Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[Q]: Despite evidence supporting the importance of breastfeeding to child health, breastfeeding practices remain suboptimal in Vietnam. There is currently little evidence on the importance of breastfeeding in the prevention of morbidity during infancy in Vietnam. In order to provide country specific data for policy makers to support breastfeeding friendly policies and programs, analysis was undertaken on a cross-sectional dataset to investigate the association between breastfeeding practices and prevalence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) among infants aged 0-5 months.', 'Data on socio-demographic characteristics, infant feeding practices and prevalence of diarrhea and ARI were obtained from 6,068 mother-child dyads in 11 provinces of Vietnam in 2011. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the associations between breastfeeding practices and child illnesses.', 'On average, the prevalence of diarrhea and ARI among infants 0-5 months was 5.3% and 24.5%, respectively. Though half of all infants were breastfed within one hour of birth, 73.3% were given prelacteal foods in the first three days after birth. Only 20.2% of children 0-5 months old were exclusively breastfed, while 32.4% were predominantly breastfed and 47.4% partially breastfed. After adjusting for confounders, early initiation of breastfeeding was associated with lower prevalence of diarrhea [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u2009=\u20090.74 (95% CI 0.58, 0.93)], while prelacteal feeding was associated with higher prevalence [AOR\u2009=\u20091.53 (95% CI 1.15, 2.03)]. Compared to infants who were exclusively breastfed, infants who were predominantly [AOR\u2009=\u20091.52 (95% CI 1.05, 2.21)] or partially breastfed [AOR\u2009=\u20091.55 (95% CI 1.07, 2.24)] were more likely to have diarrhea. Prelacteal feeding [AOR\u2009=\u20091.16 (95% CI 1.01, 1.33)] and partial breastfeeding [AOR relative to exclusive breastfeeding\u2009=\u20091.24 (95% CI 1.03, 1.48)] were associated with higher prevalence of ARI. While the protective effects of exclusive breastfeeding against diarrhea declined with child age, this effect for ARI appears to have remained constant.
[A]: 0


[Q]: Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit therapeutic effects in human autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate how allogeneic MSCs mediate immunosuppression in lupus patients.', 'The effects of allogeneic umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) on inhibition of T cell proliferation were determined. MSC functional molecules were stimulated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy controls and SLE patients and examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were purified using microbeads to stimulate MSCs in order to determine cytokine expression by MSCs and to further determine which cell subset(s) or which molecule(s) is involved in inhibition of MSC-mediated T cell proliferation. The related signaling pathways were assessed. We determined levels of serum cytokines in lupus patients before and after UC-MSC transplantation.', 'Allogeneic UC-MSCs suppressed T cell proliferation in lupus patients by secreting large amounts of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We further found that interferon-γ (IFNγ), which is produced predominantly by lupus CD8+ T cells, is the key factor that enhances IDO activity in allogeneic MSCs and that it is associated with IFNGR1/JAK-2/STAT signaling pathways. Intriguingly, bone marrow-derived MSCs from patients with active lupus demonstrated defective IDO production in response to IFNγ and allogeneic CD8+ T cell stimulation. After allogeneic UC-MSC transplantation, serum IDO activity increased in lupus patients.
[A]: 1


[Q]: A double-lumen catheter (DLC) is used as a temporary blood access in emergency haemodialysis and continuous haemodialysis. There are various reports concerning thrombosis related to use of DLC and other catheters. The objective of this study is to assess the incidence of venous thrombosis when using DLC in patients undergoing blood purification. Method. Forty-eight Japanese patients, hospitalized in the Saitama Medical University hospital from December 2004 to April 2005, who had DLC insertion as a temporary blood access for blood purification. The existence of a thrombus was determined using ultrasonography, before catheter insertion, and every 2 days after insertion up to 3 weeks. At the time of DLC insertion, general blood tests including plasma D-dimer, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed. When DLC was removed, plasma D-dimer and serum CRP were measured.', 'In 30 of 48 (62.5%) patients with DLC insertion as a temporary blood access for haemodialysis, venous thrombi with diameters>1.1 mm were detected by venous ultrasonography. No predictive factors were recognized except an increase in plasma D-dimer that was significantly higher in the patients with venous thrombus. The changes in plasma D-dimer were 3.54 (SE 0.8) microg/dl in patient with thrombus, and 0.29 (0.30) microg/dl in patient without thrombus (P=0.004).
[A]:
0