TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a set of context paragraph and some supporting facts to answer a question. Your task is to generate answer for given question based on set of context paragraphs and supporting facts.
PROBLEM: Context_1 : The Longdu dialect is the most widespread dialect of the Zhongshan Min (Chungsan Min) language division within Southern Min Chinese. Native Speakers originated from towns of Dachong (Taichung) and Shaxi, Guangdong (Saakai) (formerly known as Longdu area) in Zhongshan (Chungsan) in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong. Despite its close proximity, Longdu is not very closely related to the surrounding dialects in the region, which belong to the Yue group. As such, Longdu forms a "dialect island" of Min speakers (two other Min enclaves exist in Zhongshan, Sanxiang and Nanlang). Its native speakers generally understand Cantonese, but not vice versa. Context_2 : The Skopje-Veles dialect (Macedonian: Скопско-велешки дијалект , "Skopsko-veleški dijalekt") is a member of the central subgroup of the Western group of dialects of the Macedonian language. The dialect is spoken by a larger group of people in the cities Skopje and Veles and in the surrounding villages: Volkovo, Katlanovo, Petrovec and Čaška among others. This dialect is of historical importance of the Macedonian language as is considered by many to be a prestige dialect. On August 2, 1945, the Skopje-Veles dialect, together with the other dialects of the central group was officially regulated as a basis of the standard Macedonian language. Many Macedonian writers and linguists were writing on this dialect and considered it to be the standard Macedonian language. One of them was Krste Petkov Misirkov and in his book "For Macedonian affairs" wrote that this dialect should be the standard Macedonian language. He has been writing on Skopje-Veles dialect and on Prilep-Bitola dialect Context_3 : Changting dialect () is a dialect of Tingzhou Hakka mainly spoken in Changting County of northwest Fujian. It is generally regarded as the representative dialect of the Hakka spoken in western Fujian province. Context_4 : Siyi (Seiyap or Sze Yup in Cantonese; ) is a coastal branch of Yue Chinese spoken mainly in Guangdong province, but is also used in overseas Chinese communities. Within the province, it is mainly spoken in the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen, but pockets exist outside of Jiangmen, including the Doumen and Jinwan districts in Zhuhai, Guzhen in Zhongshan and Jun'an in Foshan. Taishanese, which was one of the most important Chinese dialects in Chinese American communities, is considered a representative dialect. Context_5 : The Tingzhou dialect () is a group of Hakka dialects spoken in Longyan and Sanming (historically Tingzhou), southwestern Fujian, China. Tingzhou includes the Hakka dialects spoken in the counties originally under the jurisdiction of Tingzhou: Changting (Tingzhou), Ninghua, Qingliu, Liancheng, Wuping, Shanghang, Yongding and Mingxi. The Changting dialect is generally regarded as the representative dialect of this branch of Hakka. Context_6 : Taishanese, or in the Cantonese romanization Toishanese (; Taishanese: ] ), is a dialect of Yue Chinese. The dialect is related to and is often referred to as Cantonese but has little mutual intelligibility with the latter. Taishanese is spoken in the southern part of Guangdong Province in China, particularly around the city-level county of Taishan located on the western fringe of the Pearl River Delta. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a significant amount of Chinese emigration to North America originated from this four-counties area called Sze Yup, making Toishanese a dominant variety of the Chinese language spoken in Chinatowns in Canada and the United States. It was formerly the lingua franca of the overseas Chinese residing in the United States. Context_7 : The Upper Polog dialect (Macedonian: горнополошки дијалект, "gornopološki dijalekt" ) is a member of the western and north western subgroup of the western group of dialects of the Macedonian language. The dialect is mainly spoken in the area around the city of Gostivar to the villages Brvenica and Bogovinje on north, Reka region on west, Porčie on east and Galičnik on south. The dialect is closely related with the neighbouring dialects, particularly with the Kičevo-Poreče dialect, Reka dialect and Galičnik dialect. Also in some extent, the dialect shares some similarities with the Lower Polog dialect. The dialect is very well known for using masculine forms of direct and indirect objects, for male and female. Context_8 : The Galičnik dialect (Macedonian: Галички дијалект , "Galički dijalekt") or Mala Reka dialect (Macedonian: Малорекански дијалект , "Malorekanski dijalekt") is a member of the subgroup of western and north western dialects of the western group of dialects of the Macedonian language. The dialect is spoken on small territory on the mountain Bistra in western part of the Republic of Macedonia. The name of the dialect is derived by the biggest village in that area- Galičnik. Also the dialect is spoken in many other small villages including the village Gari. The Galičnik dialect is closely related with the Reka dialect which is