Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Input: Consider Input: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is closely associated with the development of infection-induced deleterious pulmonary reactions. In this study, we investigated the enhancement effects of LPS on tachykinin-mediated plasma exudation in the lungs of guinea pigs. The role of oxidants was also explored.', 'Intravenous LPS (100 mu kg-1) or its vehicle was administered 0 to 3 hours prior to bilateral electrical or sham stimulation of the cervical vagus nerves in animals anesthetized with urethane and artificially ventilated. Plasma exudation into the lungs was assessed by measurement of extravasated 125I-albumin which had been intravenously administered before stimulation.', 'The plasma exudation in the lungs increased after bilateral cervical vagal stimulation. LPS alone did not induce significant plasma exudation. The vagally-mediated plasma exudation was enhanced by LPS with the peak effect 1 hour after LPS administration. LPS also enhanced exogenous substance P (10(-8) mol kg-1, i.v.)-induced plasma exudation. The vagally-induced plasma exudation was abolished by a specific neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist, L-732,138. The LPS-induced enhancement response was also attenuated by L-732,138. The vagally-induced plasma exudation was not affected by superoxide dismutase (SOD, 5000 U kg-1, i.p.) pretreatment. However, SOD significantly inhibited the LPS-enhanced neurogenic plasma leakage. The LPS-induced enhancement was not completely abolished by either L-732,138 or SOD pretreatment alone, but by a combination of both.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: The EML4-ALK fusion gene is more frequently found in younger, never smoking patients with lung cancer. Meanwhile, never smokers exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) during childhood are diagnosed at a younger age compared with never smoking patients with lung cancer who are not exposed. We, therefore, hypothesized that SHS, which can induce DNA damage, is associated with the EML4-ALK fusion gene.', 'We compared the frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene among 197 never smoker patients with lung cancer with and without a history of exposure to SHS during childhood at Mayo Clinic.', 'The EML4-ALK fusion gene was detected in 33% of cases from never smokers with a history of SHS exposure during childhood, whereas 47% of never smoking lung cancer cases without a history of childhood SHS exposure tested positive for the fusion gene.

Output: 0


Input: Consider Input: Cell proliferation, vector titer and accessibility of target cells represent hurdles for efficient gene transfer to lung epithelia in vivo using recombinant murine leukemia (MuLV)-based retroviruses. We tested the hypothesis that the pulmonary epithelium is susceptible to retroviral-mediated gene transfer when stimulated to proliferate by a mitogen, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF).', 'Rats received keratinocyte growth factor (KGF, 2.5 micrograms/g x 4 doses, two consecutive days) intratracheally followed by high titer amphotropic retrovirus expressing beta-galactosidase. Gene transfer was assessed five days later.', 'KGF stimulated transient proliferation in the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelia (30-40% PCNA positive cells at peak) which decreased to background levels seven days after administration. Gene transfer to epithelia (X-Gal positive cells) occurred more frequently in KGF treated rats, but proliferation exceeded the level of gene transfer. X-gal positive cells were noted in the alveolar epithelium and occasionally in the bronchiolar epithelium. In order to understand the discrepancy between the number of proliferating and transduced cells, primary rat tracheal epithelium cultured at the air-liquid interface was infected from either the apical or basolateral side. Gene transfer was achieved only through basolateral application of vector, suggesting that epithelial polarity represents a barrier to MuLV-based lung gene transfer in vivo.


Output: 0