TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a context, a subject, a relation, and many options. Based on the context, from the options select the object entity that has the given relation with the subject. Answer with text (not indexes).
PROBLEM: Context: Old East Slavic, "Old Russian, Old Rusian" was a language used in the 10th15th centuries by East Slavs in Kievan Rus' and states which evolved after the collapse of Kievan Rus'. Dialects of it were spoken, though not exclusively, in the area today occupied by Belarus, central and northern Ukraine, and parts of western Russia., The Black Sea is a body of water between Eastern Europe and Western Asia, bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. It is supplied by a number of major rivers, such as the Danube, Dnieper, Rioni, Southern Bug, and Dniester. The Black Sea has an area of (not including the Sea of Azov), a maximum depth of , and a volume of . It is constrained by the Pontic Mountains to the south and by the Caucasus Mountains to the east, and features a wide shelf to the northwest. The longest east-west extent is about ., Perekop  is an urban-type settlement located on the Perekop Isthmus connecting the Crimean peninsula to the Ukrainian mainland. It is known for the Fortress Or Qapi that served as the gateway to Crimea. The village currently is part of Armyansk Municipality. Population: , Kerch (, Old East Slavic: , , , Ancient Greek: "Pantikapaion") is a city of regional significance on the Kerch Peninsula in the east of the Crimea.
Population: , Kuban is a geographic region of Southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe, the Volga Delta and the Caucasus, and separated from the Crimean Peninsula to the west by the Kerch Strait. Krasnodar Krai is often referred to as "Kuban", both officially and unofficially, although the term is not exclusive to the krai and accommodates the republics of Adygea, KarachayCherkessia, and parts of Stavropol Krai., Pontic Greek is a Greek language originally spoken in the Pontus area on the southern shores of the Black Sea, northeastern Anatolia, the Eastern Turkish/Caucasus province of Kars, southern Georgia and today mainly in northern Greece. The linguistic lineage of Pontic Greek stems from Ionic Greek via Koine and Byzantine Greek and contains influences from Georgian, Russian, Turkish and to a lesser extent, Persian (via Ottoman Turkish) and various Caucasian languages. Its Ophitic variant has been identified as the living language that is closest to Ancient Greek. Its speakers are referred to as Pontic Greeks or Pontian Greeks., Tmutarakan or Tmutorakan was the name of a Mediaeval Kievan Rus' principality and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. Its site was the ancient Greek colony of Hermonassa, situated on the Taman peninsula, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia, roughly opposite Kerch. The Khazar fortress of Tamantarkhan (from which the Byzantine name for the city, Tamatarcha, is derived) was built on the site in the 7th century and became known as Tmutarakan when it came under Kievan Rus control in the 10th and 11th centuries., The Crimean Peninsula ("Krymskiy poluostrov;" , "Kryms'ky pivostriv"), also known simply as Crimea ( "Krym" "Krym"), is a major land mass on the northern coast of the Black Sea that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast. The peninsula is located south of the Ukrainian region of Kherson and west of the Russian region of Kuban. It is connected to Kherson Oblast by the Isthmus of Perekop and is separated from Kuban by the Strait of Kerch. The Arabat Spit is located to the northeast, a narrow strip of land that separates a system of lagoons named Sivash from the Sea of Azov., Tuzla Island ( Ukrainian :  ; Russian :  ; Crimean Tatar : Tuzla ) ( from Turkish `` tuzluk '' - saturated solution of salt in water for salting fish ) - is a sandy islet in the form of a spit located in the middle of the Strait of Kerch between the Kerch Peninsula in the west and the Taman Peninsula in the east . Administratively , it is part of Kerch city in eastern Crimea ., The Taman Peninsula ("Tamanskiy poluostrov"), a peninsula in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia, borders on the north with the Sea of Azov, on the west with the Strait of Kerch and on the south with the Black Sea. The area has evolved over the past two millennia from a chain of islands into today's peninsula. In ancient times the Pontic Greek colonies of Hermonassa and Phanagoria stood on the peninsula, as did the later city of Tmutarakan., Old French (', ', ""; Modern French ) was the Gallo-Romance dialect continuum spoken from the 9th century to the 14th century. 
