Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: Normal glucose metabolism depends on pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. The bihormonal hypothesis states that while lack of insulin leads to glucose underutilisation, glucagon excess is the principal factor in diabetic glucose overproduction. A recent study reported that streptozotocin-treated glucagon receptor knockout mice have normal glucose tolerance. We investigated the impact of acute disruption of glucagon secretin or action in a mouse model of severe diabetes by three different approaches: (1) alpha cell elimination; (2) glucagon immunoneutralisation; and (3) glucagon receptor antagonism, in order to evaluate the effect of these on glucose tolerance.', 'Severe diabetes was induced in transgenic and wild-type mice by streptozotocin. Glucose metabolism was investigated using OGTT in transgenic mice with the human diphtheria toxin receptor expressed in proglucagon producing cells allowing for diphtheria toxin (DT)-induced alpha cell ablation and in mice treated with either a specific high affinity glucagon antibody or a specific glucagon receptor antagonist.', 'Near-total alpha cell elimination was induced in transgenic mice upon DT administration and resulted in a massive decrease in pancreatic glucagon content. Oral glucose tolerance in diabetic mice was neither affected by glucagon immunoneutralisation, glucagon receptor antagonism, nor alpha cell removal, but did not deteriorate further compared with mice with intact alpha cell mass.
Answer: Disruption of glucagon action/secretion did not improve glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. Near-total alpha cell elimination may have prevented further deterioration. Our findings support insulin lack as the major factor underlying hyperglycaemia in beta cell-deficient diabetes.

Answer: Does acute disruption of glucagon secretion or action improve glucose tolerance in an insulin-deficient mouse model of diabetes?


Question: Context: Many trauma patients have been consuming alcohol at the time of injury. Although high concentrations of alcohol are correlated with poor outcome, few studies have examined the effects of low levels of alcohol. We examined the effects of low alcohol exposure after burn injury using a murine model.', 'Three- and 18-month-old mice were given ethanol or saline 30 minutes before a 15% total body surface area burn injury. Twenty-four hours after injury, cellular immune responses, including delayed-type hypersensitivity response and splenocyte proliferation were examined, along with production of interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-4.', 'Alcohol administration resulted in a significant increase in interferon-gamma in the aged, but not young, burn-injured mice. Likewise, slight increases in IL-2, IL-4, and the delayed-type hypersensitivity response were observed.
Answer: Low levels of ethanol at the time of injury are associated with partial restoration of immune responses in aged mice.

Answer: Is a low blood ethanol level associated with improved cytokine production in aged mice after traumatic injury?


Question: Context: To examine the relationship between and impact of spontaneous bacteria peritonitis (SBP) and renal failure requiring dialysis in waitlisted liver transplant (LT) candidates.', 'Renal failure is a common and severe complication in cirrhotic patients with SBP. Approximately one-third of patients with SBP develop renal failure despite treatment of infection. However, the incidence of renal failure requiring dialysis in LT waitlisted patients who have developed SBP is unknown. The high mortality observed in this group has also raised debate about resource utilization in the care of these patients.', 'Data from the United Network for Organ Sharing Standard Transplant and Research files were collected retrospectively between 1994 and 2012. The primary endpoint measured was first time initiation of dialysis while on the LT wait list. Secondary endpoints included waitlist time and mortality on wait list.', 'A total of 42,085 patients were included. SBP at time of listing was diagnosed in 2,352 patients (5.6%) and first time initiation of dialysis while on the wait list occurred in 2,367 patients (6.2%). Unadjusted OR for requiring dialysis for patients listed with SBP was 1.66 (p < 0.001). When controlled for age, gender, BMI, diabetes mellitus, baseline creatinine, MELD score, serum albumin at listing, the adjusted OR for dialysis was 1.24 (p = 0.007) in waitlisted patients with SBP. Patients with SBP at time of listing had a mean waitlist time 142.1 d vs. 198.7 d in non-SBP patients (p < 0.001).
Answer: Spontaneous bacteria peritonitis patients have a significantly increased likelihood to require dialysis and mean shorter waitlist time. Furthermore, the combined occurrence of SBP and dialysis is a strong risk factor for all-cause mortality while on the LT wait list.

Answer:
Is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis a risk factor for renal failure requiring dialysis in waitlisted liver transplant candidates?