TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling
PROBLEM: in light of the above discussion, therefore, we overrule in re oberkoetter.

SOLUTION: overruling

PROBLEM: see 15 u.s.c.  1692a(6) (""the term 'debt collector' means any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another""; chiang v. verizon new england, inc., 595 f.3d 26, 41 (1st cir. 2010) (""creditors collecting on their own accounts are generally excluded from the [fdcpa's] reach"" unless they use ""any name other than [their] own which would indicate that a third person is collecting or attempting to collect such debts"").

SOLUTION: non-overruling

PROBLEM: and because  1367(b) contains no exception for joinder of plaintiffs under rule 20 or class actions under rule 23, the court concludes, clark and zahn have been overruled.

SOLUTION:
overruling