output: Food Security in an Insecure Future


Input: Consider Input: To investigate the efficacy of intracerebral (IC) immunization in preventing viral spread in the brain, we immunized mice with inactivated rabies virus via the subcutaneous (SC) or IC route, followed by administration of a lethal dose of rabies virus (challenge virus standard strain), directly into the brains of immunized mice. Progressive paralytic neurological signs were observed in control and 75% of SC immunized mice, whereas only 20% of IC immunized mice exhibited symptoms. Neutralizing antibody titers in blood plasma were significantly elevated in SC and IC immunized mice, with the highest levels seen in IC immunized mice. Analysis of whole brain lysates revealed a strong induction of immunoglobulin in the brains of IC immunized mice that had virus neutralizing activity. Histopathological examination of brain tissue revealed mild encephalitis and disseminated viral antigen in control and SC immunized mice, but rare in IC immunized mice. These results suggest that IC immunization induces a preventive humoral immune response against intracerebrally inoculated rabies virus. Induction of neutralizing antibody in cerebrospinal fluid represents a putative therapeutic measure for the treatment of rabid animals and humans.

Output: Intracerebral vaccination suppresses the spread of rabies virus in the mouse brain


Input: Consider Input: We assessed the alterations of viral gene expression occurring during persistent infections by cloning fulllength transcripts of measles virus (MV) genes from brain autopsies of two subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients and one measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) patient. The sequence of these MV genes revealed that, most likely, almost 2% of the nucleotides were mutated during persistence, and 35% of these differences resulted in amino acid changes. One of these nucleotide substitutions and one deletion resulted in alteration of the reading frames of two fusion genes, as confirmed by in vitro translation of synthetic mRNAs. One cluster of mutations was exceptional; in the matrix gene of the MIBE case, 50% of the U residues were changed to C, which might result from a highly biased copying event exclusively affecting this gene. We propose that the cluster of mutations in the MIBE case, and other combinations of mutations in other cases, favored propagation of MV infections in brain cells by conferring a selective advantage to the mutated genomes. c c c Figure 3. Sequences of the M Genes of Cases A, 8, and C in Comparison with Other M Gene Sequences


Output: Biased Hypermutation and Other Genetic Changes in Defective Measles Viruses in Human Brain Infections