TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: Imitation, which is impaired in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and critically depends on the integration of visual input with motor output, likely impacts both motor and social skill acquisition in children with ASD; however, it is unclear what brain mechanisms contribute to this impairment. Children with ASD also exhibit what appears to be an ASD-specific bias against using visual feedback during motor learning. Does the temporal congruity of intrinsic activity, or functional connectivity, between motor and visual brain regions contribute to ASD-associated deficits in imitation, motor, and social skills?', 'We acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans from 100 8- to 12-year-old children (50 ASD). Group independent component analysis was used to estimate functional connectivity between visual and motor systems. Brain-behavior relationships were assessed by regressing functional connectivity measures with social deficit severity, imitation, and gesture performance scores.', 'We observed increased intrinsic asynchrony between visual and motor systems in children with ASD and replicated this finding in an independent sample from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange. Moreover, children with more out-of-sync intrinsic visual-motor activity displayed more severe autistic traits, while children with greater intrinsic visual-motor synchrony were better imitators.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: It is still uncertain whether or not there is a difference between metoprolol and carvedilol for the treatment of congestive heart failure. We attempted to determine the difference between the two beta-blockers in terms of their antiadrenergic effect during exercise in patients with heart failure and their efficacy based on the baseline plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration.', 'Fifty-three patients with mild to moderate heart failure with a radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction <40% received open label metoprolol or carvedilol in a randomized fashion. The increase in the heart rate normalized to the increase in the plasma norepinephrine concentration during exercise, was calculated as an index of adrenergic responsiveness during exercise.', 'The increase in heart rate normalized by the increase in plasma norepinephrine concentration, decreased after the initiation of beta-blockers in the carvedilol group, but not in the metoprolol group. The change in cardiac function was more favorable for carvedilol than metoprolol in patients who exhibited a higher baseline brain natriuretic peptide concentration.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: This study aimed to compare the symptoms, unmet needs, and QoL reported by women at 6 months to <2 years and 2 to 5 years following surgery and adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. It also evaluated the relationships among symptoms, unmet needs, and QoL using structural equation modeling.', 'In this study, 113 and 137 survivors following breast cancer treatment 6 months to <2 years and 2 to 5 years, respectively, completed the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, the Supportive Care Needs Survey-34, and the Medical Outcomes Study 12-item Short Form Health Survey version 2.0 during their medical follow-up.', "The mean numbers of symptoms and unmet needs were 5.43 and 3.0, respectively, for survivors at <2 years, and 5.24 and 2.42, respectively, for survivors at 2 to 5 years following treatment. The most common reported symptoms were related primarily to physical domains. No significant differences were found between the two survivor groups on the MSAS scores. Survivors at <2 years reported significantly higher scores in Psychological and Health Care System/Information needs (p\u2009<\u20090.01), and lower composite scores in physical and mental QoL (p\u2009<\u20090.05) than those at 2 to 5 years post-treatment. Significant direct and indirect effects were found of symptom burden through unmet needs on survivors' physical and mental QoL after adjustment for survival time, and the models showed a good fit.

SOLUTION:
1