Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is, from the onset, characterized by various neurological deficits such as an alteration of sensation and a decrease in muscle strength. We investigated if afferent A-beta fibre-mediated reflexes are changed in lower extremities affected by acute RSD.', 'The involvement of these fibres was determined by analyzing reflex responses from the tibialis anterior (TA) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles after electrical stimulation of the sural nerve. The reflexes were studied during walking on a treadmill to investigate whether the abnormalities in gait of the patients were related either to abnormal amplitudes or deficient phase-dependent modulation of reflexes. In 5 patients with acute RSD of the leg and 5 healthy volunteers these reflex responses were determined during the early and late swing phase of the step cycle.', 'No significant difference was found between the RSD and the volunteers. During early swing the mean amplitude of the facilitatory P2 responses in BF and TA increased as a function of stimulus intensity (1.5, 2 and 2.5 times the perception threshold) in both groups. At end swing the same stimuli induced suppressive responses in TA. This phase-dependent reflex reversal from facilitation in early swing to suppression in late swing occurred equally in both groups.

Ex Output:
Are leg muscle reflexes mediated by cutaneous A-beta fibres normal during gait in reflex sympathetic dystrophy?


Ex Input:
There is insufficient knowledge of infectious risk in patients after splenectomy; minimal data exists specifically for trauma patients. This study evaluated patient knowledge and practices regarding infection risk after traumatic splenectomy. Our hypothesis was that patients with poor knowledge regarding their asplenic state would be less likely to pursue medical care in the event of an illness than those with good knowledge.', 'Non-randomized, cohort study of all posttraumatic splenectomy patients < or =11 years after injury in 2 rural trauma centers. Patients received a validated questionnaire; weighted responses determined knowledge about infection risks and appropriate follow-up actions.', 'Fifty-four percent of patients responded to the questionnaire. Overall, 47% of responders were identified as having adequate knowledge regarding infectious risk, and only 28% would pursue appropriate medical care. Of patients with adequate knowledge, 42% were more likely to pursue appropriate care versus 15% of patients with inadequate knowledge (p = 0.06). Patients with adequate knowledge were more likely to receive an annual influenza vaccine (p = 0.03) and contact their provider with fewer symptoms (p = 0.03). Logistic regression revealed significant interactions between knowledge and presence of comorbidities (p = 0.04). Focusing on patients with poor knowledge and absence of comorbidities, none would engage in appropriate action in the event of illness (p < 0.01). A longer time since injury, >3 years, was associated with a diminished likelihood of appropriate action (p = 0.03). The relationship between knowledge and action was not accounted for by other potential confounders.

Ex Output:
Do time lapse and comorbidities influence patient knowledge and pursuit of medical care after traumatic splenectomy?


Ex Input:
The general view on the pathogenesis of drug-induced idiosyncratic liver injury (DILI) is that parent compounds are rendered hepatotoxic by metabolism, mainly by cytochrome (CYP) 450, although other metabolic pathways can contribute. Anecdotal reports suggest a role of CYP 450 polymorphisms in DILI. We aimed to assess in a series of Spanish DILI patients the prevalence of important allelic variants of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, known to be involved in the metabolism of several hepatotoxic drugs.', 'Genotyping of CYP2C9 ((*)2, (*)3) and CYP2C19 ((*)2 and (*)3), was carried out in a total of 28 and 32 patients with a well established diagnosis of DILI. CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 variants were analysed in genomic DNA by means of PCR-FRET and compared with previous findings in other Caucasian populations.', 'CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 allele and genotype frequencies were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Fourteen patients (50%) were heterozygous and 1(4%) found to be compound heterozygous for the CYP2C9 allele. Seven (22%) were found to carry one and 1(3%) carried two CYP2C19 mutated alleles. No patients were homozygous for (*)3 allele. The distribution of both CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 allelic variants in DILI patients were similar to those in other Caucasian populations. Patients with variant and those with wild-type alleles did not differ in regard to clinical presentation of DILI, type of injury and outcome.

Ex Output:

Are genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 related to drug-induced idiosyncratic liver injury ( DILI )?