In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Q: Context: Coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is present in one-third of all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals in the United States and is associated with rapid progression of liver fibrosis and poor response to pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin. In this study we examined gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from different groups of individuals who are monoinfected or coinfected with HIV and HCV. Data showed that HIV and HCV viremia up-regulate genes associated with immune activation and immunoregulatory pathways. HCV viremia is also associated with abnormalities in all peripheral immune cells, suggesting a global effect of HCV on the immune system. Interferon-alpha-induced genes were expressed at a higher level in PBMCs from HIV-infected individuals. HCV and HIV infections leave distinct profiles or gene expression of immune activation in PBMCs. HIV viremia induces an immune activated state; by comparison, HCV infection induces immunoregulatory and proinflammatory pathways that may contribute to progression of liver fibrosis.\Question: Do human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C infections induce distinct immunologic imprints in peripheral mononuclear cells?

A: An aberrant type-I IFN response seen exclusively in HIV-infected individuals could be responsible for the poor therapeutic response experienced by HIV/HCV coinfected individuals receiving interferon-alpha-based current standard of care.
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Q: Context: The quantity of the silver-stained nucleolar proteins (AgNOR proteins) measured in situ in cytohistologic preparations is related to the rapidity of cell proliferation. The term "AgNOR proteins" comprises several proteins. The relationship between the individual AgNOR protein amount and cell proliferating activity is not yet known. We studied the quantitative distribution of the individual AgNOR proteins, with specific attention to the two major AgNOR proteins, nucleolin and protein B23, in seven human cancer cell lines characterized by different cell doubling times.', 'The doubling time of cancer cells was measured by counting the asynchronously growing cells at regular time intervals. The AgNOR proteins were quantified in situ, after a specific one-step staining procedure, by computerized image analysis. For the quantitative evaluation of nucleolin and protein B23, two methods were followed. Nuclear proteins after separation by SDS-PAGE were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes and were either: 1) stained by the silver staining procedure for AgNOR proteins or 2) treated with anti-nucleolin and anti-protein B23 mAb followed by reaction with secondary Ab linked to peroxidase and revealed by chemiluminescence and autoradiography. In both cases, measurement of individual AgNOR protein and nucleolin and protein B23 amount was carried out using computerized densitometric analysis.', 'Integrated density values of the silver-stained bands at 105 kDa (nucleolin) and 38 to 39 kDa (protein B23) represented, in all cell lines, more than 60% of the total silver-stained band value. A relationship was found between the densitometric values of silver-stained nucleolin and protein B23 and rapidity of cell proliferation (r = 0.85 and r = 0.86, respectively, p < 0.05). The values of nucleolin and protein B23 obtained using the Western blots were strictly related to the rapidity of cell proliferation (r = 0.93 and 0.96, respectively, p < 0.001). Finally, a good correlation was observed between the mean AgNOR protein area value, as defined in cytologic preparations in situ, and nucleolin and protein B23 amounts as evaluated in silver-stained nitrocellulose membranes (r = 0.92 and r = 0.90, respectively, p < 0.01) and in Western blots (r = 0.95 and r = 0.94, respectively, p < 0.001).\Question: Is the quantity of nucleolar proteins nucleolin and protein B23 related to cell doubling time in human cancer cells?

A: These data indicate that the quantitative changes of AgNOR proteins observed in cytohistologic preparations in situ mainly reflect the quantitative changes of nucleolin and protein B23 and demonstrate that nucleolin and protein B23 amounts are inversely related to cell doubling time in human cancer cells.
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Q: Context: South Africa is undergoing epidemiological and nutrition transitions with associated increases in the incidence of overweight, obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. With the emergence of the nutrition transition in South Africa, there is an urgent need for interventions to prevent overweight and obesity in children and adolescents as risk factors for chronic diseases in adolescence may track throughout later life. This research explored the potential for faith-based organisations (FBOs) to be used as community organisations for overweight and obesity prevention interventions in adolescents by assessing the readiness of religious leaders to engage in such interventions.', 'Surveys and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 51 religious leaders in Johannesburg and Soweto. The Community Readiness Model (CRM) survey was chosen to determine the stage of readiness of this community regarding overweight and obesity prevention. Six different dimensions were assessed in the CRM (community efforts, knowledge of efforts, leadership, community climate, knowledge of the issue, resources). The surveys were scored according to the CRM protocol. The survey data were supplemented with findings from FGDs. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the FGDs.', 'The mean community readiness score was 2.57\u2009±\u20090.76 which equates with the "denial/resistance stage". The mean readiness score for resources was the highest of all the dimensions (3.77\u2009±\u20090.28), followed by knowledge of the issue (3.20\u2009±\u20090.51). The lowest score was seen for community knowledge of efforts (1.77\u2009±\u20091.50), followed by community climate (2.00\u2009±\u20090.64). FGDs helped interpret the CRM scores. FGDs showed that religious leaders were enthusiastic and recognised that their role was not limited solely to spiritual guidance and mentoring, but also to physical well-being.\Question: Is community readiness for adolescents ' overweight and obesity prevention low in urban South Africa : a case study?

A:
Religious leaders recognised that they act as role models within the community and thus have a role to play in improving adolescent health. They have some knowledge about the overweight/obesity issue and some of the resources could be made available to support overweight/obesity prevention-related initiatives. However, the low community knowledge of efforts and the negative prevailing attitude of the community towards overweight and obesity highlight the need to increase awareness of this issue prior to implementing initiatives on overweight and obesity prevention.
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