Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[EX Q]: Cardiovascular device-centered infections are a major cause of hospital morbidity, mortality, and expense. Caused by opportunistic bacteria, this phenomenon is thought to arise because of a defect in neutrophil bacterial killing. We have shown that neutrophils that adhere to polystyrene remain viable, whereas neutrophils that adhere to the vascular biomaterials expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and Dacron undergo a rapid nonapoptotic death. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that surface topography is a determinant of the nonapoptotic death response of neutrophils to biomaterials.', 'We took advantage of the ease with which a polystyrene surface can be manipulated to examine the effect of surface topography on neutrophil viability. Neutrophils were exposed to smooth or roughened polystyrene surfaces both in vivo and in vitro. Changes in cell membrane permeability and production of reactive oxygen species by individual cells were monitored with fluorescent dyes.', 'Host cells and isolated human neutrophils died rapidly after adhesion to roughened polystyrene. Neutrophils adherent to roughened surfaces produced more reactive oxygen intermediates than those adherent to smooth surfaces and were first to die. The cell death response precipitated by expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, Dacron, or the roughened surfaces was significantly reduced with treatment of the neutrophils with catalase, diphenylene iodonium, or the src kinase inhibitor PP2 before adhesion.
[EX A]: Is neutrophil survival on biomaterials determined by surface topography?

[EX Q]: The objective in lung transplantation is to prolong life, but the survival effect in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or alpha1-anti-trypsin deficiency emphysema is still unresolved. This study assesses the impact of diagnosis, single-lung transplantation (SLT) vs bilateral lung transplantation (BLT) and timing of transplantation on survival in a national cohort.', 'In 219 consecutive patients accepted onto the lung transplantation waiting list in Norway, 1990 to 2003, we assessed predictors of death: (1) on the waiting list; (2) <or=90 days after transplantation; and (3) >90 days after transplantation. For each period we used Cox regression, including age, gender, diagnosis, baseline pulmonary function tests, cardiac catheterization data, exercise capacity and transplant type, as potential predictors. Survival benefit was assessed graphically by combining adjusted survival curves after transplantation with the curve for those waiting, modeling transplantation after 6, 12 or 24 months.', 'Mean patient age was 49 years (SD 10), with 55% women. High forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) percentage predicted death on the waiting list. Diagnoses other than COPD/emphysema and receiving SLT were associated with death <or=90 days after transplantation. Only low forced vital capacity (FVC) percentage predicted death >90 days after transplantation. In COPD/emphysema, there was no clear survival benefit from BLT or SLT. For patients in the "Other" group, the data suggest a survival benefit from BLT.
[EX A]: Is lung transplantation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a national cohort without obvious survival benefit?

[EX Q]: ADAMTS 13, sP-Selectin and HSP27 have been investigated as potential prognostic markers in patients with hemorrhagic shock.', "This study was part of a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial and included seventeen trauma patients presented to ED with severe hemorrhagic. The sera for testing were collected from these patients at the time of admission. Investigators and laboratory personnel performing testing were blinded to the patients' identity and clinical course.", 'The prognostic value of ADAMTS13, sP-Selectin, and HSP27 was compared to prognostic value of systolic blood pressure (SBP), base deficit estimation (BD), heart rate (HR), shock index (SI) and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) by constructing the receiver operation characteristics (ROC). The area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC for HSP27 (0.92) was greater than for SBP (0.45), BD (0.89), HR (0.61), SI (0.45) and StO2 (0.46). AUC for sP-Selectin (0.86) and for ADAMTS13 antigen (0.74) were comparable with BD one, but greater than for the rest of currently used tests.
[EX A]:
Do novel markers predict death and organ failure following hemorrhagic shock?