TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and you have to write an answerable question based on the context. Your questions can be extractive, abstractive, or yes-no questions.
PROBLEM: We compare the SBERT sentence embeddings to other sentence embeddings methods on the following seven SentEval transfer tasks:

MR: Sentiment prediction for movie reviews snippets on a five start scale BIBREF25.

CR: Sentiment prediction of customer product reviews BIBREF26.

SUBJ: Subjectivity prediction of sentences from movie reviews and plot summaries BIBREF27.

MPQA: Phrase level opinion polarity classification from newswire BIBREF28.

SST: Stanford Sentiment Treebank with binary labels BIBREF29.

TREC: Fine grained question-type classification from TREC BIBREF30.

MRPC: Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus from parallel news sources BIBREF31.

SOLUTION: What transfer learning tasks are evaluated?

PROBLEM: GPT-2 achieves the highest score and the $n$-gram the lowest. Transformer-XL and the LSTM LM perform in the middle, and at roughly the same level as each other. We report the 12-category accuracy results for all models and human evaluation in Table TABREF14.

SOLUTION: What is the performance of the models on the tasks?

PROBLEM: A context is upward entailing (shown by [... $\leavevmode {\color {red!80!black}\uparrow }$ ]) that allows an inference from ( "Introduction" ) to ( "Introduction" ), where French dinner is replaced by a more general concept dinner.  On the other hand, a downward entailing context (shown by [... $\leavevmode {\color {blue!80!black}\downarrow }$ ]) allows an inference from ( "Introduction" ) to ( "Introduction" ), where workers is replaced by a more specific concept new workers. All [ workers $\leavevmode {\color {blue!80!black}\downarrow }$ ] [joined for a French dinner $\leavevmode {\color {red!80!black}\uparrow }$ ] All workers joined for a dinner All new workers joined for a French dinner Not all [new workers $\leavevmode {\color {red!80!black}\uparrow }$ ] joined for a dinner Not all workers joined for a dinner

SOLUTION:
How do they define upward and downward reasoning?