TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Endotoxin, when delivered shortly before or during mechanical ventilation, increases susceptibility to ventilation-associated lung injury. However, it is unclear whether increased susceptibility to ventilator-associated lung injury is still present after clinical recovery from a transient endotoxin challenge.', 'Anesthetized rats were submitted to a 4-h period of mechanical ventilation with low (8 ml/kg) or high (24, 27, or 30 ml/kg) tidal volumes (VTs) 24 h after transient illness had been provoked by a single nonlethal intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Control animals were injected with phosphate-buffered saline and underwent the same protocol.', 'At 24 h, endotoxin-treated nonventilated animals showed no symptoms of clinical illness, and oxygenation was comparable with that of controls, but lung neutrophil counts were increased. Compared with controls, mechanical ventilation with high VT induced a stronger pulmonary inflammatory response and more severe lung injury in endotoxin-treated animals, as indicated by impaired oxygenation, increased lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, and increased levels of protein, neutrophils, and cytokines in lung lavage fluid. In addition, the highest VT resulted in increased mortality in endotoxin-treated animals. Low VT after endotoxin treatment did not cause functional pulmonary impairment but induced an inflammatory response.\Question: Does increased susceptibility to ventilator-associated lung injury persist after clinical recovery from experimental endotoxemia?

SOLUTION: In this animal model, a 24-h delay after a single systemic injection of endotoxin resulted in clinical recovery and preserved pulmonary function but did not prevent increased susceptibility to ventilator-associated lung injury provoked by high VT. Residual pulmonary inflammation and neutrophilic infiltration at initiation of mechanical ventilation probably contribute to these findings.

PROBLEM: Context: Activation of NF-kappaB signaling pathway plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. However, the role of NF-kappaB pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been fully elucidated. Studies have shown that curcumin possesses anti-infection and anti-oxidation effects. This study was to evaluate whether curcumin could induce apoptosis through inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling pathway in ESCC cells.', 'Expressions of pIkappaBalpha and Bcl-2 were detected using Western blott after incubation of ESCC cells with curcumin (50 micromol/L) at different time points. Apoptosis and the number of viable ESCC cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and MTT, respectively, after the treatment of curcumin, 5-FU, or the combination of curcumin and 5-FU.', 'In two ESCC cell lines, EC9706 and Eca109,curcumin inhibited IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and Bcl-2 in a time-dependent manner; curcumin alone increased cell apoptosis (P<0.05), and the effect became more prominent when it was combined with 5-FU (P<0.05); curcumin plus 5-FU exerted a stronger inhibition effect on cell proliferation than curcumin alone (P<0.05) or 5-FU alone (P<0.05).\Question: Does [ Curcumin promote apoptosis of esophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines through inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling pathway ]?

SOLUTION: Curcumin inhibits the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha, leading to suppression of proliferation, induction of apoptosis and an increase of the sensitivity of ESCC cell lines towards 5-FU.

PROBLEM: Context: Efavirenz is used for the antiretroviral treatment of HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected patients in developing countries. A switch to nevirapine is regularly carried out because of the cost and side effects of efavirenz. Pharmacokinetic studies suggested that nevirapine should be initiated at full dose when used as a substitute for efavirenz.', 'The aim of this study was to measure the cumulative incidence of adverse events (AEs) related to nevirapine in patients switched from efavirenz to immediate full-dose nevirapine (FDN).', 'In 2001 an antiretroviral treatment programme was initiated with the first-line regimen stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz. In 2003, the fixed-dose combination of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine was recommended. Thus, first-line therapy was changed and FDN was initiated when patients were switched from efavirenz to nevirapine.', 'Between April and December 2004, 394 patients were switched from efavirenz to FDN. The cumulative incidence of AEs related to nevirapine was 13.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 10.2-16.7] and that of severe AEs was 8.9% (95% CI 6.5-11.9). In women the incidence of AEs was 17.6% (95% CI 12.1-24.3) and that of severe AEs was 12.2% (95% CI 7.7-18.2).\Question: Is efavirenz replacement by immediate full-dose nevirapine safe in HIV-1-infected patients in Cambodia?

SOLUTION:
Our results indicate that an FDN switch from efavirenz does not appear to result in more AEs than when nevirapine is initiated with escalating doses. These data are particularly relevant in resource-limited settings.