In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.

[Q]: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Drug Trafficking Vessel Interdiction 
Act of 2008''.

                     TITLE I--CRIMINAL PROHIBITION

SEC. 101. FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS.

    Congress finds and declares that operating or embarking in a 
submersible vessel or semi-submersible vessel without nationality and 
on an international voyage is a serious international problem, 
facilitates transnational crime, including drug trafficking, and 
terrorism, and presents a specific threat to the safety of maritime 
navigation and the security of the United States.

SEC. 102. OPERATION OF SUBMERSIBLE VESSEL OR SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE VESSEL 
              WITHOUT NATIONALITY.

    (a) In General.--Chapter 111 of title 18, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following new section:
``Sec. 2285. Operation of submersible vessel or semi-submersible vessel 
              without nationality
    ``(a) Offense.--Whoever knowingly operates, or attempts or 
conspires to operate, by any means, or embarks in any submersible 
vessel or semi-submersible vessel that is without nationality and that 
is navigating or has navigated into, through, or from waters beyond the 
outer limit of the territorial sea of a single country or a lateral 
limit of that country's territorial sea with an adjacent country, with 
the intent to evade detection, shall be fined under this title, 
imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both.
    ``(b) Evidence of Intent To Evade Detection.--For purposes of 
subsection (a), the presence of any of the indicia described in 
paragraph (1)(A), (E), (F), or (G), or in paragraph (4), (5), or (6), 
of section 70507(b) of title 46 may be considered, in the totality of 
the circumstances, to be prima facie evidence of intent to evade 
detection.
    ``(c) Extraterritorial Jurisdiction.--There is extraterritorial 
Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section, including an 
attempt or conspiracy to commit such an offense.
    ``(d) Claim of Nationality or Registry.--A claim of nationality or 
registry under this section includes only--
            ``(1) possession on board the vessel and production of 
        documents evidencing the vessel's nationality as provided in 
        article 5 of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas;
            ``(2) flying its nation's ensign or flag; or
            ``(3) a verbal claim of nationality or registry by the 
        master or individual in charge of the vessel.
    ``(e) Affirmative Defenses.--
            ``(1) In general.--It is an affirmative defense to a 
        prosecution for a violation of subsection (a), which the 
        defendant has the burden to prove by a preponderance of the 
        evidence, that the submersible vessel or semi-submersible 
        vessel involved was, at the time of the offense--
                    ``(A) a vessel of the United States or lawfully 
                registered in a foreign nation as claimed by the master 
                or individual in charge of the vessel when requested to 
                make a claim by an officer of the United States 
                authorized to enforce applicable provisions of United 
                States law;
                    ``(B) classed by and designed in accordance with 
                the rules of a classification society;
                    ``(C) lawfully operated in government-regulated or 
                licensed activity, including commerce, research, or 
                exploration; or
                    ``(D) equipped with and using an operable automatic 
                identification system, vessel monitoring system, or 
                long range identification and tracking system.
            ``(2) Production of documents.--The affirmative defenses 
        provided by this subsection are proved conclusively by the 
        production of--
                    ``(A) government documents evidencing the vessel's 
                nationality at the time of the offense, as provided in 
                article 5 of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas;
                    ``(B) a certificate of classification issued by the 
                vessel's classification society upon completion of 
                relevant classification surveys and valid at the time 
                of the offense; or
                    ``(C) government documents evidencing licensure, 
                regulation, or registration for commerce, research, or 
                exploration.
    ``(f) Federal Activities Excepted.--Nothing in this section applies 
to lawfully authorized activities carried out by or at the direction of 
the United States Government.
    ``(g) Applicability of Other Provisions.--Sections 70504 and 70505 
of title 46 apply to offenses under this section in the same manner as 
they apply to offenses under section 70503 of such title.
    ``(h) Definitions.--In this section, the terms `submersible 
vessel', `semi-submersible vessel', `vessel of the United States', and 
`vessel without nationality' have the meaning given those terms in 
section 70502 of title 46.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The chapter analysis for chapter 111 of 
title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item 
relating to section 2284 the following:

``2285. Operation of submersible vessel or semi-submersible vessel 
                            without nationality.''.

SEC. 103. SENTENCING GUIDELINES.

    (a) In General.--Pursuant to its authority under section 994(p) of 
title 28, United States Code, and in accordance with this section, the 
United States Sentencing Commission shall promulgate sentencing 
guidelines (including policy statements) or amend existing sentencing 
guidelines (including policy statements) to provide adequate penalties 
for persons convicted of knowingly operating by any means or embarking 
in any submersible vessel or semi-submersible vessel in violation of 
section 2285 of title 18, United States Code.
    (b) Requirements.--In carrying out this section, the United States 
Sentencing Commission shall--
            (1) ensure that the sentencing guidelines and policy 
        statements reflect the serious nature of the offense described 
        in section 2285 of title 18, United States Code, and the need 
        for deterrence to prevent such offenses;
            (2) account for any aggravating or mitigating circumstances 
        that might justify exceptions, including--
                    (A) the use of a submersible vessel or semi-
                submersible vessel described in section 2285 of title 
                18, United States Code, to facilitate other felonies;
                    (B) the repeated use of a submersible vessel or 
                semi-submersible vessel described in section 2285 of 
                title 18, United States Code, to facilitate other 
                felonies, including whether such use is part of an 
                ongoing criminal organization or enterprise;
                    (C) whether the use of such a vessel involves a 
                pattern of continued and flagrant violations of section 
                2285 of title 18, United States Code;
                    (D) whether the persons operating or embarking in a 
                submersible vessel or semi-submersible vessel willfully 
                caused, attempted to cause, or permitted the 
                destruction or damage of such vessel or failed to heave 
                to when directed by law enforcement officers; and
                    (E) circumstances for which the sentencing 
                guidelines (and policy statements) provide sentencing 
                enhancements;
            (3) ensure reasonable consistency with other relevant 
        directives, other sentencing guidelines and policy statements, 
        and statutory provisions;
            (4) make any necessary and conforming changes to the 
        sentencing guidelines and policy statements; and
            (5) ensure that the sentencing guidelines and policy 
        statements adequately meet the purposes of sentencing set forth 
        in section 3553(a)(2) of title 18, United States Code.

                      TITLE II--CIVIL PROHIBITION

SEC. 201. OPERATION OF SUBMERSIBLE VESSEL OR SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE VESSEL 
              WITHOUT NATIONALITY.

    (a) Finding and Declaration.--Section 70501 of title 46, United 
States Code, is amended--
            (1) by inserting ``(1)'' after ``that''; and
            (2) by striking ``States.'' and inserting ``States and (2) 
        operating or embarking in a submersible vessel or semi-
        submersible vessel without nationality and on an international 
        voyage is a serious international problem, facilitates 
        transnational crime, including drug trafficking, and terrorism, 
        and presents a specific threat to the safety of maritime 
        navigation and the security of the United States.''.

SEC. 202. OPERATION PROHIBITED.

