Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Context: Two years ago the authors began to use Swan-Ganz catheters to generate more complex hemodynamic data as a better guide to resuscitation of burns. This study uses the information to identify differences between survivors and nonsurvivors.', 'Fifty-three consecutive patients with major burns were treated using Swan-Ganz-generated data. Additional information was collected, including demographics, intake and output, medications, and arterial blood gas (including calculated oxygen consumption). Statistical analysis incorporated adjustments for autocorrelation.', 'The patients included 38 men and 15 women, averaged 43.7 years of age, and had a mean burn size of 40%. Thirteen patients suffered severe inhalation injury. Data collected hourly over 3 days were collapsed across 6-hour observation periods. Mean values, when plotted across time, discriminated the 37 survivors from the 16 nonsurvivors. Poor response to resuscitation as evidenced by increased use of colloid fluid and cardiotonic drugs plus failure to maximize oxygen consumption were associated with nonsurvival.
Answer: Unsustained or inadequate response to hyperdynamic resuscitation of burns was associated with nonsurvival.

Ex Output:
Do survival in major burn injuries is predicted by early response to Swan-Ganz-guided resuscitation?


Ex Input:
Context: Molecular staging of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) may identify patients who are node-negative by standard microscopic staging but are at increased risk for regional nodal recurrence; such patients may benefit from completion lymph node dissection (CLND).', 'In a multicenter, randomized clinical trial, patients with tumor-negative SLNs by standard pathology (hematoxylin and eosin [H and E] serial sections and immunohistochemistry [IHC]) underwent reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of SLNs for melanoma-specific mRNA. Microscopically negative/PCR+ patients were randomized to observation, CLND, or CLND with high-dose interferon (HDI). For this post-hoc analysis, clinicopathologic features and survival outcomes, including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), were compared between PCR+ patients who underwent CLND vs observation. Microscopic and molecular node-negative (PCR-) patients were included for comparison.', 'A total of 556 patients were PCR+: 180 underwent observation, and 376 underwent CLND. An additional 908 PCR- patients were observed. Median follow-up was 72 months. Disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly better for PCR+ patients who underwent CLND compared with observation (p\xa0= 0.0218). No statistically significant differences in OS or distant disease-free survival (DDFS) were seen. Regional lymph node recurrence-free survival (LNRFS) was improved in PCR+ patients with CLND compared to observation (p\xa0=\xa00.0065). The PCR+ patients in the observation group had the worst DFS; those with CLND had similar DFS to that in the PCR- group (p\xa0= 0.9044).
Answer: Patients with microscopically negative/PCR+ SLN have an increased risk of nodal recurrence that was mitigated by CLND. Although CLND did not affect OS, these data suggest that molecular detection of melanoma-specific mRNA in the SLN predicts a greater risk of nodal recurrence and deserves further study.

Ex Output:
Does molecular Staging of Sentinel Lymph Nodes identify Melanoma Patients at Increased Risk of Nodal Recurrence?


Ex Input:
Context: We sought to prospectively examine whether childbearing is associated with higher incidence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) after delivery among women of reproductive age.', 'In 1451 nulliparas who were aged 18-30 years and free of the MetS at baseline (1985-1986) and reexamined up to 4 times during 20 years, we ascertained incident MetS defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria among time-dependent interim birth groups by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): (0 [referent], 1 non-GDM, 2+ non-GDM, 1+ GDM births). Complementary log-log models estimated relative hazards of the MetS among birth groups adjusted for race, age, and baseline and follow-up covariates.', 'We identified 259 incident MetS cases in 25,246 person-years (10.3/1000 person-years). Compared with 0 births, adjusted relative hazards (95% confidence interval [CI]) were 1.33 (95% CI, 0.93-1.90) for 1 non-GDM, 1.62 (95% CI, 1.16-2.26) for 2+ non-GDM (P trend = .02), and 2.43 (95% CI, 1.53-3.86) for 1+ GDM births.
Answer: Increasing parity is associated with future development of the MetS independent of prior obesity and pregnancy-related weight gain. Risk varies by GDM status.

Ex Output:

Is childbearing associated with higher incidence of the metabolic syndrome among women of reproductive age controlling for measurements before pregnancy : the CARDIA study?