In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Ex Input:
Attenuated, live viral vaccines have been extraordinarily successful in protecting against many diseases. The main drawbacks in their development and use have been reliance on an unpredictable method of attenuation and the potential for evolutionary reversion to high virulence. Methods of genetic engineering now provide many safer alternatives to live vaccines, so if live vaccines are to compete with these alternatives in the future, they must either have superior immunogenicity or they must be able to overcome these former disadvantages. Several live vaccine designs that were historically inaccessible are now feasible because of advances in genome synthesis. Some of those methods are addressed here, with an emphasis on whether they enable predictable levels of attenuation and whether they are stable against evolutionary reversion. These new designs overcome many of the former drawbacks and position live vaccines to be competitive with alternatives. Not only do new methods appear to retard evolutionary reversion enough to prevent vaccine-derived epidemics, but it may even be possible to permanently attenuate live vaccines that are transmissible but cannot evolve to higher virulence under prolonged adaptation.

Ex Output:
Evolutionary reversion of live viral vaccines: Can genetic engineering subdue it?


Ex Input:
Background: Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is activated by proteases involved in allergy and triggers airway epithelial secretion and inflammation. PAR-2 is normally expressed basolaterally in differentiated nasal ciliated cells. Objective: We tested if epithelial remodeling during diseases characterized by loss of cilia and squamous metaplasia may alter PAR-2 polarization. Methods: Endogenous PAR-2 responses were measured by live cell calcium and cilia imaging, measurement of fluid secretion, and quantification of cytokines. We utilized airway squamous cell lines, primary differentiated air-liquid interface cultures, and tissue explants. Cells were exposed to disease-related modifiers that alter epithelial morphology, including IL-13, cigarette smoke condensate, and retinoic acid deficiency. We used concentrations and exposure times that altered epithelial morphology without causing breakdown of the epithelial barrier, likely reflecting early disease states.

Ex Output:
Altered polarization of PAR-2 signaling during airway epithelial remodeling


Ex Input:
High temperature only associated with influenza A occurrence. High diurnal temperature range (DTR) causes more influenza A cases. Low DTR causes more influenza B cases. High DTR and low temperature were the key drivers for influenza A and B separately. g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t X-axis: The value of climate variable; Y-axis: 2-weeks lagged cumulative relative risk (RR), indicating the number of times more likely to have influenza compared to reference value (Ref); Solid line: RR value; Grey shadow: 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Most previous studies focused on the association between climate variables and seasonal influenza activity in tropical or temperate zones, little is known about the associations in different influenza types in subtropical China. The study aimed to explore the associations of multiple climate variables with influenza A (Flu-A) and B virus (Flu-B) transmissions in Shanghai, China. Weekly influenza virus and climate data (mean temperature (MeanT), diurnal temperature range (DTR), relative humidity (RH) and wind velocity (Wv)) were collected between June 2012 and December 2018. Generalized linear models (GLMs), distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) and regression tree models were developed to assess such associations. MeanT exerted the peaking risk of Flu-A at 1.4°C (2-weeks' cumulative relative risk (RR): 14.88, 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.67-23.31) and 25.8°C (RR: 12.21, 95%CI: 6.64-19.83), Flu-B had the peak at 1. 4°C (RR: 26.44,). The highest RR of Flu-A was 23.05 (95%CI: 5.12-88.45) at DTR of 15.8°C, that of Flu-B was 38.25 (95%CI: 15.82-87.61) at 3.2°C. RH of 51.5% had the highest RR of Flu-A (9.98, 95%CI: 4.03-26.28) and Flu-B (4.63, 95%CI: 1.95-11.27). Wv of 3.5 m/s exerted the peaking RR of Flu-A (7.48, 95%CI: 2.73-30.04) and . DTR 12°C and MeanT <22°C were the key drivers for Flu-A and Flu-B, separately. The study found j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l oc a t e / s c i t o t e n v complex non-linear relationships between climate variability and different influenza types in Shanghai. We suggest the careful use of meteorological variables in influenza prediction in subtropical regions, considering such complex associations, which may facilitate government and health authorities to better minimize the impacts of seasonal influenza.

Ex Output:

The complex associations of climate variability with seasonal influenza A and B virus transmission in subtropical Shanghai, China