Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene is located within the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex region, exhibiting the -308 GA promoter region polymorphism and six microsatellites (TNFa-f) spanning the region nearby the TNF locus.', 'In the present study, we evaluated the frequency of -308 GA and TNFa-e polymorphisms and respective haplotypes (in chromosomal sequence: TNFd-TNFe-308GA-TNFc-TNFa-TNFb), in 222 patients with AIDS, 52 of whom exhibited cytomegalovirus retinitis, and in 202 healthy HIV-negative individuals.', 'TNF microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism typings were performed by PCR followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.', 'The TNF-308A allele and the 4-3-G-2-7-1 haplotype were associated with susceptibility to AIDS, whereas the TNFb4 allele and the 3-3-G-1-11-4 haplotype were associated with protection against AIDS development. The TNFc2 allele and the 4-1-G-2-2-1 haplotype, which contains the TNFc2 allele, were associated with cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Answer: Are tumor necrosis factor region polymorphisms associated with AIDS and with cytomegalovirus retinitis?


Question: Human insulin is commonly used to treat hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes, but its potential link with female breast cancer is under debate. This study investigated whether human insulin use might be associated with breast cancer risk in Taiwanese women with type 2 diabetes.', 'The reimbursement databases of all Taiwanese diabetic patients from 1996 to 2009 were retrieved from the National Health Insurance. An entry date was set at 1 January 2004 and a total of 482,033 women with type 2 diabetes were followed up for breast cancer incidence until the end of 2009. Incidences for ever-users, never-users and subgroups of human insulin exposure (using tertile cutoffs of time since starting insulin, cumulative dose and cumulative duration of insulin) were calculated and the adjusted hazard ratios were estimated by Cox regression. The potential risk modification by concomitant treatment with metformin, statin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB) was also evaluated.', 'There were 59,798 ever-users and 422,235 never-users of human insulin, with respective numbers of incident breast cancer of 559 (0.93 %) and 4,711 (1.12 %), and respective incidence of 207.9 and 215.1 per 100,000 person-years. The overall adjusted hazard ratio (95 % confidence interval) did not show a significant association with insulin [1.033 (0.936-1.139)]. However, patients in the third tertiles of dose-response parameters might show a significantly higher risk of breast cancer while compared to never-users: 1.185 (1.026-1.368), 1.260 (1.096-1.450) and 1.257 (1.094-1.446) for ≥67 months for time since starting insulin, ≥39,000 units for cumulative dose of insulin, and ≥21.8 months for cumulative duration of insulin, respectively. Additional analyses suggested that the breast cancer risk associated with human insulin use might be beneficially modified by concomitant use of metformin, statin and ACEI/ARB.

Answer: Does prolonged use of human insulin increase breast cancer risk in Taiwanese women with type 2 diabetes?


Question: Cell signaling pathways underlying wound repair are under extensive investigation; however, there is still a poor understanding of the mechanisms orchestrating these processes. Hox genes, which are a subgroup of homeobox genes, encode for a family of transcription factors that play a critical role in tissue migration and cell differentiation during embryogenesis and may also serve as master regulatory genes of postnatal wound repair. We have developed a fetal excisional wound healing model whereby mid-gestational wounds heal in a regenerative manner while late-gestational wounds display scar formation. We theorize that Hoxd3 and Hoxd8 will be differentially expressed in mid- and late-gestational wounds compared with normal skin.', 'Pregnant FVB mice underwent hysterotomy at mid (E15)- or late (E18)-gestational time points, and 3-mm excisional wounds were made on the dorsum of each fetus. Wound samples (w) were collected at the site of injury as well as near wound normal skin (nwc) on the same fetus. Control (c) skin samples were also obtained from unwounded adjacent fetuses. Samples were harvested at 3 and 6 h and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for Hoxd3 and Hoxd8 and normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with statistical significance of P < 0.05.', 'Hoxd3 levels were increased in all of the mid-gestational groups, with a significant increase at 3 h compared with late-gestational control groups. In the 3-h time group, Hoxd8 is increased in mid-gestational wounds compared with late-gestational control skin. This is repeated in the 6-h time group, where Hoxd8 is increased in mid-gestational wounds compared with all groups. Also, Hoxd8 in the mid-gestational near wound controls is significantly greater than that in the late-gestational near wound control and control groups.

Answer:
Are homeobox genes Hoxd3 and Hoxd8 differentially expressed in fetal mouse excisional wounds?