instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Increased oxidative stress and myocyte apoptosis co-exist in the remote non-infarcted myocardium (RM) following a large myocardial infarction. We proposed that these phenomena are causally related.', 'On day 3 after induction of myocardial infarction, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive probucol and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (MI-T), or vehicle only (MI) for 7 weeks. Control rats (C) received vehicle. At 7 weeks, lipidperoxidation within the RM was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, which were significantly increased in MI vs. C, while MI-T was not different from C. There was a significant increase in cardiac myocytes positive for in situ TdT-UTP nick-end labeling within the RM in MI vs. C, which was inhibited in MI-T. Furthermore, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation was clearly demonstrated on agarose gels from RM in the MI group, while it was much less apparent on gels from RM in the C and MI-T groups. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in p53, Bax and caspase-3 protein expression within the RM of MI vs. C, all of which were inhibited in the MI-T group. Furthermore, there was evidence for an increase in caspase-3 activity within the RM from MI vs. C, which was normalized in the MI-T group.
Answer: Long-term treatment with the antioxidants probucol and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuates oxidative stress, myocyte apoptosis, caspase-3 like activity and the expression of p53, bax and caspase-3 within RM in rats after a large myocardial infarction.
answer:
Do antioxidants attenuate myocyte apoptosis in the remote non-infarcted myocardium following large myocardial infarction?


question:
Context: One of the most important tools against foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious and variable viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is vaccination. However, the effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on slowing the spread of the disease is questionable. In contrast, high potency vaccines providing early protection may solve issues with the spread of the disease, escaping mutants, and persistency. To increase the potency of the vaccine, additives such as saponin and aluminium hydroxide are used. However, the use of saponin with an oil adjuvant is not common and is sometimes linked to toxicity. QS-21, which is less toxic than Quil A, has been presented as an alternative for use with saponin. In this study, the addition of QS-21 to a commercially available foot-and-mouth disease water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccine was evaluated in cattle.', 'After vaccination, serum samples were collected periodically over 3 months. Sera of the QS-21 and normal oil vaccine groups were compared via serum virus neutralization antibody titre and liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titre.', 'The results showed that there was a significant early antibody increase in the QS-21 group.
Answer: Strong early virus neutralizing antibody response will be useful for emergency or ring vaccinations against foot-and-mouth disease in target animals.
answer:
Does qS-21 enhance the early antibody response to oil adjuvant foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in cattle?


question:
Context: It is not clear whether tumor marker responses can predict survival during sorafenib treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated whether the α-fetoprotein (AFP) response is associated with survival in patients with advanced HCC treated with sorafenib.', 'We retrospectively reviewed the records of 126 patients with advanced HCC treated with sorafenib between 2007 and 2012. An AFP response was defined as >20% decrease from baseline. At 6-8 weeks after commencing sorafenib, AFP and radiological responses were assessed by modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.', 'The median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 6.2 and 3.5 months, respectively. Of the study population, a partial response (PR) was identified in 5 patients (4.0%), stable disease (SD) in 65 patients (51.6%), and progressive disease (PD) in 57 patients (44.4%), respectively. AFP non-response was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS (median 10.9 months for AFP response vs 5.2 months for AFP non-response), together with Child-Pugh B, tumor diameter ≥10 cm, and portal vein invasion (all P<0.05), and PFS (median 5.3 months for AFP response vs 2.9 months for AFP non-response), together with tumor diameter ≥10 cm and portal vein invasion (all P<0.05). SD or PR was more frequently found in AFP responders than in non-responders (72.1% vs 47.0%, respectively; P=0.007). In a sub-group with SD, OS (median 12.7 vs 5.8 months, respectively) and PFS (median 9.1 vs 3.7 months, respectively) were significantly longer in AFP responders than in non-responders (all P<0.05).
Answer: Early AFP response may be useful for predicting survival in patients with advanced HCC treated with sorafenib.
answer:

Does early α-fetoprotein response predict survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib?