In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: The present study aimed to identify the relationship between glycemic variability (GV) and the 10-y risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with good glycemic control.', 'Two-hundred forty consecutive T2DM patients (HbA1c≤7.0%) without CVD were included to calculate the 10-y CVD risk by Framingham risk score (FRS), and divided into 3 groups: low-risk group (FRS≤10%), intermediate-risk group (>10%, ≤20%) and high-risk group (>20%). Inter-group differences of GV were determined by comparing the SD of blood glucose (SDBG), mean amplitudes of glycemic excursion (MAGE), and mean of daily differences (MODD) gathered from 72-h continuous glucose monitoring system.', 'The levels of SDBG and MAGE significantly increased along with the raises of 10-y CVD risk of T2DM patients (p<0.01). FRS was positively correlated with age, systolic blood pressure, SDBG and MAGE (r=0.717, 0.525, 0.509 and 0.485 respectively, p<0.01), while negatively correlated with the level of HDL-C (r=-0.348, p<0.01). Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that increased MAGE [OR: 1.623(1.198-2.316), p<0.001] and patients with high urine albumin excretion rates [OR: 1.743(1.247-2.793), p<0.001] were independent predictors for high 10-y CVD risk.\Question: Is glycemic variability evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring system associated with the 10-y cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients with well-controlled HbA1c?

Answer: GV predicts independently the 10-y CVD risk of T2DM patients with well-controlled HbA1c.


Question: Context: Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) contributes to the development of diabetic ulcers. Recent evidence indicates that AGEs administration enhanced autophagy in many cell types. As a positive trigger of autophagy, the effect of AGEs on autophagy in skin tissues and fibroblasts remains unknown.', 'Skin tissues were isolated from Spreqne-Dawley rats and immunohistochemical staining was performed to analyze the location of LC3 and FOXO1 in skin tissues. Then primary cultured foreskin fibroblast cells with treated with AGEs and the effect of AGEs on autophagy was investigated. Protein level expressions of LC3, Beclin-1 and FOXO1 in fibroblasts were analyzed by Western blotting. Autophagic flux is detected with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and mRFP-GFP-LC3 tandem construct.', 'Compared with skin from normal rats, immunohistochemical staining shows a predominant LC3 localization in fibroblasts cytoplasm in diabetic rats. Elevated expression of FOXO1 also existed in diabetic rats dermis fibroblasts when compared with normal rats in immunohistochemical analysis. In human skin fibroblasts cells, AGEs administration stimulated the autophagy related LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin-1 expressions and increased autophagy flux. In mRFP-GFP-LC3 puncta formation assays, both autolysosome and autophagosome were increased in human fibroblasts after treatment with AGEs. Fibroblasts exposed to AGEs also have increased FOXO1 expression compared with control group.\Question: Do aGEs trigger autophagy in diabetic skin tissues and fibroblasts?

Answer: AGEs could induce autophagy at least in part via regulating the FOXO1 activity in diabetic skin tissues and fibroblasts.


Question: Context: The possibility of ignition of polyvinylchloride (PVC) tracheal tubes by a CO2 laser is of concern in patients undergoing CO2 laser surgery of the airway. The authors analyzed the ignition of PVC tracheal tubes by a CO2 laser beam to determine what variables were involved, and then designed a study to determine how they affect the incidence of such fires.', 'For the analysis, PVC tracheal tubes were enclosed in a clear plexiglass enclosure and a laser beam was focused on the tubes. The enclosure contained one of three different gas combinations. A high-speed camera photographed the tubes during the analysis and showed that tracheal tube perforation always preceded ignition in all three gas combinations. These results led to the hypothesis that intraluminal gauge pressure (IGP) may be an important variable, because it would affect the flow of O2 across the perforation. This hypothesis was tested by aiming a CO2 laser beam at PVC tracheal tubes and varying IGP in 0.25-cm H2O increments, from 0.25 to 28 cm H2O, while nitrogen or helium containing O2 at 40, 50, or 60% flowed through the tubes. To simulate the clinical effect of IGP on PVC tracheal tube ignition, we used a mechanical lung model connected to an anesthesia breathing circuit with a standing bellows ventilator in which 60% He and 40% O2 flowed through a PVC tracheal tube. Laser beam exposure was started at three different times during the respiratory cycle: at the start of inspiration, at the end of inspiration, or at the end of expiration. Also, for each condition, trials were made at baseline circuit pressure (2.5 cm H2O) and at 5.0 cm H2O by the addition of 2.5 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) applied to the circuit.', 'The incidence of tracheal tube ignition decreased as IGP increased. The IGP at which ignition did not occur (which increased as O2 concentration increased) did not differ between N2 and He at 40% O2, but was twice as high with N2 as with He at O2 of 50% and 60%. Fires never occurred when PEEP was added to the system and, when PEEP was not added, always started during the last 2 s of end expiration (when airway pressure is lowest), regardless of when the laser beam was activated.\Question: Does positive end-expiratory pressure lower the risk of laser-induced polyvinylchloride tracheal-tube fires?

Answer:
It is recommended that, in addition to other safety practices, PEEP be added to the breathing circuit during CO2 laser operations on the airway in which PVC tracheal tubes or laser-resistant tracheal tubes with PVC components are used.