spoken north-western of Galičnik dialect. This dialect is well known in Republic of Macedonia because of the archaic words that this dialect has. The dialect can be found in many historically important literary works for the Macedonian literature. One of the most important is Ǵorǵija Puleski and his dictionary of three languages. Context_9 : The Southwestern Bulgarian dialects are a group of Bulgarian dialects which are located west of the yat boundary and are part of the Western Bulgarian dialects. The range of the Southwestern dialects on the territory of Bulgaria includes most of west central and southwestern Bulgaria. The Southwestern dialects border on the Northwestern dialects to the north, the Transitional dialects to the northwest and the Balkan dialects and the Rup dialects to the northeast and southeast, respectively. If the Macedonian language is regarded as a third literary form of Modern Bulgarian, then the Southwestern dialects extend west and southwest to include the Slavic dialects in Vardar Macedonia and the western half of Greek Macedonia. Should the Macedonian language be counted as a separate language, then the southernmost dialect of the group, the Blagoevgrad-Petrich or Pirin dialect, along with the corresponding variety on the Macedonian side of the border, the Maleshevo dialect, constitute a transitional dialect between Bulgarian and Macedonian. A defining characteristic of the Southwestern dialects is the gradual transition from one dialect to another, as well as to dialects which belong to other dialectal groups. For example, the Dupnitsa dialect is transitional to both the Samokov dialect and the Blagoevgrad-Petrich dialect, the Botevgrad dialect is transitional to the Eastern Bulgarian Balkan dialects, and especially to the Pirdop dialect, etc. etc. Context_10 : The Kumanovo dialect (Macedonian: Кумановски дијалект , "Kumanovski dijalekt") is a member of the eastern subgroup of the Northern group of dialects of the Macedonian language. It belongs to the so-called Prizren-Timok dialects, also known as Torlakian. The dialect is typical for the northern dialect of the Macedonian language and is very well known because of the use of some cases, such as the locative case. The Kumanovo dialect is spoken mainly in the city of Kumanovo and the surrounding villages. The dialect is closely related with the neighboring Kriva Palanka dialect. The Kumanovo dialect can be found in the literal works, such as the famous play Lenče Kumanovče written by Vasil Iljoski in 1928. The Kumanovo dialect is especially popular sources of humor in the spoken media, whereas the print media tend to favor West dialect forms forhumorous anecdotes, quotations in local news stories. The most significant example where Kumanovo dialect is used in humorous way is the festival "Tumba Fest". fact_1 :  Taishanese, which was one of the most important Chinese dialects in Chinese American communities, is considered a representative dialect. fact_2 :  The dialect is related to and is often referred to as Cantonese but has little mutual intelligibility with the latter. Question: Siyi Yue has a representative dialect that is related to what larger language?

SOLUTION: Cantonese

PROBLEM: Context_1 : The Incoterms rules or International Commercial Terms are a series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) relating to international commercial law. They are widely used in International commercial transactions or procurement processes as the use in international sales is encouraged by trade councils, courts and international lawyers. A series of three-letter trade terms related to common contractual sales practices, the Incoterms rules are intended primarily to clearly communicate the tasks, costs, and risks associated with the transportation and delivery of goods. Incoterms inform sales contract defining respective obligations, costs, and risks involved in the delivery of goods from the seller to the buyer. However, it does not constitute contract or govern law. Also it does not define where titles transfer and does not address the price payable, currency or credit items. Context_2 : In business or commerce, an order is a stated intention, either spoken or written, to engage in a commercial transaction for specific products or services. From a buyer's point of view it expresses the intention to buy and is called a purchase order. From a seller's point of view it expresses the intention to sell and is referred to as a sales order. When the purchase order of the buyer and the sales order of the seller agree, the orders become a contract between the buyer and seller. Context_3 : A land contract — often described by other terminology listed below — is a contract between the buyer and seller of real property in which the seller provides the buyer financing in the purchase, and the buyer repays the resulting loan in installments. Under a land contract, the seller retains the legal title to the property, while permitting the buyer to take possession of it for most purposes other than legal ownership. The sale price is typically paid in periodic installments, often with a balloon payment at the end to make the timelength of payments shorter than in the corresponding fully amortized loan (i.e., a loan without a final balloon payment). When