In this task, you're given a question, a context passage, and four options which are terms from the passage. After reading a passage, you will get a brief understanding of the terms. Your job is to determine by searching and reading further information of which term you can answer the question. Indicate your choice as 'a', 'b', 'c', or 'd'. If you think more than one option is plausible, choose the more probable option to help you answer the question.

Input: Consider Input: Question: What current countries were part of the Ottoman Empire? Passage:Crimea: The Last Crusade is a panoramic history of the Crimean War of 1853–56. Drawing extensively from Russian, French and Ottoman as well as British archives, it combines military, diplomatic, political and cultural history, examining how the war left a lasting mark on the national consciousness of Britain, France, Russia and Turkey. Figes sets the war in the context of the Eastern Question, the diplomatic and political problems caused by the decay of the Ottoman Empire. In particular, he emphasises the importance of the religious struggle between Russia as the defender of the Orthodox and France as the protector of the Catholics in the Ottoman Empire. He frames the war within a longer history of religious conflict between Christians and Muslims in the Balkans, southern Russia and the Caucasus that continues to this day. Figes stresses the religious motive of the Tsar Nicholas I in his bold decision to go to war, arguing that Nicholas was swayed by the ideas of the Pan-Slavs to invade Moldavia and Wallachia and encourage Slav revolts against the Ottomans, despite his earlier adherence to the Legitimist principles of the Holy Alliance. He also shows how France and Britain were drawn into the war by popular ideas of Russophobia that swept across Europe in the wake of the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848. As one reviewer wrote, Figes shows "how the cold war of the Soviet era froze over fundamental fault lines that had opened up in the 19th century."
 Links: a. Crimean War b. Ottoman Empire c. Catholic Church d. Pan-Slavism

Output: b


Input: Consider Input: Question: In which U.S. state is Perlmutter's childhood neighborhood located? Passage:Perlmutter spent his childhood in the Mount Airy neighborhood of Philadelphia. He went to school in nearby Germantown; first Greene Street Friends School for the elementary grades, followed by Germantown Friends School for grades 7 through 12. He graduated with an AB in physics from Harvard magna cum laude in 1981 and received his PhD in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1986. Perlmutter's PhD thesis titled "An Astrometric Search for a Stellar Companion to the Sun" described the development and use of an automated telescope to search for Nemesis candidates under Richard A. Muller. At the same time, he was using this telescope to search for Nemesis and supernovae, which would lead him to his award-winning work in cosmology. Perlmutter attributes the idea for an automated supernova search to Luis Alvarez, a 1968 Nobel laureate, who shared his idea with Perlmutter's research adviser.
 Links: a. Richard A. Muller b. Mount Airy, Philadelphia c. Richard A. Muller d. List of Nobel laureates in Physics

Output: b


Input: Consider Input: Question: How many people lived in Mocha the year Shilling arrived there? Passage:Originally a petty officer in the Royal Navy, from this position he gradually raised himself to the higher ranks of the service, and on 30 May 1603 he became for life one of the six chief masters of the navy. In 1617 he obtained leave from the admiralty to take part in the fifth joint-stock voyage undertaken by the East India Company, and he sailed from Gravesend on 4 February as master of the Anne Royal, one of a squadron of five, under the command of Martin Pring. On 6 February Maurice Abbot, Deputy-governor of the EIC mustered the men, paid their wages and the fleet left the Downs on 5 March. They arrived at Saldanha Bay (now Table Bay) on 21 June. On the voyage the fleet captured a Portuguese vessel from Mozambique, the Don Pedro de Almeyda, laden with a cargo of 50 quintals of elephants' teeth. The ships arrived at Surat in September 1617 whereupon on the orders of Sir Thomas Roe, English ambassador to the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Shilling departed Swally for the Red Sea. He arrived off Mocha on 13 April 1618 and was successful in obtaining a firman from the local ruler for the English to trade there and at Aden. He was subsequently placed in command of the Angel, a vessel formerly belonging to the Dutch East India Company, and in it he conveyed home Sir Thomas Roe. He arrived in England in the autumn of 1618. The EIC immediately obtained leave from the Duke of Buckingham to employ him on another voyage. On 25 March 1620 Shilling sailed from Tilbury on board the London as chief commander of a squadron of four vessels.
 Links: a. Firman b. Aden c. Quintal d. Mocha, Yemen


Output: d