Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Example Input: Context: It is known that enhancement of sympathetic nerve activity based on a decrease in parasympathetic nerve activity is associated with fatigue induced by mental tasks lasting more than 30 min. However, to measure autonomic nerve function and assess fatigue levels in both clinical and industrial settings, shorter experimental durations and more sensitive measurement methods are needed. The aim of the present study was to establish an improved method for inducing fatigue and evaluating the association between it and autonomic nerve activity.', 'Twenty-eight healthy female college students participated in the study. We used a kana pick-out test (KPT) as a brief verbal cognitive task and recorded electrocardiography (ECG) to measure autonomic nerve activity. The experimental design consisted of a 16-min period of ECG: A pre-task resting state with eyes open for 3 min and eyes closed for 3 min, the 4-min KPT, and a post-task resting state with eyes open for 3 min and eyes closed for 3 min.', 'Baseline fatigue sensation, measured by a visual analogue scale before the experiment, was associated with the decrease in parasympathetic sinus modulation, as indicated the by ratio of low-frequency component power (LF) to high-frequency component power (HF), during the KPT. The LF/HF ratio during the post-KPT rest with eyes open tended to be greater than the ratio during the KPT and correlated with fatigue sensation. Fatigue sensation was correlated negatively with log-transformed HF, which is an index of parasympathetic sinus modulation, during the post-KPT rest with eyes open.
Answer: The methods described here are useful for assessing the association between fatigue sensation and autonomic nerve activity using a brief cognitive test in healthy females.
Example Output: Does fatigue correlate with the decrease in parasympathetic sinus modulation induced by a cognitive challenge?

Example Input: Context: The lung is exposed to airborne fungal spores, and fungi that colonize the oral cavity such as Candida albicans, but does not develop disease to opportunistic fungal pathogens unless the immune system is compromised. The Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) is activated in response to Candida albicans infection resulting in the release of arachidonic acid for eicosanoid production. Although eicosanoids such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes modulate inflammation and immune responses, the role of cPLA2α and eicosanoids in regulating C. albicans lung infection is not understood.', 'The responses of cPLA2α(+/+) and cPLA2α(-/-) Balb/c mice to intratracheal instillation of C. albicans were compared. After challenge, we evaluated weight loss, organ fungal burden, and the recruitment of cells and the levels of cytokines and eicosanoids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The ability of macrophages and neutrophils from cPLA2α(+/+) and cPLA2α(-/-) mice to recognize and kill C. albicans was also compared.', 'After C. albicans instillation, cPLA2α(+/+) mice recovered a modest weight loss by 48\xa0h and completely cleared fungi from the lung by 12\xa0h with no dissemination to the kidneys. In cPLA2α(-/-) mice, weight loss continued for 72\xa0h, C. albicans was not completely cleared from the lung and disseminated to the kidneys. cPLA2α(-/-) mice exhibited greater signs of inflammation including higher neutrophil influx, and elevated levels of albumin and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL1α, IL1β, TNFα, IL6, CSF2, CXCL1, CCL20) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The amounts of cysteinyl leukotrienes, thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 were significantly lower in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from C. albicans-infected cPLA2α(-/-) mice compared to cPLA2α(+/+) mice. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils from uninfected cPLA2α(-/-) mice exhibited less killing of C. albicans in vitro than cells from cPLA2α(+/+) mice. In addition alveolar macrophages from cPLA2α(-/-) mice isolated 6\xa0h after instillation of GFP-C. albicans contained fewer internalized fungi than cPLA2α(+/+) macrophages.
Answer: The results demonstrate that cPLA2α contributes to immune surveillance and host defense in the lung to prevent infection by the commensal fungus C. albicans and to dampen inflammation.
Example Output: Does cytosolic phospholipase A2 contribute to innate immune defense against Candida albicans lung infection?

Example Input: Context: Hypoxia plays an important role in kidney injury. By the stabilization of the transcription factor HIF-1, hypoxia affects gene expression also in tubular epithelial cells. Increased expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is observed in different kidney diseases and is associated with deteriorating renal function. Therefore, we hypothesized that the expression of CTGF might be modulated under hypoxic conditions.', 'The human proximal tubular epithelial cell lines HK-2 and HKC-8 were treated with reduced oxygen tension (1% O(2)) or the hypoxia mimetic dimethyloxalyl glycine (DMOG). CTGF was analysed by Western blotting, real-time RT-PCR and luciferase gene expression assays.', 'Exposure of HK-2 or HKC-8 cells to hypoxia or treatment with DMOG for up to 24 h reduced cellular as well as secreted CTGF protein synthesis. Downregulation was also detectable at the mRNA level and was confirmed by reporter gene assays. Hypoxic repression of CTGF synthesis was dependent on HIF-1, as shown by HIF-1alpha knockdown by siRNA. Furthermore, exposure to hypoxia reduced CTGF synthesis in response to TGF-beta. A negative correlation between HIF-1alpha accumulation and CTGF synthesis was also observed in renal cell carcinoma cells (RCC4 and RCC10). Reexpression of von Hippel-Lindau protein reduced HIF-1alpha and increased CTGF synthesis.
Answer: We provide evidence that hypoxia inhibits CTGF synthesis in human proximal tubular epithelial cells, involving HIF-1alpha. Under hypoxic conditions, induction of CTGF by TGF-beta was repressed. The reduced synthesis of the profibrotic factor CTGF may contribute to a potential protective effect of hypoxic preconditioning in acute renal injury.
Example Output:
Does hypoxia interfere with connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) gene expression in human proximal tubular cell lines?