TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
PROBLEM: Estimating inhalation dose accurately under realistic conditions can enhance the accuracy of risk assessment. Conventional methods to quantify aerosol concentration that susceptible victims in contaminated environments are exposed to use real time particle counters to measure concentrations in environments without occupancy. Breathing-induced airflow interacts and influences concentration around nostrils or mouth and alter the ultimate exposure. This subject has not yet been systematically studied, particularly under transient emission. In this work, an experimental facility comprising two manikins was designed and fabricated. One of them mimicked realistic breathing, acting as a susceptible victim. Both steady and episodic emissions were generated in an air-conditioned environmental chamber in which two different ventilation schemes were tested. The scaled-dose of the victim under different expiratory velocities and pulmonary ventilation was measured. Inferring from results obtained from comprehensive tests, it can be concluded that breathing has very significant influence on the ultimate dose compared with that without breathing. Majority of results show that breathing reduces inhalation quantity and the reduction magnitude increases with breathing rate. This is attributed to the fact that the exhalation process plays a more significant role in reducing the dose level than the enhanced effect during inhalation period. The higher the breathing rate, the sharper the decline of the resultant concentration would be leading to lower dose. Nevertheless, under low pulmonary ventilation, results show that breathing increases dose marginally. Results also reveals that ventilation scheme also affects the exposure.

SOLUTION: An experimental study quantifying pulmonary ventilation on inhalation of aerosol under steady and episodic emission

PROBLEM: O. is a 37-year-old male with no significant past medical history who presented to the Emergency Department with a one week history of worsening dysphagia and odynophagia. He reported he was usually in good health until the current symptoms began. Scott said that he had been unable to swallow solid foods over the past week, largely due to increasing pain on swallowing, and was now unable to swallow liquids as well. Although he stated that his appetite was unchanged, he estimated a fivepound weight loss over the last week due to poor oral intake. He otherwise denied fever, respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms, or any other complaints. He takes no medications at home except for rare acetaminophen. He is married, has a twoyear-old son, and works as an attorney. He denied use of tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs. Family history was noncontributory. On physical exam, he was afebrile and his vital signs were within normal limits. Cardiovascular, respiratory, abdominal, extremity, and neurologic exam were unremarkable. There was some mild oropharyngeal thrush, palpable bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy, and a 1 cm painless ulceration on the penile shaft. Laboratory evaluation was unremarkable.

SOLUTION: When a Diagnosis Is Reportable The Patient

PROBLEM: An antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) method was developed for the efficient detection of the UL24 antigen of the duck enteritis virus (DEV) using polyclonal antibodies. Ducks and rabbits were immunized, respectively, with expressed UL24 recombinant protein. The IgG antibodies against UL24 from ducks and rabbits were purified and used as the capture antibodies. The specificity of the optimized AC-ELISA was evaluated by use of DEV, duck hepatitis virus (DHV), duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), gosling plague virus (GPV), Riemerella anatipestifer (R.A.), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pasteurella multocida (P.M.) and Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.). Only DEV specimens yielded a specific and strong signal. The limit of the sensitivity of this method for the detection of DEV was 46 ng/100 l. Compared with PCR and virus isolation, the rate of agreement for the detection of experimentally infected sera was 100%. A comparative test used on clinical specimens between the neutralization test and the AC-ELISA showed that the proportions of true positives and true negatives by the AC-ELISA were 0.90 and 0.67 respectively. These results indicated that the AC-ELISA approach is rapid, sensitive, and reliable for specific detection of DEV antigen.

SOLUTION:
Development and evaluation of an antigen-capture ELISA for detection of the UL24 antigen of the duck enteritis virus, based on a polyclonal antibody against the UL24 expression protein