In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

His reign saw both the publication of the legal treatise Quadripartitus and the earliest surviving European kingdom-wide financial survey, and the exchequer originated at Winchester at the behest of his minister Roger of Salisbury. He fined William de Mandeville for allowing the escape of Ranulf Flambard from the Tower of London, and he had earlier ceded custody of Cotenin to his brother Robert Curthose to avoid war. The wreck of the White Ship resulted in the death of his only legitimate heir, William theling, and his childless marriage to Adeliza of Louvain resulted in his succession by Stephen of Blois. For 10 points, name this man who won the lordship of Normandy in the battle of Tinchebrai, king of England from 1100 to 1135 and the first Norman ruler not named William.
History

A maximum independent set for this data structure can be found in linear time by adding alternating levels. In this structure, any two vertices or nodes must be connected by a single simple path, and thus it is connected and acyclic. By using (*) union-find with disjoint sets, one type of this structure containing all the vertices of a connected graph can be constructed. One variety of this data structure can be used to easily implement a binary search. This structure also comes in red-black and self-balancing-binary varieties. For 10 points, identify this data structure from computer science, a hierarchical graph in which "leaf" nodes ultimately flow from a "root" node.
Science

one novel set in this country, the violence employed by the bandit Fiero Vasquez and the legal recourse taken by Correa Zavala cannot help the mayor Rosendo Maquis save his town of Rumi from the corrupt Don Amenabar. This setting of Ciro Alegra's novel Broad and Alien is the World was home to a poet whose socialism and collections The Black Heralds and Trilce have often led him to be paired with Neruda. One author from this country recently published a reworking of Madame Bovary titled The Bad Girl. In a novel set in this country, the Marquesa de Montemayor resolves to change her ways after reading Pepita's letter, and Brother Juniper is burned for writing about the title event. This setting of The Bridge of San Luis Rey is also where Pedro Camacho writes scripts for radio soaps. For 10 points, name this home of Cesar Vilejo and Mario Vargas Llosa.

Literature