Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: A patient with a suspected cervical spine injury may be at risk for secondary neurologic injury when initially placed and repositioned to the center of the spine board.', 'We sought to determine which centering adjustment best limits cervical spine movement and minimizes the chance for secondary injury.', 'Using five lightly embalmed cadaveric specimens with a created global instability at C5-C6, motion sensors were anchored to the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies. Three repositioning methods were used to center the cadavers on the spine board: horizontal slide, diagonal slide, and V-adjustment. An electromagnetic tracking device measured angular (degrees) and translation (millimeters) motions at the C5-C6 level during each of the three centering adjustments. The dependent variables were angular motion (flexion-extension, axial rotation, lateral flexion) and translational displacement (anteroposterior, axial, and medial-lateral).', 'The nonuniform condition produced significantly less flexion-extension than the uniform condition (p\xa0=\xa00.048). The horizontal slide adjustment produced less cervical flexion-extension (p\xa0=\xa00.015), lateral bending (p\xa0=\xa00.003), and axial rotation (p\xa0=\xa00.034) than the V-adjustment. Similarly, translation was significantly less with the horizontal adjustment than with the V-adjustment; medial-lateral (p\xa0=\xa00.017), axial (p\xa0<\xa00.001), and anteroposterior (p\xa0=\xa00.006).
Answer: Of the three adjustments, our team found that horizontal slide was also easier to complete than the other methods. The horizontal slide best limited cervical spine motion and may be the most helpful for minimizing secondary injury based on the study findings.

A: Does horizontal Slide create Less Cervical Motion When Centering an Injured Patient on a Spine Board?
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Q: Context: The aim of this study was to evaluate how closely analysis of bone quality performed using the bone mineral density (BMD) values obtained by quantitative computerized tomography (QCT) reflected the histologic bone density.', "Eighteen patients requiring implant therapy underwent CT scanning. Their data were processed using Image Master software, and the BMD was calculated by measuring the Hounsfield units and relating those values to a phantom (Calibration Phantom, Quantitative Technologies). Each patient wore a radiographic-surgical template in which titanium cylinders were placed as a drilling guide for preparation of the implant site. The mouth regions where the titanium guides were placed (on the CT images and in the patient's mouth) corresponded to the implant sites where the BMD was measured and where tissue specimens for histomorphometric analysis retrieved. Forty specimens measuring 6 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter were obtained. Histomorphometric analysis was performed by digitizing the images, which were subsequently analyzed using the image analysis software IAS 2000. The bone volume (BV) was calculated as a percentage by dividing the area occupied by the mineralized bone over the entire microscopic field.", 'The results of the statistical analysis showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.691 between the BV and BMD values, with a P value < 0.01, which was considered significant.
Answer: The results of this study support the use of QCT to assess the bone quality before implant placement to improve the planning of implant treatment.

A: Are bone mineral density and bone histomorphometry statistically related?
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Q: Context: This study aims to evaluate the potential effects of renal function variations on vascular structure before the development of hypertension.', 'This pilot study included 141 postmenopausal women without evidence of renal dysfunction or hypertension. Markers of renal function and levels of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)--using standard calculations (GFR based on levels of creatinine [GFR(epi)]) and newer creatinine and/or cystatin calculations (GFR based on levels of creatinine and cystatin [GFR(cr cystatin)] and GFR based on levels of cystatin [GFR(cystatin)])--were associated with hemodynamic parameters and markers of vascular structure (intima-media thickness [IMT] and presence of atheromatous plaques in carotid and femoral arteries).', 'Levels of GFR(epi), GFR(cr cystatin), and GFR(cystatin) exhibited a significant negative correlation with femoral artery IMT, whereas levels of GFR(epi) correlated significantly with mean carotid bulb (CB) IMT. Multivariate analysis showed that CB-IMT was predicted by GFR(epi) levels and age (β-coefficient = -0.212, P = 0.020), whereas femoral artery IMT was predicted by GFR(epi) levels (β-coefficient = -0.293, P = 0.001). GFR(epi) levels lower than the 25th percentile were associated with higher CB-IMT (P = 0.009), femoral artery IMT (P = 0.001), and combined IMT (P = 0.035) compared with higher GFR(epi) levels. Moreover, GFR(epi) levels greater than the 25th percentile were associated with lower odds for the presence of atherosclerotic plaques at the CB and carotid arteries combined (CB: odds ratio, 0.146; P = 0.006; combined: odds ratio, 0.249; P = 0.043) compared with lower GFR(epi) levels.
Answer: A mild decrease in renal function within normal limits of GFR is independently associated with the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in a sample of apparently healthy young postmenopausal women. Assessment of GFR using creatinine (vs cystatin C) levels is a more sensitive marker of its association with IMT and atherosclerotic plaques in this postmenopausal population.

A:
Are variations in glomerular filtration rate associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women?
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