Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Context: Humans can easily restore a speech signal that is temporally masked by an interfering sound (e.g., a cough masking parts of a word in a conversation), and listeners have the illusion that the speech continues through the interfering sound. This perceptual restoration for human speech is affected by prior experience. Here we provide evidence for perceptual restoration in complex vocalizations of a songbird that are acquired by vocal learning in a similar way as humans learn their language.', "European starlings were trained in a same/different paradigm to report salient differences between successive sounds. The birds' response latency for discriminating between a stimulus pair is an indicator for the salience of the difference, and these latencies can be used to evaluate perceptual distances using multi-dimensional scaling. For familiar motifs the birds showed a large perceptual distance if discriminating between song motifs that were muted for brief time periods and complete motifs. If the muted periods were filled with noise, the perceptual distance was reduced. For unfamiliar motifs no such difference was observed.
Answer: The results suggest that starlings are able to perceptually restore partly masked sounds and, similarly to humans, rely on prior experience. They may be a suitable model to study the mechanism underlying experience-dependent perceptual restoration.
[EX A]: Does stimulus familiarity affect perceptual restoration in the European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris )?

[EX Q]: Context: Innate immune protein C1q plays a dual role in the chronic inflammatory disease of atherosclerosis. Complement activation via C1q exacerbates pathology in the atherosclerotic lesion in later stages of the disease. However, in early stages of disease C1q is protective. We hypothesize that complement-independent activities of C1q are involved in reprogramming macrophage inflammatory polarization.', 'The influence of C1q on macrophage inflammatory responses during clearance of oxLDL was examined. Changes in cytokines at the gene and protein level were measured by quantitative PCR and ELISA assay.', 'C1q modulated cytokine expression in Raw264.7 macrophages during ingestion of oxLDL. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 were downregulated by C1q, whereas levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were increased. In addition, data from an NFκB-luciferase gene reporter assay suggest that C1q suppresses activation of NFκB during lipoprotein clearance in macrophages, providing one mechanism by which C1q downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
Answer: C1q-polarization of macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotype may be important in dampening inflammation in the early atherosclerotic lesion. Further investigation of molecular pathways targeted by C1q may provide novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
[EX A]: Does complement protein C1q promote macrophage anti-inflammatory M2-like polarization during the clearance of atherogenic lipoproteins?

[EX Q]: Context: To analyse if predictors of radiographic progression differ between patients treated with or without prednisolone in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Radiographs of hands and feet were assessed using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score and radiographic progression was defined as an increase in the total Sharp score above 5.8 (the smallest detectable change).', 'Prospective, randomised study of patients with early RA.', 'Secondary level of care; six participating centres from southern Sweden; both urban and rural populations.', 'In all, 225 patients, 64% women, with a diagnosis of RA according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria, were included if they were between 18 and 80\u2005years of age and had a disease duration of less than 1\u2005year.', 'The patients were randomised to 7.5\u2005mg prednisolone daily for 2\u2005years (P-group; n=108) or no prednisolone (NoP-group; n=117) when they started with their first disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug and were prospectively followed for 2\u2005years.', 'The frequency of patients with radiographic progression after 2\u2005years was 26% in the P-group and 39% in the NoP-group (p=0.033). Relevant interactions between treatment and rheumatoid factor (RF) (p=0.061) and between treatment and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (anti-CCP) (p=0.096) were found. RF and anti-CCP independently predicted radiographic progression only in the NoP-group, OR (95% CI) 9.4 (2.5 to 35.2), p=0.001 and OR (95% CI) 8.7 (2.5 to 31.3), p=0.001, respectively.
Answer: The presence of RF and anti-CCP predicted radiographic progression in patients not treated with prednisolone but failed to predict progression in patients treated with this drug. The data suggest that early treatment with prednisolone may modulate not only inflammation but also autoimmunity-associated pathogenetic mechanisms.
[EX A]:
Do rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP predict progressive joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisolone : a randomised study?