In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Our previous work demonstrated altered messenger RNA expression of integrin β-5 and -8, using an in silico analysis of publically available data from patients with biliary atresia (BA); however, we were unable to demonstrate statistically significant differences in protein expression because of sample size. In the present study, we repeated the analysis of liver fibrosis and protein expression of the integrins in a larger cohort of patients with BA and compared them with patients undergoing liver biopsy for other diagnoses, with the hypothesis that ≥ 1 of the integrins would be differentially expressed.', 'Liver specimens were obtained at 2 collaborating institutions. Samples from infants with BA (n = 23) were compared with samples from those who underwent liver biopsy for neonatal hepatitis (n = 9). All of the specimens were analyzed by 2 pathologists (C.R. and R.A.), who were blinded to the diagnoses. Standard Ishak scoring was performed to evaluate fibrosis and inflammation, and immunohistochemical (IHC) positivity was graded from 0 to 4. Comparisons between the IHC positivity and Ishak scoring for the BA and control groups were performed using the Student t test with P < 0.01 considered significant because of the multiple comparisons. Interobserver variability was assessed by intraclass correlation (ICC).', 'Pooled analysis from specimens from patients with BA showed significantly more fibrosis than controls based on Ishak scores (3.21 ± 1.82 vs 1.17 ± 1.00, P < 0.005). IHC evaluation showed increased integrin ανβ8 protein expression when compared with controls (2.67 ± 0.81 vs 1.72 ± 0.62, P < 0.005); however, there were no significant differences in integrin ανβ5 (1.93 ± 0.84 vs 1.50 ± 0.90, P = 0.23) or integrin ανβ6 (0.85 ± 1.20 vs 0.94 ± 0.85, P = 0.82) expression. These data were confirmed on individual analysis. Interobserver agreement was fair for integrin ανβ5 (ICC 0.52), good for integrin ανβ6 (ICC 0.72), and excellent for integrin ανβ8 (ICC 0.79) and fibrosis (ICC 0.89).\Question: Is integrin β-8 , but not β-5 or -6 , protein expression increased in livers of children with biliary atresia?

Ex Output:
Our data show that integrin ανβ8, but not integrin ανβ5 or integrin ανβ6, protein expression is increased in liver specimens of patients with BA. These data support the mounting evidence that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation is responsible for the fibrosis found in BA. Anti-integrin ανβ8 or more global integrin blocking strategies may be therapeutic options in BA, but further work is clearly needed.


Ex Input:
Context: This study investigated whether a 7-week yoga intervention could improve physical function, perceived stress, and mental/emotional wellness in elderly participants.', '8 participants (66.5\xa0±\xa00.3 years) attended 2 60-min Hatha yoga sessions/week for 7 weeks, and performed pre- and post-intervention assessments. Balance was assessed using a 5-test battery. Flexibility was measured by sit-and-reach and shoulder flexibility tests. Functional mobility tests included 8-ft up-and-go, 5 chair stands, and 4-m walk. Participants completed SF-12, exhaustion level, and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaires.', 'SF-12 Mental Component Summary scores, exhaustion levels, and PSS scores improved post-intervention. No differences were found for physical function measures.\Question: Does yoga reduce perceived stress and exhaustion levels in healthy elderly individuals?

Ex Output:
Yoga participation can improve mental/emotional wellness, exhaustion levels, and stress levels in elderly individuals, even without measurable improvements in physical function. Clinicians and health practitioners who work with the elderly should consider yoga as a potential therapeutic modality for improving important aspects of quality of life in this population.


Ex Input:
Context: Microemboli released during transient ischemic attack, stroke, and cardiac surgery are thought to cause a variety of functional deficits in humans. The purpose of this study was to characterize the type and extent of neurobehavioral deficits present after photochemically induced common carotid artery thrombosis (CCAT), a thromboembolic model of stroke in the rat that results in a platelet emboli shower.', 'Thirty-two male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups. Groups 1 (n = 8) and 3 (n = 8) were long-term (6-week survival) and short-term (2-week survival) experimental groups subjected to right CCAT with the use of the photochemical technique. Groups 2 (n = 8) and 4 (n = 8) served as sham-operated controls for each experimental group. A battery of behavioral tests was applied daily beginning 24 hours after thrombosis; this consisted of elicited forelimb placing, postural reflex, beam balance, beam walking, and open field activity. Cognitive testing with a water maze task was performed on post-CCAT days 30 to 33 for groups 1 and 2 and on post-CCAT day 2 for groups 3 and 4. Ten-micrometer coronal brain sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and infarct location and frequency were determined.', 'Significant sensorimotor deficits were observed, which recovered within 2 weeks after CCAT. The data that follow are derived by combining the two experimental groups and comparing these with the two sham groups. The following tests showed significant effects after CCAT: contralateral elicited forelimb placing, ipsilateral elicited forelimb placing, beam balance, and beam walking score. Cognitive dysfunction was seen acutely (group 3 animals) at 2 days after CCAT; Morris water maze length and latency to target were significantly greater in the experimental group. No deficits were seen in postural reflex, open field activity, or delayed cognitive testing. Histopathological assessment revealed small infarcts in 11 of 16 thrombosed rats. However, a strong relationship between neurobehavioral deficits and infarct location was not consistently demonstrated.\Question: Does nonocclusive common carotid artery thrombosis in the rat result in reversible sensorimotor and cognitive behavioral deficits?

Ex Output:

CCAT produces consistent sensorimotor and cognitive behavioral deficits that recover within 2 weeks of injury. Behavioral outcome was not necessarily associated with overt histopathological damage, suggesting that reversible injury mechanisms, both vascular and neuronal, may be partly responsible for the temporary loss of function. These data strengthen the role of CCAT as a clinically relevant model of thromboembolic stroke.