In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Galbeta1-4GlcNAcalpha2-6 sialyltransferase (ST6GalI) is an acute phase reactant whose release from cells can be induced by proinflammatory cytokines. Because patients with chronic renal failure have high circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, we hypothesized that patients on the renal transplant waiting list would have high circulating levels of ST6GalI, which might adversely affect post-transplant events.', 'Levels of ST6GalI were measured in the serum of 70 patients immediately before renal transplant; these were correlated with posttransplant events, such as delayed graft function and rejection.', 'The mean serum level of ST6GalI was significantly higher in the patients (3162+/-97 U) than in 19 controls (2569 +/- 125 U; P<0.003). Patients who required dialysis posttransplant for treatment of delayed graft function (n=20) had significantly higher levels of ST6GalI pretransplant (3735+/-228 U) than patients (n=50) who did not require dialysis (2933+/-83 U; P<0.0001). In a multivariate analysis the ST6GalI level and cold ischemic time were found to be independent risk factors for the development of delayed graft function.\Question: Do increased levels of GALbeta1-4GLCNACalpha2-6 sialyltransferase pretransplant predict delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients?

Ex Output:
ST6GalI levels are high in renal failure patients awaiting a renal transplant and may be a risk factor for the development of delayed graft function. The assessment and perhaps modulation of a potential transplant recipient's ST6GalI systemic level may be beneficial.


Ex Input:
Context: To determine whether testosterone levels change as women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) grow older.', 'A follow-up cross-sectional study of a cohort of women with PCOS identified up to 20-25 years ago.', 'Women with PCOS were recruited primarily from practice records between 1970 and 1990. Voter registration tapes and household directories were used to identify age-, race-, and neighborhood-matched controls.', 'Eighty-four women with PCOS, 20-57 years of age, and 37 age-matched controls participating in a study of the risk for cardiovascular disease in women with PCOS.', 'Clinical data were collected by questionnaire and fasting blood samples were obtained randomly throughout the menstrual cycle.', 'Total and non-SHBG-bound testosterone levels.', 'Total and non-SHBG-bound testosterone levels were similar in women with PCOS who were 20-42 years of age but were reduced by approximately 50% among women 42-47 years of age and remained stable in women older than 47 years of age. Testosterone levels were increased in younger and older women with PCOS compared with controls but were similar to controls in women 42-47 years of age.\Question: Do serum testosterone levels decrease in middle age in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome?

Ex Output:
Hyperandrogenism partly resolves before menopause in women with PCOS. This change may explain the tendency of women with PCOS to cycle regularly as they grow older. Testosterone levels remain elevated in older women with PCOS, however, and may contribute to their increased risk for cardiovascular disease, endometrial cancer, and other diseases.


Ex Input:
Context: To determine expression of cell cycle and apoptotic genes, biochemical analysis of CCL23 and antisense cyclin D1-transfected CCL23 (CCL23AS) cells in the presence of cisplatin was performed. In addition, biochemical analysis of CAL27 cells before and after treatment with cisplatin was performed to determine expression of cell cycle genes.', 'CCL23, CCL23AS, and CAL27 cell lines were treated with cisplatin. Western blot analysis, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and apoptosis assays were performed.', 'In vitro study of head and neck cancer cell lines CCL23, CCL23AS, and CAL27.', 'CCL23, CCL23AS, and CAL27 cells were treated with cisplatin.', 'Expression of p16, p21, p53, Bcl-xL, Bcl-xS, p27, DP1, MDM2, Bcl-2, c-Jun, and Jun-D were assessed using Western blot analysis.', 'There was increased expression of p16, p21, p53, BCLxL, and BCLxS genes with cisplatin treatment in the CCL23 and CCL23AS cells. Expression of p27, DP1, MDM2, BCL2, c-iun, and jun-D remained unaltered after treatment. There was decreased phosphorylation of Rb protein with complete absence of hyperphosphorylated Rb in the maximally sensitized antisense cyclin D1-transfected (CCL23AS) cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis revealed a decreased G2 phase of the cell cycle and an increased proportion of apoptotic cells in the CCL23AS cell line compared with parental CCL23 cells. Cell killing also occurred in the presence of caspase-3 inhibitor. While CCL23 cells contain wild-type p53, the CAL27 cells have a point mutation in codon 193 (A-->T transversion) of exon 6. However, CAL27 cells still exhibited increased expression of p21 after treatment with cisplatin.\Question: Does cisplatin-induced growth arrest of head and neck cancer cells correlate with increased expression of p16 and p53?

Ex Output:

These results, in combination with increased expression of the p53 downstream effecter p21, indicate that the cisplatin-induced cell cycle arrest operates through the p16/p53-dependent pathway, and a caspase-independent pathway may be involved. Combination treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via cell cycle inhibition and cisplatin holds promise as a potential therapy in the clinical setting.