TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: To investigate the independent relationship of individual- and area-level socio-economic status (SES) with the presence and severity of visual impairment (VI) in an Asian population.', 'Cross-sectional data from 9993 Chinese, Malay and Indian adults aged 40-80 years who participated in the Singapore Epidemiology of eye Diseases (2004-2011) in Singapore. Based on the presenting visual acuity (PVA) in the better-seeing eye, VI was categorized into normal vision (logMAR≤0.30), low vision (logMAR>0.30<1.00), and blindness (logMAR≥1.00). Any VI was defined as low vision/blindness in the PVA of better-seeing eye. Individual-level low-SES was defined as a composite of primary-level education, monthly income<2000 SGD and residing in 1 or 2-room public apartment. An area-level SES was assessed using a socio-economic disadvantage index (SEDI), created using 12 variables from the 2010 Singapore census. A high SEDI score indicates a relatively poor SES. Associations between SES measures and presence and severity of VI were examined using multi-level, mixed-effects logistic and multinomial regression models.', 'The age-adjusted prevalence of any VI was 19.62% (low vision = 19%, blindness = 0.62%). Both individual- and area-level SES were positively associated with any VI and low vision after adjusting for confounders. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of any VI was 2.11(1.88-2.37) for low-SES and 1.07(1.02-1.13) per 1 standard deviation increase in SEDI. When stratified by unilateral/bilateral categories, while low SES showed significant associations with all categories, SEDI showed a significant association with bilateral low vision only. The association between low SES and any VI remained significant among all age, gender and ethnic sub-groups. Although a consistent positive association was observed between area-level SEDI and any VI, the associations were significant among participants aged 40-65 years and male.\Question: Do composite Measures of Individual and Area-Level Socio-Economic Status Are Associated with Visual Impairment in Singapore?

SOLUTION: In this community-based sample of Asian adults, both individual- and area-level SES were independently associated with the presence and severity of VI.

PROBLEM: Context: No previous study has examined the comorbidity of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in a general population using standardized diagnostic methods.', 'To examine the prevalence, comorbidity and risk correlates of IBS and GAD in a general population.', 'A random community-based telephone survey was conducted. The questionnaire covered symptoms of IBS, GAD, core depressive symptoms, help-seeking behaviour and functional impairment on the Sheehan Disability Scale.', 'A total of 2005 participants completed the interview. The current prevalence of IBS was 5.4% and the 12-month prevalence of GAD was 4%. GAD was five times more common among IBS respondents than non-IBS respondents (OR: 5.84, P < 0.001), whereas IBS was 4.7 times more common among GAD respondents than among non-GAD respondents (OR: 6.32, P < 0.001). Core depressive symptoms (OR: 6.25, P < 0.01) and education level (OR: 5.918, P = 0.021) were risk correlates of GAD among IBS respondents. Comorbid respondents were more impaired than respondents having either disorder alone, but were not more likely to seek professional help than IBS-only respondents.\Question: Is irritable bowel syndrome strongly associated with generalized anxiety disorder : a community study?

SOLUTION: Irritable Bowel Syndrome and GAD comorbidity was common and added to impairment in the community. The strong association between psychiatric morbidity and IBS observed in referral centres was not a consequence of increased help-seeking behaviour.

PROBLEM: Context: Cerebral microcirculatory changes during cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) are still controversial and uncertain. The aim of our study is to demonstrate that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) augments cerebral cortical microcirculatory blood flow in an experimental cerebral vasospasm model by using Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF).', 'The experiments were carried out on 24 New Zealand rabbits. Three experimental groups were designed. In group 1, Cerebral cortical blood flow (CCoBF) was evaluated by LDF in 8 rabbits. In group 2, Intracisternal saline injection and cervical epidural electrode placement without SCS were performed in 8 animals before LDF. In group 3, LDF was performed before and after SCS on the 4th day of SAH in 8 rabbits. CCoBF parameters obtained from LDF data were compared.', 'The occurrence of vasospasm after SAH was demonstrated with significant changes in LDF values. In all SAH animals, SCS resulted in significant increase (approximately 30%) in CCoBF. This increase was observed to continue even after the cessation of the stimulation.\Question: Does cervical spinal cord stimulation increase cerebral cortical blood flow in an experimental cerebral vasospasm model?

SOLUTION:
These results indicate that SCS improves cortical ischemia due to vasospasm after induced SAH. The cervical SCS may constitute a new therapeutic modality in treating disturbed CCoBF due to vasospasm.