TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: To describe the findings of enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the lamina cribrosa (LC) in glaucoma and pachychoroid spectrum diseases associated with peripapillary retinoschisis.', 'Retrospective, observational case series.', 'A total of 16 patients from 1 institution.', 'Detailed medical case histories, optic disc and retinal imaging with EDI using the Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), and clinical course were reviewed for patients with peripapillary retinoschisis without a known predisposing condition.', 'Clinical features and findings of the EDI OCT.', 'Among the 16 eyes with peripapillary retinoschisis that had abnormal findings on EDI of the LC, 8 had glaucoma and 8 had pachychoroid spectrum diseases, including chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) (6 eyes), small pigment epithelium detachment (1 eye), and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) (1 eye). The abnormal LC findings were central or peripheral focal LC defects in eyes with glaucoma and LC disinsertions or peripheral focal LC defects in eyes with pachychoroid spectrum diseases. Central LC defects were related to inner layer retinoschisis, whereas LC disinsertions and peripheral LC defects were related to outer layer retinoschisis. The peripapillary retinoschisis did not show a topographic association with the underlying chronic CSC- or PCV-associated lesions. In 6 treated eyes with pachychoroid, peripapillary retinoschisis resolved along with subretinal fluid after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection in 4 eyes, whereas retinoschisis persisted after the resolution of subretinal fluid in 2 eyes.\Question: Do alterations of the Lamina Cribrosa Are Associated with Peripapillary Retinoschisis in Glaucoma and Pachychoroid Spectrum Disease?

SOLUTION: Enhanced depth imaging OCT of the LC demonstrated alterations associated with peripapillary retinoschisis, pachychoroid spectrum diseases, and glaucoma.

PROBLEM: Context: Cervical cancer continues to threaten women's health worldwide, and the incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma (AD) is rising in the developed countries. Previously, we showed that glucose-regulated protein 58 (Grp58) served as an independent factor predictive of poor prognosis of patients with cervical AD. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of Grp58 in cervical carcinogenesis is currently unknown.", 'DNA microarray and enrichment analysis were used to identify the pathways disrupted by knockdown of Grp58 expression.', 'Among the pathway identified, the WNT signaling pathway was one of those that were significantly associated with knockdown of Grp58 expression in HeLa cells. Our experiments showed that β-catenin, a critical effector of WNT signaling, was stabilized thereby accumulated in stable Grp58 knockdown cells. Membrane localization of β-catenin was observed in Grp58 knockdown, but not control cells. Using a transwell assay, we found that accumulated β-catenin induced by Grp58 knockdown or lithium chloride treatment inhibited the migration ability of HeLa cells. Furthermore, an inverse expression pattern of Grp58 and β-catenin was observed in cervical tissues.\Question: Does glucose-regulated protein 58 modulate β-catenin protein stability in a cervical adenocarcinoma cell line?

SOLUTION: Our results demonstrate that β-catenin stability is negatively regulated by Grp58 in HeLa cells. Overexpression of Grp58 may be responsible for the loss of or decrease in membranous β-catenin expression in cervical AD.

PROBLEM: Context: Recently, a novel clade Botrytis cinerea group S was found to be common in B. cinerea populations from Germany and New Zealand. Fenhexamid, an effective antibotrytis fungicide, has not been registered in China, but our preliminary study detected fenhexamid-resistant (HydR) isolates from strawberry in Zhejiang Province.', 'Genetic identification of 639 B. cinerea isolates from strawberry found that 331 (62.9%) belonged to B. cinerea group S. The frequency of HydR isolates ranged from 0 to 37.5% among the nine locations. Of the 74 HydR isolates, 71 were B. cinerea group S and moderately resistant to fenhexamid (HydR). Seven new mutations S9G, P57A, P269L, V365A, E368D, E375K and A378T in the target gene erg27 were reported for the first time. Sixty-two (83.8%) HydR isolates simultaneously carried P57A and A378T mutations, and further transformation assays showed that integration of one copy of erg27(P57A) (,) (A378T) into a wild-type strain led to partial resistance. Detached fruit studies showed that fenhexamid at the recommended field rate could control the disease incited by moderately resistant isolates but not by highly resistant isolates.\Question: Are the natural fenhexamid-resistant grey mould populations from strawberry in Zhejiang Province dominated by Botrytis cinerea group S?

SOLUTION:
B. cinerea group S isolates are widespread in all strawberry-growing locations in Zhejiang Province. The natural HydR populations from strawberry are dominated by B. cinerea group S. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.