Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF) has been recently suggested to contribute to the control of fetal-ablating immunity at the maternal-fetal interface through the induction of T helper 2 (Th2)-dominated response. The protein consists of a membrane-associated domain and an extracellular portion which is proteolitically cleaved to yield a soluble peptide. In humans, it has been shown to be expressed by invading cytotrophoblasts and decidual lymphoid cells, to be increased on peripheral blood B lymphocytes during a normal gestation and on circulating natural killer cells during unsuccessful pregnancies. However, the expression of RTF in other cell types and, specifically, in non-hematopoietic maternal cells of the human uterus has not been characterized in detail. Thus, we have specifically studied the expression and modulation of the cytokine in human endometrium obtained in different phases of the cycle and in early pregnancy.', 'The 20 kDa extracellular domain of RTF has been localized by immunohistochemical method and Western blot analysis. Levels of RTF messenger RNA (mRNA) in basal and stimulated conditions have been evaluated by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.', 'The extracellular domain of RTF could be detected in both the glandular epithelium and stroma with diffuse distribution in both cycling endometrium and first trimester decidua. Both cycling and pregnant endometrium expressed the gene for RTF but mRNA levels resulted significantly increased in secretory phase-endometrial stromal cells when compared to proliferative phase samples. Inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha were able to directly increase endometrial RTF mRNA expression.

Ex Output:
Is the placental immunomodulatory cytokine regeneration and tolerance factor also expressed by both human cycling and early pregnant endometrium?


Ex Input:
To analyze the functional connectivity patterns of the different EEG bands during wakefulness and sleep (different sleep stages and cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) conditions), using concepts derived from Graph Theory.', 'We evaluated spatial patterns of EEG band synchronization between all possible pairs of electrodes (19) placed over the scalp of 10 sleeping healthy young normal subjects using two graph theoretical measures: the clustering coefficient (Cp) and the characteristic path length (Lp). The measures were obtained during wakefulness and the different sleep stages/CAP conditions from the real EEG connectivity networks and randomized control (surrogate) networks (Cp-s and Lp-s).', 'We found values of Cp and Lp compatible with a small-world network organization in all sleep stages and for all EEG bands. All bands below 15Hz showed an increase of these features during sleep (and during CAP-A phases in particular), compared to wakefulness.

Ex Output:
Does the functional connectivity of different EEG bands move towards small-world network organization during sleep?


Ex Input:
Powerful growth-inhibitory action has been shown for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against colon cancer cells. We have previously described their ability to inhibit proliferation of colon epithelial cells in patients at high risk of colon cancer. In the work reported here we investigated the ability of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to potentiate the antineoplastic activity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in p53-wildtype (LS-174 and Colo 320) and p53-mutant (HT-29 and Colo 205) human colon cancer cells.', 'When in combination with DHA, 5-FU was used at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 microM, much lower than those currently found in plasma patients after infusion of this drug. Similarly, the DHA concentrations (< or =10 microM) used in combination with 5-FU were lower than those widely used in vitro and known to cause peroxidative effects in vivo.', 'Whereas the cells showed different sensitivity to the growth-inhibitory action of 5-FU, DHA reduced cell growth independently of p53 cellular status. DHA synergized with 5-FU in reducing colon cancer cell growth. The potentiating effect of DHA was attributable to the enhancement of the proapoptotic effect of 5-FU. DHA markedly increased the inhibitory effect of 5-FU on the expression of the antiapoptotic proteins BCL-2 and BCL-XL, and induced overexpression of c-MYC which has recently been shown to drive apoptosis and, when overexpressed, to sensitize cancer cells to the action of proapoptotic agents, including 5-FU.

Ex Output:

Does docosahexaenoic acid enhance the susceptibility of human colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil?