In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Input: Consider Input: Context: To investigate whether preconditioning with high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) could reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.', 'Infarct size, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assessed. HMGB1 preconditioning reduced significantly the infarct size induced by I/R. The LDH, CK, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased by HMGB1 preconditioning compared to those in the I/R group.\Question: Does preconditioning with high mobility group box 1 protein protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury?

Output: The present study suggested that preconditioning with HMGB1 could induce HMGB1 tolerance and protect against myocardial I/R injury.


Input: Consider Input: Context: During reactive hyperemia, the brachial artery in some individuals constricts prior to dilation. Our aim was to describe the frequency of high-flow-mediated constriction (H-FMC) in adults, and its relationship to body composition and biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic risk.', 'Two hundred forty-six adults (124 male, 122 female; 36\u2009±\u20097 years old) were assessed for H-FMC via sonographic imaging of the brachial artery. Blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipids, and body composition assessed via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were collected. H-FMC was characterized as a 10-second average of maximal postocclusion constriction. Independent t test was used to compare H-FMC versus non-H-FMC individuals.', 'H-FMC was observed in approximately 69% of adult participants (54 obese, 57 overweight, and 59 normal weight). Total body mass (82.3\u2009±\u200917.5 versus 76.3\u2009±\u200916.3 kg, p\u2009=\u20090.012), fat mass (27.7\u2009±\u200911.5 versus 23.8\u2009±\u200910.5 kg, p\u2009=\u20090.012), body mass index (27.7\u2009±\u20094.9 versus 26.1\u2009±\u20095.0 kg/m\Question: Is high-flow-mediated constriction in adults influenced by biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic risk?

Output: Increased body mass, fat mass, and body mass index were associated with a greater H-FMC. When H-FMC was present, the FMD response to reactive hyperemia was significantly lower. Because H-FMC has been observed to negatively affect FMD response to reactive hyperemia, we suggest that H-FMC should be noted when analyzing and interpreting FMD data. H-FMC may be an ancillary measure of endothelial health. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2016.


Input: Consider Input: Context: Chronic oxidative stress is one of the key mechanisms responsible for disease progression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, so far, few studies reported increased circulating levels of oxidative stress markers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver and no study has been performed with newer markers of systemic oxidative stress. The aim was to assess the relationship between urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α and serum soluble NOX2-derived peptide and the severity of liver steatosis in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver.', 'The study was performed in 264 consecutive patients referred for suspected metabolic disease. Steatosis was defined according to Hamaguchi ultrasonographic criteria. Oxidative stress was assessed by urinary 8-iso- prostaglandin F2α and serum soluble NOX2-derived peptide levels.', 'Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver had higher (p\u2009<\u20090.001) mean values of urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and of serum soluble NOX2-derived peptide, alanine aminotransferase, Cytokeratin-18 and homeostasis model of insulin resistance and lower values of serum adiponectin as compared to those without. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and of its clinical features was significantly higher in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Same findings were also observed after the exclusion of obese subjects, or subjects with diabetes or with metabolic syndrome and in those not taking statin medication. In addition, the levels of urinary 8-iso-PGF2α were independent predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver and a strong association of urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and of serum soluble NOX2-derived peptide with the severity of steatosis at ultrasound was also observed.\Question: Is nOX2-generated oxidative stress associated with severity of ultrasound liver steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?


Output: We demonstrated increased markers of oxidative stress in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and serum soluble NOX2-derived peptide levels were independent from obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome and increased with the severity of liver steatosis at ultrasound.