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To reach and grasp an object in space on the basis of its image cast on the retina requires different coordinate transformations that take into account gaze and limb positioning. Eye position in the orbit influences the image's conversion from retinotopic (eye-centered) coordinates to an egocentric frame necessary for guiding action. Neuroimaging studies have revealed eye position-dependent activity in extrastriate visual, parietal and frontal areas that is along the visuo-motor pathway. At the earliest vision stage, the role of the primary visual area (V1) in this process remains unclear. We used an experimental design based on pattern-onset visual evoked potentials (VEP) recordings to study the effect of eye position on V1 activity in humans.", 'We showed that the amplitude of the initial C1 component of VEP, acknowledged to originate in V1, was modulated by the eye position. We also established that putative spontaneous small saccades related to eccentric fixation, as well as retinal disparity cannot explain the effects of changing C1 amplitude of VEP in the present study.
Are early visual evoked potentials modulated by eye position in humans induced by whole body rotations?

Whether moderate to severe obesity (body mass index (BMI)≥30 to <40kg/m(2)) contributes to breast cancer recurrence and mortality remains uncertain.', '1199 women, recruited within 12 months of their diagnosis of hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2-) invasive breast cancer completed an enrolment questionnaire and an annual follow-up questionnaire every 12 months for another 5 years. The impact of obesity on time to either local or distant recurrence or new breast cancer, or death due to breast cancer was determined by Cox regression. Women in the most extreme categories of BMI (<18.5 and ≥40) were excluded from the analysis.', 'Of the 1155 included women, mean age, 58.4±11.6 years, 53.8% had Stage 1 disease and 88.9% received oral adjuvant endocrine therapy (OAET) within 2 years of diagnosis. The likelihood of an event was significantly associated with moderate to severe obesity (HR=1.71, 95%CI, 1.12-2.62, p=0.014), disease beyond Stage 1 (HR=2.87, 95% CI 1.73-4.75, p<0.001), OAET (HR=0.26, 95%CI 0.14-0.46, p<0.001), mastectomy (HR=3.28, 95%CI 1.98-5.44, p<0.001) and radiotherapy (HR=2.12, 95%CI 1.24-3.63, p=0.006). For Stage 1 disease, only moderate to severe obesity (HR 3.23, 95%CI 1.48-7.03, p=0.003) and OAET use (HR 0.41, 95%CI 0.17-0.98, p=0.046) were significantly associated with an event.
Is obesity associated with a poorer prognosis in women with hormone receptor positive breast cancer?

Antibodies directed against the porin protein C of Escherichia coli (anti-OmpC) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (anti-I2) have recently been described in Crohn's disease (CD). Those directed against Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) and the perinuclear component of neutrophils (pANCA) have been more widely studied and may be of diagnostic importance. We aimed to assess the frequency of anti-OmpC, anti-I2, ASCA, and pANCA, in an independent Scottish CD cohort, establish phenotypic associations, and compare with a U.S. cohort.", 'One hundred and forty-two well-characterized CD patients (76 females, median age 39 yr (17-88)) were studied. CD was classified by the Vienna classification. Sera were assayed for anti-OmpC, anti-I2, ASCA, and pANCA. Allele specific primers were used for NOD2/CARD15 genotyping.', 'Anti-OmpC, anti-I2, ASCA, and pANCA were present in sera from 37%, 52%, 39%, and 14% of CD patients, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated independent associations of anti-OmpC to be progression of disease type (p= 0.005) and long disease duration (p= 0.002), and those of anti-I2 to be long disease duration (p= 0.002) and the need for surgery (p= 0.033). ASCA were associated with disease progression (p < 0.001). When the presence and magnitude of all antibody responses were considered, reactivity to microbial components was associated with long disease duration (p < 0.001), progression of disease type (p < 0.001), penetrating disease (p= 0.008), small bowel disease (p < 0.02), and the need for surgery (p < 0.001). There was no association of antibody status to NOD2/CARD15 genotype.

Is sero-reactivity to microbial components in Crohn 's disease associated with disease severity and progression , but not NOD2/CARD15 genotype?