instruction:
In this task, you're given a question, along with three passages, 1, 2, and 3. Your job is to determine which passage can be used to answer the question by searching for further information using terms from the passage. Indicate your choice as 1, 2, or 3.
question:
Question: How many years did the war last for which the 60th anniversary of its end was celebrated by the 2005 European Stars' Tour? Passage 1:Erdem Moralioglu is a Canadian and Turkish fashion designer. He was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada to a Turkish father and an English mother (Nee Jeavons) and grew up between Montreal and Birmingham, England. A graduate of Marianopolis College, he earned a B.A. in fashion from Ryerson University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and then worked as an intern for Vivienne Westwood. Erdem moved to London in 2000 to study fashion at the Royal College of Art on a Chevening Scholarship. Upon receiving his master's degree in 2003, he went on to close the 2003 RCA show with his graduate collection. He then moved to New York where he worked alongside Diane von Fürstenberg before relocating back to London to launch his own label, ERDEM, in 2005.
 Passage 2:Kalivodová first worked with the Prague State Opera in 2001, as part of the Pounding on the Iron Curtain project, a production of two operas by Vladimir Wimmer. In 2002 she made her first appearance at the National Moravian-Silesian Theatre in Ostrava, playing Kontshakovna in the opera Prince Igor. Later the same year she performed the role of Amastrys in Opera Praha's production of Xerxes, which toured Germany, Switzerland, France and Luxembourg. In December 2003 she performed with Leo Nucci of the New York Metropolitan Opera at the Žofín Palace in Prague, followed by an appearance at the Konzerthaus in Vienna in June 2004 to mark the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union. Kalivodová has since then performed around the world, including the Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels, and the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow, as well as concerts in Japan and the United States, and joined the European Stars' Tour in 2005, celebrating the 60th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. 
 Passage 3:He was born in Kirkenes as the son of teachers Trygve Laudal (1896–1964) and Agnes Mønnesland (1898–1982). He finished his secondary education in 1954 in Mandal, and enrolled in the University of Oslo in the same year. He studied at École Normale Supérieure from 1957, but in 1958 he was back in Oslo and took the cand.real. degree. He was a research fellow at Columbia University and Institut Henri Poincaré between 1959 and 1962. He was appointed as lecturer at the University of Oslo in 1962, was promoted to docent in 1964 and was a professor from 1985 to 2003. His most notable book is 1979's Formal Moduli of Algebraic Structures. He was among the founders of the Abel Prize, and has been involved in the International Centre for Theoretical Physics. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and has been a deputy member of Bærum municipal council for the Socialist Left Party.

answer:
2


question:
Question: Who coached the team against which Downes made his debut for Shropshire? Passage 1:Downes made his debut for Shropshire in the 1999 MCCA Knockout Trophy against Cumberland. Downes has played Minor counties cricket for Shropshire from 1999 to present, which has included 15 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 14 MCCA Knockout Trophy appearances. He made his List A debut against Devon in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. He made 4 further List A appearances, the last of which came against Hampshire in the 2005 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In his 4 List A matches, he scored 42 runs at an average of 10.50, with a high score of 16. With the ball, he took 3 wickets at a bowling average of 38.33, with best figures of 2/39.
 Passage 2:Finland has always produced successful competitors in the disciplines of nordic skiing. Championship-winning male cross-country skiers from Finland include Veli Saarinen (winner of an Olympic gold and three World Championship titles in the 1920s and 1930s), Veikko Hakulinen (who won three Olympic and three World Championship golds in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as a World Championship silver medal in biathlon) and Juha Mieto (who won an Olympic gold medal in 1976 and two overall FIS Cross-Country World Cups). Among female athletes, Marjo Matikainen-Kallström won a gold at the 1988 Winter Olympics, three World Championships and three overall World Cups and Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi won three golds at both the Olympics and World Championships and two overall World Cup titles.
 Passage 3:In addition to withdrawing from the prestigious long-haul routes to New York and Los Angeles after only 18 months, other specific measures the airline took at the time to ensure its survival included dropping all scheduled flights to Belfast, Copenhagen, Gibraltar, Ibiza, Málaga, Palma de Mallorca and Tunis, indefinitely suspending scheduled services on the Glasgow—Southampton route as well as cutting the number of frequencies on the Gatwick—Glasgow and Gatwick—Edinburgh routes from six to four daily round trips. Two surplus aircraft were leased out to Air Malta and Austrian Airlines respectively for the duration of the 1975 summer timetable period. Another aircraft was stationed at West Berlin's Tegel Airport during the month of July of that year to fulfill a short-term charter contract to carry Turkish migrant workers to and from Istanbul on behalf of a local tour operator. BCal also decided to increase its 707 freighter fleet from one to four aircraft and to acquire a five-seater Piper Aztec to serve the rapidly growing executive charter market. These changes left BCal with 25 operational aircraft for the 1975 summer season. To reduce operating costs further, the airline decided to contract out its scheduled operations between Gatwick and Le Touquet to BIA. The reason for replacing BCal's One-Eleven 200 jet aircraft on this route with that airline's Herald turboprops at the beginning of the 1975 summer timetable period was the high price of jet fuel, which had made BCal's own jet aircraft operations uneconomic.

answer:
1


question:
Question: What country was Bell located in? Passage 1:The piezoelectric properties of quartz were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880. The first quartz crystal oscillator was built by Walter G. Cady in 1921. In 1923, D. W. Dye at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK and Warren Marrison at Bell Telephone Laboratories produced sequences of precision time signals with quartz oscillators. In 1927, the first quartz clock was built by Warren Marrison and J. W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories. The next 3 decades saw the development of quartz clocks as precision time standards in laboratory settings; the bulky delicate counting electronics, built with vacuum tubes, limited their use elsewhere. In 1932 a quartz clock was able to measure tiny variations in the rotation rate of the Earth over periods as short as a few weeks. In Japan in 1932, Issac Koga developed a crystal cut that gave an oscillation frequency with greatly reduced temperature dependence. The National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) based the time standard of the US on quartz clocks between the 1930s and the 1960s, after which it transitioned to atomic clocks. The wider use of quartz clock technology had to await the development of cheap semiconductor digital logic in the 1960s. The revised 14th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica stated that quartz clocks would probably never be affordable enough to be used domestically.
 Passage 2:Having played for the Surrey Second XI in 1934 and 1935 in the Minor Counties Championship, Owen joined Durham following World War II. He made his debut for the county in the Minor Counties Championship against the Yorkshire Second XI. He played Minor counties cricket for Durham from 1947 to 1955, making 59 appearances for the county. He made a single first-class appearance for the Minor Counties against Kent in 1951. In this match, he was dismissed in the Minor Counties first-innings by Brian Edrich for 14 runs, while in their second-innings (in which they followed-on) he scored 12 runs before being dismissed by the same bowler. In Kent's only innings, he took the wicket of Dicky Mayes for the cost of 33 runs from 14 overs. Kent went on to win the match by an innings and 10 runs.
 Passage 3:In 1808, Goulburn became Member of Parliament for Horsham. In 1810, he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs, and two and a half years later, he was made Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. It was in this capacity that James Meehan named Goulburn, New South Wales after him, a naming that was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie. Still retaining office in the Tory government, he became a Privy Counsellor in 1821, and shortly afterwards was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, a position which he held until April 1827. Here, although he was frequently denounced as he was considered an Orangeman, he had a successful period of office on the whole, and in 1823 he managed to pass the Composition for Tithes (Ireland) Act 1823. In January 1828, he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer under the Duke of Wellington; like his leader, he disliked Roman Catholic emancipation, which he voted against in 1828.

answer:

1