Given a travel related situation, and given a specific question about the situation, summarize the question into a title
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Question: I'll be going to France for 4 months to conduct research towards my PhD. I believe I will be issued with a long stay visa for research to cover my trip. I have the required "Convention d'Accueil" from the organisation I'll be spending time at. I currently hold an Australian passport.

My question is, is this research visa considered a "Type D", like the other French long stay visas and does it allow entry into other Schengen areas? Does the research visa carry any specific conditions (besides the fact that you need a "Convention d'Accueil" to apply)? 

I will have a month off during my 4 month stay, during which I'd like to travel around to other countries, hopefully I can do this with the one visa.


Answer: Does a French long stay research visa differ from a regular "Type-D" visa and are there implications for travelling in Schengen areas?


Question: I will be travelling to Iceland -> Ireland -> UK -> France (in that order) in the span of about 2 weeks this summer, and unfortunately I need a separate visa for each country (basic tourist/short visit visa)

However, I saw that Iceland and France are schengen countries, and was wondering if I could use 1 visa to visit both countries, even though I am visting two countries out of the schengen program in between.

Would love to save both time & money by only applying for 1, rather than 2 separate schengen visas.

Thanks!


Answer: Schengen Visa question (multiple legs involving non-schengen countries)


Question: When driving on a US interstate highway, how will I know if an upcoming exit ramp will be followed by an entrance ramp to re-enter the highway after exiting? (e.g. if I need a gas station or food break)

In rural stretches re-entry is almost always possible—but not always. In cities, especially where various freeways meet, I feel like re-entry is much less common.  But how to know in advance without trial-and-error?

(When I started driving I had erroneously thought that if the exit says "Exit only" in yellow, there would be no return entrance, but I now believe this refers to the specific lane being forced to exit, which is really nothing to do with ability to re-enter after exiting.)


Answer:
How can I know if a U.S. interstate exit will have a return entrance ramp?