Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Regular physical activity is an effective non-pharmacological therapy for prevention and control of hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Accumulating evidence shows that the elevated vascular tone in hypertension is a consequence of the 'ion channel remodelling' that occurs during sustained high BP. The present study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise on the electrical remodelling of L-type Ca(2+) (Cav 1.2) and large-conductance Ca(2+) -activated K(+) (KCa 1.1) channels in mesenteric arteries (MAs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).", 'SHRs and normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto) rats were subjected to aerobic training or kept sedentary, and vascular mechanical and functional properties were evaluated.', 'Exercise did not affect the heart weight, but reduced the heart rate and body weight in SHR. In mesenteric arterial myocytes, exercise normalized the increased Cav 1.2 and KCa 1.1 current density in SHRs. Exercise also ameliorated the increased open probability and mean open time of the single KCa 1.1 channel in hypertension. The isometric contraction study revealed that both nifedipine (Cav 1.2 channel blocker) and NS11021 (KCa 1.1 channel activator) induced concentration-dependent vasorelaxation in MAs precontracted with noradrenaline. Exercise normalized the increased sensitivity of tissues to nifedipine and NS11021 in SHR. Furthermore, protein expression of the Cav 1.2 α1C -subunit together with the KCa 1.1 α- and β1-subunit was significantly increased in SHRs; and exercise ameliorated these molecular alterations in hypertension.

Output: Does chronic exercise normalize changes in Cav 1.2 and KCa 1.1 channels in mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats?


Input: Consider Input: Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the four dengue viruses (DENV-1 to 4) that can also be transmitted by blood transfusion and organ transplantation. The distribution of DENV in the components of blood from infected donors is poorly understood.', 'We used an in-house TaqMan qRT-PCR assay to test residual samples of plasma, cellular components of whole blood (CCWB), serum and clot specimens from the same collection from blood donors who were DENV-RNA-reactive in a parallel blood safety study. To assess whether DENV RNA detected by TaqMan was associated with infectious virus, DENV infectivity in available samples was determined by culture in mosquito cells.', 'DENV RNA was detected by TaqMan in all tested blood components, albeit more consistently in the cellular components; 78.8% of CCWB, 73.3% of clots, 86.7% of sera and 41.8% of plasma samples. DENV-1 was detected in 48 plasma and 97 CCWB samples while DENV-4 was detected in 21 plasma and 31 CCWB samples. In mosquito cell cultures, 29/111 (26.1%) plasma and 32/97 (32.7%) CCWB samples were infectious. A subset of samples from 29 donors was separately analyzed to compare DENV viral loads in the available blood components. DENV viral loads did not differ significantly between components and ranged from 3-8 log10 PCR-detectable units/ml.

Output: Does distribution of Dengue Virus type 1 and 4 in Blood Components from Infected Blood Donors from Puerto Rico?


Input: Consider Input: To determine if patients with pathological, medical renal disease, defined as evidence of pathological abnormalities indicative of renal damage in the non-neoplastic partial nephrectomy specimens, have worsened functional outcomes following robot-assisted partial nephrectomy.', 'Sixty patients with and 101 without pathologically proven renal disease on non-neoplastic renal specimens were evaluated for differences in postoperative outcomes following robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. Multiple linear regression modeling assessed for factors influencing early and late declines in renal function.', 'The two groups were similar in all preoperative parameters. Both patients with and without pathological renal disease had similar lengths of hospitalization, transfusions, and complication rates. The percent change in glomerular filtration rate was similar for patients with and without pathological renal disease (-8.8% vs. -12.2%, p=0.194). Patients with pathological renal disease had less chronic kidney disease upstaging than patients without renal disease (18.3% vs. 39.6%, p=0.006). Increasing age (p=0.030) and higher preoperative glomerular filtration rates (p=0.044) predicted worse late percentage declines in renal function, while increased warm ischemia time predicted late chronic kidney disease upstaging (p=0.043).


Output: Do patients with Pathologically Proven Renal Disease Have Similar Declines in Renal Function Following Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy?