TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: First proposed by Lewis, it is related logarithmically to a gas's standard Gibbs free energy divided by the temperature and gas constant. At equilibrium, this quantity must be equal in both gas and liquid phases. Taking the derivative of the natural log of this function is equates it to the derivative of a reaction's chemical potential. Equal to the gas' pressure when the gas is ideal, FTP, identify this thermodynamic quantity which replaces partial pressure when working with real gases and describes the tendency of a substance to escape from its current phase, symbolized by f.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: Japan's Chikyu Hakken is trying to reach this region, and n-waves travel along its upper boundary. Post-perovskite forms in the bottommost part of this region, the D double prime layer. P-waves slow down and S-waves disappear past the bottom of this region, and its top features a P-wave velocity jump from approximately seven to approximately eight kilometers per second. The low velocity zone of the asthenosphere is found in the upper part of this region. It is sandwiched between the Gutenburg discontinuity and the Moho, and this layer's namesake plumes form hotspots. For 10 points, name this layer of the earth between the crust and the core.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: The beginnings of this court case can be traced back to the efforts of George Rappelyea, who wished to promote the mining industry in Dayton. Its defendant had violated the Butler Act. The defense attorney in this case called the prosecutor up to the stand and questioned him about the validity of the Bible. Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan were the main figures of, for 10 points, what 1925 court case whose defendant, a high school teacher, broke the law by teaching about evolution

SOLUTION:
History