In the 14th century, these dialects came to be collectively known as the "langues d'oïl", contrasting with the "langue d'oc" or Occitan language in the south of France. The mid-14th century is taken as the transitional period to Middle French, the language of the French Renaissance, specifically based on the dialect of the Île-de-France region., Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD. It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period (9th to 6th centuries BC), Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic period (3rd century BC to the 6th century AD). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek., The Sea of Azov ("Azovs'ke more/Azovke more") is a sea in Eastern Europe. To the south it is linked by the narrow (about ) Strait of Kerch to the Black Sea, and it is sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea. The sea is bounded in the north by mainland Ukraine, in the east by Russia, and in the west by the Crimean Peninsula. The Don and Kuban are the major rivers that flow into it. The Sea of Azov is the shallowest sea in the world, with the depth varying between . There is a constant outflow of water from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea., An islet is a very small island. Types. As suggested by its origin as "islette", an Old French diminutive of "isle", use of the term implies small size, but little attention is given to drawing an upper limit on its applicability., Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara., Phanagoria was the largest ancient Greek city on the Taman peninsula, spread over two plateaus along the eastern shore of the Cimmerian Bosporus.
The city was a large emporium for all the traffic between the coast of the Maeotian marshes and the countries on the southern side of the Caucasus. It was the eastern capital of the Bosporan Kingdom, with Panticapaeum being the western capital. Strabo described it as a noteworthy city which was renowned for its trade. Shortly a Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese while a medieval Genosese colony under the name Matrega, it remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
Today the site is located at a short distance to the west of Sennoy in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. Another ancient Greek city, Hermonassa, lies to the west, on the shoreline of modern Taman., Kherson Oblast (translit. "Khersonska oblast"; also referred to as Khersonshchyna  "") is an oblast (province) in southern Ukraine, just north of Crimea. Its administrative center is Kherson. The area of the region is 28,461 km², its population (as of 1 January 2012) is 1,083,367., The Kerch Peninsula is a major and prominent geographic peninsula located at the eastern end of the Crimean Peninsula., An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, e.g. the Philippines., The Isthmus of Perekop (translit. "Perekops'kyy pereshyyok" translit. "Perekopskiy peresheek" ) is the narrow, wide strip of land that connects the Crimean Peninsula to the mainland of Ukraine. The isthmus is located between the Black Sea to the west and the Sivash to the east. The isthmus takes its name from the Tatar fortress of Perekop., Krasnodar Krai is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Southern Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Krasnodar. It had a population of 5,226,647 (2010 Census)., Subject: tuzla island, Relation: located_on_terrain_feature, Options: (A) belarus (B) black sea (C) coast (D) crimean peninsula (E) earth (F) eastern europe (G) europe (H) france (I) georgia (J) greece (K) kerch peninsula (L) moscow (M) russia (N) taman peninsula (O) ukraine

SOLUTION: black sea

PROBLEM: Context: Sunni Islam (or ) is the largest denomination of Islam. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the exemplary behavior of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the choice of Muhammad's successor and subsequently acquired broader political significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions., An imam (', plural: ') is an Islamic leadership position. It is most commonly in the context of a worship leader of a mosque and Muslim community by Sunni Muslims. In this context, imams may lead Islamic worship services, serve as community leaders, and provide religious guidance. For Shi'a Muslims, the imam has a more central meaning and role in Islam through the concept of Imamah; the term is only applicable to those members of the house of the prophet ahl al-Bayt, designated as infallibles., Ab Bakr Abdallh bin Ab Qufah a-iddq (573 CE22 August 634 CE) popularly known as Abu Bakr, was a senior companion ("Sahabi") andthrough his daughter Aishathe father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Abu Bakr became the first openly declared Muslim outside Muhammad's family. Abu Bakr served as a trusted advisor to Muhammad. During Muhammad's lifetime, he