Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: We hypothesised that abnormal global longitudinal strain (GLS) would predict outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) better than current echocardiographic measures.', 'Retrospective analysis of risk markers in relation to outcomes in 472 patients with HCM at a single tertiary institution (2006-2012). Exclusion criteria were left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy of other origin, patients in atrial fibrillation, lost to follow-up and insufficient image quality to perform strain analysis. Standardised echocardiogram recordings were reviewed and standard variables and LV GLS were measured. The primary end-point included all cardiac deaths, appropriate defibrillator shocks and heart failure (HF) admissions. The secondary end-point was death by HF and admissions related to HF.', "Mean age was 50.0±15.0\u2005years; 322 (68%) were men. At a median of 4.3\u2005years (IQR 0.1-7.8) follow-up, 21 (4.4%) patients experienced cardiovascular death: 6 (1.3%) died from HF, 13 (2.7%) had sudden cardiac death and 2 (0.4%) died secondary to stroke. Four (0.8%) patients experienced appropriate defibrillator shock, and 13 (2.7%) were admitted for HF. On multivariate Fine-Gray proportional hazard analyses, GLS was significantly associated with the primary end-point (HR=0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.98, p=0.018) independently of age, maximal provoked LV outflow-tract gradient and LV end-systolic volume. Moreover, GLS was particularly associated with the secondary end-point (HR=0.82, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.90, p<0.0001) independently of age, previous atrial fibrillation, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV, LV end-systolic volume, E/E', and outflow-tract gradient. Survival curves confirmed that GLS was associated with HF events (GLS <15.6%, p=0.0035).
Answer: In patients with HCM, reduced GLS is an independent factor associated with poor cardiac outcomes, and particularly HF outcomes.

A: Is global longitudinal strain associated with heart failure outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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Q: Context: Small studies suggest exogenous estrogen may improve vitamin D status, but the etiology is unclear because women who use hormones may make lifestyle choices that differentially affect vitamin D status.', 'Our objective was to investigate the association between use of hormonal contraception and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D).', 'We used linear regression modeling of cross-sectional data to estimate percent change in season-adjusted serum 25(OH)D with estrogen use after adjustment for other factors.', 'At the enrollment clinic visit (2010-2012) into a cohort study of uterine fibroids, each subject provided a blood sample, had anthropomorphic variables and skin reflectance measured, and answered questionnaires on demographics, dietary and supplement intake, contraceptive use, reproductive and medical history, and behaviors.', 'A total of 1662 African American women, community volunteers, 23-34 years old, living in the Detroit, Michigan, area were included.', 'None.', 'Serum 25(OH)D was measured.', 'Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were low (70% <20 ng/ml). Current use of an estrogen-containing contraceptive was associated with a 20% (95% confidence interval: 14-27) increase in 25(OH)D after adjustment. There was no increase in 25(OH)D among participants who had used estrogen in the past, but were not current users, indicating that results were unlikely to be due to unmeasured confounding by factors related to contraceptive choice.
Answer: The increase in 25(OH)D with use of estrogen-containing contraceptives raise mechanistic questions regarding the biological pathways involved, and highlights the need for studies that examine possible endogenous estrogen effects on vitamin D.

A: Does use of Estrogen-Containing Contraception be Associated With Increased Concentrations of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D?
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Q: Context: Four serotonin-related genes including guanine nucleotide binding protein beta polypeptide 3 (GNB3), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (HTR1A; serotonin receptor 1A), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A; serotonin receptor 2A), and solute carrier family 6 member 4 (SLC6A4; serotonin neurotransmitter transporter) have been suggested to be candidate genes for influencing antidepressant treatment outcome. The aim of this study was to explore whether interaction among these genes could contribute to the pharmacogenomics of short-term antidepressant response in a Taiwanese population with major depressive disorder (MDD).', 'Included in this study were 101 MDD patients who were treated with antidepressants, 35 of whom were rapid responders and 66 non-responders after 2weeks of treatment. We genotyped four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including GNB3 rs5443 (C825T), HTR1A rs6295 (C-1019G), HTR2A rs6311 (T102C), and SLC6A4 rs25533, and employed the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method to investigate gene-gene interactions.', 'Single-locus analyses showed the GNB3 rs5443 polymorphism to be associated with short-term antidepressant treatment outcome (P-value=0.029). We did not correct for multiple testing in these multiple exploratory analyses. Finally, the GMDR approach identified a significant gene-gene interaction (P-value=0.025) involving GNB3 and HTR2A, as well as a significant 3-locus model (P-value=0.015) among GNB3, HTR2A, and SLC6A4.
Answer: These results support the hypothesis that GNB3, HTR2A, and SLC6A4 may play a role in the outcome of short-term antidepressant treatment for MDD in an interactive manner. Future research with independent replication using large sample sizes is needed to confirm the functions of the candidate genes identified in this study as being involved in short-term antidepressant treatment response.

A:
Does interaction of serotonin-related genes affect short-term antidepressant response in major depressive disorder?
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