TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: The surgical treatment method in which the peritoneal cavity is opened anteriorly and deliberately left open, hence often called "open abdomen" has become the standard of care in damage-control procedures as well as in the management of intra-abdominal hypertension and in severe intra-abdominal sepsis. Whereas open abdomen has been closed in two stages traditionally, a modern trend is to close the fascial layers within the initial hospitalization to avoid complications like enterocutaneous fistula and hernia formation. The aim of this study was to determine crucial factors influencing the possibility of fascial closure after open abdomen.', 'Between 2003 and 2013, 355 adult patients were treated with open abdomen in our institution. Their data were collected and retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups depending on fascial closure or not (fascial closure, n\xa0=\xa0137 (39%) vs. non-fascial closure, n\xa0=\xa0218 (61%)).', 'The patients who reached fascial closure had a significantly higher rate of initially performed open abdomen (97 patients (71%) vs. 118 (54%), p\xa0=\xa00.002) and the periods of time until a second and a third look operation were significantly shorter (2.7\xa0±\xa02.5 vs. 4.2\xa0±\xa06.6 days, p\xa0=\xa00.021 and 5.6\xa0±\xa03.7 vs. 8.5\xa0±\xa08.6 days, p\xa0=\xa00.006). Furthermore, the presence of peritonitis (64 patients (47%) vs. 83 patients (38%), p\xa0=\xa00.023) and large bowel resection (74 patients (54%) vs. 90 patients (41%), p\xa0=\xa00.022) were significantly higher in this group. Rates of in-hospital mortality (97 patients (44%) vs. 38 patients (28%), p\xa0=\xa00.002) and the presence of pancreatitis (19 patients (9%) vs. 3 patients (2%), p\xa0=\xa00.013) were significantly higher in the non-fascial closure group.\Question: Are fascial closure after open abdomen : initial indication and early revisions decisive factors -- a retrospective cohort study?

SOLUTION: The probability to reach fascial closure after open abdomen seems to increase when open abdomen is performed initially and when early second and third look operations are performed. The presence of pancreatitis seems to be the only negative prognostic marker concerning fascial closure.

PROBLEM: Context: To determine the role of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation in the pathogenesis of unexplained second and third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss.', 'One hundred and fourteen women with unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss made up the study group, and 106 normal pregnant women with a history of delivery of at least one healthy fetus and no history of late fetal loss made up the control group. The study group was further divided into two subgroups: second (n = 36) and third (n = 78) trimester fetal loss. All women were tested for factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin gene mutations.', 'Twenty-one (18.4%) of the women in the study group and seven (6.6%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden mutation (OR = 3.19). Eleven (9.6%) of the women in the study group and three (2.8%) of the women in the control group were heterozygous carriers of prothrombin gene mutation (OR = 3.66). In assessing with regard to trimesters, 18 (23%) factor V Leiden and 10 (12.8%) prothrombin gene mutations were present in the group of third trimester fetal loss (OR = 4.24 and OR = 5.04, respectively). Three (8.3%) factor V Leiden and one (2.7%) prothrombin gene mutation were detected in women with second trimester fetal loss (OR = 1.28 and OR = 0.40, respectively).\Question: Is third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations?

SOLUTION: Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations were associated with third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss. These mutations should be screened in women with third trimester but not second trimester unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss.

PROBLEM: Context: Routine tuberculosis control services in Burundi.', 'To determine whether systematic restaining of sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) prior to rechecking quality assessment is necessary.', 'Blinded rechecking of peripheral routine smears, including a second control of discordants, before and after restaining.', 'Without restaining, 10/825 (1.2%) negative, and 59/189 (31.2%) positive results were declared false. After restaining, there were 34 (4.1%) false negatives and 13 (6.9%) false positives, both highly significant changes. Before restaining, quantification of positive smears was usually considered too high, while after restaining 41 out of 42 positives were found to have too low readings.\Question: Is systematic restaining of sputum smears for quality control useful in Burundi?

SOLUTION:
Despite mild climatic conditions in Burundi, restaining all slides before rechecking revealed an unrecognised, widespread problem of false negatives, rather than false positives. This indicated the need for critical re-appraisal of the standard procedure using cold staining, rather than re-training, as would have been inferred from results without restaining. Systematic restaining of all slides prior to rechecking may be more widely needed in National Tuberculosis Programmes to cover all possible serious causes of error. Cold staining should be avoided in field programmes since its performance is easily affected by frequently encountered adverse factors.