the full purchase price has been paid including any interest, the seller is obligated to convey (to the buyer) legal title to the property. An initial down payment from the buyer to the seller is usually also required. Context_4 : The point of total assumption (PTA) is a point on the cost line of the profit-cost curve determined by the contract elements associated with a fixed price plus incentive-Firm Target (FPI) contract above which the seller effectively bears all the costs of a cost overrun. The seller bears all of the cost risk at PTA and beyond, due to a dollar for dollar decrease in profit beyond the costs at the PTA. In addition, once the costs on an FPI contract reach PTA, the maximum amount the buyer will pay is the ceiling price. Note, however, that between the cost at PTA and when the cost equals the ceiling price, the seller is still in a profitable position; only after costs exceed the ceiling price is the seller in a loss position. Context_5 : In commodities transactions, formula pricing is an arrangement where a buyer and seller agree in advance on the price to be paid for a product delivered in the future, based upon a pre-determined calculation. For example, a packer might agree to pay a hog producer the average cash market price on the day the hogs will be delivered, plus a 2-cent per-pound premium. Context_6 : Lost volume seller is a legal term in the law of contracts. Such a seller is a special case in contract law. Ordinarily, a seller whose buyer breaches a contract and refuses to purchase the goods can recover from the breaching buyer only the difference between the contract price and the price for which the seller ultimately sells the goods to another buyer (plus, under some circumstances, incidental damages). Context_7 : A call option, often simply labeled a "call", is a financial contract between two parties, the buyer and the seller of this type of option. The buyer of the call option has the "right, but not the obligation", to buy an agreed quantity of a particular commodity or financial instrument (the underlying) from the seller of the option at a certain time (the expiration date) for a certain price (the strike price). The seller (or "writer") is obligated to sell the commodity or financial instrument to the buyer if the buyer so decides. The buyer pays a fee (called a premium) for this right. The term "call" comes from the fact that the owner has the right to "call the stock away" from the seller. Context_8 : Murabaḥah, murabaḥa or murâbaḥah (Arabic: مرابحة‎ ‎ , derived from "ribh" Arabic: ربح‎ ‎ , meaning profit) is a term of "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence) for a sales contract where the buyer and seller agree on the markup (profit) or "cost-plus" price for the item(s) being sold. In recent decades it has become a term for a very common form of Islamic (i.e. "shariah compliant") financing, where the price is marked-up in exchange for allowing the buyer to defer payment (a contract with deferred payment being known as "bai-muajjal"). "Murabaha" financing is similar to a rent-to-own arrangement in the non-Muslim world, with the intermediary (i.e. the lending bank) retaining ownership of the item being sold until the loan is paid in full. There are also Islamic investment funds and sukuk (Islamic bonds) that use "murabahah" contracts. Context_9 : Markup is the ratio between the cost of a good or service and its selling price. It is expressed as a percentage over the cost. A markup is added onto the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to cover the costs of doing business and create a profit. The total cost reflects the total amount of both fixed and variable expenses to produce and distribute a product. Markup can be expressed as a fixed amount or as a percentage of the total cost or selling price. Retail markup is commonly calculated as the difference between wholesale price and retail price, as a percentage of wholesale. Other methods are also used. Context_10 : As is is a legal term used to disclaim some implied warranties for an item being sold. Certain types of implied warranties must be specifically disclaimed, such as the implied warranty of title. "As is" denotes that the seller is selling, and the buyer is buying an item in whatever condition it presently exists, and that the buyer is accepting the item "with all faults", whether or not immediately apparent. This is the classic "buyer beware" situation, where the careful buyer should take the time to examine the item before accepting it, or obtain expert advice. fact_1 : Murabaḥah, murabaḥa or murâbaḥah (Arabic: مرابحة‎ ‎ , derived from "ribh" Arabic: ربح‎ ‎ , meaning profit) is a term of "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence) for a sales contract where the buyer and seller agree on the markup (profit) or "cost-plus" price for the item(s) being sold. fact_2 : Markup is the ratio between the cost of a good or service and its selling price. fact_3 :  A markup is added onto the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to cover the costs of doing business and create a profit. Question: Murabaḥah is a term for a sales contract where the buyer and seller agree on the markup (profit) or "cost-plus" price for the item(s) being sold, which covers the cost of what?

