Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), also known as tetherin, HM1.24 or CD317 represents a type 2 integral membrane protein, which has been described to restrict the production of some enveloped viruses by inhibiting the virus release from the cell surface. This innate antiviral mechanism is counteracted by the HIV-1 viral factor Vpu, targeting BST2 for cellular degradation. Since antiviral BST2 activity has been mainly confirmed by in vitro data, we investigated its role in vivo on the disease progression using the SIV/macaque model for AIDS. We determined BST2 expression in PBMC and leukocyte subsets of uninfected and SIV-infected rhesus macaques by real-time PCR and flow cytometry and correlated it with disease progression and viral load.', 'Compared to pre-infection levels, we found increased BST2 expression in PBMC, purified CD4(+) lymphocytes and CD14(+) monocytes of SIV-infected animals, which correlated with viral load. Highest BST2 levels were found in progressors and lowest levels comparable to uninfected macaques were observed in long-term non-progressors (LTNPs). During acute viremia, BST2 mRNA increased in parallel with MX1, a prototype interferon-stimulated gene. This association was maintained during the whole disease course.
Answer: The detected relationship between BST2 expression and viral load as well as with MX1 indicate a common regulation by the interferon response and suggest rather limited influence of BST2 in vivo on the disease outcome.

A: Is increased BST2 expression during simian immunodeficiency virus infection a determinant of disease progression in rhesus monkeys?
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Q: Context: The purpose of this study was to examine how variation in the beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2), in combination with the moderating influences of race, body mass index (BMI), and anger expression style (anger-in, anger-out), affects blood pressure (BP) at rest and in response to acute laboratory stress.', 'Four hundred fifty adolescents (mean age = 18.5 +/- 2.7 years; 228 [124 males] whites and 222 [110 males] blacks completed two stressors (video game challenge, forehead cold pressor). Hemodynamic measures were taken before, during, and after each stressor. Stressors were separated by a 20-minute rest period.', 'Frequency of detrimental haplotype (Gly16/Glu27) carrier status was greater among whites than blacks (p < .05). A significant three-way interaction among haplotype, BMI, and race for resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) found the highest BP level to be among high BMI carriers, but only for whites. A separate three-way interaction was found to be significant for haplotype, anger-in and race such that high anger-in carriers showed the highest level of resting SBP (p < .05) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) (p < .05) and the greatest TPR reactivity to the cold pressor task (p < .01). Post hoc analyses revealed these interactions with anger-in were only present among blacks. No significant interactions with anger-out for either ethnic group were observed.
Answer: This study demonstrates modulating influences of BMI and anger expression styles on ADRB2 gene associations with hemodynamic function at rest and in response to laboratory stress. These findings support the hypothesis that consideration of gene-environment interactions may better characterize the role of ADRB2 variation in the development of stress-induced essential hypertension.

A: Do anger suppression and adiposity modulate association between ADRB2 haplotype and cardiovascular stress reactivity?
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Q: Context: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is common among patients on chronic dialysis. Despite severe clinical manifestations, the indication for bypass surgery is controversial, because of the high morbidity and mortality rate of these patients. The less invasive percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is a possible alternative, but data about PTA in dialysis patients are scarce.', 'We followed 107 dialysis patients (mean age 67+/-10, 75 males) with 132 ischaemic limbs (97% with critical limb ischaemia and ischaemic foot lesions or rest pain) consecutively treated by PTA.', 'PTA was successful in 97% of cases. Median follow-up was 22 months. Cumulative limb salvage rates at 12, 24, 36 and 48 months were 86, 84, 84 and 62%, respectively. Log-rank test showed an association between major amputation and baseline presence of foot lesions (P=0.04). This association was confirmed by a Cox survival multivariate analysis [hazard ratio (HR)=7.03, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.1-43.0, P=0.035]. Limb salvage without any new intervention on the same leg was achieved in 70% of the cases, and was associated with the absence of diabetes mellitus (P=0.01), lower number of treated lesions (P=0.04) and proximal level (iliac and/or femoro-popliteal) of PTA (P<0.001). Independent predictors were diabetes mellitus (HR=3.47, 95% CI=1.31-9.17, P=0.01) and proximal PTA (HR=0.28, 95% CI=0.08-0.94, P=0.04). Fifty-three (49%) patients died during follow-up. Patients older than 67 years (the median value in our sample) had a 2.4-fold increase in mortality risk (95% CI=1.4-4.1, P<0.001).
Answer: PTA is feasible and effective in dialysis patients with PAD, and should be preferred to other more invasive interventions.

A:
Is percutaneous transluminal angioplasty feasible and effective in patients on chronic dialysis with severe peripheral artery disease?
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