TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: The B cell is a key player in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Loss of B cell tolerance resulting in autoantibody production and immune complex formation and deposition are central features of the disease. B cell overactivity is a hallmark of SLE and molecular abnormalities in B cell signaling cascade have been described.', 'In this review, we will focus on the aberrant phenotype of B cell signaling in patients with lupus. We will also discuss data stemming from the use of small molecules that have recently been recognized to target important steps of the B cell signal transduction pathways with therapeutic implications for SLE.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to induce intestinal proliferation and maturation; however, little information is available regarding substrates of the intestinal EGF receptor tyrosine kinase. The purpose of this study was to determine if src homologous collagen-like protein (Shc) was an in vivo substrate of the intestinal EGF receptor.', 'Ten-day-old rats were treated with EGF or were breast-fed. In some experiments, IEC-6 cells were treated with EGF. Intestinal tissue and cell fractions were studied by immunodetection to compare the tyrosine phosphorylation state and the subcellular localization of intestinal proteins.', 'The total tyrosine phosphorylation state of intestinal proteins was increased threefold by EGF. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and Shc were rapidly increased by EGF. The association of Grb2 with Shc increased fourfold and fivefold. Plasma membrane translocation of Shc and associated phosphotyrosyl proteins was increased within 30 seconds of EGF treatment.

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: Local anesthetics are commonly used for the treatment of a variety of tendinopathies in combination with corticosteroids injection. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of lidocaine and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on cultured rat tenocytes and to determine whether there is a synergistic effect.', 'Rat patellar tendon-derived tenocytes were cultured with or without TA and lidocaine, and the culture without any additive served as the control. Cell morphology and cell viability were evaluated. Expressions of tenocyte-related genes were measured by qRT-PCR.', 'TA, when exposed to tenocytes in vitro, significantly decreased cell viability. The cells cultured with TA had a flattened shape. Moreover, the expressions of tenocyte-related genes in tenocytes were markedly decreased in the TA-treated group. We found that 1% lidocaine synergistically increased the deleterious effects of TA.

SOLUTION:
0