Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected, nonrandomized radiographical data.', 'To examine the relationship between the presence of preoperative metabolically active facet arthropathy (FA) and the amount of indirect foraminal decompression gained after extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF).', 'Although evidence of significant radiographical indirect decompression after XLIF has been shown, the relationship between the extent of indirect decompression and the presence of potentially attenuating, FA is yet to be studied.', 'A prospective database of consecutive patients undergoing XLIF was retrospectively analyzed. Posterior disc height, foraminal height, and cross-sectional foraminal area were measured on computed tomographic scans obtained preoperatively and 2 days postoperatively. The selected radiographical parameters were examined with respect to the presence of FA based on preoperative computed tomographic and bone scans.', 'Fifty-two consecutive patients underwent 79 levels of XLIF without direct decompression. Average age was 66.4 years and 34 (65.4%) were females. Surgery resulted in significant increases in posterior disc height 3.0 to 5.7 mm (89.0% increase), P<0.0001; foraminal height 1.4 to 1.7 cm (38.0% increase), P<0.0001; and foraminal area 1.1 to 1.4 cm (45.1% increase), P<0.0001. These increases were independent of the presence of metabolically active arthropathy.

Output: Is indirect foraminal decompression independent of metabolically active facet arthropathy in extreme lateral interbody fusion?


Input: Consider Input: Crowdsourcing dietary ratings for food photographs, which uses the input of several users to provide feedback, has potential to assist with dietary self-monitoring.', "This study assessed how closely crowdsourced ratings of foods and beverages contained in 450 pictures from the Eatery mobile app as rated by peer users (fellow Eatery app users) (n = 5006 peers, mean 18.4 peer ratings/photo) using a simple 'healthiness' scale were related to the ratings of the same pictures by trained observers (raters). In addition, the foods and beverages present in each picture were categorized and the impact on the peer rating scale by food/beverage category was examined. Raters were trained to provide a 'healthiness' score using criteria from the 2010 US Dietary Guidelines.", "The average of all three raters' scores was highly correlated with the peer healthiness score for all photos (r = 0.88, p<0.001). Using a multivariate linear model (R(2) = 0.73) to examine the association of peer healthiness scores with foods and beverages present in photos, peer ratings were in the hypothesized direction for both foods/beverages to increase and ones to limit. Photos with fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes, nuts, and seeds (borderline at p = 0.06) were all associated with higher peer healthiness scores, and processed foods (borderline at p = 0.06), food from fast food restaurants, refined grains, red meat, cheese, savory snacks, sweets/desserts, and sugar-sweetened beverages were associated with lower peer healthiness scores.

Output: Are the use of crowdsourcing for dietary self-monitoring : crowdsourced ratings of food pictures comparable to ratings by trained observers?


Input: Consider Input: Antimicrobial peptides are effector molecules of the innate immune response and contribute to host defense and inflammation. This study was designed to evaluate neovascularization in biopolymers after instillation with LL37 of angiogenesis in the dorsal skinfold chamber in mice.', "The host defense peptide human cathelicicin LL37 was tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity in a bilayer radial diffusion assay. For in vivo testing, 4 different concentrations of LL37 or carrier control were instilled into a biopolymer, then inserted into the dorsal skinfold chamber in Balb/c mice. Standard microcirculatory parameters were assessed over 24 days' follow-up.", 'LL37 showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The LL37 treatment of the biopolymer accelerated the onset of neovascularization by 6 days compared with the carrier control (P < 0.01).


Output: Does the human host defense peptide LL37/hCAP accelerate angiogenesis in PEGT/PBT biopolymers?