In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Elevated blood lead levels (BLL) and malaria carry an important burden of disease in West Africa. Both diseases might cause anemia and they might entail long-term consequences for the development and the health status of the child. Albeit the significant impact of malaria on lead levels described in Nigeria, no evaluation of the effect of elevated BLL on malaria risk has been investigated so far.', 'Between 2010 and 2012, blood lead levels of 203 Beninese infants from Allada, a semi-rural area 50km North from Cotonou, were assessed at 12 months of age. To assess lead levels, blood samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry. In parallel, clinical, microbiological and hematological data were collected. More precisely, hemoglobin, serum ferritin, CRP, vitamin B12, folate levels, and Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia were assessed and stool samples were also analyzed.', 'At 12 months, the mean BLL of infants was 7.41 μg/dL (CI: 65.2; 83), and 128 infants (63%) had elevated blood lead levels, defined by the CDC as BLL>5 μg/dL. Lead poisoning, defined as BLL>10 μg/dL, was found in 39 infants (19%). Twenty-five infants (12.5%) had a positive blood smear at 12 months and 144 infants were anemic (71%, hemoglobin<110 g/L). Elevated blood lead levels were significantly associated with reduced risk of a positive blood smear (AOR = 0.38, P-value = 0.048) and P. falciparum parasite density (beta-estimate = -1.42, P-value = 0.03) in logistic and negative binomial regression multivariate models, respectively, adjusted on clinical and environmental indicators.\Question: Do elevated Blood Lead Levels Are Associated with Reduced Risk of Malaria in Beninese Infants?

Ex Output:
Our study shows for the first time that BLL are negatively associated with malarial risk considering other risk factors. Malaria is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in infants under 5 years worldwide, and lead poisoning is the 6th most important contributor to the global burden of diseases measured in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) according to the Institute of Health Metrics. In conclusion, due to the high prevalence of elevated BLL, health interventions should look forward to minimize the exposure to lead to better protect the population in West Africa.


Ex Input:
Context: The greater omentum has been found to be immunologically competent in protecting abdominal organs from inflammation. Anastomotic omentoplasty has been used and proven effective in preventing anastomotic leaks after an esophagectomy. However, pulmonary complications are still a substantial problem after an esophagectomy. This study investigated the benefits of mediastinal transposition of the omentum, a modification of the conventional omental wrapping technique, in controlling overall postoperative intrathoracic complications.', "From January 2010 to March 2015, 208 consecutive patients receiving an open Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. One hundred twenty-one patients with omentum mediastinal transposition were assigned to the transposition group and 87 patients without omental transposition were placed in the non-transposition group. The patients' demographics, postoperative short-term outcomes, and in-hospital cost were documented and analyzed.", 'Mediastinal transposition of the omentum led to a shorter postoperative hospital stay (14 vs. 16 d, P=0.038) and a lower intrathoracic infection rate (30.6% vs. 48.3%, P=0.009). Intrathoracic infection was milder in the transposition group (P=0.005), though a non-significant was found in overall complications (P=0.071). The multivariate logistic regression analyses identified omentum mediastinal transposition (P=0.007, OR=0.415) as an independent protective factor for postoperative intrathoracic infection. The total in-hospital cost was comparable in both groups (P>0.05), whereas the pharmacy cost was lower in the transposition group than in the non-transposition group (¥21,668 vs. ¥27,012, P=0.010).\Question: Does mediastinal transposition of the omentum reduce infection severity and pharmacy cost for patients undergoing esophagectomy?

Ex Output:
Mediastinal transposition of the omentum decreases the rate and severity of postoperative intrathoracic infection following an open Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. This result in decreased pharmacy costs, rather than resulting in an increased economic burden sustained by surgical patients.


Ex Input:
Context: Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathological process of most cardiovascular disease. Thrombin is a serine protease which can activate protease activated receptors (PAR) on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to elicit cellular responses that can contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human atherosclerosis commences with the binding and retention of lipoproteins by the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans. The potential effects of thrombin on the synthesis and structure of CS/DS proteoglycans produced by VSMCs was investigated.', 'VSMCs were derived from human internal mammary arteries. Proteoglycan synthesis was assessed by [(35)S]sulfate and [(3)H]glucosamine incorporation. Proteoglycan size was assessed by SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography.\Question: Does thrombin regulate vascular smooth muscle cell proteoglycan synthesis via PAR-1 and multiple downstream signalling pathways?

Ex Output:

Thrombin caused a dose-dependent increase in [(35)S]sulfate and [(3)H]glucosamine incorporation with maximum effects of approximately 150% at the highest doses tested. This increase was associated with increased size of biglycan and decorin assessed by SDS-PAGE. Chemically cleaved glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains analyzed by SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography were larger for proteoglycans from thrombin treated cells. VSMCs synthesize small GAGs when provided with exogenous xyloside and thrombin treatment also increased the size of the secreted xyloside GAGs. The effect of thrombin was not mimicked by the catalytically inactive FPRCK-HCT and was blocked in a concentration- dependent manner by the PAR-1 antagonist, JNJ5177049. Inhibition of PK C with GF 109203X resulted in concentration dependent but partial inhibition of [(35)S]sulfate incorporation accompanied by a reduction in the size of biglycan and decorin. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulated [(35)S]sulfate incorporation and increased proteoglycan size and this was completely blocked by the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478. AG1478 partially (32%, p<0.01) blocked the effect of thrombin. Thrombin treatment of VSMCs increased the proportion of disaccharides sulfated at the 6 position of the GalNAc residues. Thus, thrombin has actions on VSMCs which increase the length and modify the sulfation pattern of GAG chains on proteoglycans in a manner that would enhance the binding of LDL. If manifest in vivo, this effect on proteoglycan synthesis and structure represents a new biochemical mechanism through which thrombin contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.