    (a) In General.--Chapter 705 of title 46, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end thereof the following:
``Sec. 70508. Operation of submersible vessel or semi-submersible 
              vessel without nationality
    ``(a) In General.--An individual may not operate by any means or 
embark in any submersible vessel or semi-submersible vessel that is 
without nationality and that is navigating or has navigated into, 
through, or from waters beyond the outer limit of the territorial sea 
of a single country or a lateral limit of that country's territorial 
sea with an adjacent country, with the intent to evade detection
    ``(b) Evidence of Intent To Evade Detection.--In any civil 
enforcement proceeding for a violation of subsection (a), the presence 
of any of the indicia described in paragraph (1)(A), (E), (F), or (G), 
or in paragraph (4), (5), or (6), of section 70507(b) may be 
considered, in the totality of the circumstances, to be prima facie 
evidence of intent to evade detection.
    ``(c) Defenses.--
            ``(1) In general.--It is a defense in any civil enforcement 
        proceeding for a violation of subsection (a) that the 
        submersible vessel or semi-submersible vessel involved was, at 
        the time of the violation--
                    ``(A) a vessel of the United States or lawfully 
                registered in a foreign nation as claimed by the master 
                or individual in charge of the vessel when requested to 
                make a claim by an officer of the United States 
                authorized to enforce applicable provisions of United 
                States law;
                    ``(B) classed by and designed in accordance with 
                the rules of a classification society;
                    ``(C) lawfully operated in government-regulated or 
                licensed activity, including commerce, research, or 
                exploration; or
                    ``(D) equipped with and using an operable automatic 
                identification system, vessel monitoring system, or 
                long range identification and tracking system.
            ``(2) Production of documents.--The defenses provided by 
        this subsection are proved conclusively by the production of--
                    ``(A) government documents evidencing the vessel's 
                nationality at the time of the offense, as provided in 
                article 5 of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas;
                    ``(B) a certificate of classification issued by the 
                vessel's classification society upon completion of 
                relevant classification surveys and valid at the time 
                of the offense; or
                    ``(C) government documents evidencing licensure, 
                regulation, or registration for research or 
                exploration.
    ``(d) Civil Penalty.--A person violating this section shall be 
liable to the United States for a civil penalty of not more than 
$1,000,000.''
    (b) Conforming Amendments.--
            (1) The chapter analysis for chapter 705 of title 46, 
        United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item 
        relating to section 70507 the following:

``70508. Operation of submersible vessel or semi-submersible vessel 
                            without nationality.''.
            (2) Section 70504(b) of title 46, United States Code, is 
        amended by inserting ``or 70508'' after ``70503''.
            (3) Section 70505 of title 46, United States Code, is 
        amended by striking ``this title'' and inserting ``this title, 
        or against whom a civil enforcement proceeding is brought under 
        section 70508,''.

SEC. 203. SUBMERSIBLE VESSEL AND SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE VESSEL DEFINED.

    Section 70502 of title 46, United States Code, is amended by adding 
at the end thereof the following:
    ``(f) Semi-Submersible Vessel; Submersible Vessel.--In this 
chapter:
            ``(1) Semi-submersible vessel.--The term `semi-submersible 
        vessel' means any watercraft constructed or adapted to be 
        capable of operating with most of its hull and bulk under the 
        surface of the water, including both manned and unmanned 
        watercraft.
            ``(2) Submersible vessel.--The term `submersible vessel' 
        means a vessel that is capable of operating completely below 
        the surface of the water, including both manned and unmanned 
        watercraft.''.
[A]: Drug Trafficking Vessel Interdiction Act of 2008 - Amends the federal criminal code to impose a fine and/or prison term of up to 15 years for knowingly operating or attempting or conspiring to operate by any means, or for embarking in, any submersible or semi-submersible vessel that is without nationality and that is navigating or has navigated into, through, or from waters beyond the outer limit of the territorial sea of a single country or a lateral limit of that country's territorial sea with an adjacent country, with the intent to avoid detection. Imposes an additional civil fine of up to $1 million for violations.


[Q]: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Electronic Warfare Capabilities 
Enhancement Act of 2016''.

SEC. 2. FIELDING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM WARFARE SYSTEMS AND 
              ELECTRONIC WARFARE CAPABILITIES.

    Funds authorized to be appropriated for electromagnetic spectrum 
warfare systems and electronic warfare may be used for the development 
and fielding of electromagnetic spectrum warfare systems and electronic 
warfare capabilities.

SEC. 3. INCLUSION OF ELECTRONIC WARFARE PROGRAMS IN THE RAPID 
              ACQUISITION AUTHORITY PROGRAM.

    (a) In General.--Section 806(c)(1) of the Bob Stump National 
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003 (Public Law 107-314; 10 
U.S.C. 2302 note) is amended by adding at the end the following new 
subparagraph:
            ``(D)(i) In the case of any supplies and associated support 
        services that, as determined in writing by the Secretary of 
        Defense without delegation, are urgently needed to eliminate a 
        deficiency in electronic warfare that if left unfilled is 
        likely to result in critical mission failure, the loss of life, 
        property destruction, or economic effects, the Secretary may 
        use the procedures developed under this section in order to 
        accomplish the rapid acquisition and deployment of needed 
        offensive or defensive electronic warfare capabilities, 
        supplies, and associated support services.
            ``(ii) The Secretary of Defense shall ensure, to the extent 
        practicable, that for the purposes of electronic warfare 
        acquisition, the Department of Defense shall consider use of 
        the following procedures:
                    ``(I) The rapid acquisition authority provided 
                under this section.
                    ``(II) Use of other transactions authority provided 
                under section 2371 of title 10, United States Code.
                    ``(III) The acquisition of commercial items using 
                simplified acquisition procedures.
                    ``(IV) The authority for procurement for 
                experimental purposes provided under section 2373 of 
                title 10, United States Code.
            ``(iii) In this subparagraph, the term `electronic warfare' 
        means military action involving the use of electromagnetic and 
        directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to 
        attack the enemy, and includes electromagnetic spectrum 
        warfare, which encompasses military communications and sensing 
        operations that occur in the electromagnetic operational 
        domain.''.
    (b) Conforming Amendments.--Section 2373 of title 10, United States 
Code, is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a), by striking ``and aeronautical 
        supplies'' and inserting ``, aeronautical supplies, and 
        electronic warfare''; and
            (2) by adding at the end of the following new subsection:
    ``(c) Electronic Warfare Defined.--The term `electronic warfare' 
means military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed 
energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy, 
and includes electromagnetic spectrum warfare, which encompasses 
military communications and sensing operations that occur in the 
electromagnetic operational domain.''.

SEC. 4. AUTHORITY TO WAIVE THE JOINT REQUIREMENTS OVERSIGHT COUNCIL 
              (JROC) FOR CERTAIN ELECTRONIC WARFARE PROGRAMS.

    (a) Alternate Review.--The Secretary of Defense shall delegate to 
the Office of the Secretary of Defense's senior electronic warfare 
executive the authority to review and validate all Joint Capabilities 
Integration and Development System documents for electronic warfare 
acquisition programs notwithstanding section 181 of title 10, United 
States Code.
    (b) JROC Appeal.--The Joint Requirements Oversight Council may 
appeal to the Office of the Secretary of Defense to review any program 
through the normal Joint Capabilities Integration and Development 
System process.

SEC. 5. ELECTRONIC WARFARE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE REPORTS TO CONGRESS.

    (a) In General.--Not later than 270 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Electronic Warfare Executive Committee shall 
submit to the congressional defense committees a strategic plan with 
measurable and timely objectives to achieve its mission according to 
the following metrics:
            (1) Progress on intra-service ground and air 
        interoperabilities.
            (2) Progress in streamlining the requirements, acquisition, 
        and budget process to further a rapid electronic warfare 
        acquisition process.
            (3) The efficiency and effectiveness of the acquisition 
        process for priority electronic warfare items.
            (4) The training methods and requirements of the military 
        services for training in contested electronic warfare 
        environments.
            (5) Capability gaps with respect to near-peer adversaries 
        identified pursuant to a capability gap assessment.
            (6) A joint strategy on achieving near real-time system 
        adaption to rapidly advancing modern digital electronics.
            (7) Progress on increasing innovative electromagnetic 
        spectrum warfighting methods and operational concepts that 
        provide advantages within the electromagnetic spectrum 
        operational domain.
    (b) Congressional Defense Committees Defined.--In this section, the 
term ``congressional defense committees'' means--
            (1) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on 
        Appropriations of the Senate; and
            (2) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on 
        Appropriations of the House of Representatives.
[A]: Electronic Warfare Capabilities Enhancement Act of 2016 This bill permits the use of appropriations authorized for electromagnetic spectrum warfare systems and electronic warfare in order to develop and field electromagnetic spectrum warfare systems and electronic warfare capabilities.  The Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003 is amended to include electronic warfare programs in the rapid acquisition authority program. Electronic warfare is military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy, and includes electromagnetic spectrum warfare, which encompasses military communications and sensing operations that occur in the electromagnetic operational domain. The Department of Defense shall delegate to the senior electronic warfare executive the authority to review and validate all Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System documents for electronic warfare acquisition programs. The Electronic Warfare Executive Committee shall submit to the congressional defense committees a strategic plan with measurable and timely objectives to achieve its mission according to specified metrics.


[Q]: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Social Security Right To Know Act''.

SEC. 2. MATERIAL TO BE INCLUDED IN ANNUAL REPORT OF TRUSTEES.

    Section 201(c) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 401(c)) is 
amended--
            (1) by redesignating paragraphs (1) through (5) as 
        subparagraphs (A) through (E), respectively;
            (2) by striking ``under paragraph (2)'' and inserting 
        ``under subparagraph (B)'';
            (3) by inserting ``(1)'' after ``(c)'';
            (4) by redesignating the undesignated text following 
        subparagraph (E) (as redesignated by paragraph (1) of this 
        section) as paragraph (2);
            (5) by moving the last sentence of paragraph (2) (as 
        redesignated by paragraph (4) of this section) so that it 
        follows the fifth sentence of paragraph (1) (as redesignated by 
        paragraph (3) of this section);
            (6)(A) by moving the text of the fifth sentence of 
        paragraph (2) (as redesignated by paragraph (4) of this 
        section) beginning with ``shall be printed'' and ending with 
        ``report is made'' so that it follows ``above'' in the first 
        sentence of paragraph (2) (as redesignated by paragraph (4) of 
        this section);
            (B) by striking the remainder of the fifth sentence of 
        paragraph (2) (as redesignated by paragraph (4) of this 
        section); and
            (C) by inserting ``and'' after the text so moved;
            (7) in the fourth sentence of paragraph (2) (as 
        redesignated by paragraph (4) of this section), by striking 
        ``Such report shall also include an'' and inserting the 
        following:
            ``(C) An'';
            (8) in the third sentence of paragraph (2) (as redesignated 
        by paragraph (4) of this section), by striking ``Such report 
        shall include an'' and inserting the following:
            ``(B) An'';
            (9) in the first sentence of paragraph (2) (as redesignated 
        by paragraph (4) of this section)--
                    (A) by striking ``(2) above'' after ``paragraph'' 
                and inserting ``(1)(B)''; and
                    (B) by striking ``shall include a statement'' and 
                inserting ``shall include the following:
            ``(A) A statement'';
            (10) by inserting after subparagraph (C) (as redesignated 
        by paragraph (7) of this section) the following:
            ``(D) A statement, in terms of inflation-adjusted dollars, 
        present discounted value, and nominal dollars, of--
                    ``(i) the aggregate amount of the unfunded long-
                term projected liability of the social security system 
                and any change in that amount from the preceding year; 
                and
                    ``(ii) the amount of deficit or surplus that the 
                social security system will run in the last year of 
                such long-term projection period, with any aggregate 
                assets or liabilities held by the Trust Funds in that 
                final projected year.
            ``(E) The economic model and relevant data used to make the 
        financial projections required to be reported under this 
        paragraph, including any changes in the model and data from the 
        preceding year.
            ``(F) A conspicuous summary of the items required by 
        clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (D), in terms of 
        inflation-adjusted dollars.
            ``(G) An explanation that states in substance that the 
        Trust Funds balances reflect resources authorized by Congress 
        to pay future social security benefits, but do not consist of 
        real economic assets that can be used in the future to fund 
        benefits, and that such balances are claims against the United 
        States Treasury that, when redeemed, must be financed through 
        increased taxes, public borrowing, benefit reduction, or 
elimination of other Federal expenditures.''.

SEC. 3. MATERIAL TO BE INCLUDED IN SOCIAL SECURITY ACCOUNT STATEMENT.

