In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Ex Input:
Background: SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was identified as the etiological agent of SARS, and extensive investigations indicated that it originated from an animal source (probably bats) and was recently introduced into the human population via wildlife animals from wet markets in southern China. Previous studies revealed that the spike (S) protein of SARS had experienced adaptive evolution, but whether other functional proteins of SARS have undergone adaptive evolution is not known. We employed several methods to investigate selective pressure among different SARS-CoV groups representing different epidemic periods and hosts. Our results suggest that most functional proteins of SARS-CoV have experienced a stepwise adaptive evolutionary pathway. Similar to previous studies, the spike protein underwent strong positive selection in the early and middle phases, and became stabilized in the late phase. In addition, the replicase experienced positive selection only in human patients, whereas assembly proteins experienced positive selection mainly in the middle and late phases. No positive selection was found in any proteins of bat SARS-like-CoV. Furthermore, specific amino acid sites that may be the targets of positive selection in each group are identified. This extensive evolutionary analysis revealed the stepwise evolution of different functional proteins of SARS-CoVs at different epidemic stages and different hosts. These results support the hypothesis that SARS-CoV originated from bats and that the spill over into civets and humans were more recent events.

Ex Output:
Differential stepwise evolution of SARS coronavirus functional proteins in different host species


Ex Input:
The family Potyviridae encompasses~30% of plant viruses and is responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. Recently, a small overlapping coding sequence, termed pipo, was found to be conserved in the genomes of all potyvirids. PIPO is expressed as part of a frameshift protein, P3N-PIPO, which is essential for virus cell-to-cell movement. However, the frameshift expression mechanism has hitherto remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that transcriptional slippage, specific to the viral RNA polymerase, results in a population of transcripts with an additional "A" inserted within a highly conserved GAAAAAA sequence, thus enabling expression of P3N-PIPO. The slippage efficiency is~2% in Turnip mosaic virus and slippage is inhibited by mutations in the GAAAAAA sequence. While utilization of transcriptional slippage is well known in negative-sense RNA viruses such as Ebola, mumps and measles, to our knowledge this is the first report of its widespread utilization for gene expression in positive-sense RNA viruses.

Ex Output:
Transcriptional slippage in the positive-sense RNA virus family Potyviridae


Ex Input:
Context: The 2-1-1 helpline is a social services innovation that has spread rapidly throughout the U.S. Policy diffusion theory suggests that policymakers seek to reduce uncertainty by anticipating the effects of a proposed innovation through tools such as cost-benefıt analyses. Few policy diffusion studies have examined use of information, such as cost-benefıt analyses, in the diffusion process. The purpose of this study is to examine how cost-benefıt analyses were used during the rapid diffusion of 2-1-1 across states. The paper also describes components of 2-1-1 cost-benefıt analyses. Evidence acquisition: In 2011, cost-benefıt analyses of 2-1-1 and substantive citations of them were identifıed through scholarly key word searches using Academic Search Premier and Web of Science, general Internet searches using Google search terms, and communications with academicians and 2-1-1 practitioners through personal contact and e-mail discussion groups. To be included in this study, documents had to be related to 2-1-1 helplines, present information about their costs and benefıts, and be formal documents. The documents were catalogued and analyzed for costbenefıt analyses or references to analyses, and stated purpose. Evidence synthesis: Of the 19 documents that met eligibility inclusion criteria, nine were original cost-benefıt analyses and ten referenced analyses conducted for other jurisdictions. The diffusion of2-1-1 helplinesin the U.S.hasbeen influenced by interjurisdictionalexchange of cost-benefıt analyses, in both the creation of original analyses and/or the referencing of previous work. (Am J Prev Med 2012;43(6S5):S497-S505) Am J Prev Med 2012;43(6S5):S497-S505 S497 S498 Shank / Am J Prev Med 2012;43(6S5):S497-S505 www.ajpmonline.org S502 Shank / Am J Prev Med 2012;43(6S5):S497-S505 www.ajpmonline.org

Ex Output:

A Review of the Role of Cost-Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion