TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: When reacted with a nitrile, they produce an imine anion that can be hydrolyzed into a ketone, and they can cause nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides. Pouring a solution of them over dry ice followed by protonation results in carboxylic acids, which will not form addition products with these. One of their most common uses is reacting with aldehydes and ketones to form secondary and tertiary alcohols, respectively. Because they essentially act as carbanions, they can be protonated by weak acids to yield alkanes. FTP name these organometallic reagents that are formed by reacting an alkyl halide with magnesium, named for their French discoverer.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: This compound promotes the dephosphorylation and activation of enzyme HMG-CoA to favor cholesterol synthesis and a phenylalanine for leucine substitution at residue B25 results in its "Chicago" variety. Its biosynthesis involves an excision of the C-peptide, and the compound functions by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors on cell surfaces. Sanger's improvement upon the methods of Edman degradation involved its sequencing, and its production occurs primarily in beta cells on the islets of langerhans. For ten points, name this pancreatic counterpart of glucagon used to regulate blood sugar, deficiencies of which are found in sufferers of diabetes.  

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: This work discusses the ambitious man whose slogan is "Either Caesar or nothing," while another section considers a quotation from Richard II which leads to the satirical claim that "possibility is the only salvation. "  Its preface describes Christian heroism as venturing to become oneself, rather than being taken in by the "idea of man in the abstract" or playing "the wonder game with world history. "  This work opens with an epigraph asking God to "give us weak eyes for things of little worth," and purports to be a "Christian psychological exposition for upbuilding and awakening. "  FTP, name this work which claims that the title concept "is despair," a book inspired by a quotation from John about Lazarus which was written by Soren Kierkegaard.

SOLUTION:
Social Science