    Section 1143(a) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1320b-13(a)) 
is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (2)(C) by striking ``and'';
            (2) in paragraph (2)(D) by striking the period and 
        inserting ``; and'';
            (3) in paragraph (2), by adding at the end the following 
        new subparagraph:
            ``(E)(i) as determined by the Chief Actuary of the Social 
        Security Administration--
                    ``(I) a comparison of the annual social security 
                tax inflows (including amounts appropriated under 
                subsections (a) and (b) of section 201 of this Act and 
                section 121(e) of the Social Security Amendments of 
                1983 (26 U.S.C. 401 note)) to the amount paid in 
                benefits annually; and
                    ``(II) a statement whether the ratio described in 
                subclause (I) will result in a cash flow deficit and 
                what year any such deficit will commence, as well as 
                the first year in which funds in the Federal Old-Age 
                and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal 
                Disability Insurance Trust Fund will cease to be 
                sufficient to cover any such deficit and the percentage 
                of benefits due at that time that could be paid from 
                the annual social security tax inflows (as that term is 
                used in subclause (I));
            ``(ii) the explanation required by section 201(c)(2)(G); 
        and
            ``(iii) an explanation, in simple and easily understood 
        terms, of the average rate of return that a taxpayer can expect 
        to receive on old-age insurance benefits as compared to the 
        total amount of social security taxes a taxpayer expects to 
        pay, including the inflation-adjusted average rate of return 
        for workers born in every year beginning with 1900, set out in 
        chart or graph form, with an explanatory caption or legend, as 
        determined by the Chief Actuary of the Social Security 
        Administration.''.

SEC. 4. USE OF CONTINUOUS WORK HISTORY SAMPLE FOR STATISTICAL RESEARCH.

    (a) Data To Be Made Available.--Notwithstanding any other provision 
of law, the Social Security Administration shall make available to the 
public the Continuous Work History Sample (referred to in this section 
as the ``CWHS'') data administered by such Administration subject to 
the restrictions provided for in subsections (b) and (c).
    (b) Limitations on Release of Data.--The Office of Research and 
Statistics of the Social Security Administration shall make statistical 
samples of individual records from the CWHS available to a user if the 
user--
            (1) agrees to make use of the data from the CWHS solely for 
        the purpose of conducting statistical research activities;
            (2) agrees in writing to such conditions as may be 
        reasonably determined by the Commissioner of the Social 
        Security Administration to be necessary to ensure that data 
        from the CWHS is not made available in individually 
        identifiable form; and
            (3) fully reimburses the Office of Research and Statistics 
        for the cost of supplying the data.
    (c) No Personally Identifiable Information.--To protect privacy, 
the Office of Research and Statistics of the Social Security 
Administration shall remove all identifiers which can link CWHS records 
to the identity of an individual respondent prior to the release of the 
data.
    (d) Definitions.--In this section--
            (1) the term ``Continuous Work History Sample'' means the 
        statistical sample of individual administrative records held by 
        the Social Security Administration; and
            (2) the term ``user'' means any individual or legal entity, 
        including an employee of the Federal Government, who receives 
        access to the Continuous Work History Sample.
[A]:
Social Security Right To Know Act - Amends title II (Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance) (OASDI) of the Social Security Act to require a certain annual report by the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors and Disability Insurance Trust Funds on the operation and status of such Funds to include information on: (1) the unfunded long-term projected liability of the Social Security system and any change in such amount from the preceding year as well as the deficit or surplus that the system will run in the last year of the long-term projection period, with any aggregate assets or liabilities held by the Trust Funds in that final projected year; and (2) the economic model and relevant data used to make such projections.Requires Social Security account statements to contain: (1) a comparison of the annual Social Security tax inflows to the amount paid annually in benefits; and (2) a statement of whether the ratio will result in a cash flow deficit, what year such deficit will commence as well as the first year in which funds in the Trust Funds will cease to be sufficient to cover the deficit, and the percentage of benefits due at that time that could be paid from annual tax inflows. Requires account statements also to explain the average rate of return that a taxpayer can expect to receive on old- age insurance benefits as compared to the total amount of Social Security taxes a taxpayer expects to pay.Makes Social Security Administration Continuous Work History Sample data publicly available for statistical research purposes subject to certain limitations.