Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: An effective HIV vaccine will likely require induction of both mucosal and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses. We investigated whether intramuscular (IM) delivery of electroporated plasmid DNA vaccine and simultaneous protein vaccinations by intranasal (IN) and IM routes could be combined to induce mucosal and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses to a model HIV-1 CN54 gp140 antigen in mice.', 'Co-immunisation of DNA with intranasal protein successfully elicited both serum and vaginal IgG and IgA responses, whereas DNA and IM protein co-delivery did not induce systemic or mucosal IgA responses. Cellular IFNγ responses were preserved in co-immunisation protocols compared to protein-only vaccination groups. The addition of DNA to IN protein vaccination reduced the strong Th2 bias observed with IN protein vaccination alone. Luminex analysis also revealed that co-immunisation with DNA and IN protein induced expression of cytokines that promote B-cell function, generation of TFH cells and CCR5 ligands that can reduce HIV infectivity.

Output: Does plasmid DNA Vaccine Co-Immunisation modulate Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses Induced by Intranasal Inoculation in Mice?


Input: Consider Input: To analyze the expression of HMOX1 and miR-122 in liver biopsy samples obtained from HCV mono-and HIV/HCV co-infected patients in relation to selected clinical parameters, histological examination and IL-28B polymorphism as well as to determine whether HMOX1 expression is dependent on Bach-1.', 'The study group consisted of 90 patients with CHC: 69 with HCV mono and 21 with HIV/HCV co-infection. RT-PCR was used in the analysis of HMOX1, Bach-1 and miR-122 expression in liver biopsy samples and in the assessment of IL-28B single-nucleotide polymorphism C/T (rs12979860) in the blood. Moreover in liver biopsy samples an analysis of HO-1 and Bach-1 protein level by Western Blot was performed.', "HCV mono-infected patients, with lower grading score (G<2) and higher HCV viral load (>600000 IU/mL) demonstrated higher expression of HMOX1. In patients with HIV/HCV co-infection, the expression of HMOX1 was lower in patients with lower lymphocyte CD4 count and higher HIV viral load. IL28B polymorphism did not affect the expression of either HMOX1 or miR-122. Higher HMOX1 expression correlated with higher expression of Bach-1 (Spearman's ρ\u200a=\u200a0.586, p\u200a=\u200a0.000001) and miR-122 (Spearman's ρ\u200a=\u200a0.270, p\u200a=\u200a0.014059).

Output: Does hepatic HMOX1 expression positively correlate with Bach-1 and miR-122 in patients with HCV mono and HIV/HCV coinfection?


Input: Consider Input: The effects of prenatal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and hypoxemia on cardiorespiratory control have been investigated in full-term infants. However, few data are available in preterm infants, who form a particularly vulnerable population, with developmentally immature cardiorespiratory control.', 'To investigate the effects of prenatal CS exposure on the duration and recovery of breathing pauses and oxygen saturation levels under baseline and hypoxemic conditions in preterm infants.', "The study was performed on 22 (12 born to smoking and 10 to nonsmoking mothers) spontaneously breathing preterm infants between 28 and 36 weeks' gestation. Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded under baseline normoxemic and hypoxemic conditions.", 'Breathing pauses, pause indices, time to recovery, percent pause recovery, oxygen saturation (Sp(O2)), periods of wakefulness, and cardiorespiratory rates were compared between the two groups. Spontaneous recovery of breathing pauses (P = 0.03) and Sp(O(2)) levels (P = 0.017) were attenuated in CS-exposed infants as compared with the control group during the hypoxemic and posthypoxemic periods, respectively. The episodes of wakefulness during the hypoxemic challenge were similar between the two groups. Furthermore, CS-exposed infants showed a greater increase in heart rate (P < 0.001) during the hypoxemic challenge when compared with control infants.


Output: Does prenatal cigarette smoke exposure attenuate recovery from hypoxemic challenge in preterm infants?