instruction:
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Butyrate has been shown to potently regulate energy expenditure and lipid metabolism in animals, yet the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of butyrate (in the form of butyrate glycerides, BG)-induced lipid metabolism at the level of gene expression in the jejunum and liver of broilers.', 'Two animal experiments were included in this study. In Experiment 1, two hundred and forty male broiler chickens were equally allocated into two groups: 1) basal diet (BD), 2) BG diets (BD + BG). Growth performance was compared between treatments for the 41-day trial. In Experiment 2, forty male broiler chickens were equally allocated into two groups. The general experimental design, group and management were the same as described in Experiment 1 except for reduced bird numbers and 21-day duration of the trial. Growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipid profiles as well as serum and tissue concentrations of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were compared between treatments. RNA-seq was employed to identify both differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and treatment specifically expressed genes (TSEGs). Functional clustering of DEGs and TSEGs and signaling pathways associated with lipid metabolism were identified using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) and DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.7 (DAVID-BR). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were subsequently conducted to further examine the expression of genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathway identified by DAVID-BR. Dietary BG intervention significantly reduced abdominal fat ratio (abdominal fat weight/final body weight) in broilers. The decreased fat deposition in BG-fed chickens was in accordance with serum lipid profiles as well as the level of lipid metabolism-related enzymes in the serum, abdominal adipose, jejunum and liver. RNA-seq analysis indicated that dietary BG intervention induced 79 and 205 characterized DEGs in the jejunum and liver, respectively. In addition, 255 and 165 TSEGs were detected in the liver and jejunum of BG-fed group, while 162 and 211 TSEGs genes were observed in the liver and jejunum of BD-fed birds, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis with both IPA and DAVID-BR further revealed a significant enrichment of DEGs and TSEGs in the biological processes for reducing the synthesis, storage, transportation and secretion of lipids in the jejunum, while those in the liver were for enhancing the oxidation of ingested lipids and fatty acids. In particular, transcriptional regulators of THRSP and EGR-1 as well as several DEGs involved in the PPAR-α signaling pathway were significantly induced by dietary BG intervention for lipid catabolism.
answer:
Does transcriptome Analysis reveal Regulation of Gene Expression for Lipid Catabolism in Young Broilers by Butyrate Glycerides?


question:
Hypocalcemia is the most common complication after total thyroidectomy. Some patients need to stay in the hospital for monitoring of hypocalcemic symptoms and serum calcium levels for several days. We investigated the efficacy and safety of using early postoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) results for early discharge after thyroidectomy.', 'A retrospective cohort study of 2 sequential groups of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy between January 2010 and March 2013 was undertaken. Patients were divided into 2 groups. In Group 1 (before June 2011), patients had daily monitoring of serum calcium level and hypocalcemic symptoms. They were discharged when calcium level was static and asymptomatic. Postoperative PTH was not utilized for discharge plan. In Group 2 (after June 2011), postoperative PTH and calcium level on day 1 were utilized to dictate subsequent management and discharge plan.', 'Of the 107 patients reviewed, 54 (50.5%) were in Group 1 and 53 (49.5%) were in Group 2. A total of 51 (47.7%) patients developed hypocalcemia. The two groups were comparable in demographic data, early postoperative PTH value, rate of hypocalcemia, the need for oral calcium and vitamin D supplements and rate of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Fewer patients in Group 2 experienced hypocalcemic symptoms, p=0.005. None of the patients in Group 2 needed intravenous calcium supplement (p=0.003). The median postoperative hospital stay for Group 1 was 4 days and for Group 2 was 1 day (p<0.0001).
answer:
Does postoperative PTH monitoring of hypocalcemia expedite discharge after thyroidectomy?


question:
Recent studies have demonstrated that the neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 4-like (Nedd4L) gene plays a role in the progression of various cancers. However, reports describing Nedd4L expression in ovarian cancer tissues are limited.', 'A cohort (n\u2009=\u2009117) of archival formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded resected normal ovarian epithelial tissues (n\u2009=\u200910), benign ovarian epithelial tumor tissues (n\u2009=\u200910), serous borderline ovarian epithelial tumor tissues (n\u2009=\u200914), mucous borderline ovarian epithelial tumor tissues (n\u2009=\u200911), and invasive ovarian epithelial cancer tissues (n\u2009=\u200972) were assessed for Nedd4L protein expression using immunohistochemistry.', 'Nedd4L protein expression was significantly decreased in invasive ovarian epithelial cancer tissues compared to non-cancer tissues (P\u2009<\u20090.05). Decreased Nedd4L protein expression correlated with clinical stage, pathological grade, lymph node metastasis and survival (P\u2009<\u20090.05).
answer:

Is nedd4L expression decreased in ovarian epithelial cancer tissues compared to ovarian non-cancer tissue?