Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Ex Input:
Despite the clinical efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin (RHE) on chemotherapy-induced anemia, most cost-effectiveness studies have given unfavorable results.', 'To determine the cost of managing anemia in unselected patients receiving chemotherapy for lung cancer, and the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of RHE.', 'We constructed Markov models of two cohorts of patients who received (n=94) or did not receive (n=89) darbepoetin (one weekly injection when the hemoglobin level fell below 11 g/dl), focusing on changes in hemoglobin levels, transfusion requirements, anemia management costs, and the cost-effectiveness ratios of the two management strategies.', 'The use of RHE significantly reduced the proportion of patients needing transfusions (from 33.6% to 19.1%, p<0.05) and the number of red cell units used by transfusion (from 2.97+/-1.47 to 2.11+/-0.47, p<0.01). Markov modeling showed that the RHE strategy significantly increased the mean Hb level (13+/-0.5 g/dl versus 11.9+/-1g/dl, p<0.001), at the price of an increase in the main cost (respectively, US$ 1732+/-897 and 996+/-643; p<0.01). The cost-effectiveness ratio favored the RHE strategy (7.02 versus 9.04). Sensitivity analysis showed that the RHE strategy remained dominant in most situations.

Ex Output:
Is routine once-weekly darbepoetin alfa administration cost-effective in lung cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia : a Markov analysis?


Ex Input:
Changes of volume status can be readily inferred from variations in diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) measured by ultrasound. However the effect of IVC changes following acute blood loss are not fully established. In this study, three different approaches to measuring IVC variables were compared in healthy blood donors, as a model of acute volume depletion, in order to establish their relative ability to detect acute blood loss.', 'Inspiratory and expiratory IVC diameters were measured before and after blood donation in hepatic long axis, hepatic short axis and renal short axis views using a 2-5\xa0MHz curvilinear probe. All measurements were recorded and examined in real-time and post-processing sessions.', 'All windows performed satisfactorily but the renal window approach was feasible in only 30 out of 47 subjects. After blood donation, IVC diameters decreased in hepatic long axis, hepatic short axis and renal short axis (expiratory: -19.9, -18.0, -26.5\xa0%; CI 95\xa0%: 14.5-24.1; 13.1-22.9; 16.0-35.9, respectively) (inspiratory: -31.1, -31.6, -36.5\xa0%; CI 95\xa0%: 21.3-40.1; 18.8-45.2; 23.4-46.0, respectively), whereas the IVC collapsibility index increased by 21.6, 22.6 and 19.3\xa0% (CI 95\xa0%: 11.6-42.9; 18.5-39.5; 7.7-30.0). IVC diameters appeared to return to pre-donation values within 20\xa0min but this was only detected by the hepatic long axis view.

Ex Output:
Do inferior vena cava diameters and collapsibility index reveal early volume depletion in a blood donor model?


Ex Input:
After aortic valve replacement, the effects of a small functional prosthesis on the extent and pattern of regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and on clinical outcomes may be less significant in older patients with low cardiac output requirements. The objective of this study was therefore to determine whether patient-prosthesis mismatch affects left ventricular mass regression in the elderly.', 'The population studied was made up of 88 patients over 65 years of age with pure aortic stenosis who underwent mechanical aortic valve replacement. The effective orifice area index was calculated for each patient on the basis of the projected prosthesis in vivo effective orifice area. It was considered a continuous variable and influence of its entire range of values on the extent of left ventricular mass regression was analyzed in a multivariate prediction model.', 'Even though, in the group with prosthesis-patient mismatch there was a trend for lower postoperative left ventricular mass index (115+/-24 g/m(2) vs 102+/-27 g/m(2), p=0.24) and postoperative peak trans-prosthetic gradients (32+/-9.8 mmHg vs 28.9+/-7.79 mmHg, p=0.35) these differences were not statistically significant. The prevalence of residual left ventricular hypertrophy at follow-up was 50% in the group with patient-prosthesis mismatch and 50% in the group without patient-prosthesis mismatch (p=0.83). In multivariate analysis the only factors associated with indexed left ventricular mass were the follow-up time (p=0.015, r(2)=0.22) and preoperative indexed left ventricular mass (p=0.0012, r(2)=0.11).

Ex Output:

Does indexed effective orifice area after mechanical aortic valve replacement affect left ventricular mass regression in elderly?