TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the primary motor cortex has been shown to modulate pain and trigeminal nociceptive processing.', 'Ten patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) were stimulated daily for 20\xa0minutes over two weeks using anodal (1\xa0mA) or sham tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1) in a randomized double-blind cross-over design. Primary outcome variable was pain intensity on a verbal rating scale (VRS 0-10). VRS and attack frequency were assessed for one month before, during and after tDCS. The impact on trigeminal pain processing was assessed with pain-related evoked potentials (PREP) and the nociceptive blink reflex (nBR) following electrical stimulation on both sides of the forehead before and after tDCS.', 'Anodal tDCS reduced pain intensity significantly after two weeks of treatment. The attack frequency reduction was not significant. PREP showed an increased N2 latency and decreased peak-to-peak amplitude after anodal tDCS. No severe adverse events were reported.\Question: Does patient-conducted anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex alleviate pain in trigeminal neuralgia?

SOLUTION: Anodal tDCS over two weeks ameliorates intensity of pain in TN. It may become a valuable treatment option for patients unresponsive to conventional treatment.

PROBLEM: Context: Mild hypothermia for 72 hours is neuroprotective in newborns with moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. A core temperature of 33.5 degrees C might reduce drug clearance leading to potential toxicity. Gentamicin is nephrotoxic and ototoxic at high serum concentrations. No study has investigated the influence of 72 hours of hypothermia on serum gentamicin concentrations (SGCs) in children of any age. We aimed to compare the SGCs in encephalopathic infants who underwent intensive care with therapeutic hypothermia or normothermia.', 'Data were collected retrospectively from 2 NICUs in Bristol, United Kingdom, that offered cooling therapy within clinical trials since 1998. Eligible infants (n = 55) developed grade 2/3 encephalopathy after birth and fulfilled the entry criteria defined in the CoolCap trial. Encephalopathic infants with similar demographic values were either nursed under normothermia or 72 h-hypothermia. Once-daily gentamicin dosage (4-5 mg/kg) was administered, and trough SGC was recorded with corresponding creatinine concentrations. The time and number of omitted drug doses were noted.', 'Mean trough SGC (pre-second dose) and mean plasma creatinine concentrations for both treatment groups were similar (gentamicin: 2.19 +/- 1.7 [hypothermia] and 2.30 +/- 2.0 [normothermia] mg/L; creatinine: 115.6 +/- 42.8 [hypothermia] and 121.0 +/- 45.1 [normothermia] mumol/L). Forty percent of the trough SGCs in both groups were above the recommended trough concentration of 2.0 mg/L. A significant correlation (r(2) = 0.36) was found between high SGCs and impaired renal function assessed by raised plasma creatinine levels regardless of treatment options.\Question: Are serum gentamicin concentrations in encephalopathic infants affected by therapeutic hypothermia?

SOLUTION: Our data confirm that impaired renal function is strongly associated with high SGCs. Reduced body temperatures do not affect the clearance of gentamicin.

PROBLEM: Context: The orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 39 was originally identified as the receptor of obestatin. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of GPR39 on cell proliferation and differentiation were investigated in cultured porcine intramuscular preadipocytes.', 'Morphology of preadipocytes and accumulated lipid droplets within cells were identified by an inverted microscope. After transfected with constructed pCMV-GPR39 plasmid, cell proliferation was measured by using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium method, mRNA expression of GPR39, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), Caspase-9 and adipocyte determination and differentiation factor-1 (ADD1) was determined by RNA preparation and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, protein expression of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 (pGSK3), total Akt and phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) was analyzed by Western blot.', 'It found that GPR39 mRNA and protein were expressed in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes and its expression was significantly up-regulated after treatment with Zn(2+) whose function is found to be mediated by GPR39. Furthermore, over-expression of GPR39 further promoted the optical density value of cells, enhanced mRNA expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and ADD1, and inhibited mRNA expression of Caspase-9. Protein expression of pGSK3 and pAkt was also increased by GPR39 stimulation. In addition, GPR39-induced proliferation and differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes was partially blocked by the Akt inhibitor (PDTC) and the PI3K inhibitor (LY294002).\Question: Does gPR39 activate proliferation and differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes through targeting the PI3K/AKT cell signaling pathway?

SOLUTION:
It indicated that GPR39 was a transducer of Zn(2+), and enhanced proliferation and differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.