We would like you to assess the QUALITY of each of the following argument (discussing Gay Marriage) and determine if the argument is Valid or Invalid. A valid argument is clearly interpretable and either expresses an argument, or a premise or a conclusion that can be used in an argument for the topic of gay marriage. An invalid argument is a phrase that cannot be interpreted as an argument or not on the topic of gay marriage.

[EX Q]: But I can think of no reason for creating a separate category of civil unions for same-sex couples other than animus against gay people and a desire to treat gay people as less-than-equal citizens.
[EX A]: Valid

[EX Q]: An even thornier question is whether Bingham and his fellow Republicans aimed through the 14th amendment privileges or immunities clause to protect rights not enumerated in the Bill of Rights.
[EX A]: Invalid

[EX Q]: Quite frankly, one absolute certainty in science regarding homosexuality is that being gay IS NOT a "choice".
[EX A]:
Valid