In this task, you are given text for US Congressional and California state bills, your task is to generate a summary for this bill.

[EX Q]: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Reducing Lead in Drinking Water 
Act''.

SEC. 2. REDUCING LEAD IN DRINKING WATER.

    (a) Definition of Lead Service Line.--Section 1401 of the Safe 
Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f) is amended by adding at the end the 
following new paragraph:
            ``(17) Lead service line.--The term `lead service line' 
        means a service line that is not lead free (within the meaning 
        of section 1417).''.
    (b) Replacing Lead Service Lines.--Section 1417 of the Safe 
Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300g-6) is amended by adding at the end 
the following:
    ``(f) Replacing Lead Service Lines.--
            ``(1) Definitions.--In this subsection:
                    ``(A) Eligible entity.--The term `eligible entity' 
                means--
                            ``(i) an owner or operator of a public 
                        water system;
                            ``(ii) a qualified nonprofit organization, 
                        as determined by the Administrator; or
                            ``(iii) a municipality or a State, 
                        interstate, or intermunicipal agency.
                    ``(B) Lead pipe replacement program.--The term 
                `lead pipe replacement program' means a project or 
                activity the primary purpose of which is to eliminate 
                lead in water for human consumption by--
                            ``(i) replacing lead service lines;
                            ``(ii) testing, planning, or carrying out 
                        other relevant activities, as determined by the 
                        Administrator, to identify the location and 
                        condition of lead service lines; or
                            ``(iii) providing assistance to low-income 
                        homeowners to replace privately owned lead 
                        service lines.
                    ``(C) Low-income homeowner.--The term `low-income 
                homeowner' has such meaning as may be given the term by 
                the Governor of the applicable State.
            ``(2) Grant program.--
                    ``(A) Establishment.--Not later than 180 days after 
                the date of enactment of this subsection, the 
                Administrator shall establish a grant program to 
                provide assistance to eligible entities for lead pipe 
                replacement programs.
                    ``(B) Evaluation.--In determining whether to 
                provide assistance to an eligible entity under this 
                subsection, the Administrator shall evaluate whether 
                the eligible entity has--
                            ``(i) a current inventory of lead service 
                        lines in the applicable public water system;
                            ``(ii) a plan to notify customers of such 
                        public water system of the replacement of any 
                        publicly owned portion of a lead service line;
                            ``(iii) a plan to replace the privately 
                        owned portion of a lead service line at the 
                        cost of replacement;
                            ``(iv) a plan for a program of assistance 
                        to low-income homeowners to replace the 
                        privately owned portion of lead service lines; 
                        or
                            ``(v) a plan of recommended measures to 
                        avoid exposure of the public to short-term 
                        increases in lead levels following a lead 
                        service line replacement.
                    ``(C) Priority application.--In providing 
                assistance under this subsection, the Administrator 
                shall give priority to an eligible entity that--
                            ``(i) will carry out a lead pipe 
                        replacement program at a public water system 
                        that has exceeded the lead action level 
                        established by the Administrator at any time 
                        during the 3-year period preceding the date of 
                        submission of the application of the eligible 
                        entity;
                            ``(ii) will address lead levels in water 
                        for human consumption at a school, daycare, or 
                        other facility that primarily serves children 
                        or subpopulations at greater risk as identified 
                        under section 1458(a);
                            ``(iii) will include in the lead pipe 
                        replacement program a program to provide 
                        assistance to low-income homeowners; or
                            ``(iv) addresses such priority criteria as 
                        the Administrator may establish, consistent 
                        with the goal of reducing lead in water for 
                        human consumption.
                    ``(D) Cost sharing.--
                            ``(i) In general.--Subject to clause (ii), 
                        the non-Federal share of the total cost of a 
                        program funded by a grant provided under this 
                        subsection shall be not less than 20 percent.
                            ``(ii) Waiver.--The Administrator may 
                        reduce or eliminate the non-Federal share 
                        required under clause (i) for reasons of 
                        affordability, as the Administrator determines 
                        to be appropriate.
                    ``(E) Low-income homeowner assistance.--
                            ``(i) In general.--Subject to clause (ii), 
                        an eligible entity may use a grant provided 
                        under this subsection to provide assistance to 
                        low-income homeowners to replace privately 
                        owned lead service lines.
                            ``(ii) Limitation.--The amount of 
                        assistance provided to an individual low-income 
                        homeowner under this subparagraph shall not 
                        exceed $10,000.
            ``(3) Guidance.--Not later than 180 days after the date of 
        enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall, in 
        cooperation with States and qualified nonprofit organizations, 
        develop guidance for owners and operators of public water 
        systems to assist such owners and operators in the preparation 
        of an inventory of lead service lines in their public water 
        system.
            ``(4) Authorization of appropriations.--There are 
        authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subsection 
        $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2017 through 2021.''.
[EX A]: Reducing Lead in Drinking Water Act This bill amends the Safe Drinking Water Act to direct the Environmental Protection Agency to establish a grant program to remove lead service lines from public water systems. Grant recipients may use grant funds to assist low-income homeowners with replacing privately owned lead service lines.

