Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Advances in imaging technology have enhanced the detection of small nodular lesions during the course of chronic liver disease.', 'Between 1995 and 2002, the authors examined 154 consecutive patients with small hepatic nodules without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) over a median duration of 2.8 years. The median size of these nodules was 14 mm (range, 7-40 mm). The initial histopathologic diagnosis included high-grade dysplastic nodule (HGDN) (n=13), low-grade dysplastic nodule (LGDN) (n=42), and regenerative nodule (RN) (n=99).', 'A total of 29 (18.8%) nodules developed into HCC during the observation period. Cumulative HCC development rates at the first, third, and fifth year were 46.2%, 61.5%, and 80.8% for HGDN; 2.6%, 30.2%, and 36.6% for LGDN; and 3.3%, 9.7%, and 12.4% for RN, respectively. The rate of HCC development was significantly higher in the HGDN group than for other types (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis disclosed that histopathologic diagnosis (P<0.001) and findings on computed tomographic arterial portography (CT-AP) (P=0.004) were significantly associated with future HCC development. The hazard ratios of HGDN and LGDN were 16.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.19-45.6) and 2.96 (95% CI, 1.20-7.31), respectively. A decrease in portal blood flow also showed a significantly high hazard ratio of 3.04 (95% CI, 1.42-6.50). Approximate annual development rate to HCC was 20% in patients with HGDN and 10% in LGDN.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Alterations of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors contribute to prostate cancer progression by enhancing cellular proliferation, survival, and motility. The Sprouty gene family negatively regulates FGF signaling and may limit the ability of FGFs to enhance tumor progression. Sprouty1 is down regulated in human prostate cancers and Sprouty1 expression can markedly inhibit prostate cancer proliferation in vitro. Sprouty4 has been shown to negatively regulate both proliferation and cell migration in other systems. We therefore examined whether Sprouty4 expression was altered in prostate cancer.', 'Expression of Sprouty4 was examined by in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR. Methylation of the Sprouty4 gene promoter was assessed using bisulfite modification and sequencing. The effect of Sprouty4 expression on cell migration was determined using an in vitro wounding assay.', "By in situ hybridization Sprouty4 is expressed in normal prostatic epithelial cells and is decreased in a subset of prostate cancers. Quantitative RT-PCR confirms that Sprouty4 expression is decreased in approximately one half of prostate cancers. Analysis of the 5'-regulatory region revealed a CpG island approximately 1 kb upstream of the transcription initiation site, the proximal portion of which was preferentially methylated in prostate cancer tissues. More than one half of all prostate cancer DNAs were methylated in this region and methylation was significantly correlated with decreased Sprouty4 expression as determined by quantitative RT-PCR. When overexpressed in prostate cancer cell lines, Sprouty4 did not inhibit cell proliferation but did inhibit cell migration.

Ex Output:
1


Ex Input:
Poor quality of life (QoL) is a feature of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) who develop dementia. The relationship between mild cognitive impairment in PD (PD-MCI) and QoL is less clear. To address this, we studied the impact of varying severities of cognitive impairment on QoL in a cohort of non-demented patients with early PD.", 'Patients with newly diagnosed PD (n = 219) and age and sex matched healthy controls (n = 99) completed a schedule of neuropsychological tests, in addition to scales assessing QoL (PDQ-39), depression, sleep, neuropsychiatric symptoms and a clinical examination. The Movement Disorder Society criteria were used to define and classify PD-MCI.', 'Participants with PD-MCI were significantly older than those with normal cognition, had more severe motor symptoms, scored higher for depression and had poorer quality of life. Logistic regression showed that mild cognitive impairment, independent of other factors, was an indicator of poorer QoL. Using cognitive performance 2.0 standard deviations (SD) below normative data as a cut-off to define PD-MCI, there was a significant difference in QoL scores between patients with PD-MCI and those classified as having normal cognition. Subjects with less severe mild cognitive impairment did not exhibit significant differences in QoL.

Ex Output:

0