TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.
PROBLEM: Context: Acute pancreatitis is the most common adverse event of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of intramuscular diclofenac sodium for prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in comparison to the rectal form.', 'One hundred and fifty consecutive patients who underwent ERCP were enrolled in this single-center, prospective, randomized controlled study. Patients were randomized into three groups. The first group received 75 mg of diclofenac sodium via intramuscular route and the second group received 100 mg of diclofenac sodium rectally 30-90 min before the procedure. The third group served as the control group. Patients were evaluated for post-ERCP pancreatitis with serum amylase levels and abdominal pain 24 h after the procedure.', 'The overall incidence of PEP was 6% (n = 9) and 2% (n = 1) in the intramuscular (IM) and rectal groups, respectively, and 14% in the control group (P = 0.014). Nineteen (12.7%) patients developed post-ERCP abdominal pain (8% in IM, 10% in rectal, and 20% in control group; P = 0.154). Twenty-five (16.6%) patients developed post-ERCP hyperamylasemia (10% in IM, 12% in rectal, and 24% in control group; P = 0.03).\Question: Does rectal or intramuscular diclofenac reduce the incidence of pancreatitis afterendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography?

SOLUTION: Prophylaxis with diclofenac given rectally or intramuscularly is an effective option for the management of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

PROBLEM: Context: Earlier exposure to laparoscopic techniques is thought to be beneficial for medical students. Reports have demonstrated that practice improves performance in laparoscopies. In this study, we intended to evaluate whether medical students' interest in surgery is affected by the amount of practice and the performance on a laparoscopic simulator.", 'A laparoscopic simulation curriculum was introduced at Taipei Medical University, Wan-Fang Medical Center. Study participants included 36 sixth-year and 14 seventh-year students who were divided according to whether they had indicated an interest (group A) or not (group B) in surgery. The students had twice-a-week practice sessions for 2 weeks. They underwent baseline measurement (BM) before training and posttraining measurement (PTM). Self-guided practice on the simulator was allowed. The learning outcomes were assessed comparing the BM and PTM scores by using the interquartile range (IQR) test. We also tested the correlation between total score and number of self-guided practice sessions.', 'All study participants showed improvement. No differences were observed between BM and PTM scores and between 6th- and 7th-year medical students. Significant differences were found in PTM scores between groups A and B (P < .001). Analysis of variance with a post hoc test for different groups revealed that the PTMs were significantly higher for both the 6th- and 7th-year medical students in group A than for those in group B (P < .001). Total performance scores were improved with a higher number of self-guided practice sessions. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the number of self-guided practice sessions and total performance score (P < .001).\Question: Does students ' Interest in Surgery affect Laparoscopic Practicing Performance?

SOLUTION: Those clerks and interns interested in surgery who had more sessions for self-guided practice, displayed more improvement than those not interested in surgery did. Improvement in performance correlated highly with trainees' number of self-guided practice sessions.

PROBLEM: Context: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating muscle disease caused by a mutation in DMD encoding dystrophin. Oxidative stress accounts for dystrophic muscle pathologies in DMD. We examined the effects of molecular hydrogen in mdx mice, a model animal for DMD.', 'The pregnant mother started to take supersaturated hydrogen water (>5\u2005ppm) ad libitum from E15.5 up to weaning of the offspring. The mdx mice took supersaturated hydrogen water from weaning until age 10 or 24 weeks when they were sacrificed.', 'Hydrogen water prevented abnormal body mass gain that is commonly observed in mdx mice. Hydrogen improved the spontaneous running distance that was estimated by a counter-equipped running-wheel, and extended the duration on the rota-rod. Plasma creatine kinase activities were decreased by hydrogen at ages 10 and 24 weeks. Hydrogen also decreased the number of central nuclei of muscle fibers at ages 10 and 24 weeks, and immunostaining for nitrotyrosine in gastrocnemius muscle at age 24 weeks. Additionally, hydrogen tended to increase protein expressions of antioxidant glutathione peroxidase 1, as well as anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, in skeletal muscle at age 10 weeks.\Question: Does molecular hydrogen alleviate motor deficits and muscle degeneration in mdx mice?

SOLUTION:
Although molecular mechanisms of the diverse effects of hydrogen remain to be elucidated, hydrogen potentially improves muscular dystrophy in DMD patients.