In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.

This philosopher advocated the adoption of a federal system in Considerations on the Government of Poland. He contrasted the natural and physical types of the title concept in his Discourse on Inequality. He also wrote an epistolary novel subtitled The New Heloise, and a treatise dealing with the education of the titular boy, Emile. His most famous work discusses a society controlled by the general will of its people and asserts that man is born free, but is everywhere in chains. For 10 points, name this French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract.
Social Science

One poem by this author claims that "there's nothing sentimental about the technique of writing," which can be mastered by "any young man with a mind bursting to get out." This author argued that "The United States without self- seeking has given more of material help to Europe and to the world than have all other nations of the world put together in the entire history of mankind" in the chapter "Jacataqua," from a book which contains short biographies of people like Eric the Red, Walter Raleigh, and Daniel Boone. Another book by him begins with the section "The Delineaments of the Giants," which mentions "blank faces of the houses and cylindrical trees" to reinforce that there are "no ideas but in things," and describes a place that  "lies in the valley under the Passaic Falls, its spent waters forming the outline of his back." For 10 points, name this author of In the American Grain and an epic about his New Jersey hometown, Paterson.
Literature

The protagonist troubles his adopted father, Mime, because he breaks his blades so quickly, but Mime does not have the skill to reforge the blade he cannot break. A Wanderer defeats Mime in a riddle competition and leaves Mimes head forfeit to the man who can reforge that blade. In the second act of this opera, the protagonist faces and bests the dragon Fafner, and he learns that Mime is planning to betray him. After dispatching Mime, the protagonist rescues Brunnhilde from the ring of fire. For 10 points, what is this mythologically inspired opera, the third part of the Ring cycle by Richard Wagner, coming between The Valkyrie and Twilight of the Gods

Fine Arts