TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a context, a subject, a relation, and many options. Based on the context, from the options select the object entity that has the given relation with the subject. Answer with text (not indexes).
PROBLEM: Context: Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. Its initial audiences in the U.S. were club-goers from the gay, African American, Italian American, Latino, and psychedelic communities in Philadelphia and New York City during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with both men and women, from many different backgrounds., New Zealand is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmassesthat of the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Mui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamuand numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland., American Idol Extra is a television show that was shown on the Fox Reality Channel and Star ! and billed as `` the show that picks up right where American Idol leaves off '' . The program featured the first full - length interview with the most recent eliminated contestant and various behind - the - scenes material . It was hosted by Jillian Reynolds and co-hosted by Ace Young , a former contestant of the show . Jillian interviewed each week 's eliminated contestant as well as Idol contestants from years past . The show included exclusive behind the scenes packages from the Idol show as well as live , in studio , performances by former Idols . Judges Simon Cowell , Randy Jackson , Paula Abdul and Kara DioGuardi were periodically interviewed after the results show tapings . The show premiered in 2006 and was shown on both Fox Reality Channel and The 101 Network ( the DirecTV owned and exclusive programming service ) . Ty Treadway was the host that season and Mikalah Gordon and Matthew Rogers served as cohosts . The second season ( 2007 ) brought some changes . JD Roberto became the host and the show became exclusive to Fox Reality Channel . In addition , the show is now taped on a stage of CBS Television City adjacent to the Idol studio in front of a live studio audience ( the stage was also used for The Price is Right ) . In season 3 ( 2008 ) , Gina Glocksen and Constantine Maroulis replaced Gordon and Rogers as the co-hosts of the show . In season 4 ( 2009 ) , Jillian Reynolds replaced Roberto as host and Ace Young replaced Glocksen and Maroulis as co-host . The program did not return in 2010 because Fox Reality was in transition to National Geographic Wild . The exit interview moved to The Ellen DeGeneres Show , hosted by DeGeneres , who was a judge that season . DeGeneres has since left the show and the first exit interview is now conducted on Live with Regis and Kelly . No other elements of this program have survived ., CBS (an initialism of the network's former name, the Columbia Broadcasting System) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City (at the CBS Broadcast Center) and Los Angeles (at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center)., American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, and ended on April 7, 2016. It started off as an addition to the "Idols" format based on the British series "Pop Idol", and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with the winner determined by the viewers in America through telephones, Internet, and SMS text voting. Winners chosen by viewers in its fifteen seasons were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, Nick Fradiani, and Trent Harmon., Simon Fuller (born 17 May 1960) is an English entrepreneur, artist manager and television producer. He is best known for being the creator of the "Idol" franchise, which was first seen in the UK under the name "Pop Idol", and includes "American Idol" in the U.S. Fuller is the executive producer of many other hit shows including the Fox TV reality shows "So You Think You Can Dance" and "Q'Viva"., Pop Idol is a British television music competition created by Simon Fuller which ran on ITV from 2001 to 2003. The aim of the show was to decide the best new young pop singer (or "pop idol") in the UK based on viewer voting and participation. Two series were broadcastone in 20012002 and a second in 2003. "Pop Idol" was subsequently put on an indefinite hiatus after series judge Simon Cowell announced the launch of "The X Factor" in the UK in April 2004., Fox Reality Channel was an all-reality television channel available on cable and satellite television in the United States from 2005 to 2010, being discontinued on different dates for different providers. It was launched on May 24, 2005 and was owned by the Fox Entertainment Group. It featured many shows that were originally on the Fox network (or produced by Fox). Fox Reality Channel also featured reality shows syndicated from other networks (such as ABC, CBS, NBC, The CW and MyNetworkTV), as well as many international shows from the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand., 19 Entertainment is a producer of entertainment properties for television with a focus on music. Based in Los Angeles, their contributions to the music industry include "American Idol" in the United States, "Pop Idol" in the United Kingdom and versions of the "Idol series" in more than seventy countries around the world. 19 Entertainment is also responsible for the production of "So You Think You Can Dance"., The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is headquartered in the Comcast Building (formerly known as the GE Building) at Rockefeller Center in New York City, with additional major offices near Los Angeles (at Universal City Plaza), Chicago (at the NBC Tower) and soon in Philadelphia at Comcast Innovation and Technology Center. The network is part of the Big Three television networks. NBC is sometimes referred to as the "Peacock Network", in reference to its stylized peacock logo, which was originally created in 1956 for its then-new color broadcasts and became the network's official emblem in 1979., Subject: american idol extra, Relation: creator, Options: (A) 19 entertainment (B) city (C) fremantlemedia (D) itv (E) nbc (F) q (G) simon cowell (H) simon fuller

