TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: The present study is to investigate the pathological changes in rabbits with traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), as well as the effect of fasudil on the lesions.', 'A total of 144 New Zealand rabbits were successfully established as TON models. Twelve hours after surgery, the rabbits in control, dexamethasone, and fasudil groups were administrated with saline, dexamethasone, and fasudil via ear veins, respectively. Then, retinas of the rabbits were obtained at 72 h and on days 7, 14 and 21 after surgery. The pathological changes in retina and optic nerves were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. The expression levels of Rho-associated genes were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.', 'In control group, the axons were swelling, and mitochondria showed vacuolation after optic nerve crush. Mitochondria were swelled slightly in dexamethasone group. By contrast, nerves in fasudil group were repaired. Retinal ganglion cells in control group were reduced significantly due to optic nerve crush. The loss of retinal ganglion cells was alleviated in fasudil group. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression of Rho-associated genes were down-regulated.
Answer: The present study demonstrates that fasudil inhibits the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and ameliorates damages of optic nerves in traumatic optic neuropathy.

SOLUTION: Does fasudil alleviate traumatic optic neuropathy by inhibiting Rho signaling pathway?

PROBLEM: Context: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), a novel metabolism-associated gene, during polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathogenesis.', 'Case-control study.', 'University hospital.', 'A total of 77 PCOS patients and 67 healthy women as matched controls.', 'PDCD4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) detected by flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and small-interfering RNA.', 'PDCD4 expression, body mass index (BMI), insulin 0, insulin 120, glucose 120, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment for β-cell function (HOMA-β), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and GC apoptosis.', 'The PCOS patients had higher PDCD4 expression, but BMI was similar as matched with the obese group, which positively correlated with BMI, insulin 0, insulin 120, glucose 120, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, triglycerides and negatively correlated with HDL (P<.05). After metformin treatment, PDCD4 expression was distinctly down-regulated for the obese women with PCOS with insulin resistance. Compared with the healthy controls, the apoptosis percentage of GCs was higher in the PCOS group and was decreased by knocking down PDCD4. Furthermore, expression of proapotosis factor Bax and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were lower, whereas the expression of antiapoptosis factor Bcl-2 was increased. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the level of PDCD4 expression independently related to the odds of PCOS risk after controlling for estradiol and insulin 120 (odds ratio 1.318).
Answer: Our study suggests for the first time that higher PDCD4 expression might play an important role in PCOS pathogenesis by affecting obesity, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism disorders, and GC apoptosis.

SOLUTION: Is higher PDCD4 expression associated with obesity , insulin resistance , lipid metabolism disorders , and granulosa cell apoptosis in polycystic ovary syndrome?

PROBLEM: Context: Carriage of the HLA-Cw*0602 allele is associated with a particular set of clinical features and treatment responses in psoriasis. Tonsillectomy can improve psoriasis.', 'We sought to evaluate whether HLA-Cw*0602 predicts a favorable outcome after tonsillectomy of patients with psoriasis.', 'This prospective case series followed up 28 tonsillectomized patients with plaque psoriasis for 24\xa0months. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, Psoriasis Disability Index, and Psoriasis Life Stress Inventory were used for assessment. Tonsils were swabbed for bacteria and patients genotyped for HLA-Cw*0602.', 'After tonsillectomy, HLA-Cw*0602 homozygotes showed significantly more improvement, compared with heterozygous and HLA-Cw*0602-negative patients. Thus, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score was reduced by 82% in the homozygous patients compared with 42% and 31%, respectively (P\xa0<\xa0.001), Psoriasis Disability Index score improved by 87% compared with 38% and 41%, respectively (P\xa0<\xa0.001), and Psoriasis Life Stress Inventory score was 82% reduced compared with 60% and 54%, respectively (P\xa0<\xa0.001). The homozygotes more often had psoriasis onset associated with a throat infection (P\xa0=\xa0.007) and an increased frequency of streptococcal throat infections per lifetime (P\xa0=\xa0.038).
Answer: Few patients were included and some data were retrospective.

SOLUTION:
Is hLA-Cw6 homozygosity in plaque psoriasis associated with streptococcal throat infections and pronounced improvement after tonsillectomy : A prospective case series?