Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Reports on outcome after posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction often contain both isolated PCL and combined knee ligament injuries. This makes it difficult to conclude on the outcome after reconstruction of isolated PCL injuries.', 'To investigate the outcome after PCL reconstruction in patients with an isolated PCL injury and to compare this with the outcome of patients treated with reconstruction after isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.', 'Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.', 'Seventy-one patients with an isolated PCL injury that was reconstructed surgically and who had registered in the Norwegian Knee Ligament Registry between 2004 and 2010 were included in this study. Patients with isolated ACL reconstructions (n = 9661) who had registered in the same period were included for comparison. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was used as the patient-reported outcome measure. Preoperative and 2-year postoperative KOOS scores were compared. Changes in KOOS score reported by the PCL patients were compared with changes reported by the ACL patients.', 'At the 2-year postoperative follow-up of the PCL-reconstructed patients, the patient-reported outcome was improved, measured by KOOS as follows: pain, 15.1 (95% CI, 8.5-21.8; P < .001); symptoms, 0.9 (95% CI, -6.6 to 8.3; P = .82); activities of daily living, 13.2 (95% CI, 6.6-13.9; P < .001); sports, 20.7 (95% CI, 11.8-29.4; P < .001); and quality of life, 26.6 (95% CI, 18.9-34.2; P < .001). According to the KOOS, the incremental improvements were similar for PCL and ACL patients. Time from injury to surgery was longer for the PCL patients compared with ACL patients (median, 21.5 vs 8.0 months; P < .001).

Answer: Do patients With Isolated PCL Injuries Improve From Surgery as Much as Patients With ACL Injuries After 2 Years?


Question: To develop a scale and survey the measurement of patient adherence and patient recruitment, and to explore how these methods impact the results in randomized controlled trials of interventions to improve patient adherence to medications.', 'Analytic survey of a purposively selected sample of patient adherence intervention trials from a systematic review, assessing the quality of adherence measurement and patient recruitment methods.', 'We identified 44 different measures of adherence, with qualities ranging from valid and objective to unreliable and subjective. The median overall quality of measures of adherence was 5 (interquartile range [IQR], 3; range, 0-9, 9 is high quality). The quality of the measures was associated with variation in the estimate of adherence (Spearman r\xa0=\xa00.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.39, 0.83). The median overall quality of patient recruitment methods was 2 (IQR, 1; maximum score 6, higher is better). There was no significant correlation between the power of the trial to detect an effect and the quality of the patient recruitment methods.

Answer: Are adherence measurement and patient recruitment methods poor in intervention trials to improve patient adherence?


Question: Hypoglycaemia (HG) has been demonstrated during chronic haemodialysis (HD). These events may become more frequent with the current use of glucose-free bicarbonate dialysis solution, the standard formula in most dialysis facilities in the last decade. On the other hand, HG-related symptoms are unusual among patients during or just after dialysis sessions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of HG in diabetic (DM) and non-diabetic (NDM) end-stage renal failure patients during HD using dialytic solution without and with glucose.', 'Forty-two chronic renal failure patients-21 DM and 21 NDM-randomly selected among the 97 in our dialysis unit were submitted to an HD session with glucose-free bicarbonate solution (phase 1). Serum glucose was measured at 30, 60, 150 and 240 min. In eight patients (four DM and four NDM) glucose was also measured in fluid leaving the dialyser at 30, 60 and 150 min. After a week, all procedures were repeated in the same patients, this time with a 90 mg/dl glucose-added bicarbonate solution (phase 2). We compared the glucose levels and the number of symptomatic and asymptomatic HG events in each group in phases 1 and 2, using bivariate analysis methods with confidence limit of 0.95%.', 'Data were expressed as mean+/-SD. No patient presented any clinical evidence of HG. For all patients, the mean plasma glucose level (mg/dl) was significantly higher in phase 2 than in phase 1 (138.2+/-96.3 vs 120.7+/-75.9; P=0.0392). This occurred in DM (171.1+/-104.5 vs 132.5+/-71.0; P=0.0067), but not in NDM (101.3+/-19.4 vs 95.2+/-21.2; P=0.06). With glucose-free HD solution, 10 patients (five DM, five NDM) presented 18 measures of glycaemia under 70 mg/dl, and with glucose-added solution, only one (DM) presented two measures under 70 mg/dl-P=0.0045 (number of patients); P=0.0003 (number of HG measures). Among DM patients, values for HG measures in phase 1 (49.1+/-16.2 mg/dl) were significantly lower than in phase 2 (65.0+/-1.4 mg/dl)-P=0.0139. For all patients, glucose was lost in HD fluid leaving the dialyser at lower values in phase 2 (5.2+/-2.9 g/h) than in phase 1 (16.7+/-10.9 g/h)-P<0.0001.

Answer:
Does glucose-added dialysis fluid prevent asymptomatic hypoglycaemia in regular haemodialysis?