Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by inflammation, atrophy, fibrosis with progressive ductal changes, and functional changes that include variable exocrine and endocrine insufficiency and multiple patterns of pain. We investigated whether abdominal imaging features accurately predict patterns of pain.', 'We collected data from participants in the North American Pancreatitis Study 2 Continuation and Validation, a prospective multicenter study of patients with chronic pancreatitis performed at 13 expert centers in the United States from July 2008 through March 2012. Chronic pancreatitis was defined based on the detection of characteristic changes by cross-sectional abdominal imaging, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasonography, or histology analyses. Patients were asked by a physician or trained clinical research coordinator if they had any abdominal pain during the year before enrollment, those who responded "yes" were asked to select from a list of 5 pain patterns. By using these patterns, we\xa0classified patients\' pain based on timing and severity. Abnormal pancreatitis-associated features on abdominal imaging were recorded using standardized case report forms.', 'Data were collected from 518 patients (mean age, 52 ± 14.6 y; 55% male; and 87.6% white). The most common physician-identified etiologies were alcohol (45.8%) and idiopathic (24.3%); 15.6% of patients reported no abdominal pain in the year before enrollment. The most common individual pain pattern was described as constant mild pain with episodes of severe pain and was reported in 45% of patients. The most common imaging findings included pancreatic ductal dilatation (68%), atrophy (57%), and calcifications (55%). Imaging findings were categorized as obstructive for 20% and as inflammatory for 25% of cases. The distribution of individual imaging findings was similar among patients with different patterns of pain. The distribution of pain patterns did not differ among clinically relevant groups of imaging findings.

A: 1
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Q: To determine if adolescents with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) demonstrate worse language skills than their siblings with normal hearing (NH).', 'Case-control study of 12-17-year-old adolescents with UHL (20 cases) compared with sibling controls with NH (13 controls).', "Scores on the oral portion of the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS) and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF) were the primary outcome measure. Wechsler's Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence (WASI) scores were also used as an outcome measure.", 'Adolescents with UHL demonstrated worse overall and expressive language scores than controls, (98 vs. 114, P=0.001; 100 vs. 114, P=0.006) and had significantly lower full scale (98 vs. 112, P=0.017), verbal (101 vs. 113, P=0.032), and performance IQ (95 vs. 107, P=0.037).

A: 1
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Q: Repetitive umbilical cord occlusions (UCOs) in ovine fetus leading to severe acidemia result in adaptive shut-down of electrocortical activity [electrocorticogram (ECoG)] as well as systemic and brain inflammation. We hypothesized that the fetuses with earlier ECoG shut-down as a neuroprotective mechanism in response to repetitive UCOs will show less brain inflammation and, moreover, that chronic hypoxia will impact this relationship.', 'Near-term fetal sheep were chronically instrumented with ECoG leads, vascular catheters, and a cord occluder and then underwent repetitive UCOs for up to 4\u2009h or until fetal arterial pH was <7.00. Eight animals, hypoxic prior to the UCOs (SaO2 <55%), were allowed to recover 24\u2009h post insult, while 14 animals, 5 of whom also were chronically hypoxic, were allowed to recover 48\u2009h post insult, after which brains were perfusion-fixed. Time of ECoG shut-down and corresponding pH were noted, as well as time to then reach pH <7.00 (ΔT). Microglia (MG) were counted as a measure of inflammation in gray matter layers 4-6 (GM4-6) where most ECoG activity is generated. RESULTS are reported as mean\u2009±\u2009SEM for p\u2009<\u20090.05.', "Repetitive UCOs resulted in worsening acidosis over 3-4\u2009h with arterial pH decreasing to 6.97\u2009±\u20090.02 all UCO groups' animals, recovering to baseline by 24\u2009h. ECoG shut-down occurred 52\u2009±\u20097\u2009min before reaching pH <7.00 at pH 7.23\u2009±\u20090.02 across the animal groups. MG counts were inversely correlated to ΔT in 24\u2009h recovery animals (R\u2009=\u2009-0.84), as expected. This was not the case in normoxic 48\u2009h recovery animals, and, surprisingly, in hypoxic 48\u2009h recovery animals, this relationship was reversed (R\u2009=\u20090.90).

A:
1
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