Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: Context: To investigate the effects of quercetin, an herbal flavonoid, on LPS-induced delay in spontaneous apoptosis, adhesion molecules (CD62L, CD11b/CD18) expression of neutrophils, and superoxide (O(2)(-)) generation by LPS-primed fMLP-induced human neutrophils.', 'Neutrophils were incubated in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a final concentration of 1 microg/ml for 24 hours. Some wells with neutrophils were pre-treated with quecetin at the final concentration ranging from 0-100 microM for 30 min and then 1 microg/ml LPS was added into the cultures for 24 hours. The apoptosis of neutrophils was evaluated by flowcytometry analysis of propidum iodide (PI)-staining of the nuclei and annexin V staining of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the cell membrane. Agarose gel electrophoresis of low molecular weight DNA was performed to analyze DNA fragmentation. The effects of quercetin on adhesion molecules were detected by using flowcytometry analysis. The generation of O(2) (-) by LPS-primed fMLP-induced neutrophils was determined by reduced cytochrome c assay.', 'LPS markedly inhibited the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils, but the inhibitory effect was abrogated after the pre-treatment of neutrophils with quercetin (approximately 40 microM) for 30 min. Quercetin (40 microM) also prevented LPS-induced down-regulation of CD62L expression, up-regulation of CD11b/CD18 expression, and O(2) (-) generation by fMLP-induced neutrophils.
Answer: As one of the pro-inflammatory factors, LPS aggravates inflammation through priming neutrophils to synthesize/release cytotoxic contents and prolonging functional lifespan of neutrophils by delaying the spontaneous apoptosis. Thus, our data suggest to us that quercetin might decrease the susceptibility of neutrophils to pro-inflammatory factors (e. g. LPS), which could partially explain the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of quercetin.

A: Does quercetin inhibit LPS-induced delay in spontaneous apoptosis and activation of neutrophils?
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Q: Context: Androgen-independent prostate cancer is today an incurable disease, but increased understanding of the mechanisms for the transition into an androgen-independent state may increase the possibilities for more efficient strategies in the future.', 'An androgen-independent subline, LNCaP-19, to the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was developed in vitro under standard culture conditions. The characteristics of LNCaP-19 regarding androgen responsiveness, PSA, and VEGF secretion was studied in vitro. The growth in vivo and the microvessel density (MVD) of the tumors were studied after inoculation in nude mice.', 'LNCaP-19 grows equally well in dextran-charcoal stripped FBS (DCC-FBS) as in normal FBS, and rapidly gives rise to tumors in both intact and castrated mice, indicating a true androgen-independent growth. The PSA secretion from LNCaP-19 cells was lower than from LNCaP cells, while the VEGF level was comparable to the secretion from LNCaP cells without androgen stimulation. The MVD was increased in the LNCaP-19 tumors, and the vessels also displayed a changed morphology with exclusively small microvessels without lumen.
Answer: LNCaP-19 shows characteristics resembling those of androgen-independent prostate cancer. An increased MVD and changed vessel morphology in the tumor, makes it an interesting model system for studies regarding angiogenesis in the context of the acquisition of androgen independence.

A: Is transition of an androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cell line into an androgen-independent subline associated with increased angiogenesis?
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Q: Context: Radical surgical resection of cerebral meningiomas involving the dura mater of venous sinuses is challenging, and tumor residuals are frequently left after surgery. This study sought to evaluate the effect of adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery (aSRS) on the time to significant growth of meningioma residuals requiring retreatment.', 'A total of 119 consecutive patients (2004-2013) receiving primary surgical treatment for a meningioma in proximity to a venous structure were included. The patients were assessed retrospectively, with a focus on retreatments and mortality. Radicality of initial tumor surgery was scored using postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Three subgroups were identified: 1) radical total resection (RTR); 2) near-total resection (NTR), followed by aSRS (NTR\xa0+ aSRS); and 3) NTR but no aSRS (NTR\xa0- aSRS). In the NTR\xa0- aSRS group, intervention was initiated after radiologic (magnetic resonance imaging) findings verified growth of residual tumor, in contrast to the NTR\xa0+ aSRS group, which received aSRS before regrowth. Time to first retreatment, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival were analyzed with the log-rank test and multiple-events Cox regression.', 'RTR was associated with the best prognosis. The patients in the NTR\xa0+ aSRS group had significantly longer time to first retreatment compared with NTR\xa0- aSRS patients (P < 0.001). There was also a significant difference in mortality (P < 0.05) and a tendency to prolonged PFS (P\xa0=\xa00.07) in the NTR\xa0+ aSRS group. The Cox regressions confirmed the positive effects of NTR\xa0+ aSRS on time to retreatment (hazard ratio, 7.3; P < 0.01) and PFS (hazard ratio, 3.69; P\xa0= 0.055).
Answer: aSRS of meningioma residuals had a positive effect on tumor control and should be considered in patients with meningioma residuals.

A:
Does adjuvant Stereotactic Radiosurgery reduce Need for Retreatments in Patients with Meningioma Residuals?
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