Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Cardiac surgery produces a proinflammatory response characterized by cytokine production. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) may contribute to morbidity and mortality after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Elderly patients undergoing CPB are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that patients aged >70 y produce more IL-6 during CPB.', 'Twenty-three patients (ages 23-80) undergoing cardiac surgery had blood sampled from the ascending aorta and coronary sinus on initial cannulation for bypass, at 30 min of aortic cross-clamp time, on release of the aortic cross-clamp, and at 20 min after reperfusion. Group 1 patients (n = 8) were aged <60 y, group 2 patients (n = 7) were aged between 60 and 70 y, and group 3 patients (n = 8) were aged >70 y. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 were analyzed.', 'The three groups did not differ with respect to preoperative ejection fraction, New York Heart Association classification, mean aortic cross-clamp time, or mean CPB time. IL-6 levels rose throughout myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in all three age groups. The increase in IL-6 during ischemia and reperfusion in the age group >70 was greater than the increase in younger patients. IL-6 was similar in the coronary sinus and the ascending aorta.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Endothelial Microparticles (EMP) are small fragments of endothelial cell membrane shed during apoptosis or activation. Our group has previously reported elevations of EMP in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), pre-eclampsia, multiple sclerosis (MS), and severe hypertension (HTN). In the present study, we evaluate the possible relationship between EMP levels and the angiographic severity and characteristics of coronary obstructive lesions.', 'We studied a total of 43 patients undergoing coronary angiography. Fifteen had presented with acute myocardial infarction (MI), 20 with unstable anginas (UA), 5 with stable angina (SA) and 3 with congestive heart failure. Coronary angiography was reviewed and coronary lesions were classified using the Ambrose classification. Coronary stenoses were classified as high and low risk. High-risk included lesions with eccentric appearance (type II), presence of thrombi, or multiple irregularities. Low-risk lesions were defined as concentric or type I. Lesions were also analyzed by degree of stenosis and history of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). EMP in plasma was assayed by flow cytometry.', 'EMP in eccentric type II or multiple irregular lesions (high-risk) were 2.5-fold higher than in type I or concentric (low-risk) lesions, p<0.05. Lesions with thrombi had three-fold higher EMP than those without (p=0.05). Mild stenosis (>20%-<45%) had three-fold higher EMP than more severe (>45%), and five-fold higher than those without stenosis (p<0.01). Among patients with type II lesions, those with first ACS episode had four-fold higher EMP levels than those with recurrent ACS (p<0.01).

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Cam impingement as a known sequelae of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) has led to speculation that subclinical SCFEs may be the causative factor in idiopathic cam morphology; alternatively, others have implicated an abnormal extension of the growth plate as a causative factor.', 'To investigate the growth plate tilt angle in 4 patient cohorts: normal patients, patients with idiopathic cam morphology (CamIP), patients with cam morphology secondary to known SCFE (CamSCFE), and patients with incidental findings of an asymptomatic cam (Camasymp).', 'Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.', 'A database of 192 computed tomography scans of abdomens/pelvises of patients (ages, 5-19 years) with no known orthopaedic issues, reformatted to neutral tilt, inclination, and rotation, were utilized for the normal cohort, the Camasymp cohort, and to create an age- and sex-matched control cohort. In addition, a retrospective review of all patients treated for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) with preoperative advance imaging was conducted, and patients were separated to CamIP and CamSCFE cohorts. The alpha angle and tilt angle were measured on each hip. Statistical analysis was performed.', 'The mean tilt angle among the normal patients was 12.1°, with 1.9% of the variation in tilt angle being explained by age; each additional year of age decreased the tilt angle by 0.27° (P = .008). The tilt angle for the CamSCFE cohort (mean, 44.5°) was found to be significantly greater than both the CamIP cohort (mean, 5.9°; P < .001) and the control cohort (mean, 12.8°; P < .001). The tilt angle for the CamIP cohort was found to be significantly less than the control cohort (P = .003). The alpha angle and tilt angle were positively correlated in the CamIP cohort, but no correlation was found in the other cohorts. The mean tilt angle of the 18 hips in the Camasymp cohort was 13.9° ± 11.5° (range, -12° to 37°), with 12 hips (67%) in the tilt angle range of CamIP cohort and 6 in the tilt angle range of CamSCFE.

Ex Output:

1