SOLUTION: 19 entertainment

PROBLEM: Context: A stepper is a device used in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs) that is similar in operation to a slide projector or a photographic enlarger. Steppers are an essential part of the complex process, called photolithography, that creates millions of microscopic circuit elements on the surface of tiny chips of silicon. These chips form the heart of ICs such as computer processors, memory chips, and many other devices., Pentax () is a brand name used primarily by Ricoh Imaging Company for cameras, sport optics (including binoculars and rifle scopes), and CCTV optics. The brand is also used by Hoya Corporation for medical products & services, TI Asahi for surveying instruments, and Seiko Optical Products for certain optical lenses., A camera lens (also known as photographic lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a camera body and mechanism to make images of objects either on photographic film or on other media capable of storing an image chemically or electronically., The Nikon F camera, introduced in April 1959, was Nikon's first SLR camera. It was one of the most advanced cameras of its day. Although many of the concepts had already been introduced elsewhere, it was revolutionary in that it was the first to combine them all in one camera. It was produced until October 1973 and was replaced by the quite similar Nikon F2. Aspects of its design remain in all of Nikon's subsequent SLR cameras, through the current Nikon F6 film and Nikon D5 digital models (which still share its Nikon F-mount for lenses). The "F" in Nikon F was selected by Nippon Kogaku from the letter F of the name of the designer of the bayonet mount, Mr. Fuketa. That tradition was carried all the way through their top line of Nikon cameras until the introduction of the Nikon D1 (digital) cameras decades later., Large format refers to any imaging format of 4×5 inches (102×127 mm) or larger. Large format is larger than "medium format", the 6×6 cm (2×2 inch) or 6×9 cm (2×3 inch) size of Hasselblad, Rollei, Kowa, and Pentax cameras (using 120- and 220-roll film), and much larger than the 24×36 mm (~ 1.0x1.5 inch) frame of 35 mm format.
The main advantage of large format, film or digital, is higher resolution at the same pixel pitch, or same resolution with more larger pixels or grain. A 4×5 inch image has about 16 times the area, and thus 16× the total resolution, of a 35 mm frame., 35 mm film (millimeter) is the film gauge most commonly used for motion pictures and chemical still photography (see 135 film). The name of the gauge refers to the width of the photographic film, which consists of strips 34.98 ±0.03 mm (1.377 ±0.001 inches) wide. The standard negative pulldown for movies ("single-frame" format) is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film. For still photography, the standard frame has eight perforations on each side., A microscope (from the , "mikrós", "small" and , "skopeîn", "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope., , formerly known as , is a Japanese multinational electronics corporation headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan., Nikonos Calypso is the name of a series of 35mm format cameras specifically designed for underwater photography launched by Nikon in 1963. The early Nikonos cameras were improvements of the Calypso camera, which was an original design by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Belgian engineer Jean de Wouters, Binoculars or field glasses are binocular telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from opera glasses to large pedestal mounted military models., Sony Corporation is the electronics business unit and the parent company of the Sony Group, which is engaged in business through its four operating components  electronics (video games, network services and medical business), motion pictures, music and financial services. These make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. Sony's principal business operations include Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Mobile (formerly Sony Ericsson) and Sony Financial. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the fourth-largest television manufacturer in the world, after Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics and TCL., Its products include cameras, camera lenses, binoculars, microscopes, ophthalmic lenses, measurement instruments, rifle scopes, spotting scopes, and the steppers used in the photolithography steps of semiconductor fabrication, of which it is the world's second largest manufacturer. The companies held by Nikon form the Nikon Group. Among its products are Nikkor imaging lenses (for F-mount cameras, large format photography, photographic enlargers, and other applications), the Nikon F-series of 35 mm film SLR cameras, the Nikon D-series of digital SLR cameras, the Coolpix series of compact digital cameras, and the Nikonos series of underwater film cameras. Nikon's main competitors in camera and lens manufacturing include Canon, Sony, Fujifilm, Panasonic, Pentax, and Olympus., , better known as Fujifilm or simply Fuji, stylized as FUJiFILM, is a Japanese multinational photography and imaging company headquartered in Tokyo., Photolithography, also termed optical lithography or UV lithography, is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts of a thin film or the bulk of a substrate. It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask to a light-sensitive chemical "photoresist", or simply "resist," on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either engraves the exposure pattern into, or enables deposition of a new material in the desired pattern upon, the material underneath the photo resist. For example, in complex integrated circuits, a modern CMOS wafer will go through the photolithographic cycle up to 50 times., Nikkor is the brand of lenses produced by Nikon Corporation, including camera lenses for the Nikon F-mount., The 70 - 300mm lens is a telephoto zoom lens made by Nikon . The lens has an F - mount to work with all the SLRs line of cameras ( except the early 70 - 300G with the D40 ) . The lens comes in four different versions : AF f / 4 - 5.6G AF f / 4 - 5.6D AF f / 4 - 5.6D ED AF - S f / 4.5 - 5.6G IF - ED It is the successor of the 70 - 210 lens , which targets the prosumer market , one grade lower than 80 - 200mm with large aperture . Introduced in August 2006 , the current incarnation of the lens ( AF - S VR f / 4.5 - 5.6G IF - ED ) improves on the original with VR stabilization technology as well as with internally focusing components ( IF ) . More expensive than its partner 55 - 200mm lens , its construction is similar , with the exterior shell being fabricated from plastic components . It also shares a similarly stiff zoom ring with the 55 - 200mm , although a side benefit of this is that zoom creep is eliminated . Unlike the 55 - 200 , the 70 - 300mm lens is full - frame . Also , the longer barrel length allowed the focus ring to be relocated in front of the zoom ring , making manual focus operations simpler ., Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events. The scope and application of a measurement is dependent on the context and discipline. In the natural sciences and engineering, measurements do not apply to nominal properties of objects or events, which is consistent with the guidelines of the "International vocabulary of metrology" published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. However, in other fields such as statistics as well as the social and behavioral sciences, measurements can have multiple levels, which would include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales., Subject: nikon f 70-300mm lens, Relation: instance_of, Options: (A) application (B) april (C) area (D) brand (E) camera (F) camera lens (G) canon (H) chemical (I) company (J) complex (K) computer (L) corporation (M) day (N) device (O) eight (P) electronics (Q) event (R) field (S) film (T) format (U) four (V) instrument (W) letter (X) line (Y) lithography (Z) manufacturer ([) manufacturing (\) material (]) measurement (^) microscope (_) motion (`) name (a) negative (b) network (c) object (d) october (e) operation (f) parent company (g) part (h) pattern (i) photography (j) point (k) process (l) revolutionary (m) rifle (n) series (o) side (p) single (q) size (r) statistics

SOLUTION: camera lens

PROBLEM: Context: It was later included in many other Morning Musume releases: in their first official single "Morning Coffee"; their first album, ; and their first "Best of" compilation, "Best! Morning Musume 1". An instrumental for this song was included in the bonus karaoke disc in the "Early Single Box"., Sarah Lois Vaughan (March 27, 1924  April 3, 1990) was an American jazz singer, described by music critic Scott Yanow as having "one of the most wondrous voices of the 20th century.", Asayan, originally known as , was a talent search variety show that aired on TV Tokyo from 1995 to 2002. Some idols that were originally discovered through Asayan auditions produced by Tsunku, formed groups that worked under the umbrella group, later to be named as the Hello! Project., Notable events.
Sarah Vaughan's 1973 album "Live in Japan" was recorded at the hall. The Scorpions recorded their live album, "Tokyo Tapes", at this venue on April 24 & 27, 1978. Todd Rundgren recorded his live CD/DVD "Nearly human tour/live in Japan" in 1990 at the hall. The Japanese metal band Dead End held their last concert here on January 21, 1990. The band Nirvana held their final Japanese concert here on February 19, 1992., He is best known for having two major roles in the Japanese music landscape: first as the lead singer of the popular rock group Sharam Q, and now as the producer, primary composer, lyricist, and (until 2014) primary studio backing vocalist for highly acclaimed idol group Morning Musume, in addition to Aya Matsuura and other associated idols under the Hello! Project banner, for whom he has written and produced the vast majority of their chart-topping hits. He has also produced music for other Japanese artists, including Ayumi Hamasaki's . As his musical influences he cites The Beatles, Japanese popular music (especially kaykyoku), American and European hits being played on the radio when he was a schoolboy, disco acts such as Chic, Kool & the Gang and Earth, Wind & Fire, and bands like Duran Duran and The Power Station., 
History.