SOLUTION: doing business

PROBLEM: Context_1 : NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program, which has existed since 1955, produced under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Every year on Christmas Eve, "NORAD Tracks Santa" purports to track Santa Claus as he leaves the North Pole and delivers presents to children around the world. Context_2 : Founded in 1958, the Santa Cruz Symphony is led by Daniel Stewart, Music Director since 2013. The symphony performs at the Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium and the Mello Center for the Performing Arts in Watsonville, California. Each year they perform five classical concerts performed in Santa Cruz and Watsonville, a pops concert that benefits the music education programs, and a reduced admission family concert. The Symphony's free youth concert program introduces 4th and 5th graders to symphonic music via musician and docent school visits and a free concert. Context_3 : AdMob is a mobile advertising company founded by Omar Hamoui. The name AdMob is a portmanteau for "advertising on mobile". It was incorporated on April 10, 2006 while Hamoui was in business school at Wharton. The company is based in Mountain View, California. In November 2009 it was acquired by Google for $750 million. The acquisition was completed on May 27, 2010. Apple Inc. had also expressed interest in purchasing the company the same year, but they were out-bid by Google. Prior to being acquired by Google, AdMob acquired the company AdWhirl, formerly Adrollo, which is a platform for developing advertisements in iPhone applications. AdMob offers advertising solutions for many mobile platforms, including Android, iOS, webOS, Flash Lite, Windows Phone and all standard mobile web browsers. Context_4 : The University of Santa Cruz do Sul (Portuguese: "Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul", UNISC) is a Brazilian non-profit (communitary) private university located in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with four other campuses in Capão da Canoa, Sobradinho, Venâncio Aires, and Montenegro. The institution had its first college founded in 1964, but it was only in 1993 that it became a university. The University also has a preservation area, named "RPPN da Unisc", which has an area of 221,39 hectares and had its creation in the year of 2009, through Ordinance nº 16, of March 18, 2009. Context_5 : Deadly Rival Roller Derby (DRRD) is Florida's only Banked Track Roller Derby league, the only Banked Track league in Southeastern America and the 8th operating in the country as of 2016. When the league was first organized, Deadly Rival was the original roller derby league of Pinellas County and throughout their history maintained the largest women’s roller derby league in the county. Founded in 2011 as Pinellas County Roller Girls, the league played four exhibition bouts the first year: the Roll-A-Hula Luau, the School Girl Massacre, the Rocky Roller Derby Show, and the Roller Derby Christmas Story. The league also played their first travel bout, the Breast Cancer Awareness Skate-Off, against the Lakeland Derby Dames’ team, the Rockabilly Rebels. Context_6 : Club Baloncesto Isla Única de Tenerife is a Spanish women's basketball club from Santa Cruz de Tenerife currently playing. Founded as CB Isla de Tenerife, in 2012 it merged with local rival Uni Tenerife taking its current name. Formerly better known as Symel Tenerife for sponsorship reasons, Isla de Tenerife played in the LFB until 2003, and it made several appearances in the Ronchetti Cup, reaching the quarter-finals in 1995. Context_7 : Hardy Diagnostics is an American company that manufactures and sells bacteriological culture media, reagents, automated microscope slide staining machines, and rapid identification kits for microbiological testing in clinical, research, and industrial laboratories. The company's culture media is useful in the detection of bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, Listeria, E. coli, Tuberculosis, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Legionella, and others. Founded by Jay Hardy in 1980 and headquartered in Santa Maria, California, Hardy Diagnostics is the third-largest manufacturer of culture media in the United States, manufacturing more than 2,700 different media products. Hardy Diagnostics was recognized by Inc. Magazine as one of the 5000 fastest-growing private companies in the United States in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. In August 2011 Hardy Diagnostics was chosen as "Business of the Year" by the Santa Maria Valley Chamber of Commerce. The company has three manufacturing facilities, headquartered in Santa Maria, California. A second media manufacturing facility is located in Springboro, Ohio. In January 2016 the company acquired a Wichita Falls, Texas manufacturer of automatic microscope slide stainers and dubbed the new division QuickSlide. Context_8 : Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Most of the year, Google Santa Tracker gets an average of 30,000–45,000 views, but around the holiday season starting early October, it increases to around 150,000, which is fewer than Google's rival santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa. Context_9 : Reflektion is a software company founded by former Google engineer Amar Chokhawala in 2012. Employing machine learning, the company has developed a next-generation personalization platform that raises conversion and revenue by 20%+ (on average) for leading digital retailers. The solution, referred to as Individualized Commerce, captures shopper preferences and behavior, and quickly responds to site visitors with the most individually relevant merchandise and site-search results. Chokhawala founded the company after an 11-year stint at Google, where he developed similar user modeling and semantic learning techniques for the Adsense, Gmail and Google Books platforms. Context_10 : Futebol Clube Santa Cruz is a Brazilian football club from Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, founded on March 26, 1913. Its rival is Esporte Clube Avenida. fact_1 :  Most of the year, Google Santa Tracker gets an average of 30,000–45,000 views, but around the holiday season starting early October, it increases to around 150,000, which is fewer than Google's rival santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa. fact_2 : NORAD Tracks Santa is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program, which has existed since 1955, produced under the auspices of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Question: In what year was Google’s Santa Tracker rival founded?

SOLUTION:
1955