TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: In developmental research, infants are commonly assumed to be early stakeholders in interactions with their caregivers. The tools that infants can use to interact with others vary from visual contact to smiling or vocalizing, and also include motor activity. However, surprisingly few studies have explored how the nature and context of social interactions affect infants' engagement in motor activity.", "We investigated the kinematic properties of foot and face movements produced by 11 infants aged between 5 and 9 months during six contrasting dyadic episodes (i.e. passive presence of a stranger or the infant's mother, weak or intense interaction with the stranger/mother as she sings a nursery play song).", "The infants' face and foot motor activity was significantly reduced during the interactive episodes, compared with the episodes without any interaction, in both the mother and stranger conditions. Furthermore, the level of their motor activity was significantly lower in the stranger condition than in the mother one for some parameters.\Question: Is social interaction associated with changes in infants ' motor activity?

SOLUTION: These results are in line with those reported by previous studies and confirm the relevance of using motor activity to delineate the early forms of interactive episodes in infants.

PROBLEM: Context: Our previous work demonstrated altered messenger RNA expression of integrin β-5 and -8, using an in silico analysis of publically available data from patients with biliary atresia (BA); however, we were unable to demonstrate statistically significant differences in protein expression because of sample size. In the present study, we repeated the analysis of liver fibrosis and protein expression of the integrins in a larger cohort of patients with BA and compared them with patients undergoing liver biopsy for other diagnoses, with the hypothesis that ≥ 1 of the integrins would be differentially expressed.', 'Liver specimens were obtained at 2 collaborating institutions. Samples from infants with BA (n = 23) were compared with samples from those who underwent liver biopsy for neonatal hepatitis (n = 9). All of the specimens were analyzed by 2 pathologists (C.R. and R.A.), who were blinded to the diagnoses. Standard Ishak scoring was performed to evaluate fibrosis and inflammation, and immunohistochemical (IHC) positivity was graded from 0 to 4. Comparisons between the IHC positivity and Ishak scoring for the BA and control groups were performed using the Student t test with P < 0.01 considered significant because of the multiple comparisons. Interobserver variability was assessed by intraclass correlation (ICC).', 'Pooled analysis from specimens from patients with BA showed significantly more fibrosis than controls based on Ishak scores (3.21 ± 1.82 vs 1.17 ± 1.00, P < 0.005). IHC evaluation showed increased integrin ανβ8 protein expression when compared with controls (2.67 ± 0.81 vs 1.72 ± 0.62, P < 0.005); however, there were no significant differences in integrin ανβ5 (1.93 ± 0.84 vs 1.50 ± 0.90, P = 0.23) or integrin ανβ6 (0.85 ± 1.20 vs 0.94 ± 0.85, P = 0.82) expression. These data were confirmed on individual analysis. Interobserver agreement was fair for integrin ανβ5 (ICC 0.52), good for integrin ανβ6 (ICC 0.72), and excellent for integrin ανβ8 (ICC 0.79) and fibrosis (ICC 0.89).\Question: Is integrin β-8 , but not β-5 or -6 , protein expression increased in livers of children with biliary atresia?

SOLUTION: Our data show that integrin ανβ8, but not integrin ανβ5 or integrin ανβ6, protein expression is increased in liver specimens of patients with BA. These data support the mounting evidence that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation is responsible for the fibrosis found in BA. Anti-integrin ανβ8 or more global integrin blocking strategies may be therapeutic options in BA, but further work is clearly needed.

PROBLEM: Context: This study examines the prevalence and correlates of self-reported premenstrual symptoms among a large, population-based sample of reproductive age, active-duty women.', 'Data were obtained from a combined dataset of two large-scale mail surveys designed to represent the total force. Subjects included in the present study were 6026 active-duty women of all branches of military service stratified by service, paygrade group, race/ethnicity, and location. A multivariate approach is used to evaluate the interrelationships among psychosocial and lifestyle correlates of premenstrual symptoms or pain after controlling for demographic differences in women who reported premenstrual symptoms or pain during the past 3 months (cases) and those who did not (controls).', 'Premenstrual symptoms were reported by nearly 2 of every 3 reproductive age women. Women reporting premenstrual symptoms were more likely to report other symptoms of menstrual dysfunction, two or more current medical conditions, migraines, and healthcare provider visits in the past year. After controlling for the protective effects of taking Depo-Provera (Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) and ever being pregnant, younger age, trying to lose weight, heavier drinking, poorer self-perceived health, and overall job stress were the most significant predictors of premenstrual symptoms. The greatest risk factor was a high level of job stress, with an almost 3-fold increase in risk relative to those without symptoms.\Question: Does psychosocial and lifestyle correlate of premenstrual symptoms among military women?

SOLUTION:
Work stress may mediate the relationship among depression and premenstrual symptoms. Further research is needed to elucidate the biological interrelationships among work stress, hormonal function, and premenstrual symptomatology.