Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Intracellular pathogens have developed elaborate strategies for silent infection of preferred host cells. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common pathogen in acute infections of the respiratory tract (e.g. pneumonia) and associated with chronic lung sequelae in adults and children. Within the lung, alveolar macrophages and polymorph nuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the first line of defense against bacteria, but also preferred host phagocytes of chlamydiae.', 'We could show that C. pneumoniae easily infect and hide inside neutrophil granulocytes until these cells become apoptotic and are subsequently taken up by macrophages. C. pneumoniae infection of macrophages via apoptotic PMN results in enhanced replicative activity of chlamydiae when compared to direct infection of macrophages, which results in persistence of the pathogen. Inhibition of the apoptotic recognition of C. pneumoniae infected PMN using PS- masking Annexin A5 significantly lowered the transmission of chlamydial infection to macrophages. Transfer of apoptotic C. pneumoniae infected PMN to macrophages resulted in an increased TGF-ss production, whereas direct infection of macrophages with chlamydiae was characterized by an enhanced TNF-alpha response.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
To detect the presence of somatostatin (SOM) in normal aqueous humor and to characterize its immunosuppressive activity.', 'Fresh rabbit aqueous humor was assayed for SOM by competitive ELISA. Primed T cells stimulated through their T-cell receptor (TCR) were treated with SOM at concentrations that ranged the level of SOM found in normal aqueous humor. The T cells were assayed for proliferation, lymphokine production, and immunosuppressive activity.', 'Normal rabbit aqueous humor contained 196 +/- 45 pg/mL (10(-10) M) of SOM. At concentrations between 10 and 300 pg/mL, SOM suppressed IFN-gamma production by TCR-stimulated primed T cells in culture. Frozen and thawed aqueous humor depleted of SOM no longer suppressed IFN-gamma production by the TCR-stimulated primed T cells. SOM induced TGF-beta but not IL-4 production, nor did it suppress proliferation by TCR-stimulated primed T cells. The SOM-treated T cells functioned as regulatory T cells, and this regulatory activity was neutralized by anti-alpha-MSH antibodies. Furthermore, SOM induced alpha-MSH production by the TCR-stimulated primed T cells.

Ex Output:
1


Ex Input:
Role of P-selectin (CD62) and glycoprotein (GP) Ibalpha in posttransfusion clearance of platelet concentrates (PCs) is unclear.', 'Platelet (PLT) activation in vitro was determined by flow cytometry using anti-CD62 and anti-GPIbalpha. PC clearance in vivo was evaluated in an animal model using rabbits with an inhibited reticuloendothelial system, as measured by 0.5-hour (R(0.5)), 24-hour (R(24)), and total (R( summation operator )) PLT recoveries, and survival time (ST). Correlations were analyzed between in vitro assays of PLT activation and in vivo clearance of conventional (Days 2-5), outdated (Days 7-8), and refrigerated PCs.', 'Binding of anti-CD62 to the PLT surface was significantly increased and of anti-GPIbalpha decreased in outdated and refrigerated PCs compared to conventional PCs. Negative correlation was observed between in vitro anti-CD62 binding and the fast (R(0.5)) PLT clearance, but not with delayed (R(24) and ST) clearance. In contrast, anti-GPIbalpha binding showed positive correlations with delayed but not with fast PLT clearance. Overall (R( summation operator )) clearance correlated better with anti-GPIbalpha than with anti-CD62 binding. CD62 density on the PLT surface was decreased after PC transfusion, whereas GPIbalpha density remained unchanged.

Ex Output:

0