In this task, you are given a part of an article. Your task is to generate headline (title) for this text. Preferred headlines are under fifteen words.

Ex Input:
Recent works on word representations mostly rely on predictive models. Distributed word representations (aka word embeddings) are trained to optimally predict the contexts in which the corresponding words tend to appear. Such models have succeeded in capturing word similarities as well as semantic and syntactic regularities. Instead, we aim at reviving interest in a model based on counts. We present a systematic study of the use of the Hellinger distance to extract semantic representations from the word co-occurrence statistics of large text corpora. We show that this distance gives good performance on word similarity and analogy tasks, with a proper type and size of context, and a dimensionality reduction based on a stochastic low-rank approximation. Besides being both simple and intuitive, this method also provides an encoding function which can be used to infer unseen words or phrases. This becomes a clear advantage compared to predictive models which must train these new words.

Ex Output:
Rehabilitation of Count-based Models for Word Vector Representations


Ex Input:
This paper deals with the problem of esti­ mating the probability that one event was a cause of another in a given scenario. Us­ ing structural-semantical definitions of the probabilities of necessary or sufficient cau­ sation (or both), we show how to optimally bound these quantities from data obtained in experimental and observational studies, making minimal assumptions concerning the data-generating process. In particular, we strengthen the results of Pearl (1999) by weakening the data-generation assumptions and deriving theoretically sharp bounds on the probabilities of causation. These results delineate precisely how empirical data can be used both in settling questions of attribution and in solving attribution-related problems of decision making.

Ex Output:
Probabilities of Causation: Bounds and Identification


Ex Input:
We study properties of particular non-redundant sets of if-then rules describing dependencies between graded attributes. We introduce notions of saturation and witnessed non-redundancy of sets of graded attribute implications are show that bases of graded attribute implications given by systems of pseudo-intents correspond to non-redundant sets of graded attribute implications with saturated consequents where the nonredundancy is witnessed by antecedents of the contained graded attribute implications. We introduce an algorithm which transforms any complete set of graded attribute implications parameterized by globalization into a base given by pseudo-intents. Experimental evaluation is provided to compare the method of obtaining bases for general parameterizations by hedges with earlier graph-based approaches.

Ex Output:

On sets of graded attribute implications with witnessed non-redundancy