TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: Recent evidence has indicated that members of natural jasmonates, a family of plant stress hormones, exhibit anticancer activity. The current study was undertaken to investigate the effects of jasmonates on the in vitro growth of human neuroblastomas, one of the most common solid tumors in children.', 'Cellular proliferation was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetry and colony formation assay. Apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry. Western blotting was applied to assay gene expression.', 'The administration of natural jasmonates, methyl jasmonate, cis-jasmone, and jasmonic acid to cultured neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, resulted in a decrease of cell proliferation in a doseand time-dependent manner. However, the in vitro growth of cultured human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell line HEK 293 was not affected by jasmonates. The cell cycles of jasmonate-treated SH-SY5Y cells were arrested at the G2/M phase. The incubation of SH-SY5Y cells with jasmonates resulted in characteristic changes of apoptosis. The anticancer activities of natural jasmonates on SH-SY5Y cells are as follows: methyl jasmonate>cis-jasmone>jasmonic acid. In addition, the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and N-myc were downregulated by methyl jasmonate. Moreover, methyl jasmonate decreased the expression of the Xlinked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and survivin, critical members of inhibitors of the apoptosis protein family, in SH-SY5Y cells.
Answer: Jasmonates suppress the growth of human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y via inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis, which lays the groundwork for further investigation into the anticancer activities and its mechanisms of natural jasmonates on human neuroblastomas.

SOLUTION: Do natural jasmonates of different structures suppress the growth of human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and its mechanisms?

PROBLEM: Context: Immunologic abnormalities have been found in bipolar disorder but pentraxin 3, a marker of innate immunity, has not been studied in this population.', 'Levels of pentraxin 3 were measured in individuals with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and non-psychiatric controls. Linear regression models were used to compare the pentraxin 3 levels in each of the psychiatric groups to that in the control group, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios associated with levels of pentraxin 3 which differed from specified levels of the control group.', 'The sample consisted of 831 individuals: 256 with bipolar disorder, 309 with schizophrenia, and 266 without a psychiatric disorder. The levels of pentraxin 3 in the bipolar disorder, but not in the schizophrenia, group were significantly lower than those of controls, adjusting for age, gender, race, maternal education, smoking status, and body mass index (t = -3.78, p < 0.001). The individuals with bipolar disorder also had significantly increased odds of having low levels of pentraxin 3 relative to both the 10th and 25th percentile level of the controls and significantly decreased odds of having a level greater than the 75th and the 90th percentile level of the controls, adjusting for the same covariates.
Answer: Individuals with bipolar disorder have low levels of pentraxin 3 which may reflect impaired innate immunity. An increased understanding of the role of innate immunity in the etiopathogenesis of bipolar disorder might lead to new modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.

SOLUTION: Is pentraxin 3 reduced in bipolar disorder?

PROBLEM: Context: We examined whether heparin-coated (HC) circuits can improve the operative results in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.', 'Elective cardiac surgery was performed in 24 patients with a serum creatinine (Cr) level of at least 1.5 mg/dl. Uncoated circuits were used in 12 patients, and HC circuits were used in 12 patients. The results of surgery were compared between the two groups.', 'The mean preoperative Cr concentration was significantly higher in the HC group (2.3 vs 1.8 mg/dl). The heparin doses, protamine dose, and activated clotting times were significantly lower in the HC group. The mean blood loss was also less, although this difference was not significant. The postoperative increase in the Cr level was small in the HC group (2.3-->2.5 mg/dl) compared to that in the noncoated group (1.8-->2.3 mg/dl). Postoperative dialysis was not required in the 5 patients in the HC group with a preoperative Cr clearance less than 20 ml/min.
Answer: HC circuits and low-dose heparin can be used to maintain renal function after cardiopulmonary bypass, even in patients with severe kidney disease.

SOLUTION:
Do heparin-coated circuits prevent renal dysfunction after open heart surgery?