Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Q: Deep erythema and inflammation after re-epithelialization of superficial wounds is a sign of scar formation. Corticosteroids may prevent scarring by suppression of inflammation and fibroblast activity. Tretinoin may increase the efficacy of corticosteroids in this setting.', 'To evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroids plus tretinoin for prevention of scars after superficial wounds.', 'In a retrospective study of patients with superficial partial thickness thermal skin burn, we compared the patients who received clobetasol plus tretinoin after re-epithelialization with patients who did not receive any medication. Clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment was used twice daily with overnight occlusive dressing in conjunction with twice weekly topical tretinoin 0.05% cream.', 'Among 43 patients who had light pink or no erythema after re-epithelialization and consequently did not receive clobetasol\u2009+\u2009tretinoin, no scar was developed. Among patients who had deep erythema after re-epithelialization, rate of scar formation was significantly higher in 14 patients who did not receive clobetasol\u2009+\u2009tretinoin than in 21 patients who received clobetasol\u2009+\u2009tretinoin (64% and 19%, respectively; p\u2009=\u20090.01).

A: 1
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Q: Epithelial Na channels (ENaCs) play a crucial role in ion and fluid regulation in the lung. In cystic fibrosis (CF), Na hyperabsorption results from ENaC overactivity, leading to airway dehydration. Previous work has demonstrated functional genetic variation of SCNN1A (the gene encoding the ENaC α-subunit), manifesting as an alanine (A) to threonine (T) substitution at amino acid 663, with the αT663 variant resulting in a more active channel.', 'We assessed the influence of genetic variation of SCNN1A on the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and nitric oxide (DLNO), together with alveolar-capillary membrane conductance (DM), pulmonary capillary blood volume, and alveolar volume (VA) at rest and during peak exercise in 18 patients with CF (10 homozygous for αA663 (AA group) and 8 with at least one T663 allele (AT/TT group)). Because of the more active channel, we hypothesized that the AT/TT group would show a greater increase in DLCO, DLNO, and DM with exercise because of exercise-mediated ENaC inhibition and subsequent attenuation of Na hyperabsorption.', 'The AT/TT group had significantly lower pulmonary function, weight, and body mass index than the AA group. Both groups had similar peak workloads, relative peak oxygen consumptions, and cardiopulmonary responses to exercise. The AT/TT group demonstrated a greater increase in DLNO, DLNO/VA, and DM in response to exercise (% increases: DLNO = 18 ± 11 vs 41 ± 38; DLNO/VA = 14 ± 21 vs 40 ± 37; DM = 15 ± 11 vs 41 ± 38, AA vs AT/TT, respectively). There were no differences between groups in absolute diffusing capacity measures at peak exercise.

A: 0
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Q: There is debate surrounding the use of laparoscopic resection for advanced gastric cancer in the Western population. Here we aim to assess the feasibility and short-term outcomes of laparoscopic gastrectomy in consecutive patients in a Western population.', 'From 2012 to 2014, retrospective review of 28 patients with clinically staged advanced gastric cancer (≥T3 or ≥N1) treated with laparoscopic resection.', 'Sixty-one percentage of patients were male. Median age was 67 years (range 35-86). Median BMI was 26.5 (range 19.4-46.1). Resection types were proximal (n\xa0=\xa02), distal (n\xa0=\xa014), and total (n\xa0=\xa012). Twenty-six (93\xa0%) patients underwent D2 lymphadenectomy. Four patients underwent conversion to open. Median blood loss was 125\xa0mL (range 30-300). Median LOS was 7\xa0days (range 4-16). Of postoperative complications, five were minor: arrhythmia (n\xa0=\xa01), surgical site infection (n\xa0=\xa03), in-hospital fall (n\xa0=\xa01); and four were major (intra-abdominal abscess, stricture, PE, and anastomotic bleed). T stages were Tx (n\xa0=\xa01), T2 (n\xa0=\xa03), T3 (n\xa0=\xa018), and T4 (n\xa0=\xa06). N stages were N0 (n\xa0=\xa04), N1 (n\xa0=\xa08), N2 (n\xa0=\xa01), and N3 (n\xa0=\xa015). Median tumor size was 5.8\xa0cm (range 0-9.5). Median lymph node yield was 22 (range 6-53). All margins were negative. Median follow-up was 12.8\xa0months (range 2-27). Six patients have died of progressive disease.

A:
0
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