Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: In this study, we examined chondrogenic regulation of 2 types of mesenchymal stem cells seeded on the bioengineered substrate in monolayer cultures under mechanically defined conditions to mimic the in vivo microenvironment of chondrocytes within articular cartilage tissues.', 'Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BSCs) were exposed to 0.2 Pa shear stress, 3 MPa cyclic hydrostatic pressure, and combined loading with different sequences on chemically designed medical-grade silicone rubber, while no soluble growth factors were added to the culture medium. The expression levels of chondrogenic-specific genes of SOX9, aggrecan, and type II collagen (Col II) were measured. Results were compared to those of cells treated by biological growth factor.', 'Gene expression patterns were dependent on the loading regime. Moreover, the source of mesenchymal stem cells (adipose or bone marrow) was influential in gene expression. Overall, enhanced expression of chondrogenic markers was found through application of mechanical stimuli. The response was generally found to be significantly promoted when the 2 loading regimes were superimposed.

Output: Do the synergistic effects of shear stress and cyclic hydrostatic pressure modulate chondrogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells?


Input: Consider Input: The cancer stem cell model links neoplastic cells with normal stem cell biology, but little is known on how normal stem cells are transformed into cancer stem cells.', 'To investigate the processes underlying the transformation of normal stem cells we developed in vitro a cancer stem cell model from human amniotic and chorionic placenta membranes. In this model we studied the expression of specific stem cell molecules by flow cytometry, and genes, by real time RT-PCR. Microscopy immunfluorescence was employed to investigate the proliferative and differentiation patterns. Fluorescence microscopy and FACS were employed to investigate the proliferative and differentiation patterns. To evaluate the tumorigenic potential of our model we injected the cells into NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NCrHsd mice.', 'Normal human stem cells from amniotic and chorionic placenta membranes were converted into neural cell lineages, under specific conditions, to form secondary neurospheres with a capacity for self-renewal. After extensive in vitro culture, these cells underwent spontaneous transformations and acquired a neuroblastoma (NB)-like phenotype with an elevated proliferative potential that is comparable to established neuroblastoma cell lines. The ability of these cells to transform their phenotype was evidenced by increased clonogenic ability in vitro; by augmented expression level of certain proliferation- and transformation-related genes (e.g., CCNA2, MYCN, ENPP2, GRIA3, and KIT); by the presence of multinucleated and hyperdiploid cells. We further demonstrated that the transformed phenotype is an NB by measuring the expression of NB-specific markers, disialoganglioside GD2 and N-Myc proteins.

Output: Are human placenta-derived neurospheres susceptible to transformation after extensive in vitro expansion?


Input: Consider Input: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder associated with a host of immune abnormalities. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunosuppressive properties and, in earlier studies, we found that the bone marrow MSCs of patients with psoriasis exhibit abnormal cytokine secretion. Since MSCs can be isolated from skin, we hypothesized that the biological characteristics of MSCs in psoriatic skin lesions might reflect the pathogenesis of psoriasis.', 'To investigate the effects of MSCs from psoriatic skin lesions on T-cell proliferation.', 'MSCs obtained from psoriatic skin lesions and healthy human skin were examined by flow cytometry and cell differentiation assays. MSCs were co-cultured with normal peripheral blood T cells to assess changes in T-cell proliferation. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the MSC culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.', 'Surface markers and differentiation capacity were similar in MSCs from both sources. MSCs in psoriatic skin lesions were weaker inhibitors of T-cell proliferation (p<0.05) and exhibited increased secretion of IL-11 and reduced secretion of IL-6 and HGF (p<0.05). Secretion of TGF-β1 was unchanged (p > 0.05).


Output: Is lymphocyte inhibition compromised in mesenchymal stem cells from psoriatic skin?