TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a context, a subject, a relation, and many options. Based on the context, from the options select the object entity that has the given relation with the subject. Answer with text (not indexes).
PROBLEM: Context: A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralised government that has sovereignty over a geographic area. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined territory, one government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. It is also normally understood that a sovereign state is neither dependent on nor subjected to any other power or state., The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, and the Yellow Sea (West Sea) to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water., The Korea Strait is a sea passage between Japan and South Korea, connecting the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The strait is split by the Tsushima Island into the western channel and the Tsushima Strait (eastern channel)., East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it includes China, Hong Kong, and Macao; Mongolia and Taiwan; North and South Korea; and Japan; it covers about , or about 28% of the Asian continent, about twice the area of Europe., Koreans (alternatively , see names of Korea) are an ethnic group native to the whole Korean Peninsula and southeastern Manchuria. Koreans mainly live in the two Korean nation states, South Korea and North Korea (collectively referred to simply as Korea), but are also an officially recognized minority in China, Japan, Russia, Uzbekistan and a number of other former Soviet Union states. Over the course of the 20th century, significant Korean communities have emerged in Australia, United States, Canada and, to a lesser extent, other nations with primarily immigrant background. As of 2013, there were an estimated 7.4 million ethnic Korean expatriates around the world., An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities, such as common ancestral, language, social, cultural or national experiences. Unlike other social groups (wealth, age, hobbies), ethnicity is often an inherited status based on the society in which one lives. In some cases, it can be adopted if a person moves into another society. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art, and physical appearance., China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia. With a population of over 1.381 billion, it is the world's most populous country. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China, and its capital is Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The country's major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower., There are various names of Korea in use today, derived from ancient kingdoms and dynasties. The modern English name Korea is an exonym derived from the Goryeo period and is used by both North Korea and South Korea in international contexts. In the Korean language, the two Koreas use different terms to refer to the nominally unified nation: Chosn in North Korea, and Hanguk in South Korea., Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara., Manchuria is a modern name, first created by Japanese, given to a large geographic region in Northeast Asia. Depending on the context, Manchuria can either refer to a region that falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or a larger region divided between China and Russia. The region that falls entirely within modern China is now usually referred to as Northeast China in China, although "Manchuria" is widely used outside of China to denote the geographical and historical region. This region is the traditional homeland of the Xianbei, Khitan, and Jurchen (later called Manchu) peoples, who built several states historically, although no term for "Manchuria" exists in the Manchu language, which originally referred to the area as the "Three Eastern Provinces"., Hermit kingdom is a term applied to any country , organization or society which willfully walls itself off , either metaphorically or physically , from the rest of the world . The Joseon dynasty of Korea was frequently described as a hermit kingdom during the latter part of the dynasty . The term is still commonplace throughout Korea and is often used by Koreans themselves to describe pre-modern Korea . Today , the term is often applied to North Korea in news media , and in 2009 was used by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . Other countries , like Bhutan and the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen , have also been described as hermit kingdoms due to their government 's reluctance to engage in dialogue with the outside world . The early African civilization of Axum , now known as Ethiopia , was identified by the Europeans as the `` hermit kingdom '' . The first documented use of `` hermit kingdom '' to refer to Korea is in the title of William Elliot Griffis ' 1882 book Corea : The Hermit Nation , well before the division of Korea ., The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR " ) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party federation, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital., South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula., North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK ), is a country in East Asia, in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Pyongyang is both the nation's capital as well as its largest city. To the north and northwest the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok (known as the Yalu in China) and Tumen rivers. The country is bordered to the south by South Korea, with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating the two., A nation state is a type of state that joins the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation, from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially its status as a sovereign state.
A state is specifically a political and geopolitical entity, whilst a nation is a cultural and ethnic one. The term "nation state" implies that the two coincide, in that a state has chosen to adopt and endorse a specific cultural group as associated with it., Korea is a historical state in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea") and South Korea (officially the "Republic of Korea"). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the East Sea., Japan ("Nippon" or "Nihon" ; formally "" or "Nihon-koku", means "State of Japan") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest. , Subject: hermit kingdom, Relation: subclass_of, Options: (A) age (B) area (C) background (D) capital (E) category (F) channel (G) city (H) coast (I) country (J) course (K) cultural heritage (L) english (M) ethnic group (N) federation (O) geographic region (P) government (Q) island (R) japanese (S) korean (T) language (U) mythology (V) name (W) nation (X) party (Y) people (Z) person ([) population (\) republic (]) russian (^) saint (_) society (`) sovereign state (a) state (b) status (c) strait (d) stretching (e) subregion (f) term (g) territory (h) water (i) western (j) yellow

