In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question separated with a 
. You have to answer the question based on the context.

[Q]: Since the training data consists only of utterance-denotation pairs, the ranker is trained to maximize the log-likelihood of the correct answer $z$ by treating logical forms as a latent variable The role of the ranker is to score the candidate logical forms generated by the parser; at test time, the logical form receiving the highest score will be used for execution. The ranker is a discriminative log-linear model over logical form $y$ given utterance $x$ :  
 Question: How does the model compute the likelihood of executing to the correction semantic denotation?
[A]: By treating logical forms as a latent variable and training a discriminative log-linear model over logical form y given x.


[Q]: after a shared CLWE space has been induced, the task is to retrieve target language translations for a test set of source language words retrieve target language translations for a test set of source language words BLI is cast as a ranking task in our BLI setup with only one correct translation for each “query” word, MAP is equal to mean reciprocal rank (MRR) 
 Question: How does BLI measure alignment quality?
[A]: we use mean average precision (MAP) as the main evaluation metric


[Q]: An octave convolutional layer BIBREF0 factorizes the output feature maps of a convolutional layer into two groups. The resolution of the low-frequency feature maps is reduced by an octave – height and width dimensions are divided by 2. In this work, we explore spatial reduction by up to 3 octaves – dividing by $2^t$, where $t=1,2,3$ – and for up to 4 groups. We refer to such a layer as a multi-octave convolutional (MultiOctConv) layer, and an example with three groups and reductions of one and two octaves is depicted in Fig. FIGREF1. 
 Question: How is octave convolution concept extended to multiple resolutions and octaves?
[A]:
The resolution of the low-frequency feature maps is reduced by an octave – height and width dimensions are divided by 2. In this work, we explore spatial reduction by up to 3 octaves – dividing by $2^t$, where $t=1,2,3$ – and for up to 4 groups. We refer to such a layer as a multi-octave convolutional (MultiOctConv) layer,