Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

To clarify the social issues and problems associated with burn care in Japan, based on a cost analysis of acute burn care.', 'A retrospective review was undertaken of 71 patients admitted with burns at Nippon Medical School between January 1 and December 31, 1997. A cost analysis was performed for three major burn patients with a burn surface area (BSA) of 70% to 80% and three minor burn patients with a BSA of 20% to 30%. A questionnaire was administered to both burn patients and medical providers in all 127 emergency centers to help improve long-term quality of life (QOL).', '80% of burn patients were under age 70. In the major burn cases, the amount of reimbursement according to the government-regulated fee schedule was much less than the cost of treatment. The ratio of the cost of both medication and materials to total cost of treatment was higher for patients with major burns. Patients responding to the survey acknowledged being generally happy despite suffering from psychological and financial problems. A total of 413 medical providers from 63 institutions responded to the survey regarding improving long-term QOL.
1

Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels provide a mechanism for the perception of mechanical stimuli such as sound, touch, and osmotic pressure. The bacterial MS ion channel MscS opens in response to increased membrane tension and serves to protect against cellular lysis during osmotic downshock. MscS-like proteins are found widely in bacterial and archaeal species and have also been identified in fission yeast and plants. None of the eukaryotic members of the family have yet been characterized.', 'Here, we characterize two MscS-like (MSL) proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, MSL2 and MSL3. MSL3 can rescue the osmotic-shock sensitivity of a bacterial mutant lacking MS-ion-channel activity, suggesting that it functions as a mechanosensitive ion channel. Arabidopsis plants harboring insertional mutations in both MSL3 and MSL2 show abnormalities in the size and shape of plastids, which are plant-specific endosymbiotic organelles responsible for photosynthesis, gravity perception, and numerous metabolic reactions. MSL2-GFP and MSL3-GFP are localized to discrete foci on the plastid envelope and colocalize with the plastid division protein AtMinE.
0

Aggressive periodontitis is characterized by rapid destruction of periodontal tissue caused by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Interleukin (IL)-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine, and its production is tightly regulated by inflammasome activation. Xylitol, an anticaries agent, is anti-inflammatory, but its effect on inflammasome activation has not been researched. This study investigates the effect of xylitol on inflammasome activation induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans.', 'The differentiated THP-1 macrophages were stimulated by A. actinomycetemcomitans with or without xylitol and the expressions of IL-1β and inflammasome components were detected by real time PCR, ELISA, confocal microscopy and Immunoblot analysis. The effects of xylitol on the adhesion and invasion of A. actinomycetemcomitans to cells were measured by viable cell count.', 'A. actinomycetemcomitans increased pro IL-1β synthesis and IL-1β secretion in a multiplicity of infection- and time-dependent manner. A. actinomycetemcomitans also stimulated caspase-1 activation. Among inflammasome components, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) proteins were upregulated by A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. When cells were pretreated with xylitol, proIL-1β and IL-1β production by A. actinomycetemcomitans infection was significantly decreased. Xylitol also inhibited ASC and AIM2 proteins and formation of ASC puncta. Furthermore, xylitol suppressed internalization of A. actinomycetemcomitans into differentiated THP-1 macrophages without affecting viability of A. actinomycetemcomitans within cells.

0