[EX Q]: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Federal Activities Inventory Reform 
Act of 1998''.
SEC. 2. ANNUAL LISTS OF GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES NOT INHERENTLY 
GOVERNMENTAL IN NATURE.
    (a) Lists Required.--Not later than the end of the third quarter of 
each fiscal year, the head of each executive agency shall submit to the 
Director of the Office of Management and Budget a list of activities 
performed by Federal Government sources for the executive agency that, 
in the judgment of the head of the executive agency, are not inherently 
governmental functions. The entry for an activity on the list shall 
include the following:
        (1) The fiscal year for which the activity first appeared on a 
    list prepared under this section.
        (2) The number of full-time employees (or its equivalent) that 
    are necessary for the performance of the activity by a Federal 
    Government source.
        (3) The name of a Federal Government employee responsible for 
    the activity from whom additional information about the activity 
    may be obtained.
    (b) OMB Review and Consultation.--The Director of the Office of 
Management and Budget shall review the executive agency's list for a 
fiscal year and consult with the head of the executive agency regarding 
the content of the final list for that fiscal year.
    (c) Public Availability of Lists.--
        (1) Publication.--Upon the completion of the review and 
    consultation regarding a list of an executive agency--
            (A) the head of the executive agency shall promptly 
        transmit a copy of the list to Congress and make the list 
        available to the public; and
            (B) the Director of the Office of Management and Budget 
        shall promptly publish in the Federal Register a notice that 
        the list is available to the public.
        (2) Changes.--If the list changes after the publication of the 
    notice as a result of the resolution of a challenge under section 
    3, the head of the executive agency shall promptly--
            (A) make each such change available to the public and 
        transmit a copy of the change to Congress; and
            (B) publish in the Federal Register a notice that the 
        change is available to the public.
    (d) Competition Required.--Within a reasonable time after the date 
on which a notice of the public availability of a list is published 
under subsection (c), the head of the executive agency concerned shall 
review the activities on the list. Each time that the head of the 
executive agency considers contracting with a private sector source for 
the performance of such an activity, the head of the executive agency 
shall use a competitive process to select the source (except as may 
otherwise be provided in a law other than this Act, an Executive order, 
regulations, or any executive branch circular setting forth 
requirements or guidance that is issued by competent executive 
authority). The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall 
issue guidance for the administration of this subsection.
    (e) Realistic and Fair Cost Comparisons.--For the purpose of 
determining whether to contract with a source in the private sector for 
the performance of an executive agency activity on the list on the 
basis of a comparison of the costs of procuring services from such a 
source with the costs of performing that activity by the executive 
agency, the head of the executive agency shall ensure that all costs 
(including the costs of quality assurance, technical monitoring of the 
performance of such function, liability insurance, employee retirement 
and disability benefits, and all other overhead costs) are considered 
and that the costs considered are realistic and fair.

