Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: We tested the hypothesis that harm avoidance, a trait associated with behavioral inhibition, is associated with the rate of change in parkinsonism in older adults.', "At baseline harm avoidance was assessed with a standard self-report instrument in 969 older people without dementia participating in the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a longitudinal community-based cohort study. Parkinsonism was assessed annually with a modified version of the motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (mUPDRS).", 'Average follow-up was 5 years. A linear mixed-effects model controlling for age, sex and education showed that for an average participant (female, 80 years old at baseline, with 14 years of education and a harm avoidance score of 10), the overall severity of parkinsonism increased by about 0.05 unit/ year (Estimate, 0.054, S.E., 0.007, p <0.001) and that the level of harm avoidance was associated with the progression of parkinsonism (Estimate, 0.004, S.E., 0.001, p <0.001). Thus, for an average participant, every 6 point (~1 SD) increase in harm avoidance score at baseline, the rate of progression of parkinsonism increased about 50% compared to an individual with an average harm avoidance score. This amount of change in parkinsonism over the course of the study was associated with about a 5% increased risk of death. The association between harm avoidance and progression of parkinsonism persisted when controlling for cognitive function, depressive symptoms, loneliness, neuroticism, late-life cognitive, social and physical activities and chronic health conditions.
Answer: A higher level of the harm avoidance trait is associated with a more rapid progression of parkinsonism in older adults.

Output: Is harm avoidance associated with progression of parkinsonism in community-dwelling older adults : a prospective cohort study?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Scutellaria barbata D.Don has been applied to treat cancers, inflammation and urinary disease. However, its antitumor mechanism still remains unclear.', 'With methylene chloride fraction of Herba Scutellariae barbatae (MCSB), apoptosis-related experiments were carried out on human U937 leukemia cells by (a) 2,3-bis[2-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl]2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay for cytotoxicity; (b) terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay for morphological changes; (c) cell cycle analysis; (d) Western blot analysis of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3 and Bax, Bcl-2 and cytochrome c expressions for apoptosis signaling pathway.', 'MCSB inhibited the proliferation of human U937 leukemia cells in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = approximately 10 microg/ml). MCSB dose-dependently increased the sub-G1 DNA contents by cell cycle analysis. DNA fragments indicating induction of apoptosis were observed in MCSB-treated U937 cells by TUNEL assay. Caspase-9 and caspase-3 were activated while caspase-8 was intact by MCSB. Similarly, MCSB effectively cleaved PARP, increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and released the cytochrome c from mitochondria during apoptosis in U937 cells.
Answer: Our results suggest that MCSB can induce apoptosis via the mitochondria-mediated signaling pathway.

Output: Does methylene chloride fraction of Scutellaria barbata induce apoptosis in human U937 leukemia cells via the mitochondrial signaling pathway?


Input: Consider Input: Context: CENTRAL, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS and BBO databases, the Brazilian database of thesis and dissertations (Banco de Teses CAPES), a Brazilian register of ethically approved projects involving human beings (SISNEP) and two registers of ongoing trials (Current Controlled Trials and Clinical-Trials.gov). Reference lists were also scanned for relevant papers. Study authors were contacted for additional information.', 'Individual or cluster-randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials conducted in children under seven were included.', 'Study selection and data abstraction were conducted by two reviewers independently. Risk of bias assessment was undertaken using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Meta-analyses of prevented fractions (PF) were performed to assess the effect of fluoride toothpaste on the dmft and dmfs. Meta-analyses were also performed to obtain a pooled relative risk (RR) to assess the effect of fluoride toothpastes on the proportion of children developing caries.', 'Eight studies were included. When standard F toothpastes were compared to placebo or no intervention, significant caries reduction at surface (PF = 31%; 95% CI 18-43; 2644 participants in five studies), tooth (PF = 16%; 95% CI 8-25; 2555 participants in one study) and individual (RR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.81-0.93; 2806 participants in two studies) level were observed. Low F toothpastes were effective only at surface level (PF = 40%; 95% CI 5-75; 561 participants in two studies).
Answer: Standard F toothpastes are effective in reducing dental caries in the primary teeth of preschool children and thus their use should be recommended to this age group.


Output: Does limited evidence suggest standard fluoride toothpaste reduces caries potential in preschool children?