instruction:
Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
To describe the epidemiology of acute hand injuries and hand infections and to describe the factors associated with the transfer of these patients to a level 1 trauma center. In addition, we sought to understand management before transfer.', 'Retrospective review of patients with hand trauma or hand infection transferred to our level 1 trauma center from May 2009 to August 2011. We also identified hospitals with emergency departments (EDs) in our region and surveyed ED providers in these hospitals with regard to acute hand care.', 'A level 1 trauma center in the United States.', 'Four hundred sixty consecutive transfers for acute hand care.', 'The average patient age was 38. Most were male (84%), uninsured (51%), and from another county (59%). The average distance of transfer was 51 miles, and 80% were transferred by ground ambulance. The most common reasons for transfer were amputations (24%), infections (21%), lacerations (17%), and fractures/dislocations (16%). Of the 345 hospitals with an ED surveyed, 71% never had hand surgery coverage.
answer:
Do lack of Acute Hand Care in the Southwest United States?


question:
Our aim was to investigate if: (a) authors of Biochemia Medica meet authorship criteria given by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), (b) authorship violations are more frequent in submissions containing some type of scientific misconduct.', 'Self-reported authorship contributions regarding the three ICMJE criteria were analysed for all submissions to Biochemia Medica (February 2013-April 2015) which were forwarded to peer-review. To test the differences in frequencies we used Chi-squared test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.', '186 manuscripts were authored by 804 authors. All ICMJE criteria were met by 487/804 (61%) authors. The first and the last author met all the criteria more frequently than those authors in between (P<0.001). The degree to which ICMJE criteria was met for the first author did not differ between manuscripts authored by only one author and those authored by >1 author (P=0.859). In 9% of the manuscripts ICMJE criteria were not met by a single author. Authors of the 171/186 manuscripts declared that all persons qualify for authorship but only 49% of them satisfied all ICMJE criteria. Authors have failed to acknowledge contributors in 88/186 (47%) manuscripts; instead these contributors have been listed as authors without fulfilling ICMJE criteria. Authorship violation was not more common in 42 manuscripts with some type of scientific misconduct (P=0.135).
answer:
Are iCMJE authorship criteria met in a substantial proportion of manuscripts submitted to Biochemia Medica?


question:
Sublethal doses of photon irradiation (IR) are suspected to increase tumor cell migration and support locoregional recurrence of disease, which has already been shown in other cell lines. This manuscript describes the effect of photon and carbon-ion IR on WHO class I meningioma cell migration and provides an approach to the underlying cellular mechanisms.', "Meningioma cells were gained operatively at the university hospital in Homburg/Saar, Germany. For migration, membranes (8-µm pore sizes) were coated with collagen I, with collagen IV, and with fibronectin. Cells were analyzed in migration experiments with or without serum stimulation, with or without photon and carbon IR 24\xa0h prior to experiments, and with or without integrin antibodies. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses of the integrins ανβ1, ανβ3, and ανβ5 were performed without IR and 6, 12 and 24\xa0h after IR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were realized with and without IR after cells were cultured on collagen I, collagen IV, or fibronectin for 24\xa0h. Cells and supernatants for FACS and ELISA were stored at -\u200918\u2009°C. The significance level was set at 5\u2009% using both Student's t test and two-way ANOVA.", 'Migration of meningioma cells was serum-inducible (p\u2009<\u20090.001). It could be increased by photon IR (p\u2009<\u20090.02). The integrins ανβ1 and ανβ5 showed a 21 and 11\u2009% higher expression after serum stimulation (not significant), respectively, and ανβ1 expression was raised by 14\u2009% (p\u2009=\u20090.0057) after photon IR. Antibody blockage of the integrins ανβ1 and ανβ5 inhibited serum- and photon-induced migration. Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 remained unchanged after both IR and fetal bovine serum (FBS). Carbon-ion IR left both integrin expression and meningioma cell migration unaffected.
answer:

Is integrin-based meningioma cell migration promoted by photon but not by carbon-ion irradiation?