Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Sit-to-stand tasks are commonly facilitated by modifying the initial position of the center of mass relative to the feet. It was hypothesized that modifications in the center of mass trajectory during sit-to-stand tasks altered the total body momentum at seat departure and redistributed the lower extremity net joint moments.', 'Between-task within-subject comparison was employed using a robust statistical method to accommodate for small sample size.', 'Six individuals performed four sit-to-stand tasks with systematic modifications in the initial center of mass position by varying the orientation of the lower extremity segments. The momentum of the center of mass and lower extremity net joint moments were quantified and compared.', 'Reducing the horizontal center of mass displacement significantly reduced horizontal total body momentum required at seat departure. Sit-to-stand tasks initiated with more horizontal shank and thigh positions required significantly greater knee and hip extensor net joint moments than those with more vertical shank and thigh positions. Sit-to-stand tasks initiated with vertical shank positions also required significantly greater hip extensor net joint moments as compared to those with more horizontal shank orientations.
Answer: When changes in initial center of mass position are made, alteration in center of mass horizontal momentum and the orientation of the lower extremity segments relative to the reaction force are observed. Consequently, mechanical demand imposed on the ankle, knee, and hip joint is redistributed. The magnitude of the net joint moments is dependent on the segment orientation, the reaction force, and the adjacent net joint moment.
[A]: Does modifying center of mass trajectory during sit-to-stand tasks redistribute the mechanical demand across the lower extremity joints?


[Q]: Context: To study the role of peroperative transrectal ultrasonography (peTRUS) for the dissection of the bladder neck during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP).', 'Integrated peTRUS in the da Vinci S system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was used for bladder neck identification and dissection in the initial 80 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer operated by two urologists. The clinical and pathological results were compared with the initial 80 patients who had RALP with no peTRUS. The location of positive margins was recorded.', "The operative duration, blood loss, hospital stay, catheter dependency, clinical and pathological T-stage and Gleason sum score were no different between the groups. The prostate-specific antigen level at time of diagnosis was slightly higher for patients in the peTRUS group. Basal surgical margins (bladder neck and basal areas of both prostate lobes) were positive for tumour in 9.1% and 2.3% of patients treated without and with peTRUS, respectively (P = 0.001). Although the use of peTRUS improved the basal margin rate in the initial 30 patients in each group, it did not in the last 30 in each group, when the urologist's experience apparently improved. In a multivariate analysis the use of peTRUS and pathological T-stage were the best predictors of basal margin status. Pad use at 6 months after surgery was similar for both groups.
Answer: peTRUS during RALP decreased the positive surgical margin rate at the base of the prostate during the initial experience of RALP.
[A]: Does peroperative transrectal ultrasonography-guided bladder neck dissection ease the learning of robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy?


[Q]: Context: Stroke is the third leading cause of invalidism and death in industrialized countries. There are conflicting reports about the effects of Angiotensin II on ischemia-reperfusion brain injuries and most data have come from chronic hypertensive rats. In this study, hypotensive and non-hypotensive doses of candesartan were used to investigate the effects of angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade by transient focal cerebral ischemia in normotensive rats.', 'In this experimental study, 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=12). Sham group, the control ischemic group, and two ischemic groups received candesartan at doses of 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg at one hour before ischemia. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 60 minutes occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, followed by 24 h reperfusion. The neurological deficit score was evaluated at the end of the reperfusion period. The total cortical and striatal infarct volumes were determined using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining technique. Tissue swelling was calculated for the investigation of ischemic brain edema formation.', 'In comparison with the control ischemic group, AT1 receptor blockade with both doses of candesartan (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg) significantly improved neurological deficit and lowered cortical and striatal infarct sizes. In addition, pretreatment with candesartan significantly reduced ischemia induced tissue swelling.
Answer: Angiotensin II by stimulating AT1 receptors, participates in ischemia-reperfusion injuries and edema formation. AT1 receptor blockade with candesartan decreased ischemic brain injury and edema and improved neurological outcome.
[A]:
Does blockade of Central Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor protect the Brain from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Normotensive Rats?