SEC. 3. CHALLENGES TO THE LIST.

    (a) Challenge Authorized.--An interested party may submit to an 
executive agency a challenge of an omission of a particular activity 
from, or an inclusion of a particular activity on, a list for which a 
notice of public availability has been published under section 2.
    (b) Interested Party Defined.--For the purposes of this section, 
the term ``interested party'', with respect to an activity referred to 
in subsection (a), means the following:
        (1) A private sector source that--
            (A) is an actual or prospective offeror for any contract, 
        or other form of agreement, to perform the activity; and
            (B) has a direct economic interest in performing the 
        activity that would be adversely affected by a determination 
        not to procure the performance of the activity from a private 
        sector source.
        (2) A representative of any business or professional 
    association that includes within its membership private sector 
    sources referred to in paragraph (1).
        (3) An officer or employee of an organization within an 
    executive agency that is an actual or prospective offeror to 
    perform the activity.
        (4) The head of any labor organization referred to in section 
    7103(a)(4) of title 5, United States Code, that includes within its 
    membership officers or employees of an organization referred to in 
    paragraph (3).
    (c) Time for Submission.--A challenge to a list shall be submitted 
to the executive agency concerned within 30 days after the publication 
of the notice of the public availability of the list under section 2.
    (d) Initial Decision.--Within 28 days after an executive agency 
receives a challenge, an official designated by the head of the 
executive agency shall--
        (1) decide the challenge; and
        (2) transmit to the party submitting the challenge a written 
    notification of the decision together with a discussion of the 
    rationale for the decision and an explanation of the party's right 
    to appeal under subsection (e).
    (e) Appeal.--
        (1) Authorization of appeal.--An interested party may appeal an 
    adverse decision of the official to the head of the executive 
    agency within 10 days after receiving a notification of the 
    decision under subsection (d).
        (2) Decision on appeal.--Within 10 days after the head of an 
    executive agency receives an appeal of a decision under paragraph 
    (1), the head of the executive agency shall decide the appeal and 
    transmit to the party submitting the appeal a written notification 
    of the decision together with a discussion of the rationale for the 
    decision.

SEC. 4. APPLICABILITY.

    (a) Executive Agencies Covered.--Except as provided in subsection 
(b), this Act applies to the following executive agencies:
        (1) Executive department.--An executive department named in 
    section 101 of title 5, United States Code.
        (2) Military department.--A military department named in 
    section 102 of title 5, United States Code.
        (3) Independent establishment.--An independent establishment, 
    as defined in section 104 of title 5, United States Code.
    (b) Exceptions.--This Act does not apply to or with respect to the 
following:
        (1) General accounting office.--The General Accounting Office.
        (2) Government corporation.--A Government corporation or a 
    Government controlled corporation, as those terms are defined in 
    section 103 of title 5, United States Code.
        (3) Nonappropriated funds instrumentality.--A part of a 
    department or agency if all of the employees of that part of the 
    department or agency are employees referred to in section 2105(c) 
    of title 5, United States Code.
        (4) Certain depot-level maintenance and repair.--Depot-level 
    maintenance and repair of the Department of Defense (as defined in 
    section 2460 of title 10, United States Code).

