Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: In the most recent version of the UICC TNM classification system for thyroid carcinoma, tumors with minimal extrathyroid extension were classified as T3. In this study, we investigated whether this upgrading is appropriate for papillary thyroid carcinoma.', 'We investigated the difference in the relapse-free survival (RFS) rate between patients with tumors having no, minimal, and massive extrathyroid extension in a series of 502 patients over the age of 45 years.', 'Patients with tumors showing massive extension showed a worse RFS rate except for those with tumors measuring 1 cm or less. However, there was no significant difference in RFS between tumors measuring 4 cm or less showing no or minimal extension. In an investigation of 409 patients without any clinically apparent node metastasis, the RFS of patients with tumors larger than 4 cm with massive extension was significantly worse than those with tumors measuring 4 cm or less, while the RFS of patients with tumors with either no or minimal extension did not depend on the tumor size.

A: Does minimal extrathyroid extension affect the relapse-free survival of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma measuring 4 cm or less over the age of 45 years?
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Q: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used for the mobilization of bone marrow and endothelial progenitor cells, though G-CSF-induced inflammation may cause endothelial dysfunction. We examined the effects of G-CSF on endothelium, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory cytokines namely interleukin 10 (IL-10).', 'We studied 60 women with breast cancer, who were randomized to either subcutaneous G-CSF (5 microg/kg), o.d. for 5 days after adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 40) or placebo (n = 20).', 'We measured flow-mediated dilatation (FMD%) of the brachial artery by ultrasonography, CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and the ratio TNF-alpha/ IL-10 blood levels before, 2-h and 5-days after the G-CSF or placebo treatment.', 'There was a greater increase of FMD, IL-10 and reduction of TNF-alpha/ IL-10, 2 h and 5 days after the G-CSF treatment compared to placebo. Although, CRP and TNF-alpha were higher, TNF-alpha/IL-10 was lower at the end of G-CSF treatment compared to placebo. Improvement of FMD was related to changes of IL-10 and TNF-alpha/IL-10.

A: Is treatment with granulocyte colony stimulating factor associated with improvement in endothelial function?
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Q: Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), a multifunctional cytokine, plays a crucial role in the accumulation of extracellular matrix components in lung fibrosis, where lung fibroblasts are considered to play a major role. Even though the effects of TGFbeta on the gene expression of several proteins have been investigated in several lung fibroblast cell lines, the global pattern of response to this cytokine in adult lung fibroblasts is still unknown.', 'We used Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays U95v2, containing approximately 12,000 human genes, to study the transcriptional profile in response to a four hour treatment with TGFbeta in control lung fibroblasts and in fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic and scleroderma-associated pulmonary fibrosis. A combination of the Affymetrix change algorithm (Microarray Suite 5) and of analysis of variance models was used to identify TGFbeta-regulated genes. Additional criteria were an average up- or down- regulation of at least two fold.', 'Exposure of fibroblasts to TGFbeta had a profound impact on gene expression, resulting in regulation of 129 transcripts. We focused on genes not previously found to be regulated by TGFbeta in lung fibroblasts or other cell types, including nuclear co-repressor 2, SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (SMURF2), bone morphogenetic protein 4, and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1), and confirmed the microarray results by real time-PCR. Western Blotting confirmed induction at the protein level of AGTR1, the most highly induced gene in both control and fibrotic lung fibroblasts among genes encoding for signal transduction molecules. Upregulation of AGTR1 occurred through the MKK1/MKK2 signalling pathway. Immunohistochemical staining showed AGTR1 expression by lung fibroblasts in fibroblastic foci within biopsies of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

A:
Does gene expression profiling reveal novel TGFbeta targets in adult lung fibroblasts?
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