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The objective of this study was to compare health-related quality of life (HR-QoL), disability/work productivity, and health care utilization in a variety of medical disorders with and without comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) in the general population.', 'Twelve-month MDD (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) diagnosis was determined among 4181 participants from a community sample. Medical diagnoses (respiratory, cardiovascular, allergic, endocrine/metabolic, gastrointestinal, and neurological diseases) were made after medical examination. HR-QoL was evaluated with the MOS-SF-36. Outpatient doctor visits and disability/work productivity were assessed by self-report.', 'Comorbid MDD was associated with a lower SF-36 mental summary score in all medical diagnoses and with a lower physical summary score in comorbid allergic and neurological disorders. The number of coexisting medical disorders was strongly related to lower physical and mental summary scores in cases without comorbid depression. The number of outpatient doctor visits increased by 42% when any of the medical disorders without comorbid MDD was present, and comorbid MDD was associated with a further 24-42% increase, depending on the medical disorder. Comorbid MDD was strongly associated with lower full-time working status (37.1% with MDD vs. 51.0% without MDD) and with a significant increase in disability days (45%) in the presence of any medical disorder.
Do medical disorders affect health outcome and general functioning depending on comorbid major depression in the general population?

Pigs are frequently used as animal models in experimental medicine. To identify processes of vascular development or regression, vascular elements must be recognised and quantified in a three-dimensional (3D) arrangement. Vascular corrosion casts enable the creation of 3D replicas of vascular trees. The aim of our study was to identify suitable casting media and optimise the protocol for porcine liver vascular corrosion casting.', 'Mercox II® (Ladd Research, Williston, Vermont, USA) and Biodur E20® Plus (Biodur Products, Heidelberg, Germany) were tested in 4 porcine livers. The resins (volume approximately 700 mL) were injected via the portal vein. Corrosion casts were examined by macro-computed tomography, micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy.', 'For hepatectomies, the operating protocol was optimised to avoid gas or blood clot embolisation. We present a protocol for porcine liver vascular bed casting based on corrosion specimens prepared using Biodur E20® epoxy resin.
Does porcine liver vascular bed in Biodur E20 corrosion cast?

Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by transient elastography (TE, FibroScan) is a validated method for noninvasively staging liver fibrosis. Most hepatic complications occur in patients with advanced fibrosis. Our objective was to determine the ability of LSM by TE to predict hepatic complications and mortality in a large cohort of patients with chronic liver disease.', 'In consecutive adults who underwent LSM by TE between July 2008 and June 2011, we used Cox regression to determine the independent association between liver stiffness and death or hepatic complications (decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplantation). The performance of LSM to predict complications was determined using the c-statistic.', 'Among 2,052 patients (median age 51 years, 65% with hepatitis B or C), 87 patients (4.2%) died or developed a hepatic complication during a median follow-up period of 15.6 months (interquartile range, 11.0-23.5 months). Patients with complications had higher median liver stiffness than those without complications (13.5 vs. 6.0 kPa; P<0.00005). The 2-year incidence rates of death or hepatic complications were 2.6%, 9%, 19%, and 34% in patients with liver stiffness <10, 10-19.9, 20-39.9, and ≥40 kPa, respectively (P<0.00005). After adjustment for potential confounders, liver stiffness by TE was an independent predictor of complications (hazard ratio [HR] 1.05 per kPa; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.06). The c-statistic of liver-stiffness for predicting complications was 0.80 (95% CI 0.75-0.85). A liver stiffness below 20 kPa effectively excluded complications (specificity 93%, negative predictive value 97%); however, the positive predictive value of higher results was sub-optimal (20%).

Does liver stiffness by transient elastography predict liver-related complications and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease?