Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Triterpene alcohols and acids are multifunctional compounds widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom that exhibit a variety of beneficial health properties, being synthetic analogs of oleanolic acid under clinical evaluation as anti-tumoral therapeutic agents. However, the antineoplastic activity of two natural occurring triterpenoid alcohols extracted from olive oil, erythrodiol (an intermediate from oleanolic acid), and its isomer, uvaol, has barely been reported, particularly on brain cancer cells. Astrocytomas are among the most common and aggressive type of primary malignant tumors in the neurological system lacking effective treatments, and in this study, we addressed the effect of these two triterpenic diols on the human 1321N1 astrocytoma cell line.', 'Erythrodiol and uvaol effectively affected cell proliferation, as well as cell cycle phases and induced 1321N1 cell death. Both triterpenes successfully modulated the apoptotic response, promoting nuclear condensation and fragmentation. They caused retraction and rounding of cultured cells, which lost adherence from their supports, while F-actin and vimentin filaments disappeared as an organized cytoplasmic network. At molecular level, changes in the expression of surface proteins associated with adhesion or death processes were also observed. Moreover, triterpene exposure resulted in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and correlated with the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). The presence of catalase reversed the triterpenic diols-induced mitochondrial depolarization, JNK activation, and apoptotic death, indicating the critical role of ROS in the action of these compounds.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is prognosti- cally important in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Since PH only weakly correlates with hypoxemia, other factors must play a role.', 'To investigate whether polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (5HTT), serotonin-2a receptor (5HTR2a) and endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS) are related to PH in COPD.', 'In 59 COPD patients who underwent right heart catheterization, 6-min walking distance, NYHA functional class, pulmonary function tests, blood gases and 5HTT, 5HTR2a and eNOS (4ab and T298C) polymorphisms were determined.', 'Forty-nine COPD patients in NYHA functional class III-IV were included. Ten were excluded due to comorbid causes of PH (mainly chronic thromboembolic). PH (mPAP > or =25 mm Hg) was present in 55% and usually mild, but out of proportion (mPAP > or =40 mm Hg) in 12%. Patients with PH had significantly higher frequencies of the 5HTT-L-allele (52%) compared to individuals without PH (36%), and LL homozygote patients had more severe PH. In patients with out-of-proportion PH, the L-allelic frequency was even 75%. We found no association of 5HTR2a and eNOS polymorphism with PH in COPD.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: Apart from anecdotal reports implicating Helicobacter pylori (HP) in the development of extragastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, no large scale prospective studies have been performed on this topic.', 'A total of 77 patients with extragastric MALT lymphoma were prospectively studied. The presence or absence of HP was tested by histology, urease breath test, and serology. Patients were also tested for hepatitis A, B, and C and autoimmune conditions along with assessment of MALT lymphoma-specific genetic changes.', 'Evidence for infection with HP was present in 35 of 77 patients (45%), and three of 75 patients tested (4%) were positive for hepatitis C and one for hepatitis B. All patients with HP-infection underwent eradication, 16 before initiation of further therapy. Apart from one patient with lymphoma involving parotid and colon, who achieved regression of the colonic lesions, none of these 16 patients showed regression of the lymphoma after a median follow-up of 14 months (range, 8 to 48+ months) before initiation of definitive treatment. No correlation between HP-status, localization, stage, autoimmune diseases, and genetic findings was seen.


Output: 1