SEC. 5. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
        (1) Federal government source.--The term ``Federal Government 
    source'', with respect to performance of an activity, means any 
    organization within an executive agency that uses Federal 
    Government employees to perform the activity.
        (2) Inherently governmental function.--
            (A) Definition.--The term ``inherently governmental 
        function'' means a function that is so intimately related to 
        the public interest as to require performance by Federal 
        Government employees.
            (B) Functions included.--The term includes activities that 
        require either the exercise of discretion in applying Federal 
        Government authority or the making of value judgments in making 
        decisions for the Federal Government, including judgments 
        relating to monetary transactions and entitlements. An 
        inherently governmental function involves, among other things, 
        the interpretation and execution of the laws of the United 
        States so as--
                (i) to bind the United States to take or not to take 
            some action by contract, policy, regulation, authorization, 
            order, or otherwise;
                (ii) to determine, protect, and advance United States 
            economic, political, territorial, property, or other 
            interests by military or diplomatic action, civil or 
            criminal judicial proceedings, contract management, or 
            otherwise;
                (iii) to significantly affect the life, liberty, or 
            property of private persons;
                (iv) to commission, appoint, direct, or control 
            officers or employees of the United States; or
                (v) to exert ultimate control over the acquisition, 
            use, or disposition of the property, real or personal, 
            tangible or intangible, of the United States, including the 
            collection, control, or disbursement of appropriated and 
            other Federal funds.
            (C) Functions excluded.--The term does not normally 
        include--
                (i) gathering information for or providing advice, 
            opinions, recommendations, or ideas to Federal Government 
            officials; or
                (ii) any function that is primarily ministerial and 
            internal in nature (such as building security, mail 
            operations, operation of cafeterias, housekeeping, 
            facilities operations and maintenance, warehouse 
            operations, motor vehicle fleet management operations, or 
            other routine electrical or mechanical services).

SEC. 6. EFFECTIVE DATE.

    This Act shall take effect on October 1, 1998.

                               Speaker of the House of Representatives.

                            Vice President of the United States and    
                                               President of the Senate.
[EX A]: Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act of 1998 - Directs the head of each executive agency to submit to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, not later than the end of the third quarter of each fiscal year, a list of activities performed by Federal Government sources for the agency that, in the judgment of the head of the executive agency, are not inherently governmental functions. 
Requires:  (1) the Director to review the agency's list and consult with the agency head regarding the contents of the final list for the fiscal year; (2) the agency head to transmit a copy of the list to the Congress and make the list publicly available; (3) the Director to publish in the Federal Register a notice that the list is publicly available; and (4) the agency head to publish a notice regarding, make available to the public, and transmit to the Congress, any subsequent change to the list. 
Requires the agency head to:  (1) review the activities on the list within a reasonable time after such a notice of its availability is published; and (2) use a competitive process (with specified exceptions) and ensure that all costs are considered each time that he or she considers contracting with a private sector source for the performance of an activity on the list. 
(Sec. 3) Permits an interested party to submit to an agency a challenge of an omission of a particular activity from, or an inclusion of a particular activity on, a list for which a notice has been published.  Sets forth procedures governing filing challenges, agency decisions on challenges, appealing such decisions, and agency decisions on such appeals. 
(Sec. 4) Provides that this Act shall not apply to or with respect to:  (1) the General Accounting Office; (2) Government corporations and Government controlled corporations; (3) a part of a department or agency if all of the employees of that part are employees paid from nonappropriated funds of certain instrumentalities of the United States under the jurisdiction of the armed forces; and (4) depot-level maintenance and repair of the Department of Defense.

[EX Q]: SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``ESEA Fiscal Fairness Act''.

SEC. 2. PURPOSES.

    The purposes of this Act are as follows:
            (1) To remedy the inequitable distribution of State and 
        local funds within the areas served by local educational 
        agencies.
            (2) To reinforce the supplementary intent of funds made 
        available under title I of the Elementary and Secondary 
        Education Act of 1965, ensuring that these funds serve their 
        original purpose of subsidizing the increased costs associated 
        with educating students in concentrated poverty.
            (3) To address the statutory, regulatory, and enforcement 
        weaknesses that have undermined the role of the comparability 
        requirement in ensuring comparability within school districts.
            (4) To require the inclusion of real teacher salaries in 
        calculations of per-pupil expenditures.
            (5) To provide sufficient transparency, accountability, and 
        disclosure to allow parents, communities, educators, and local 
        agency officials to ensure students have access to the 
        resources they need to achieve at high levels.

SEC. 3. COMPARABILITY OF EXPENDITURES.

