Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of insurance coverage on stage of presentation, treatment, and survival of head and neck cancer (HNC).', 'A retrospective study was conducted using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program to identify patients diagnosed with HNC. The primary variable of interest was insurance analyzed as a dichotomous variable: Patients were considered uninsured if they were classified as "uninsured" by SEER, whereas patients were considered insured if they were defined by SEER as "any Medicaid," "insured," or "insured/no specifics." The outcomes of interest were cancer stage at presentation (M0 vs M1), receipt of definitive treatment, and HNC-specific mortality (HNCSM). Multivariable logistic regression modeled the association between insurance status and stage at presentation, as well as between insurance status and receipt of definitive treatment, whereas HNCSM was modeled using Fine and Gray competing risks. Sensitivity logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether observed interactions remained significant by insurance type (privately insured, Medicaid, and uninsured).', 'Patients without medical insurance were more likely to present with metastatic cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 1.60; P < .001), were more likely to not receive definitive treatment (adjusted odds ratio, 1.64; P < .001), and had a higher risk of HNCSM (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.20; P\xa0= .002). Sensitivity analyses showed that when results were stratified by insurance type, significant interactions remained for uninsured patients and patients with Medicaid.

Ex Output:
Does health Insurance affect Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Patterns and Outcomes?


Ex Input:
Environmental conditions (eg, latitude) play a critical role in the susceptibility and severity of many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of immune regulatory processes induced in the skin by moderate ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity.', 'Effects of UVB light were analyzed in a murine model of CNS autoimmunity (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis). Additionally, patients with relapsing-remitting MS were treated with narrowband UVB phototherapy. Immunomodulatory effects were examined in skin biopsies, serum samples, and immune cells of the peripheral blood.', 'Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are induced locally in the skin-draining lymph nodes in response to UVB exposure, connect the cutaneous immune response to CNS immunity by migration to the sites of inflammation (blood, spleen, CNS). Here, they attenuate the inflammatory response and ameliorate disease symptoms. Treg-inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) were further necessary for induction of this systemic immune regulation by UVB radiation, because ablation of Langerhans cells abolished the UVB-induced phenotype. MS patients treated with UVB phototherapy showed an increase in induced Tregs and tolerogenic DCs accompanied by the downregulation of the T-cell effector cytokine interleukin 21. The treatment further induced elevated serum levels of vitamin D.

Ex Output:
Does ultraviolet B light attenuate the systemic immune response in central nervous system autoimmunity?


Ex Input:
Guidelines recommend upper endoscopic screening of cirrhotic patients for gastroesophageal varices. Cirrhosis is not always distinguishable from chronic hepatitis.', 'To identify low-risk patients who can be spared upper endoscopy irrespective of a diagnosis of cirrhosis.', 'We evaluated 13 nonendoscopic variables as predictors of esophagogastric varices in 254 patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C-related chronic liver disease who underwent upper endoscopy.', 'Any size varices occurred in 30.3% (77/254), and large varices in 12.2% of patients (31/254). Age >50 years [odds ratio (OR): 11.29; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.33-54.67], platelet count <150,000/mmc (OR: 4.40; 95% CI: 1.85-10.45), albumin <3.6 g/dL (OR: 2.99; 95% CI: 1.31-6.79), and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio >1 (OR: 2.83; 95% CI: 1.26-6.34) independently predicted varices by logistic regression. Using a score based on age >50 years, platelets <150,000/mmc, and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio >1 (1 point/predictor), only 3.2% of patients with a score <2 had varices, all small.

Ex Output:

Does a simple noninvasive score predict gastroesophageal varices in patients with chronic viral hepatitis?