In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
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Question: Context: We developed an algorithm that prospectively defines when to excise the neurovascular bundles during radical retropubic prostatectomy with the goal of maximizing the performance of nerve sparing procedures while minimizing positive surgical margins.', 'From January 1 to December 31, 2000 a single surgeon performed 272 radical retropubic prostatectomies and 263 were performed from January 1 to December 31, 2001. A single pathologist analyzed all specimens with positive margins. There were no prospectively defined criteria to guide decisions regarding excision of the neurovascular bundles in the 2000 study cohort. Gleason score, percent tumor volume and perineural invasion were independently analyzed in the biopsy specimens according to the site of origin (right versus left side) for the 2001 group only. The ipsilateral neurovascular bundle was excised for Gleason 6 or less tumors when there were 50% or greater tumor volume in the biopsy specimen and perineural invasion, for Gleason 7 tumors when there was 30% or greater tumor volume, or perineural invasion and for Gleason 8 to 10 tumors when there was 10% or greater tumor volume, or perineural invasion.', 'There were no statistically significant differences between the 2000 and 2001 groups in regard to preoperative prostate specific antigen, clinical and pathological stage, biopsy Gleason score and percent tumor volume in the surgical specimen. There was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of positive margins between the 2000 and 2001 groups (14% versus 8%, p = 0.027). The lower positive margin rate was not achieved because of a tendency to excise more neurovascular bundles since a significantly greater percent of neurovascular bundles was preserved in the 2001 group. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of our algorithm were 18%, 93%, 28%, 89% and 84%, respectively. In sides of the prostate with extraprostatic extension ipsilateral wide excision of the neurovascular bundle was associated with positive margins in 33% of cases compared with 22% when the neurovascular bundle was preserved (p = 0.42).\Question: Does the New York University nerve sparing algorithm decrease the rate of positive surgical margins following radical retropubic prostatectomy?

Answer: The New York University nerve sparing algorithm prospectively defines when to excise the neurovascular bundle based on Gleason score, perineural invasion and tumor volume in the biopsy specimen. Use of this algorithm decreases positive surgical margin rates, while significantly increasing the preservation of neurovascular bundles.


Question: Context: Danzhi Xiaoyao San (DXS) is a canonical Chinese medicine formula from Principles of Internal Medicine, which was written during the Ming dynasty. This formula is approved and commercialized for use in the prevention and treatment of affective disorders. This study is aimed to investigate the hypothesis that DXS treats depressive-like behavior by shifting the balance of the kynurenine (Kyn)/serotonin (5-HT) pathway toward the 5-HT pathway through the downregulation of hippocampal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).', 'Chemical fingerprints of gardenoside, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, paeonol, and ligustilide in standard extraction were used as the material bases of DXS. Rats with depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) were randomly divided into four groups, namely the control, model, DXS, and fluoxetine groups. Cytokines, IDO, and tryptophan (Trp) catabolites were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, respectively.', 'DXS significantly increased crossing grid numbers, sucrose consumption, and body weight. This treatment significantly decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6 (IL-6). However, DXS elicited no significant effects on IL-1β, IL-2, and interferon γ. DXS downregulated the activity of IDO and subsequent production of Kyn in the hippocampus. This treatment upregulated the hippocampal contents of Trp and 5-HT but did not influence 5-HT turnover.\Question: Does danzhi Xiaoyao San ameliorate depressive-like behavior by shifting toward serotonin via the downregulation of hippocampal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase?

Answer: DXS exhibited antidepressant-like effects on rats exposed to CUMS. DXS reduced IDO activity to shift the balance of the Kyn/5-HT pathway toward the 5-HT pathway.


Question: Context: Venous stasis is a well-known risk factor for the development of venous thromboembolism. It is likely that stasis increases the risk of thrombosis by inducing hypercoagulability via the hypoxic procoagulant activation of endothelial and mononuclear cells and the accumulation of activated clotting factors. However, increased rates of thrombin formation have not been demonstrated in response to venous stasis in vivo.', 'In this study, we used the venous occlusion (VO) test to determine, if stasis triggers thrombin formation in healthy individuals (n=25) and patients with additional thrombotic risk factors, such as inherited thrombophilia (n=19) and symptomatic atherosclerosis (n=15). Thrombin formation was monitored by measuring plasma levels of free thrombin using a highly sensitive oligonucleotide enzyme capture assay (OECA) in addition to the plasma levels of prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) and thrombin-antithrombin-complexes (TAT). The plasma levels of activated protein C (APC) were additionally measured using an APC-OECA.', 'VO induced a significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasmin-α2-antiplasmin-complexes. In all three cohorts, the majority of samples obtained during VO showed no quantifiable thrombin or APC levels. Consistent with these findings F1+2 and TAT did not change.\Question: Does short-term venous stasis induce fibrinolytic activation but not thrombin formation?

Answer:
We conclude that short-term venous stasis induces a profibrinolytic response due to the activation of endothelial cells, but not a prothrombotic response, even in the presence of additional thrombophilic risk factors. Furthermore, our results support the hypothesis that the stasis-induced profibrinolytic activation of endothelial cells occurs independently from thrombin formation.