    Section 1120A(c) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 
1965 (20 U.S.C. 6321(c)) is amended to read as follows:
    ``(c) Comparability of Expenditures.--
            ``(1) In general.--
                    ``(A) Comparable funding in general.--Except as 
                provided in paragraphs (4) and (5), a local educational 
                agency may receive funds under this part only if the 
                average expenditure per pupil of State and local funds 
                in each school served under this part is at least 97 
                percent of the average expenditure per pupil of State 
                and local funds across all schools that are not 
                receiving funds under this part.
                    ``(B) Comparable funding among schools.--If the 
                local educational agency is serving all of such 
                agency's schools under this part, such agency may 
                receive funds under this part only if the average 
                expenditure per pupil of State and local funds in each 
                higher poverty school is at least 97 percent of the 
                average expenditure per pupil of State and local funds 
                across all lower poverty schools.
            ``(2) Equivalence.--A local educational agency shall be 
        considered to have met the requirements of paragraph (1), and 
        to be eligible to receive funds under this part, if--
                    ``(A) such agency has filed with the State 
                educational agency an up-to-date school-by-school 
                listing of per-pupil expenditures of State and local 
                funds for each school served by the agency; and
                    ``(B) the listing identified in clause (i) 
                demonstrates comparability across schools as required 
                by subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1).
            ``(3) Basis.--A local educational agency may meet the 
        requirements of subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) 
        across all schools or among schools serving a particular grade 
        span, if the local educational agency compares schools within 
        no more than three grade spans.
            ``(4) Monitoring.--
                    ``(A) Regulations by secretary.--Not later than 4 
                months after the date of the enactment of the ESEA 
                Fiscal Fairness Act, the Secretary shall issue 
                regulations concerning State educational agencies' and 
                local educational agencies' responsibilities for 
                meeting the requirements of this subsection.
                    ``(B) Regulations by states.--Not later than 6 
                months after the date on which the regulations required 
                by subparagraph (A) are issued, each State educational 
                agency shall create and distribute to local educational 
                agencies, and make available to the public, regulations 
                on the responsibilities of local educational agencies 
                for meeting the requirements of this subsection.
                    ``(C) Plan by local educational agencies.--Not 
                later than 14 months after the date on which 
                regulations required by subparagraph (B) are 
                distributed, each local educational agency shall 
                develop and submit to the State educational agency a 
                plan, including a time line and annual benchmarks, that 
                will ensure comparability as described in subparagraphs 
                (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) not later than 3 years 
                after the date on which the regulations required by 
                subparagraph (B) are distributed. The plan shall be 
                made available to the public.
                    ``(D) Audit.--In each of the fourth and fifth years 
                after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 
                Inspector General of the Department shall audit 5 
                States and 10 local educational agencies to determine 
                progress in meeting the requirements of this section.
            ``(5) Inapplicability.--This subsection shall not apply to 
        a local educational agency that does not have more than one 
        building for each grade span.
            ``(6) Compliance.--For the purpose of determining 
        compliance with paragraph (1), a local educational agency --
                    ``(A) shall exclude State and local funds expended 
                for the excess costs of providing English language 
                instruction for Limited English Proficient students as 
                determined by the local educational agency;
                    ``(B) shall exclude State and local funds expended 
                for the excess costs of providing services to children 
                with disabilities as determined by the local 
                educational agency; and
                    ``(C) may exclude supplemental State or local funds 
                in any school attendance area or school for programs 
                that meet the intent and purpose of this part.
            ``(7) Forced transfers.--Nothing in this subsection shall 
        be construed to require the forced or involuntary transfer of 
        any school personnel to comply with subparagraph (A) of 
        paragraph (1).
            ``(8) Comparability as minimum standard.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Nothing in this subsection shall 
                be construed to limit or discourage the allocation of 
                State or local funds to schools served under this part 
                in excess of 100 percent of the average per-pupil 
                expenditure for schools not served under this part.
                    ``(B) Exception.--If the local educational agency 
                is serving all schools under this part, nothing shall 
                be construed to discourage the allocation of State and 
                local funds to any higher poverty schools in excess of 
                100 percent of the average per-pupil expenditure in 
                lower poverty schools.
