Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine. Recently, the G-308A polymorphism of the TNF-alpha gene has been associated with modified gene expression and increased TNF-alpha production in the -308A allele. We evaluated its influence on the incidence and clinical course of membranous glomerulonephritis.', 'We studied 53 patients with biopsy-proven primary membranous glomerulonephritis followed up for 5.7 +/- 4.9 years. 100 volunteers were analyzed as controls. According to the slope of the curve of reciprocal serum creatinine against time, group A (slow progressors, n = 35) and group B (fast progressors, n = 18) were defined. TNF-alpha G-308A polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification.', 'The frequency of the A-allele (associated with higher TNF-alpha levels) was significantly higher in patients than control subjects (patients: G-allele: 0.66, A-allele: 0.34; controls: G-allele 0.85, A-allele 0.15, p < 0.001). Similarly, the genotype distribution differed significantly between our study and control populations (patients: GG-genotype: 41.5%, GA: 49.1%, AA 9.4%; controls: GG: 71%, GA: 27%, AA 2%, p = 0.001). Age, renal function, proteinuria and blood pressure were similar at the time of renal biopsy between patients with different genotypes (NS). There was also a tendency towards an overpresentation of the A-allele in group B indicating a possible impact on the progression of membranous nephropathy, but a significance was not reached. Furthermore, no impact on renal survival in the Kaplan- Meier analysis was detected (NS).

A: Is tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene G-308A polymorphism a risk factor for the development of membranous glomerulonephritis?
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Q: While the anticholinergic activity of medications has been linked to cognitive decline, few studies have linked anticholinergic burden with falls in older people. We evaluated the relationship between anticholinergic burden and recurrent and injurious falls among community-dwelling older adults.', 'This case-control study was performed on 428 participants aged ≥65 years, 263 cases with two or more falls or one injurious fall in the preceding 12 months, and 165 controls with no falls in the preceding 12 months. Anticholinergic burden was determined using the anticholinergic cognitive burden (ACB) scale. Upper and lower limb functional abilities were assessed with timed up and go (TUG), functional reach (FR) and grip strength (GS). Logistic regression analysis was employed to calculate the mediation effect of TUG, FR and GS on ACB associated falls.', 'Univariate analysis revealed a significant association between an ACB score of ≥1 with falls (OR, 1.8; 95% CI; 1.1-3.0; p=0.01) and significantly poorer TUG and FR. The association between ACB≥1 and falls was no longer significant after adjustment for either TUG (OR for ACB associated falls, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.88-2.4; p=0.14) or FR (OR for ACB associated falls, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.89-2.4, p=0.12) but remained significant with GS.

A: Is anticholinergic burden associated with recurrent and injurious falls in older individuals?
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Q: Multiple ischemic lesions identified by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) have been shown to predict high risk of future ischemic events. However, the importance of lesion age has not been factored into this risk. Our goal was to evaluate whether the presence of ischemic lesions of varying ages identified by DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) suggests a higher risk of future ischemic events.', 'Patients with acute stroke and TIA presenting within 12 hours of symptom onset who had a baseline and 1-month follow-up MRI were enrolled in the study. Acute ischemic lesions were divided into DWI positive with ADC low lesions and DWI positive with ADC normalized lesions. The baseline MRI and the presence of new lesions on the follow-up MRI were analyzed.', 'A total of 360 patients were prospectively enrolled, and all had appropriate imaging. Two hundred twenty-three were excluded as there were no DWI lesions, they received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, or they did not have the 30-day follow-up MRI. One hundred seventeen patients had DWI lesions of one age (DWI positive with either ADC low lesions or ADC normalized lesions alone) and 20 had lesions of varying ages (DWI positive lesions with reduced and normalized ADC) on the baseline MRI. Patients with multiple DWI lesions of varying ages were at more risk of having new lesions on the 30-day MRI compared with those having lesions of the same age (relative risk = 3.6; 95% CI 1.9 to 6.8). Multiple DWI lesions of varying ages (odds ratio [OR] 6.6; 95% CI 2.3 to 19.1) and cardioembolic stroke subtype (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.1 to 8.7) were independently associated with new lesion recurrence by multiple logistic regression analysis.

A:
Do acute ischemic lesions of varying ages predict risk of ischemic events in stroke/TIA patients?
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