SOLUTION: sovereign state

PROBLEM: Context: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine. It is one of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, in his will. Nobel was personally interested in experimental physiology and wanted to establish a prize for progress through scientific discoveries in laboratories. The Nobel Prize is presented to the recipient(s) at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death, along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The front side of the medal provides the same profile of Alfred Nobel as depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; its reverse side is unique to this medal., Disgrace is a novel by J. M. Coetzee , published in 1999 . It won the Booker Prize . The writer was also awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature four years after its publication ., The Nobel Prize (; Swedish definite form, singular: "Nobelpriset") is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, and/or scientific advances., John Maxwell "J. M." Coetzee ( born 9 February 1940) is a South African novelist, essayist, linguist, translator and recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He relocated to Australia in 2002 and lives in Adelaide. He became an Australian citizen in 2006., The Swedish Academy, founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. It is known for making the annual decision on who will be the laureate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in memory of the donor Alfred Nobel., Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21 October 1833  10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist., The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands, "for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.", Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: "den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning"). Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here "work" refers to an author's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine., The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine., The Man Booker Prize for Fiction (formerly known as the Booker-McConnell Prize and commonly known simply as the Booker Prize) is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original novel, written in the English language and published in the UK. The winner of the Man Booker Prize is generally assured of international renown and success; therefore, the prize is of great significance for the book trade. From its inception, only Commonwealth, Irish, and South African (later Zimbabwean) citizens were eligible to receive the prize; in 2014, however, this eligibility was widened to any English-language novel., Subject: disgrace, Relation: award_received, Options: (A) award (B) chemist (C) man booker prize (D) nobel prize (E) nobel prize in chemistry (F) nobel prize in literature (G) nobel prize in physics (H) nobel prize in physiology or medicine

