Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: The potential for a compound to cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity is a matter of extreme interest for human health risk assessment. To assess liver and kidney toxicity, repeated-dose toxicity (RDT) studies are conducted mainly on rodents. However, these tests are expensive, time-consuming and require large numbers of animals. For early toxicity screening, in silico models can be applied, reducing the costs, time and animals used. Among in silico approaches, structure-activity relationship (SAR) methods, based on the identification of chemical substructures (structural alerts, SAs) related to a particular activity (toxicity), are widely employed.', 'We identified and evaluated some SAs related to liver and kidney toxicity, using RDT data on rats taken from the hazard evaluation support system (HESS) database. We considered only SAs that gave the best percentages of true positives (TP).

A: Does identification of structural alert for liver and kidney toxicity using repeated dose toxicity data?
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Q: The aim of this exploratory study was to identify those factors associated with asthma control assessed according to GINA Guidelines.', '809 (56% female) subjects with asthma were recruited consecutively from both specialist and primary care centres. Asthma control was assessed over a 4-week follow-up period using a composite measure. A multivariate analysis was performed, in which asthma control was included as the dependent variable and several explanatory variables were included as independent variables.', 'Analysis performed on the whole population rendered gender (p=0.003), the type of physician (p<0.001), and age group (p<0.001), as significant factors associated with asthma control. In adults, gender (p=0.001), asthma severity (p<0.001), and type of physician (p<0.001) were significant, and only asthma severity was significant (p=0.043) in children.

A: Are women , patients with severe asthma , and patients attended by primary care physicians , at higher risk of suffering from poorly controlled asthma?
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Q: Recently, several reports have described the ability of recombinant baculoviruses to transduce a variety of mammalian cells. Yet, mechanisms involved in baculovirus entry in those cells remain largely unexplored, particularly at the primary binding step of the virions to the cell membrane.', 'This report focused on the primary virus-cell interactions that lead to in vitro transduction of human 293 cells using a polyhedrin-deleted baculovirus harboring a CMV-driven beta-galactosidase gene (BacLacZ).', 'Infection rate monitored for 8 h and transduction rate with a multiplicity of infection of up to 800 were, both, non-saturable. Temperatures from 37 degrees C to 4 degrees C dramatically impaired BacLacZ but not adenovirus cell attachment. Competitive infections performed with an excess of a non LacZ-expressing baculovirus hardly competed at a 1/1 ratio. Consistent with an adsorptive binding process onto the cell surface, interactions through electrostatic charges between both viral and cell membranes appeared to be critical for BacLacZ transduction. The addition of polybrene to the cells prior to or during the infection prevented both virus binding and LacZ gene transfer, suggesting the involvement of negatively charged epitopes exposed at the cell surface. The simultaneous presence of the highly charged heparin abrogated BacLacZ binding to the cell surface and subsequent gene transfer. Lastly, direct in vitro binding of BacLacZ to heparin but not BSA columns could be demonstrated after elution of infectious BacLacZ virus in high salt molarity.

A:
Does baculovirus vector require electrostatic interactions including heparan sulfate for efficient gene transfer in mammalian cells?
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