Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Hyponatremia has been shown to predict adverse outcome in congestive heart failure and pneumonia among other common clinical entities, but its significance in the general population is elusive.', 'The population-based Copenhagen Holter Study included 671 men and women aged 55 to 75 years with no history of cardiovascular disease, stroke, or cancer. Baseline evaluation included 48-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring, blood tests, and a questionnaire. Hyponatremia was defined as s-Na < or = 134 mEq/L or s-Na < or = 137 mEq/L according to previously accepted definitions. An adverse outcome was defined as deaths or myocardial infarction. Median follow-up was 6.3 years.', 'Fourteen subjects (2.1%, group A) had s-Na < or = 134 mEq/L, and 62 subjects (9.2%, group B) had s-Na < or = 137 mEq/L. No subject had s-Na < 129 mEq/L. An adverse outcome occurred in 43% of group A, 27% of group B, and 14% of subjects with s-Na >137 mEq/L (controls) (P < .002). Adjusted hazard ratio for adverse outcome was 3.56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-8.28, P < .005) in group A compared with controls and 2.21 (95% CI, 1.29-3.80, P < .005) in group B after controlling for age, gender, smoking, diabetes, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure. The hazard ratios were robust for additional adjusting for variables showing univariate association to hyponatremia (ie, beta-blocker and diuretic use, heart rate variability, creatinine, C-reactive protein, and NT-pro brain natriuretic peptide). By excluding diuretic users (18% of subjects), the adjusted hazard ratio for adverse outcome was 8.00 (95% CI, 3.04-21.0, P < .0001) in group A and 3.17 (95% CI, 1.76-5.72, P = .0001) in group B compared with controls.
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Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play pivotal roles in tumor progression. MMP-13 (collagenase-3) digests collagen and other extracellular components.', 'Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and zymograph were used to study the roles of MMP-13 during the neoplastic process of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).', 'Increase of MMP-13 mRNA and protein expression in OSCC cell lines relative to cultivated normal oral keratinocytes was found. MMP-13 mRNA expression in OSCC was significantly higher than in non-cancerous match tissue (NCMT) in 36 tissue pairs. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma also exhibited high MMP-13 mRNA expression. The percentage of OSCC exhibiting strong MMP-13 immunoreactivity was significantly higher than pre-invasive lesion and NCMT. Treatment with >5 microm epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to OEC-M1 cells suppressed the expression and activity of MMP-13.
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Interferon (IFN)-γ is a major cytokine produced by immune cells that plays diverse roles in modulating both the immune system and bone metabolism, but its role in autogenous bone grafting remains unknown. Here, we present that local IFN-γ administration improved the efficacy of autogenous bone graft treatment in an experimental rat model.', 'An autogenous bone graft model was prepared with critically sized rat calvariae defects. Four weeks (w) after bone graft implantation, rats were treated locally with IFN-γ or were not treated. The effect of IFN-γ on bone formation was evaluated for up to 8w with micro-computed tomography, quantitative histomorphometry, and Von Kossa staining. Osteoclastogenesis was assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Immunohistochemistry staining or quantitative polymerase chain reactions were used to estimate the expression of osteoclast differentiation factor and inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a well-known stimulant of osteoclastogenesis and an inhibitor of osteoblast activity, in defects.', 'Newly formed bone gradually replaced the autogenous bone grafts within 4w, although severe bone resorption with osteoclastogenesis and TNF-α expression occurred after 6w in the absence of IFN-γ administration. IFN-γ administration markedly attenuated bone loss, osteoclastogenesis, and TNF-α expression, while it enhanced bone formation at 8w.

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