Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: We hypothesized that preconditioning (PC) with a short exposure to isoflurane (ISO) would reduce neurodegeneration induced by prolonged exposure to ISO in neonatal rats, as previously shown in neuronal cell culture.', 'We randomly divided 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats into 3 groups: control, 1.5% ISO, and PC + 1.5% ISO. The control group was exposed to carrier gas (30% oxygen balanced in nitrogen) for 30 minutes and then to carrier gas again for 6 hours the following day. The 1.5% ISO group was exposed to carrier gas for 30 minutes and then to 1.5% ISO for 6 hours the following day. The PC + 1.5% ISO group was preconditioned with a 30-minute 1.5% ISO exposure and then exposed to 1.5% ISO for 6 hours the following day. Blood and brain samples were collected 2 hours after the exposures for determination of neurodegenerative biomarkers, including caspase-3, S100β, caspase-12, and an autophagy biomarker Beclin-1.', 'Prolonged exposure to ISO significantly increased cleaved caspase-3 expression in the cerebral cortex of 7-day-old rats compared with the group preconditioned with ISO and the controls using Western blot assays. However, significant differences were not detected for other markers of neuronal injury.

A: 0
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Q: A recent (123)I-FP-CIT ((123)-I-N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane) SPECT study on rats suggested that a single 1 mg/kg dose of the antipsychotic haloperidol induces enough dopamine release to compete with (123)I-FP-CIT for binding to the dopamine transporter. Taking into account the far-reaching consequences of this proposition, we were interested in testing whether we could reproduce this finding using storage phosphor imaging.', 'Twenty rats were pretreated with saline or haloperidol (1 mg/kg of body weight) and then injected with (123)I-FP-CIT. Two hours after (123)I-FP-CIT injection, the rats were sacrificed and binding in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and cerebellum (nonspecific binding) was measured.', 'In contrast to the earlier SPECT finding, acute administration of haloperidol did not induce a significant change in (123)I-FP-CIT binding ratios in the striatum and nucleus accumbens.

A: 0
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Q: Statins have been shown to possess antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we sought to determine if preoperative statin therapy is associated with a reduced frequency of postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in surgical populations at increased risk of developing ARDS.', 'We performed a retrospective cohort evaluation of the association between preoperative statin therapy and early postoperative ARDS in patients undergoing elective high-risk thoracic and aortic vascular surgery. The association between preoperative statin therapy and postoperative ARDS was assessed using propensity-adjusted analyses to control for indication bias and confounding factors.', 'Of 1845 patients, 722 were receiving preoperative statin therapy. One hundred twenty patients developed postoperative ARDS. Frequencies of ARDS among those receiving statin therapy versus those who were not was 7.2% and 6.1%, respectively (OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 0.83-1.75; P = 0.330). Neither the stratified propensity score analysis (pooled OR 0.93; 95% CI, 0.60-1.43) nor matched analysis (OR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.48-1.27) identified a statistically significant association between preoperative statin administration and postoperative ARDS. When compared to matched controls, patients who developed postoperative ARDS did not differ in mortality (7.7% vs 8.8%, P = 0.51), hospital length of stay (21 days vs 15 days, P = 0.21), or ventilator-free days (24 days vs 25 days, P = 0.62).

A:
0
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