In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

A major obstacle to anticipating the cross-species transmission of zoonotic diseases and developing novel strategies for their control is the scarcity of data informing how these pathogens circulate within natural reservoir populations. Vampire bats are the primary reservoir of rabies in Latin America, where the disease remains among the most important viral zoonoses affecting humans and livestock. Unpredictable spatiotemporal dynamics of rabies within bat populations have precluded anticipation of outbreaks and undermined widespread bat culling programs. By analysing 1146 vampire bat-transmitted rabies (VBR) outbreaks in livestock across 12 years in Peru, we demonstrate that viral expansions into historically uninfected zones have doubled the recent burden of VBR. Viral expansions are geographically widespread, but severely constrained by high elevation peaks in the Andes mountains. Within Andean valleys, invasions form wavefronts that are advancing towards large, unvaccinated livestock populations that are heavily bitten by bats, which together will fuel high transmission and mortality. Using spatial models, we forecast the pathways of ongoing VBR epizootics across heterogeneous landscapes. These results directly inform vaccination strategies to mitigate impending viral emergence, reveal VBR as an emerging rather than an enzootic disease and create opportunities to test novel interventions to manage viruses in bat reservoirs.
Spatial expansions and travelling waves of rabies in vampire bats

An antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) method was developed for the efficient detection of the UL24 antigen of the duck enteritis virus (DEV) using polyclonal antibodies. Ducks and rabbits were immunized, respectively, with expressed UL24 recombinant protein. The IgG antibodies against UL24 from ducks and rabbits were purified and used as the capture antibodies. The specificity of the optimized AC-ELISA was evaluated by use of DEV, duck hepatitis virus (DHV), duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), gosling plague virus (GPV), Riemerella anatipestifer (R.A.), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pasteurella multocida (P.M.) and Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.). Only DEV specimens yielded a specific and strong signal. The limit of the sensitivity of this method for the detection of DEV was 46 ng/100 l. Compared with PCR and virus isolation, the rate of agreement for the detection of experimentally infected sera was 100%. A comparative test used on clinical specimens between the neutralization test and the AC-ELISA showed that the proportions of true positives and true negatives by the AC-ELISA were 0.90 and 0.67 respectively. These results indicated that the AC-ELISA approach is rapid, sensitive, and reliable for specific detection of DEV antigen.
Development and evaluation of an antigen-capture ELISA for detection of the UL24 antigen of the duck enteritis virus, based on a polyclonal antibody against the UL24 expression protein

Objective: Increased hepatic expression of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whether this is causative for the development of NAFLD is not yet clarified. Here we investigate the effect of hepatic DPP4 overexpression on the development of liver steatosis in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Methods: Plasma DPP4 activity of subjects with or without NAFLD was analyzed. Wild-type (WT) and liver-specific Dpp4 transgenic mice (Dpp4-Liv-Tg) were fed a high-fat diet and characterized for body weight, body composition, hepatic fat content and insulin sensitivity. In vitro experiments on HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes were conducted to validate cell autonomous effects of DPP4 on lipid storage and insulin sensitivity. Results: Subjects suffering from insulin resistance and NAFLD show an increased plasma DPP4 activity when compared to healthy controls. Analysis of Dpp4-Liv-Tg mice revealed elevated systemic DPP4 activity and diminished active GLP-1 levels. They furthermore show increased body weight, fat mass, adipose tissue inflammation, hepatic steatosis, liver damage and hypercholesterolemia. These effects were accompanied by increased expression of PPARg and CD36 as well as severe insulin resistance in the liver. In agreement, treatment of HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes with physiological concentrations of DPP4 resulted in impaired insulin sensitivity independent of lipid content. Conclusions: Our results give evidence that elevated expression of DPP4 in the liver promotes NAFLD and insulin resistance. This is linked to reduced levels of active GLP-1, but also to auto-and paracrine effects of DPP4 on hepatic insulin signaling. (A. Schürmann). Abbreviations: Ad, adenovirus; Akt, Akt serineethreonine protein kinase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BAT, brown adipose tissue; CD36, fatty acid translocase; Cpt1a, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a; Dgat2, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; Dpp4-Liv-Tg, transgenic mice with hepatocyte-specific Dpp4 overexpression; F4/80, adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1; Gfp, green fluorescent protein; GGT, gammaglutamyl transpeptidase; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; gWAT, gonadal white adipose tissue; HFD, high-fat diet; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; IL6, interleukin 6; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCP1, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; MOGAT1, monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NFkB, nuclear factor-kB; pAkt, phosphorylated Akt serineethreonine protein kinase; WT, wild-type; PPARg, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; rhDPP4, recombinant human dipeptidyl peptidase 4; rmDPP4, recombinant mouse dipeptidyl peptidase 4; SM, skeletal muscle; Srebf1, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1; sWAT, subcutaneous white adipose tissue; TNFa, tumor necrosis factor a

Elevated hepatic DPP4 activity promotes insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease