Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: To determine the role of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation in the pathogenesis of unexplained second and third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss.', 'One hundred and fourteen women with unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss made up the study group, and 106 normal pregnant women with a history of delivery of at least one healthy fetus and no history of late fetal loss made up the control group. The study group was further divided into two subgroups: second (n = 36) and third (n = 78) trimester fetal loss. All women were tested for factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin gene mutations.', 'Twenty-one (18.4%) of the women in the study group and seven (6.6%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden mutation (OR = 3.19). Eleven (9.6%) of the women in the study group and three (2.8%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of prothrombin gene mutation (OR = 3.66). In assessing with regard to trimesters, 18 (23%) factor V Leiden and 10 (12.8%) prothrombin gene mutations were present in the group of third trimester fetal loss (OR = 4.24 and OR = 5.04, respectively). Three (8.3%) factor V Leiden and one (2.7%) prothrombin gene mutation were detected in women with second trimester fetal loss (OR = 1.28 and OR = 0.40, respectively).

Answer: Is third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations?


Question: Associations between multidrug resistance and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype have been described mainly in populations with poor tuberculosis (TB) control such as prisons and inner cities, and may reflect shared risk factors rather than a biological association.', 'To study the association between genotype and drug resistance among TB patients in a population with adequate TB control.', 'Three rural districts in Vietnam. The study was performed at the Pham Ngoc Thach Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, and the Tien Giang Provincial Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital, My Tho, Vietnam.', 'Pretreatment sputum specimens were collected for culture, drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping of all sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB patients consecutively diagnosed over a 3-year period.', 'Beijing genotype infections were observed in 614 of 1744 (35%) patients. Beijing strains were more common among female (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.4, P = 0.005), young (aOR 2.8, P < 0.001) and previously treated patients (aOR 2.4, P < 0.001). The Beijing genotype was associated with any resistance (aOR 3.7, P < 0.001) and multidrug resistance (aOR 6.8, P < 0.001) among new patients, and with any resistance (aOR 2.7, P = 0.005) but not with multidrug resistance (aOR 1.4, P = 0.545) among previously treated patients.

Answer: Is the Beijing genotype associated with young age and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in rural Vietnam?


Question: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is common in dialysis patients, and an independent predictor of mortality. While recent studies have shown no differences in mortality between the two most common dialysis modalities, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD), their impact on LVH is controversial. We thus performed cardiac ultrasound studies in prevalent dialysis patients receiving either HD or PD and compared LVH.', 'We included 48 HD and 62 PD patients receiving treatment for at least three months in our dialysis center. All patients underwent echocardiographic examination and blood pressure measurements immediately following therapy. Volume status was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis.', 'There was no baseline difference in demographics or comorbidities between HD and PD patients. As expected, extracellular water (ECW) in post-HD patients was significantly lower than that in pre-HD and PD patients, while cardiac output (CO) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were higher in pre-HD than that in post-HD or PD patients. There was no significant difference in CO or SBP between post-HD and PD patients. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was markedly higher in HD patients as compared to PD patients. Thus, the prevalence of LVH according to the Framingham criteria was 68.8% in HD patients and 45.2% in PD patients. Subgroup analysis showed similar results in the patients who had been on single-modality dialysis for at least two years and in the anuric patients. Finally, in a linear regression model (r(2) = 0.364, p < 0.001), SBP, treatment modality (to be in HD), and ECW were all independent predictors of LVMI.

Answer:
Is the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in Chinese hemodialysis patients higher than that in peritoneal dialysis patients?