instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: It is recommended that dentists screen for dental anxiety (DA) so that fearful patients may be better managed. The main aim of this study was to determine what dentists are being taught in relation to DA as well as whether and how anxious patients are identified in the clinic.', 'Two hundred and forty-six practising dentists (adjusted response rate = 40.1%), from a random sample of registered Australian dentists, completed a mailed questionnaire.', "Dentists estimated that high DA affected 23.3% of children and 19.4% of adults seen. Only 3.7% of dentists reported using a published scale for screening DA, with the most common reason being lack of awareness (56.5%). Approximately one-half of responding dentists directly asked their patients about DA and this was more common among younger dentists (χ(2) = 7.75, p = 0.021). There were few differences in DA screening by other practitioner or practice characteristics (p > 0.05). Only one-third of dentists had received undergraduate training related to DA and only 41.7% considered this to be 'good' or better. Almost 37% of respondents expressed an interest in future training opportunities.
Answer: The use of formal, validated scales for screening DA is minimal. Training in anxiety management appears to be low and is an area that could be expanded upon.
answer:
Does dental anxiety screening practices and self-reported training need among Australian dentists?


question:
Context: To determine whether the number and location of positive surgical margins (PSMs) in radical prostatectomy (RP) surgical specimens affect biochemical recurrence (BCR) rates.', 'The locations of PSMs were recorded for 1308 consecutive men who underwent RP between October 2000 and December 2006. BCR was defined as three consecutive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level rises with the peak level >or=0.15 ng/mL. Multivariate regression analyses were used to identify preoperative predictors of PSMs and BCR. The estimated 5-year risk of BCR was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.', 'In all, 128 (9.8%) men had one or more PSMs. The mean body mass index, mean preoperative serum PSA level, the distributions of clinical stage and biopsy Gleason scores, and the presence or absence of biopsy perineural invasion were significantly different between men with or with no PSMs. In multivariate analysis, baseline serum PSA level, Gleason score and perineural invasion were independent preoperative predictors of PSMs. The 5-year actuarial BCR rates were dependent on the site of the PSM (P = 0.035) and not the number of PSMs (P = 0.18). The rank order of estimated 5-year BCR rates according to the site of PSMs were base > anterior > posterolateral > apex approximately posterior.
Answer: About half of the men with PSMs in the RP surgical specimen in our prospective series did not develop BCR. The risk of BCR was dependent on the site and not the number of PSMs. Adjuvant therapy should be considered in cases with anterior and basilar PSMs due to the very high risk of BCR.
answer:
Does site of positive surgical margins influence biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy?


question:
Context: Patients admitted with Clostridium difficile infection are managed in a variety of settings. If their care is inadequate, these patients can rapidly deteriorate.', 'The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether mortality for patients admitted with C difficile differed between medical and general/colorectal surgery services.', 'This was a retrospective cohort study with multivariable logistic regression used to evaluate the effect of admitting service on in-hospital mortality rates, with propensity score matching used to validate this relationship.', 'The study was conducted at a single, tertiary care center.', 'Inpatients with a positive C difficile stool test within 24 hours of admission to medical or surgical services were identified (2005-2015) using institutional electronic data sources.', 'We measured inpatient mortality rate.', 'Of 1175 patients, 985 (83%) were admitted to medical services, whereas 190 (17%) were admitted by surgeons. Medical patients were older (63.9 vs 58.9 years; p = 0.001) and had a mean of 0.6 additional comorbidities (p < 0.001); cohorts were similar regarding vasopressors, peak white blood cell counts, and rate of intensive care unit admissions. Mortality was lower among surgery patients (2.6% vs 6.8%; p = 0.028), and logistic regression demonstrated lower odds of mortality for this group OR = 0.18 (95% CI, 0.05-0.58)). After propensity score matching for age, comorbidities, and severity of disease, this difference was confirmed (2.6% vs. 9.5%). A higher incidence of total colectomy for surgery patients (14.2% vs 0.4%) was a causal factor in their longer lengths of stay and higher total hospital costs. The time between orders for stool testing and metronidazole therapy was shorter in the surgery group (1.8 vs 3.8 hours; p = 0.002), although this trend was not observed with vancomycin therapy.
Answer: This was a retrospective study from a single institution, thereby limiting generalizability, with a lack of information regarding premorbid creatinine levels, ileus, or megacolon.
answer:

Does clostridium difficile Infection be Associated With Lower Inpatient Mortality When Managed by GI Surgeons?