Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
The objective in lung transplantation is to prolong life, but the survival effect in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or alpha1-anti-trypsin deficiency emphysema is still unresolved. This study assesses the impact of diagnosis, single-lung transplantation (SLT) vs bilateral lung transplantation (BLT) and timing of transplantation on survival in a national cohort.', 'In 219 consecutive patients accepted onto the lung transplantation waiting list in Norway, 1990 to 2003, we assessed predictors of death: (1) on the waiting list; (2) <or=90 days after transplantation; and (3) >90 days after transplantation. For each period we used Cox regression, including age, gender, diagnosis, baseline pulmonary function tests, cardiac catheterization data, exercise capacity and transplant type, as potential predictors. Survival benefit was assessed graphically by combining adjusted survival curves after transplantation with the curve for those waiting, modeling transplantation after 6, 12 or 24 months.', 'Mean patient age was 49 years (SD 10), with 55% women. High forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) percentage predicted death on the waiting list. Diagnoses other than COPD/emphysema and receiving SLT were associated with death <or=90 days after transplantation. Only low forced vital capacity (FVC) percentage predicted death >90 days after transplantation. In COPD/emphysema, there was no clear survival benefit from BLT or SLT. For patients in the "Other" group, the data suggest a survival benefit from BLT.

Ex Output:
Is lung transplantation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a national cohort without obvious survival benefit?


Ex Input:
Bariatric surgery not only elicits weight loss but also rapidly resolves diabetes. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigates how diabetes and liver steatosis are improved after duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) compared with a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog and correlations between bile acids and GLP-1 secretion.', 'We initially determined the effects of bile acids on GLP-1 in vitro and then assigned 12 male 16-week-old Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats to groups that underwent DJB, a sham operation, or were treated with the GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide (n\u2009=\u20094 each). Blood glucose, insulin, GLP-1, serum bile acids, liver steatosis, and the number of GLP-1 positive cells (L cells) in the small intestine and colon were investigated in the three groups at eight weeks postoperatively.', 'Levels of GLP-1mRNA were upregulated and GLP-1 secretion increased in cells incubated with bile acids in vitro. Weight gain was suppressed more in the DJB than in the sham group in vivo. Diabetes was more improved and GLP-1 levels were significantly higher in the DJB than in the sham group. Serum bile acids were significantly increased, the number of L cells in the ileum was upregulated compared with the sham group, and liver steatosis was significantly improved in the DJB compared with the other two groups.

Ex Output:
Does duodenal-jejunal bypass improve diabetes and liver steatosis via enhanced glucagon-like peptide-1 elicited by bile acids?


Ex Input:
Unintentional intraneural injection of local anesthetics may cause mechanical injury and pressure ischemia of the nerve fascicles. One study in small animals showed that intraneural injection may be associated with higher injection pressures. However, the pressure heralding an intraneural injection and the clinical consequences of such injections remain controversial. Our hypothesis is that an intraneural injection is associated with higher pressures and an increase in the risk of neurologic injury as compared with perineural injection.', 'Seven dogs of mixed breed (15-18 kg) were studied. After general endotracheal anesthesia, the sciatic nerves were exposed bilaterally. Under direct microscopic guidance, a 25-gauge needle was placed either perineurally (into the epineurium) or intraneurally (within the perineurium), and 4 mL of lidocaine 2% (1:250,000 epinephrine) was injected by using an automated infusion pump (4 mL/min). Injection pressure data were acquired by using an in-line manometer coupled to a computer via an analog digital conversion board. After injection, the animals were awakened and subjected to serial neurologic examinations. On the 7th day, the dogs were killed, the sciatic nerves were excised, and histologic examination was performed by pathologists blinded to the purpose of the study.', 'Whereas all perineural injections resulted in pressures < or =4 psi, the majority of intraneural injections were associated with high pressures (25-45 psi) at the beginning of the injection. Normal motor function returned 3 hours after all injections associated with low injection pressures (< or =11 psi), whereas persistent motor deficits were observed in all 4 animals having high injection pressures (> or =25 psi). Histologic examination showed destruction of neural architecture and degeneration of axons in all 4 sciatic nerves receiving high-pressure injections.

Ex Output:

Does combination of intraneural injection and high injection pressure lead to fascicular injury and neurologic deficits in dogs?