Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: We examined the effect of prior heating, by exercise and warm-water immersion, on core cooling rates in individuals rendered mildly hypothermic by immersion in cold water.', 'There were seven male subjects who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) seated rest for 15 min (control); 2) cycling ergometry for 15 min at 70% Vo2 peak (active warming); or 3) immersion in a circulated bath at 40 degrees C to an esophageal temperature (Tes) similar to that at the end of exercise (passive warming). Subjects were then immersed in 7 degrees C water to a Tes of 34.5 degrees C.', 'Initial Tes cooling rates (initial approximately 6 min cooling) differed significantly among the treatment conditions (0.074 +/- 0.045, 0.129 +/- 0.076, and 0.348 +/- 0.117 degrees C x min(-1) for control, active, and passive warming conditions, respectively); however, secondary cooling rates (rates following initial approximately 6 min cooling to the end of immersion) were not different between treatments (average of 0.102 +/- 0.085 degrees C x min(-1)). Overall Tes cooling rates during the full immersion period differed significantly and were 0.067 +/- 0.047, 0.085 +/- 0.045, and 0.209 +/- 0.131 degrees C x min(-1) for control, active, and passive warming, respectively.
Answer: These results suggest that prior warming by both active and, to a greater extent, passive warming, may predispose a person to greater heat loss and to experience a larger decline in core temperature when subsequently exposed to cold water. Thus, functional time and possibly survival time could be reduced when cold water immersion is preceded by whole-body passive warming, and to a lesser degree by active warming.
Does warming by immersion or exercise affect initial cooling rate during subsequent cold water immersion?

Context: We previously demonstrated in rats that intravenous infusion of a lipid emulsion increases survival in resuscitation from severe bupivacaine cardiac toxicity. The present studies were undertaken to determine if this method is similarly effective in a non-rodent model using a larger animal.', 'Bupivacaine, 10 mg/kg, was administered intravenously over 10 seconds to fasted dogs under isoflurane general anesthesia. Resuscitation included 10 minutes of internal cardiac massage followed with either saline or 20% lipid infusion, administered as a 4-mL/kg bolus followed by continuous infusion at 0.5 mL/kg/min for 10 minutes. Electrocardiogram (EKG), arterial blood pressure (BP), and myocardial pH (pHm) and pO2 (pmO2) were continuously measured.', 'Survival after 10 minutes of unsuccessful cardiac massage was successful for all lipid-treated dogs (n = 6), but with no survivors in the saline controls (n = 6) (P <.01). Hemodynamics, PmO2, and pHm were improved during resuscitation with lipid compared with saline treatment in which dogs did not recover.
Answer: We found that infusing a lipid emulsion during resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity substantially improved hemodynamics, pmO2, and pHm and increased survival in dogs.
Does lipid emulsion infusion rescue dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity?

Context: To determine the relationship between preoperative catecholamine levels and intraoperative peak plasma lactate levels in patients who underwent adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma.', 'Retrospective observational study.', 'Operating room in one university hospital.', 'The records of 27 ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients who underwent adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma were studied. Preoperative catecholamine levels and intraoperative plasma lactate levels were recorded.', "Twenty cases had high lactate levels (>2 mmol/L). Preoperative urine epinephrine levels and urine metanephrine levels showed a moderate correlation with intraoperative peak plasma lactate levels (rs = 0.475 and rs = 0.499, respectively; Spearman's rank correlation test). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for preoperative urine epinephrine levels showed good performance for prediction of high lactate levels [>2 mmol/L, area under the curve (AUC) =0.800], whereas ROC for preoperative urine norepinephrine levels showed no predictive performance for high lactate levels.
Answer: Catecholamine release caused by surgical manipulation may be a possible cause of intraoperative transient lactic acidosis, and it should be considered as a differential diagnosis of intraoperative lactic acidosis. Intraoperative peak plasma lactate level was correlated with preoperative epinephrine-releasing activity.

Does catecholamine release induce elevation in plasma lactate levels in patients undergoing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma?