Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: Material loss at the taper junction of metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties has been implicated in their early failure. The mechanisms of material loss are not fully understood; analysis of the patterns of damage at the taper can help us better understand why material loss occurs at this junction.', 'We mapped the patterns of material loss in a series of 155 metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties received at our center by scanning the taper surface using a roundness-measuring machine. We examined these material loss maps to develop a 5-tier classification system based on visual differences between different patterns. We correlated these patterns to surgical, implant, and patient factors known to be important for head-stem taper damage.', 'We found that 63 implants had "minimal damage" at the taper (material loss <1 mm
Answer: These material loss maps allow us to suggest different mechanisms that dominate the cause of the material loss in each pattern: (1) corrosion, (2) mechanically assisted corrosion, or (3) intraoperative damage or poor size tolerances leading to toggling of trunnion in taper.

Answer: Does damage Patterns at the Head-Stem Taper Junction help Understand the Mechanisms of Material Loss?


Question: Context: The nucleolar 58-kDa microspherule protein (MSP58) has important transcriptional regulation functions and plays a crucial role in the tumorigenesis and progression of cancers. 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine (FLT) has emerged as a promising positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for evaluating tumor malignancy and cell proliferation.", 'In the present study, the expression of MSP58 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and the corresponding PET image was examined using FLT-PET in 55 patients with various grades of gliomas.', 'The immunoreactivity score (IRS) of MSP58 increased with tumor grade with grade IV gliomas exhibiting the highest expression and showed a highly significant positive correlation with the Ki-67 index (r = 0.65, P < 0.001). The IRS of MSP58 in the tumor showed a highly significant positive correlation with corresponding FLT uptake value (r = 0.61, P < 0.001). The correlation between MSP58 expression and glioma malignancy was also confirmed by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and western blot analysis. FLT uptake value also exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with the Ki-67 index (r = 0.59, P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that MSP58 expression has a significant prognostic ability for the overall survival time similar to that found in the uptake value of FLT-PET.
Answer: These results indicate that MSP58 plays an important role in cell proliferation and will be one of the potential candidates of molecular therapy targeting proliferation. FLT-PET might be used as an early measure of treatment response in the proliferation-targeted therapy.

Answer: Is expression of 58-kD Microspherule Protein ( MSP58 ) Highly Correlated with PET Imaging of Tumor Malignancy and Cell Proliferation in Glioma Patients?


Question: Context: We evaluated the current role of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in children with small bowel obstruction (SBO) at our institution.', 'A retrospective review of patients undergoing MIS for acute SBO was performed from 2008 to 2013. The study population was compared with a historical control including patients from 2001 to 2008.', 'There were 71 patients who met inclusion criteria; 35 were male, and 36 were female. Sixty-two children underwent laparoscopy for their first episode of SBO, and 12 underwent laparoscopy for recurrent SBO, accounting for 74 episodes of SBO managed with MIS. The most common etiology of SBO was adhesions (n=40). Laparoscopy and laparoscopic-assisted procedures were associated with shorter nasogastric tube decompression (1.4±2 days [P<.001] and 1.5±2.7 days [P=.002], respectively) and time to regular diet (3.9±4 days [P=.002] and 4.6±2.8 days [P=.024], respectively) compared with those converted to laparotomy (5.1±4.9 days of nasogastric tube decompressions and 8±4.7 days to regular diet). There was no difference in postoperative morbidity comparing laparoscopy (11%), laparoscopic-assisted (5%), and laparoscopic converted to open procedures (18%) (P=.48).
Answer: Laparoscopy continues to be a safe diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the management of pediatric SBO.

Answer:
Do laparoscopy for small bowel obstruction in children -- an update?