SOLUTION: man booker prize

PROBLEM: Context: Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people., The Morea (or , , ) was the name of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The name was used for the Byzantine province known as the Despotate of the Morea, by the Ottoman Empire for the Morea Eyalet, and by the Republic of Venice for the short-lived Kingdom of the Morea., Thomas Palaiologos or Palaeologus (1409  12 May 1465) was Despot in Morea from 1428 until the Ottoman conquest in 1460. After the desertion of his older brother to the Turks in 1460, Thomas Palaiologos became the legitimate claimant to the Byzantine throne, a claim he maintained during his exile in Italy., ura Brankovi (; 1377  24 December 1456) was the Serbian Despot from 1427 to 1456 and a baron of the Kingdom of Hungary. He collected a large library of Serbian, Slavonic, Latin, and Greek manuscripts and made his capital Smederevo, a centre of Serbian culture. He was the first of the Brankovi dynasty to hold the Serbian monarchy., De jure (adjective, adverb) (; Classical Latin: de iure ; (lit. 'concerning law') means 'a state of affairs that is in accordance with law', i.e. that is officially designated. In contrast, "de facto" (lit. 'concerning fact'), means 'a state of affairs that is true in fact, but that is not officially designated'. In law, and in government, the terms "de jure" and "de facto" are used instead of 'in law' and 'in practice', respectively. In a legal context, "de jure" (laws) are contrasted to "de facto" practices, where, for example, the people obey a contract as though there were a law enforcing it, yet there is no such law. A process known as 'desuetude' may allow "de facto" practices to replace "de jure" laws that have fallen out of favour locally., Classical Latin is the modern term used to describe the form of the Latin language recognized as standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. In some later periods, it was regarded as "good" Latin, with later versions being viewed as debased or corrupt. The word "Latin" is now taken by default as meaning "Classical Latin", so that, for example, modern Latin textbooks describe classical Latin. Marcus Tullius Cicero and his contemporaries of the late republic, while using "lingua Latina" and "sermo Latinus" to mean the Latin language as opposed to the Greek or other languages, and "sermo vulgaris" or "sermo vulgi" to refer to the vernacular, regarded the speech they valued most and in which they wrote as "Latinitas", "Latinity", with the implication of good. Sometimes it is called "sermo familiaris", "speech of the good families", "sermo urbanus", "speech of the city" or rarely "sermo nobilis", "noble speech", but mainly besides "Latinitas" it was "Latine" (adverb), "in good Latin", or "Latinius" (comparative degree of adjective), "good Latin"., The Palaiologos dynasty ( Palaiologoi ), also romanized as Palaeologus or Palaeologue, was the name of a Byzantine Greek family, which rose to nobility and ultimately produced the last ruling dynasty of the Byzantine Empire., Lazar Brankovi (c. 1421  20 January 1458) was a Serbian despot, prince of Rascia from 1456 to 1458. He was the third son of ura Brankovi and his wife Eirene Kantakouzene. He was succeeded by his elder brother, despot Stefan III Brankovi., Manuel Palaiologos ( or Palaeologus ) ( 1455 -- 1512 ) was the youngest child of Thomas Palaiologos and Catherine Zaccaria . He was brother of the de jure Byzantine Emperor Andrew Palaiologos , Zoe Palaiologina , Grand Duchess of Moscovy , and Helena Palaiologina , wife of Despot Lazar Brankovi of Serbia . Born after the Fall of Constantinople ( May 29 , 1453 ) , Manuel spent his first few years living in the Morea ( modern Peloponnese ) till fleeing with his family in 1460 to Corfu . His father Thomas then left the rest of the family to go to Rome , where he made a ceremonial entrance as Byzantine Emperor 7 March 1461 . Manuel 's mother died in August 1462 , but he and his older brother Andrew did not rejoin his father until a few days before the man died in 1465 . , For the next few years he and his brother were brought up under the watchful eye of Cardinal Bessarion . Pope Pius II granted him a pension of 50 ducats a month , but this came to an end with the prelate 's death in 1465 ; his successor Pope Sixtus IV proved to be not as generous . After several years of life as an exile , Manuel surprised the Roman establishment by returning to Constantinople and throwing himself on the mercy of the Sultan Mehmed II. In exchange for his rights to the Imperial throne , the Sultan granted him an estate and a comfortable pension . He married a woman , whose name has not been recorded , and by whom he had two sons : John ( Ioannes ) , who died at an early age ; and Andrew ( Andreas ) , who converted to Islam . Although Runciman identifies Andrew with a court official named Mehmet Pasha , subsequent research has shown they are two different men . Manuel died in 1512 ., Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as "lo Stivale" (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state., Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. Relative to its small territory, it is a diverse country distinguished by a "transitional" character, situated along cultural, geographic, climatic and other boundaries. Serbia is landlocked and borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the southwest; it also claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents, and its capital, Belgrade, ranks among the largest cities in Southeast Europe., Subject: manuel palaiologos, Relation: place_of_death, Options: (A) albania (B) austria (C) baron (D) bulgaria (E) byzantine empire (F) central (G) france (H) greece (I) hungary (J) italy (K) kosovo (L) latina (M) macedonia (N) montenegro (O) normal (P) ottoman empire (Q) peloponnese (R) republic of serbia (S) roman (T) roman empire (U) sea (V) serbia (W) switzerland

SOLUTION:
ottoman empire