In this task, you are given a sentence or phrase in Xhosa. You must translate it to English in a way that is equivalent in terms of meaning and grammatically correct.

Fumbeka/-hlangana
Accumulation

Ukuqhubeleka kokuqiniswa kwakuza kuthatha indawo ukusukela ngoko .
Further strengthening has had to take place since.

Umcebisi ngolwazi ngeziganga zezibalo kukumkani wase Portugal, uPedro Nunez owathi washiya ilifa ngomyalelo obizwa njenjesixhobo sesithunzi.

The mathematical adviser to the king of Portugal, Pedro Nunez, then devised what he called a 'shadow instrument'.