In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling

[Q]: ""if any such challenge to the underlying conviction is successful, the defendant may then apply for reopening of his federal sentence.""
[A]: non-overruling


[Q]: because, as a result, we overrule people v. caudillo (1978) 21 cal.3d 562 ( caudillo), we do not apply the holding retroactively to defendant.
[A]: overruling


[Q]: see commonwealth v. diaz, 448 mass. 286, 288 (2007).
[A]:
non-overruling