Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

[Q]: Hippocampal neurodegeneration is one of the hallmarks in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases such as temporal lobe epilepsy and Alzheimer disease. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells are a mixed population of cells, including neurons, and their conditioned medium is enriched with erythropoietin (EPO). Because EPO is a known neuroprotectant, we hypothesized that infusion of HEK cells or HEK-conditioned medium (HEK-CM) may provide neuroprotection against kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal damage in mice.', 'Adult CF1 mice were treated with KA to induce hippocampal damage. On 3rd and 5th days after KA treatment, HEK cells or HEK-CM was infused intravenously through the tail vein. On the 7th and 8th days after KA treatment, all groups of mice were subjected to cognitive and depression assessment by use of a novel object recognition test and a forced swim test, respectively. Subsequent to this assessment, mice were killed and the brain samples were used to assess the histopathology and messenger RNA expression for EPO and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2).', 'We found that infusion of HEK cells/HEK-CM improves cognitive function and alleviates symptoms of depression. Histological assessment demonstrates complete neuroprotection against KA-mediated excitotoxicity, and the hippocampal cytoarchitecture of HEK cells/HEK-CM treated mice was comparable to normal control mice. HEK cells/HEK-CM treatment could provide neuroprotection by upregulating the endogenous EPO and Bcl-2 in KA-treated mice.
[A]: 1


[Q]: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PCa) are characterized by intrapancreatic neuropathic alterations, including increased neural density and hypertrophy, pancreatic neuritis and neural invasion (NI) by cancer cells in PCa. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of these neuropathic changes on the quality of pancreatic innervation, intrapancreatic glia, and visceral pain.', 'Pancreatic nerve fiber qualities were characterized by immunohistochemical visualization of various markers, including those for sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) and cholinergic innervation (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT), as well as the glial transcription factor, Sox10, and the neuroepithelial progenitor cell marker, Nestin, in normal pancreas (NP, n=16), CP (n=20), and PCa (n=20) patients. The neural immunoreactivity scores of these markers were correlated with the severity of intrapancreatic neuropathic changes and with abdominal pain sensation of patients.', 'Pancreatic sympathetic innervation was significantly reduced in CP and PCa, whereas parasympathetic innervation did not show major changes. Nestin neuro-immunoreactivity was stronger, and Sox10-immunoreactivity was weaker in CP and PCa than in NP. Pancreatic sympathetic and cholinergic innervation was noticeably decreased in patients with severe pancreatic neuritis, NI by cancer cells, or abdominal pain. Moreover, the neural immunoreactivity for Sox10 and Nestin also varied with intrapancreatic neuropathic alterations and abdominal pain.
[A]: 1


[Q]: Known factors affecting the management of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) include reflux grade, infection frequency, age and gender. We hypothesized that provider preference is highly associated with management.', 'Utilizing the national billing database, Faculty Practice Solutions Center, a multivariable logistic regression model, was applied to analyze the association of pediatric urologist treatment patterns, patient age, gender, uni- or bilateral disease, insurance type, presence of nephropathy and race with the type of VUR treatment a patient would receive.', "We identified 59 pediatric urologists who managed 7,882 new reflux patients from 2009 to 2011. Over this 3-year period there was wide variation in surgical utilization between surgeons (mean 50 %) but minimal change for each surgeon (5 %). For every 100 new reflux patients, median utilization of reimplantation surgery and injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Deflux) was 26 and 20 %, respectively. Age ranked highest in predicting surgical versus non-surgical management, while a surgeon's historic Deflux utilization rate ranked highest in predicting surgery type. Older age, female gender and white race also increased the odds of Deflux utilization over reimplantation.
[A]:
0