Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: We previously localized protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) on human spermatozoa and demonstrated that activation of PAR-2 by the mast cell (MC) product tryptase inhibits sperm motility. Importantly, tryptase-secreting MCs are encountered in the male and female genital tract, implying that MC-spermatozoa interactions may be as yet unrecognized factors affecting sperm fertilizing ability. In order to elucidate how tryptase via activation of PAR-2 acts in human spermatozoa, we studied intracellular signal transduction events.', 'Impairment of sperm motility by tryptase was not dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and tryptase did not alter intracellular Ca2+ levels. Pre-incubation with pertussis toxin (PTX) failed to prevent tryptase effects on sperm motility. Western blot analyses revealed that tryptase increased phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) ERK1/2, an effect which was blocked by the MAPK pathway inhibitor PD98059. Pre-treatment of spermatozoa with this inhibitor also blocked the inhibtion of sperm motility evoked by tryptase.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: In RA, conflicting results have been described on the association between genotypes of the complement factor mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and disease susceptibility and severity. This might be due to underpowerment of previous research work and the fact that no confirmation cohorts were used. Therefore a different approach is warranted.', 'MBL2 gene polymorphisms were determined in two RA cohorts (378 and 261 cases) and 648 controls. Considering MBL polymorphisms, cases and controls were categorized in groups of high, intermediate and low MBL production. The total sample size allows detection of a potential association between RA susceptibility and MBL groups with an odds ratio of 1.37 (alpha < 0.05; 1-beta > 0.8). Disease severity as defined by the need for anti-TNF therapy was also analysed for possible associations with MBL groups.', 'There was no difference in the frequencies between MBL genotypes of RA cases and controls that are associated with high (cases 54.4%, controls 57.0%), intermediate (cases 28.9%, controls 27.5%) or low (cases 16.7%, controls 15.5%) MBL production. Furthermore, there was no association between MBL groups and disease severity.

Output: 1


Input: Consider Input: Diabetic patients commonly suffer from disturbances in production and clearance of plasma lipoproteins, known as diabetic dyslipidemia, resulting in an increased risk of coronary heart disease. The study aimed to examine the cause of hypobetalipoproteinemia in two patients with type 1 diabetes.', 'The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) is a study demonstrating that intensive blood glucose control delays the onset and progression of type 1 diabetes complications. Hypobetalipoproteinemia was present in two DCCT subjects, IDs 1427 and 1078, whose LDL-C levels were 36 and 28 mg/dL, respectively, and triglyceride levels were 20 and 28 mg/dL, respectively. We performed exome sequencing on genomic DNA from the two patients with hypobetalipoproteinemia.', 'The subjects 1427 and 1078 had heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the gene apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and these mutations resulted in premature stop codons at amino acid 1333 (ApoB-29) and 3680 (ApoB-81), respectively. Indeed, the plasma ApoB level of subject 1427 (19 mg/dL) was the lowest and that of subject 1078 (26 mg/dL) was the second to the lowest among all the 1,441 DCCT participants. Sequencing genomic DNA of family members showed that probands 1427 and 1078 inherited the mutations from the father and the mother, respectively.


Output: 1