            ``(9) Public reporting.--
                    ``(A) School report cards.--Beginning with the 
                first academic year that begins after the date of the 
                enactment of the ESEA Fiscal Fairness Act, and for each 
                academic year thereafter, each local educational agency 
                shall include on the school report cards required under 
                section 1111(h)(2) the following:
                            ``(i) The average per-pupil expenditures of 
                        State and local funds for the school.
                            ``(ii) The average per-pupil expenditures 
                        of State and local funds for schools in the 
                        local educational agency not served under this 
                        part or for lower poverty schools when all 
                        schools in the local educational agency are 
                        served under this part.
                            ``(iii) The mean of average per-pupil 
                        expenditures of State and local funds for all 
                        schools in the State.
                    ``(B) Up-to-date school-by-school listing.--
                Beginning with the first academic year that begins 
                after the date of the enactment of the ESEA Fiscal 
                Fairness Act and for each academic year thereafter, the 
                State educational agency shall make publicly available 
                the up-to-date school-by-school listings of per-pupil 
                expenditures of State and local funds submitted by each 
                local educational agency, as required by paragraph 
                (2)(A)(i).
            ``(10) Definitions.--For purposes of this subsection:
                    ``(A) Expenditures.--
                            ``(i) In general.--The term `expenditures' 
                        means--
                                    ``(I) salary expenditures for 
                                classroom teachers, including not only 
                                base salaries but also incentive pay, 
                                bonuses, and supplemental stipends for 
                                mentoring or other additional roles;
                                    ``(II) salary expenditures for 
                                instructional and instructional support 
                                staff who are not classroom teachers 
                                (such as principals, librarians, 
                                paraprofessionals, academic coaches, 
                                and curriculum specialists), including 
                                not only base salaries but also 
                                incentive pay, bonuses, and 
                                supplemental stipends for mentoring or 
                                other additional roles;
                                    ``(III) salary expenditures for 
                                noninstructional staff, including 
                                student support staff; and
                                    ``(IV) nonpersonnel expenditures 
                                such as--
                                            ``(aa) professional 
                                        development for teachers and 
                                        other staff;
                                            ``(bb) instructional 
                                        materials and supplies;
                                            ``(cc) computers, software, 
                                        and other technology;
                                            ``(dd) contracted services 
                                        such as distance learning, art, 
                                        athletics, and technology 
                                        services;
                                            ``(ee) library books and 
                                        media center materials; and
                                            ``(ff) such other 
                                        expenditures as the Secretary 
                                        of Education may require.
                            ``(ii) Determinations.--For purposes of 
                        subclauses (I) and (II) of clause (i), in the 
                        determination of salary expenditures, salary 
                        differentials for years of employment shall be 
                        included.
                    ``(B) Higher poverty school.--The term `higher 
                poverty school' means a school that is in the highest 
                four quartiles of the percentage of pupils from low-
                income families in a local educational agency.
                    ``(C) Lower poverty school.--The term `lower 
                poverty school' means a school that is in the lowest 
                quartile of the percentage of pupils from low-income 
                families in a local educational agency.''.
[EX A]:
ESEA Fiscal Fairness Act - Amends part A of title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to condition local educational agency (LEA) receipt of school improvement funds on: (1) an average state and local spending per pupil in each school receiving school improvement funds of at least 97% of such spending per pupil across all schools that are not receiving such funds; and (2) an average state and local spending per pupil in each higher poverty school of at least 97% of such spending per pupil across all lower poverty schools, if the LEA is serving all of its schools under part A.

Allows LEAs to meet such requirement across all schools or among schools serving a particular grade span if they compare schools within no more than three grade spans.

Directs the Inspector General of the Department of Education, in the fourth and fifth years after this Act's enactment, to audit 5 states and 10 LEAs to determine their progress in meeting these requirements.

Requires annual LEA report cards to include certain information on state and local spending per pupil in schools.

Requires states to provide the public with annual up-to-date school-by-school listings of per-pupil state and local spending.