instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are lipid mediators derived from mast cells, which activate TH2 cells. The combination of PGD2 and cysLTs (notably cysteinyl leukotriene E4 [LTE4]) enhances TH2 cytokine production. However, the synergistic interaction of cysLTs with PGD2 in promoting TH2 cell activation is still poorly understood. The receptors for these mediators are drug targets in the treatment of allergic diseases, and hence understanding their interaction is likely to have clinical implications.', 'We aimed to comprehensively define the roles of PGD2, LTE4, and their combination in activating human TH2 cells and how such activation might allow the TH2 cells to engage downstream effectors, such as neutrophils, which contribute to the pathology of allergic responses.', 'The effects of PGD2, LTE4, and their combination on human TH2 cell gene expression were defined by using a microarray, and changes in specific inflammatory pathways were confirmed by means of PCR array, quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, Luminex, flow cytometry, and functional assays, including analysis of downstream neutrophil activation. Blockade of PGD2 and LTE4 was tested by using TM30089, an antagonist of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells, and montelukast, an antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1.', 'PGD2 and LTE4 altered the transcription of a wide range of genes and induced diverse functional responses in TH2 cells, including cell adhesion, migration, and survival and cytokine production. The combination of these lipids synergistically or additively enhanced TH2 responses and, strikingly, induced marked production of diverse nonclassical TH2 inflammatory mediators, including IL-22, IL-8, and GM-CSF, at concentrations sufficient to affect neutrophil activation.
Answer: PGD2 and LTE4 activate TH2 cells through different pathways but act synergistically to promote multiple downstream effector functions, including neutrophil migration and survival. Combined inhibition of both PGD2 and LTE4 pathways might provide an effective therapeutic strategy for allergic responses, particularly those involving interaction between TH2 cells and neutrophils, such as in patients with severe asthma.
answer:
Do prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene E4 synergize to stimulate diverse TH2 functions and TH2 cell/neutrophil crosstalk?


question:
Context: Critical size defects (CSDs) of bone are defined as defects that do not heal spontaneously to new bone during the lifetime of an adult individual. In contrast, immature animals are capable to heal defects of identical size. It was our hypothesis that age-related paracrine effects are relevant for this difference in regeneration.', 'The pooled supernatant of primary rat calvarial osteoblast-like cell cultures (POBC) derived from prenatal or postnatal donors was concentrated and applied into CSDs of adult recipient organisms (n = 10). In addition, the supernatant of POBC derived from prenatal donors was pooled and purified by reverse-phase chromatography. Each pre-purified fraction was tested in a proliferation indicating bioassay. Peptide fractions containing proliferative activities were re-chromatographed and re-tested in a bioassay. Finally, a proliferative activity was purified, identified by sequence analysis and applied into CSDs of adult recipients.', 'The application of POBC derived from prenatal donors resulted in osseous regeneration of a CSD in adult recipients, while the supernatant of postnatal donors had much smaller effects. The morphologic features resembled the spontaneous osseous healing of calvarial defects of the same size in immature organisms. The polypeptide "tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type II"(TIMP-2) was isolated from the supernatant of cultures of POBC derived from prenatal donors by measuring the induction of their proliferation. Additionally, the application of human TIMP-2 injected into calvarial CSDs of adult organisms resulted in osseous healing.
Answer: We conclude that one component responsible for the healing effect of CSDs of POBC supernatants derived from prenatal donors is TIMP-2.
answer:
Is tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases II ( TIMP-2 ) an osteoanabolic factor in vitro and in vivo?


question:
Context: Hypoglycaemia (HG) has been demonstrated during chronic haemodialysis (HD). These events may become more frequent with the current use of glucose-free bicarbonate dialysis solution, the standard formula in most dialysis facilities in the last decade. On the other hand, HG-related symptoms are unusual among patients during or just after dialysis sessions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of HG in diabetic (DM) and non-diabetic (NDM) end-stage renal failure patients during HD using dialytic solution without and with glucose.', 'Forty-two chronic renal failure patients-21 DM and 21 NDM-randomly selected among the 97 in our dialysis unit were submitted to an HD session with glucose-free bicarbonate solution (phase 1). Serum glucose was measured at 30, 60, 150 and 240 min. In eight patients (four DM and four NDM) glucose was also measured in fluid leaving the dialyser at 30, 60 and 150 min. After a week, all procedures were repeated in the same patients, this time with a 90 mg/dl glucose-added bicarbonate solution (phase 2). We compared the glucose levels and the number of symptomatic and asymptomatic HG events in each group in phases 1 and 2, using bivariate analysis methods with confidence limit of 0.95%.', 'Data were expressed as mean+/-SD. No patient presented any clinical evidence of HG. For all patients, the mean plasma glucose level (mg/dl) was significantly higher in phase 2 than in phase 1 (138.2+/-96.3 vs 120.7+/-75.9; P=0.0392). This occurred in DM (171.1+/-104.5 vs 132.5+/-71.0; P=0.0067), but not in NDM (101.3+/-19.4 vs 95.2+/-21.2; P=0.06). With glucose-free HD solution, 10 patients (five DM, five NDM) presented 18 measures of glycaemia under 70 mg/dl, and with glucose-added solution, only one (DM) presented two measures under 70 mg/dl-P=0.0045 (number of patients); P=0.0003 (number of HG measures). Among DM patients, values for HG measures in phase 1 (49.1+/-16.2 mg/dl) were significantly lower than in phase 2 (65.0+/-1.4 mg/dl)-P=0.0139. For all patients, glucose was lost in HD fluid leaving the dialyser at lower values in phase 2 (5.2+/-2.9 g/h) than in phase 1 (16.7+/-10.9 g/h)-P<0.0001.
Answer: Asymptomatic HG was frequent during HD when glucose-free dialysis solution was used. Glucose was lost in dialytic fluid leaving the dialyser in significantly lower amounts when using glucose-added solution than glucose-free solution. Glucose-added dialysis solution at 90 mg/dl significantly reduced the number and severity of HG episodes and although it caused higher mean glycaemia in DM patients during HD, its use seems advisable in all patients.
answer:

Does glucose-added dialysis fluid prevent asymptomatic hypoglycaemia in regular haemodialysis?