was involved in several campaigns and treaties., A hadith (or  plural: ahadith, ) is one of various reports describing the words, actions, or habits of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The term comes from Arabic meaning a "report", "account" or "narrative". Hadith are second only to the Quran in developing Islamic jurisprudence, and regarded as important tools for understanding the Quran and commentaries ("tafsir") written on it. Some important elements of traditional Islam, such as the five salat prayers, are mentioned in hadith., Usulis are the majority Twelver Shi'a Muslim group. They differ from their now much smaller rival Akhbari group in favoring the use of "ijtihad" (i.e., reasoning) in the creation of new rules of "fiqh"; in assessing hadith to exclude traditions they believe unreliable; and in considering it obligatory to obey a "mujtahid" when seeking to determine Islamically correct behavior., Shia ("Shah", from "Shatu Al", followers of Ali) is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (Imam). Shia Islam primarily contrasts with Sunni Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor. Instead they consider Abu Bakr (who was appointed Caliph through a Shura, i.e. consensus) to be the correct Caliph., In Shia Islam , Marja ( Arabic :   ) ( Plural : marji ) , also known as a marja taqld or marja dn ( Arabic :   /    ) , literally means `` Source to Imitate / Follow '' or `` Religious Reference '' . , is the label provided to the highest level Shia authority , a Grand Ayatollah with the authority to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and less - credentialed clerics . After the Qur'an and the Prophets and Imams , marji are the highest authority on religious laws in Usuli Shia Islam ., Shura (Arabic:  "shr") is an Arabic word for "consultation". The Quran and the Prophet Muhammad encourage Muslims to decide their affairs in consultation with those who will be affected by that decision., The Akhbaris are Twelver Shia Muslims who reject the use of reasoning in deriving verdicts, and believe Quran and hadith (sayings of Prophet Muhammad and Twelve Shia Imams) as the only source of law., Islam (' ;) is a religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and, for the vast majority of adherents, the teachings and normative example (called the "sunnah", composed of accounts called "hadith") of Muhammad (5708 June 632 CE). It is the world's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population, known as Muslims. Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God., Muhammad (c. 570 CE  8 June 632 CE) is the central figure of Islam and widely regarded as its founder by non-Muslims. He is known as the "Holy Prophet" to Muslims, almost all of whom consider him to be the last prophet sent by God to mankind to restore Islam, believed by Muslims to be the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings, practices, and the Quran, formed the basis of Islamic religious belief., Ijtihad ("", lit. effort, physical or mental, expended in a particular activity) 
is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning 
or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. It is contrasted with "taqlid" (imitation, conformity to legal precedent). According to classical Sunni theory, "ijtihad" requires expertise in the Arabic language, theology, revealed texts, and principles of jurisprudence ("usul al-fiqh"), 
and is not employed where authentic and authoritative texts (Qur'an and ahadith) are considered unambiguous with regard to the question, or where there is an existing scholarly consensus ("ijma"). Ijtihad is considered to be a religious duty for those qualified to perform it. An Islamic scholar who is qualified to perform "ijtihad" is called a "mujtahid"., Twelver (Athn'ashariyyah or Ithn'ashariyyah ) Shia Islam or Imamiyyah is the largest branch of Shia Islam. Twelver belief is based on the Quran and the message of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad attested in hadith, and on hadith taught by their Imams. The term "Twelver" refers to its adherents' belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imams, and their belief that the last Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, lives in occultation and will reappear as the promised Mahdi. According to Shia tradition, the Mahdi's tenure will coincide with the Second Coming of Jesus Christ ("Isa"), who is to assist the "Mahdi" against the "Masih ad-Dajjal" (literally, the "false Messiah" or Antichrist)., Ali ibn Abi Talib (; 13 Rajab, 21 BH  21 Ramadan, 40 AH; 15 September 601  29 January 661) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic caliphate from 656 to 661., Fiqh is Islamic jurisprudence. While "Sharia" is believed by Muslims to represent divine law as revealed in the Quran and the "Sunnah" (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), "fiqh" is