Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Hypocalcemia is the most common complication after total thyroidectomy. Some patients need to stay in the hospital for monitoring of hypocalcemic symptoms and serum calcium levels for several days. We investigated the efficacy and safety of using early postoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) results for early discharge after thyroidectomy.', 'A retrospective cohort study of 2 sequential groups of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy between January 2010 and March 2013 was undertaken. Patients were divided into 2 groups. In Group 1 (before June 2011), patients had daily monitoring of serum calcium level and hypocalcemic symptoms. They were discharged when calcium level was static and asymptomatic. Postoperative PTH was not utilized for discharge plan. In Group 2 (after June 2011), postoperative PTH and calcium level on day 1 were utilized to dictate subsequent management and discharge plan.', 'Of the 107 patients reviewed, 54 (50.5%) were in Group 1 and 53 (49.5%) were in Group 2. A total of 51 (47.7%) patients developed hypocalcemia. The two groups were comparable in demographic data, early postoperative PTH value, rate of hypocalcemia, the need for oral calcium and vitamin D supplements and rate of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Fewer patients in Group 2 experienced hypocalcemic symptoms, p=0.005. None of the patients in Group 2 needed intravenous calcium supplement (p=0.003). The median postoperative hospital stay for Group 1 was 4 days and for Group 2 was 1 day (p<0.0001).

Answer: Does postoperative PTH monitoring of hypocalcemia expedite discharge after thyroidectomy?


Question: Increased placental growth secondary to reduced apoptosis may contribute to the development of macrosomia in GDM pregnancies. We hypothesize that reduced apoptosis in GDM placentas is caused by dysregulation of apoptosis related genes from death receptors or mitochondrial pathway or both to enhance placental growth in GDM pregnancies.', 'Newborn and placental weights from women with no pregnancy complications (controls; N=5), or with GDM (N=5) were recorded. Placental villi from both groups were either fixed for TUNEL assay, or snap frozen for gene expression analysis by apoptosis PCR microarrays and qPCR.', 'Maternal, placental and newborn weights were significantly higher in the GDM group vs. Controls. Apoptotic index of placentas from the GDM group was markedly lower than the Controls. At a significant threshold of 1.5, seven genes (BCL10, BIRC6, BIRC7, CASP5, CASP8P2, CFLAR, and FAS) were down regulated, and 13 genes (BCL2, BCL2L1, BCL2L11, CASP4, DAPK1, IκBκE, MCL1, NFκBIZ, NOD1, PEA15, TNF, TNFRSF25, and XIAP) were unregulated in the GDM placentas. qPCR confirmed the consistency of the PCR microarray. Using Western blotting we found significantly decreased placental pro-apoptotic FAS receptor and FAS ligand (FASL), and increased mitochondrial anti-apoptotic BCL2 post GDM insult. Notably, caspase-3, which plays a central role in the execution-phase of apoptosis, and its substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were significantly down regulated in GDM placentas, as compared to non-diabetic Control placentas.

Answer: Does gestational diabetes mellitus alter apoptotic and inflammatory gene expression of trophobasts from human term placenta?


Question: We examined the effect of male circumcision on the acquisition of 3 nonulcerative sexually transmitted infections (STIs).', 'We evaluated the incidence of STI among men aged 18-24 years enrolled in a randomized trial of circumcision to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Kisumu, Kenya. The outcome was first incident nonulcerative STI during 2 years of follow-up. STIs examined were laboratory-detected Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis infection.', 'There were 342 incident infections among 2655 men followed up. The incidences of infection due to N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and T. vaginalis were 3.48, 4.55, and 1.32 cases per 100 person-years, respectively. The combined incidence of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis infection was 7.26 cases per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 6.49-8.13 cases per 100 person-years). The incidences of these STIs, individually or combined, did not differ by circumcision status as a time-dependent variable or a fixed variable based on assignment. Risks for incident STIs in multivariate analysis included an STI at enrollment, multiple sex partners within <30 days, and sexual intercourse during menses in the previous 6 months; condom use was protective.

Answer:
Does adult male circumcision reduce the risk of incident Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Chlamydia trachomatis , or Trichomonas vaginalis infection : results from a randomized , controlled trial in Kenya?