Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Context: Genetic haploinsufficiency of SYNGAP1/Syngap1 commonly occurs in developmental brain disorders, such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. Thus, studying mouse models of Syngap1 haploinsufficiency may uncover pathologic developmental processes common among distinct brain disorders.', 'A Syngap1 haploinsufficiency model was used to explore the relationship between critical period dendritic spine abnormalities, cortical circuit assembly, and the window for genetic rescue to understand how damaging mutations disrupt key substrates of mouse brain development.', 'Syngap1 mutations broadly disrupted a developmentally sensitive period that corresponded to the period of heightened postnatal cortical synaptogenesis. Pathogenic Syngap1 mutations caused a coordinated acceleration of dendrite elongation and spine morphogenesis and pruning of these structures in neonatal cortical pyramidal neurons. These mutations also prevented a form of developmental structural plasticity associated with experience-dependent reorganization of brain circuits. Consistent with these findings, Syngap1 mutant mice displayed an altered pattern of long-distance synaptic inputs into a cortical area important for cognition. Interestingly, the ability to genetically improve the behavioral endophenotype of Syngap1 mice decreased slowly over postnatal development and mapped onto the developmental period of coordinated dendritic insults.
Answer: Pathogenic Syngap1 mutations have a profound impact on the dynamics and structural integrity of pyramidal cell postsynaptic structures known to guide the de novo wiring of nascent cortical circuits. These findings support the idea that disrupted critical periods of dendritic growth and spine plasticity may be a common pathologic process in developmental brain disorders.

Ex Output:
Does syngap1 haploinsufficiency damage a postnatal critical period of pyramidal cell structural maturation linked to cortical circuit assembly?


Ex Input:
Context: Angiostatin is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor that has been identified as a cryptic fragment of plasminogen molecule containing the first four kringle domain. Angiogenin, a 14-kDa monomeric protein, a potent blood vessel inducer, is expressed in tumors and present in mammalian plasma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether recombinant kringle 1-3 (rKI-3) of human plasminogen could interfere with angiogenesis induced by angiogenin and to evaluate the role of angiogenin in corneal angiogenesis in rabbit.', 'A Hydron polymer pellet containing 2.0 microg of angiogenin was implanted intrastromally into the superior cornea of each of 44 rabbit eyes. All eyes received an intrastromal pellet and were randomized into either one group treated with 12.5 microg of rKI-3 (n = 25) or the other group treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; n = 19). Both pellets were positioned in parallel at the site 1.2 mm from the superior limbus. Two masked observers kept the angiogenesis score daily, based on the number and the length of new vessels. The corneas with induced angiogenesis also were examined histologically.', 'On the third day of the angiogenin pellets implantation, the eye treated with rKI-3 had less angiogenesis (mean score, 4.2 +/- 6.6) than eye treated with PBS (mean score, 16.1 +/- 17.1; p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). The cornea treated with PBS also showed much more leukocyte adhesion than the cornea treated with rKI-3.
Answer: Recombinant kringle 1-3 appears to inhibit angiogenin-induced angiogenesis in a rabbit corneal pocket assay. Recombinant kringle 1-3 may have therapeutic potential as an antiangiogenic agent.

Ex Output:
Does recombinant kringle 1-3 of plasminogen inhibit rabbit corneal angiogenesis induced by angiogenin?


Ex Input:
Context: Blood O(2) saturation and lactate concentration gradients from superior vena cava (SVC) to pulmonary artery (PA) occur in critically ill patients. These gradients (DeltaSO(2) and Delta[Lac]) may be positive or negative. We tested the hypothesis that positive DeltaSO(2) and Delta[Lac] are associated with improved survival in critically ill patients.', 'Multinational, prospective observational study conducted in six medical and surgical ICUs.', 'Consecutive sample of 106 adults requiring insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). Average age was 59.5 +/- 15.5 years, APACHE II score was 15.5 +/- 6.7 (mean +/- SD). Main outcome measure was 28-day mortality.', 'None.', 'We drew blood samples from the proximal and distal ports of PACs every 6 h from the time of PAC insertion (Initial measurement) until its removal (Final measurement). Samples were analyzed for SO(2), [Lac], glucose concentration and blood gases. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained after blood samples. We monitored patients for 30.9 +/- 11.0 h. Overall mortality rate was 25.5%. More survivors had mean and final DeltaSO(2) > or = 0 and Delta[Lac] > or = 0 than decedents (p < 0.01; p < 0.05 respectively). On the average, DeltaSO(2) and Delta[Lac] were positive in survivors and negative in decedents. Survival odds ratios for final measurements of DeltaSO(2) > or = 0 and Delta[Lac] > or = 0 were 19.22 and 7.70, respectively (p < 0.05).
Answer: A strong association exists between positive DeltaSO(2) and Delta[Lac] and survival in critically ill patients. Whether therapy aimed at increasing DeltaSO(2) and Delta[Lac] results in improved ICU survival remains to be determined.

Ex Output:

Are central venous to mixed venous blood oxygen and lactate gradients associated with outcome in critically ill patients?