the human understanding of the "Sharia""sharia" expanded and developed by interpretation ("ijtihad") of the Quran and "Sunnah" by Islamic jurists ("Ulama") and implemented by the rulings ("Fatwa") of jurists on questions presented to them., A Muslim is someone who follows or practises Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion. Muslims consider the Quran (Koran), their holy book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet and messenger Muhammad. They also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad ("sunnah ") as recorded in traditional accounts ("hadith"). "Muslim" is an Arabic word meaning "one who submits (to God)"., Subject: marja', Relation: subclass_of, Options: (A) advisor (B) arabic (C) behavior (D) belief (E) bin (F) branch (G) c (H) faith (I) god (J) ijtihad (K) islam (L) jurisprudence (M) law (N) leader (O) majority (P) message (Q) monotheistic religion (R) mujtahid (S) muslim (T) narrative (U) plural (V) position (W) prophet (X) question (Y) reasoning (Z) religious ([) report (\) rival (]) second (^) shia islam (_) sunni islam (`) term (a) theology (b) theory (c) word (d) world

SOLUTION: mujtahid

PROBLEM: Context: Yechiel Michel Epstein ( 24 January 1829 -- 24 February 1908 ) , often called `` the Aruch ha - Shulchan '' ( after his main work , Aruch HaShulchan ) , was a Rabbi and posek ( authority in Jewish law ) in Lithuania . His surname is often preceded by ha - Levi , as he descended from a family of Levites ., The Jerusalem Talmud ("Talmud Yerushalmi", often "Yerushalmi" for short), also known as the Palestinian Talmud or Talmuda de-Eretz Yisrael (Talmud of the Land of Israel), is a collection of Rabbinic notes on the second-century Jewish oral tradition known as the Mishnah. Naming this version of the Talmud after Palestine or Land of Israel rather than Jerusalem is considered more accurate by some because, while the work was certainly composed in "the West" (as seen from Babylonia), i.e. in the Holy Land, it mainly originates from the Galilee rather than from Jerusalem in Judea, as no Jews lived in Jerusalem at this time The Jerusalem Talmud was compiled in the Land of Israel, then divided between the Byzantine provinces of Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda, and was brought to an end sometime around 400. The Jerusalem Talmud predates its counterpart, the Babylonian Talmud (known in Hebrew as the "Talmud Bavli"), by about 200 years, and is written in both Hebrew and Jewish Palestinian Aramaic., Aruch HaShulchan (Hebrew:  ) is a chapter-by-chapter restatement of the "Shulchan Aruch" (the latter being the most influential codification of halakhah in the post-Talmudic era). Compiled and written by Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein (18291908), the work attempts to be a clear, organized summary of the sources for each chapter of the "Shulchan Aruch" and its commentaries, with special emphasis on the positions of the Jerusalem Talmud and Maimonides., Judaism (from , derived from Greek , originally from Hebrew , "Yehudah", "Judah"; in Hebrew: , "Yahadut", the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos) encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world., The Talmud (Hebrew: ' "instruction, learning", from a root ' "teach, study") is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism. It is also traditionally referred to as, a Hebrew abbreviation of ', the "six orders", a reference to the six orders of the Mishnah. The term "Talmud" normally refers to the collection of writings named specifically the Babylonian Talmud "(Talmud Bavli)", although there is also an earlier collection known as the Jerusalem Talmud, or Palestinian Talmud"' "(Talmud Yerushalmi)". When referring to post-biblical periods, namely those of the creation of the Talmud, the Talmudic academies and the Babylonian exilarchate, Jewish sources use the term "Babylonia" long after it had become obsolete in geopolitical terms., Rabbi Moses ben Maimon ("Mšeh bn-Maymn"; "Ms bin Maymn"), commonly known as Maimonides ("Maïmníds"), and also referred to by the acronym Rambam (for "Rabbeinu Mšeh bn Maimon", "Our Rabbi Moses son of Maimon"), was a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages. In his time, he was also a preeminent astronomer and physician. Born in Cordova, Almoravid Empire (present-day Spain) on Passover Eve, 1135 or 1138, he worked as a rabbi, physician, and philosopher in Morocco and Egypt. He died in Egypt on December 12, 1204, whence his body was taken to the lower Galilee and buried in Tiberias., In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word ' , meaning "My Master" (irregular plural ' ), which is the way a student would address a master of Torah. The word "master" "" literally means "great one"., Subject: yechiel michel epstein, Relation: languages_spoken_or_written, Options: (A) greek (B) hebrew (C) spain

SOLUTION:
hebrew