TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a CXC chemokine that induces the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, is a potent angiogenic factor that may play a role in atherosclerosis. Previously, IL-8 has been reported in atherosclerotic lesions and circulating macrophages from patients with atherosclerosis. Therefore, we sought to determine whether IL-8 plays a role in mediating angiogenic activity in atherosclerosis.', 'Homogenates from 16 patients undergoing directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) and control samples from the internal mammary artery (IMA) of 7 patients undergoing bypass graft surgery were assessed for IL-8 content by specific ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization for IL-8 mRNA. The contribution of IL-8 to net angiogenic activity was assessed using the rat cornea micropocket assay and cultured cells. IL-8 expression was significantly elevated in DCA samples compared with IMA samples (1.71+/-0.6 versus 0.05+/-0.03 ng/mg of total protein; P<0.01). Positive immunolocalization of IL-8 was found exclusively in DCA tissue sections, and it correlated with the presence of factor VIII-related antigen. In situ reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed the expression of IL-8 mRNA in DCA tissue. Corneal neovascular response, defined by ingrowth of capillary sprouts toward the implant, was markedly positive with DCA pellets, but no constitutive vessel ingrowth was seen with IMA specimens. Neutralizing IL-8 attenuated both the in vivo corneal neovascular response and the in vitro proliferation of cultured cells.\Question: Is iL-8 an angiogenic factor in human coronary atherectomy tissue?

SOLUTION: The results suggest that, in human coronary atherosclerosis, IL-8 is an important mediator of angiogenesis and may contribute to plaque formation via its angiogenic properties.

PROBLEM: Context: To assess the effect of six different enteral diets on the gut barrier.', 'Laboratory study.', 'University hospital, Germany.', '70 Specific pathogen free female Crl:CDR BR rats.', 'For 7 days, 6 groups of rats were fed orally with standard chow (n = 15); total parenteral nutrition solution (oral TPN, n = 15); elemental diet (ED, n = 10); nutrient-defined diet (NDD, n = 10); or the NDD supplemented with uracil (NDD+uracil, n = 10), or fibre (NDD+fibre, n = 10).', 'Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, numbers of Gram negative enterobacteria and total aerobic bacteria in the caecum, and intestinal concentrations of secretory IgA.', 'The incidence of bacterial translocation was significantly increased in the groups given oral TPN, ED, NDD, and NDD+uracil compared with the group given chow. Only NDD+fibre resulted in a similar degree of translocation to that in the chow group. All groups in which there was increased translocation had a highly significant overgrowth of aerobic bacteria in the caecum, mainly by Gram negative enteric organisms. The secretory IgA concentration was reduced in the group that had been given oral TPN, and that in the ED and NDD+uracil groups was similar to that in the chow group. NDD and NDD+fibre were associated with higher intestinal concentrations of secretory IgA than chow.\Question: Is fibre an essential ingredient of enteral diets to limit bacterial translocation in rats?

SOLUTION: Fibre-free enteral diets do not protect the gut antimicrobial barrier whatever else is in them. The superiority of early enteral as opposed to parenteral nutrition after injury may, therefore, not be the result of a specific protective effect on the gut barrier. The supplementation of commercial enteral diets with bulk fibre should be tested in clinical trials.

PROBLEM: Context: Therapeutic ultrasound is an effective deep heating modality commonly applied alone or after cooling or heating of the treatment area. The purpose of this study was to examine the tissue temperature rise in the human triceps surae muscle group after ultrasound with prior heating via a silicate gel hot pack.', 'This study was designed as a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial with repeated measures on two factors (depth and time). Independent variables were temperature of pack (hot and room temperature), depth of measurement (1 cm and 3 cm), and time (beginning, after pack application, and after ultrasound). The dependent variable was tissue temperature. Subjects were assigned to one of two treatment groups: ultrasound preceded by a 15-minute hot pack treatment or ultrasound preceded by a 15-minute application with a silicate gel pack at room temperature. Measurements were taken while subjects were treated in a university training room.', 'Twenty-one uninjured male and female college student volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the two pack groups.', 'The hot packs were stored in 75 degrees C water. A 1-MHz ultrasound treatment was administered for 10 minutes at an intensity of 1.5 W/cm(2). Tissue temperature was measured every 30 seconds using 23-gauge hypodermic microprobes interfaced with a telethermometer and inserted 1 and 3 cm below the surface of anesthetized triceps surae muscle.', 'At both tissue depths, there was a 0.8 degrees C greater increase in tissue temperature with hot packs and ultrasound. At 1 cm, ultrasound increased temperature 3.5 degrees C after a 0.5 degrees C rise during the room temperature-pack application, but only 0.6 degrees C after a 3.8 degrees C increase during hot-pack application. At 3 cm, ultrasound increased temperature 3.85 degrees C following a slight (-0.26 degrees C) decrease during the room temperature-pack application and 3.68 degrees C after a 0.74 degrees C increase during hot-pack application.\Question: Do hot-Pack and 1-MHz Ultrasound Treatments Have an Additive Effect on Muscle Temperature Increase?

SOLUTION:
Vigorous increases in deep muscle temperature (>/=4 degrees C) can be reached with 2 to 3 minutes less total sonation time when preheated with a hot pack. Thus, ultrasound and hot packs have an additive effect on intramuscular temperature, but the characteristics of the additive effect are different, primarily because there appears to be a tissue temperature plateau.