In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: We study the Azospirillum brasilense tolerance to water deficit and the dynamics of adaptive process at the level of the membrane.', 'Azospirillum brasilense was exposed to polyethylene glycol (PEG) growth and PEG shock. Tolerance, phospholipids and fatty acid (FA) composition and membrane fluidity were determined. Azospirillum brasilense was able to grow in the presence of PEG; however, its viability was reduced. Cells grown with PEG showed membrane fluidity similar to those grown without, the lipid composition was modified, increasing phosphatidylcholine and decreasing phosphatidylethanolamine amounts. The unsaturation FAs degree was reduced. The dynamics of the adaptive response revealed a decrease in fluidity 20\xa0min after the addition of PEG, indicating that the PEG has a fluidizing effect on the hydrophobic region of the cell membrane. Fluidity returned to initial values after 60\xa0min of PEG exposure.\Question: Is reorganization of Azospirillum brasilense cell membrane mediated by lipid composition adjustment to maintain optimal fluidity during water deficit?

Ex Output:
Azospirillum brasilense is able to perceive osmotic changes by changing the membrane fluidity. This effect is offset by changes in the composition of membrane phospholipid and FA, contributing to the homeostasis of membrane fluidity under water deficit.


Ex Input:
Context: Different apoptosis pathways activate caspase-3. In a study involving 27 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), higher caspase-3 levels were found in contusion brain tissue resected from non-survivors than from survivors. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association in TBI patients between serum caspase-3 levels (thus using an easier, quicker, less expensive and less invasive procedure) and mortality, in a larger series of patients.', 'We carried out a prospective, observational and multicenter study in six Spanish Hospital Intensive Care Units including 112 patients with severe TBI. All had Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores lower than 9. Patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) in non-cranial aspects higher than 9 were excluded. Blood samples were collected on day 1 of TBI to measure serum caspas-3 levels. The endpoint was 30-day mortality.', 'We found that non-surviving patients (n = 31) showed higher (p = 0.003) serum caspase-3 levels compared to survivors (n = 81). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a higher risk of death in TBI patients with serum caspase-3 levels >0.20 ng/mL than in patients with lower concentrations (Hazard Ratio = 3.15; 95% CI = 1.40 to 7.08; P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that serum caspase-3 levels > 0.20 ng/mL were associated with mortality at 30 days in TBI patients controlling for Marshall CT classification, age and GCS (Odds ratio = 7.99; 95% CI = 2.116 to 36.744; P = 0.001).\Question: Are serum caspase-3 levels and mortality associated in patients with severe traumatic brain injury?

Ex Output:
The association between serum caspase-3 levels and mortality in TBI patients was the major novel finding of our study.


Ex Input:
Context: Uncontrolled intra-abdominal bleeding is a common cause of death in trauma patients in the prehospital and perioperative settings. The detrimental effects of abdominal hypertension are well studied, but the potential therapeutic use of abdominal insufflation for hemostasis has not been fully explored. We measured the effect of abdominal insufflation on blood loss and physiologic outcomes in a swine model of blunt liver injury.', 'Twenty-one anticoagulated swine (32 +/- 3 kg) were anesthesized; laparotomy was performed to localize liver anatomy and to place loose tourniquettes isolating the porta hepatis and supra/infrahepatic vena cava. A captive bolt gun was used to create a grade V hepatic laceration, producing massive parenchymal injury as well as complex tears of the middle and right hepatic veins. Animals were randomized into either control (n = 10) or abdominal insufflation at 20 cm H(2)O pressure (n = 11) groups. Crystalloid was used to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 30 mm Hg. Arterial pressure and other physiologic variables were recorded for 20 minutes. Animals were then sacrificed and blood loss measured.', 'Blood loss was 69% lower in insufflated animals compared with controls (384 +/- 51 versus 1252 +/- 88 cc, p < 0.001). After 20 minutes, insufflated animals had significantly higher mean arterial blood pressure (32.2 +/- 4.2 versus 21.2 +/- 4.0 mm Hg) and lower total resuscitation volume (195 +/- 83 versus 1356 +/- 95 cc). Three pigs died in the control group (30%), whereas no insufflated animals died (p < 0.05).\Question: Does abdominal insufflation decrease blood loss and mortality after porcine liver injury?

Ex Output:

In a swine model of catastrophic blunt hepatic injury, abdominal insufflation significantly decreased blood loss and mortality.