19972000: Beginning, Michiyo Heike & Morning Musume.
In 1997, Japanese rock group Sharam Q, fronted by Tsunku, began auditions for a female vocalist. These auditions aired via the reality show Asayan, and resulted in Michiyo Heike being crowned winner. Tsunku, however, decided to give five of the runners-up, Yuko Nakazawa, Natsumi Abe, Kaori Iida, Asuka Fukuda and Aya Ishiguro, a chance to become a group in their own right. The girls were set the task of selling 50,000 copies of their demo single "Ai no Tane," in just five days. The girls sold the required number of copies in four days, and subsequently became an official group., Todd Harry Rundgren (born June 22, 1948) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, and record producer. Hailed in the early stages of his career for both his own material and for his production of other artists, supported by the certified gold solo double LP "Something/Anything?" in 1972, his career has produced a diverse and eclectic range of recordings often both as a solo artist and as a member of the band Utopia. Rundgren has often been at the forefront as a promoter of cutting edge recording technologies., Overview.
In 1997, Fukuda joined Morning Musume along with Yuko Nakazawa, Aya Ishiguro, Natsumi Abe, and Kaori Iida. Although she was the youngest member at that time, she was the first to graduate in April 1999. She left to continue her schooling and rumours of a return to a musical career have not been realized. Her last single with Morning Musume was Memory Seishun no Hikari. In 2005, she was working as an assistant at her father's nightclub "Philippine" in Tokyo. On November 9, 2011, her long-awaited comeback album "Double Fantasy", as a part of Peacestone, was released., , formerly simply and colloquially referred to as , is a Japanese female idol group, holding the second highest overall single sales (of a female group) on the Oricon charts as of February 2012, with the Oricon record of most top ten singles with an amount of 50, and they have sold over 21 million copies in Japan alone., Biography.
Yuko Nakazawa was one of five runners-up in a 1997 talent contest for a new Japanese rock idol. After the contest, musician and producer Tsunku offered Nakazawa and the four other runners-up (Natsumi Abe, Kaori Iida, Aya Ishiguro, and Asuka Fukuda) the chance to be taken under his wing under one condition: they must sell 50,000 CDs of their debut song "Ai no Tane" with five days of live promotion. The quintet accomplished that task in four and thus Morning Musume was born. The group has since grown increasingly popular and is infamous for its fluctuating lineup, with members leaving and joining frequently., Melon Kinenbi (  , sometimes romanized as Melon Kinen - Bi ) was an all - girl Japanese pop group within Hello ! Project . They were formed after they successfully passed the 2nd Morning Musume & Michiyo Heike Imotobun Audition . Melon Kinenbi is the oldest group in the history of Hello ! Project not to have changed any of its members since its formation . The band occasionally worked as dancers for other Hello ! Project artists ; they can , for instance , be seen in the music video for Maki Goto 's single `` Yaruki ! It 's Easy '' . The entire group officially graduated from the Hello ! Project on March 31 , 2009 , along with the rest of the Elder Club . After their graduation , they collaborated with other Japanese punk - rock groups for several limited - release indie singles , and released their 4th album Melon 's Not Dead . Two days after the album release and just after their 10 - year anniversary , the group announced that they would disband following their final tour activities in May 2010 . The group performed together for the last time on May 3 , at Nakano Sun Plaza ., Biography.
They debuted with in 1992. They were not an instant hit initially, but their fourth single broke the top 50 of the Oricon charts. Eventually, the single got a lot of attention since it was used in the DNA^2 anime series, breaking into the top 10. The next single , also broke into the top 10. "Zurui Onna" is the 84th best-selling single in Japan of all-time. Their 11th single, , topped the charts in 1996., Subject: melon kinenbi, Relation: inception, Options: (A) 1 (B) 10 (C) 19 (D) 1948 (E) 1973 (F) 1992 (G) 1995 (H) 1996 (I) 1997 (J) 1999 (K) 2 (L) 2000 (M) 2005 (N) 2011 (O) 2012 (P) 2014 (Q) 22 (R) 24 (S) 27 (T) 50 (U) april 1999

SOLUTION:
2000