Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have prognostic value in patients with various operable tumors. The aim of our study was to determine whether NLR and PLR are predictive of survival in thymic carcinoma patients after complete resection.', 'A total of seventy-nine patients who underwent complete resection of thymic carcinoma at our hospital between January 2005 and December 2015 were retrospectively enrolled. Differential leukocyte counts were collected before surgery, and the relationships of NLR, PLR, and other patient clinical variables with survival were estimated by Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.', 'Univariate analysis found that a high level of NLR was associated with lower disease-free survival (DFS) (HR: 3.385, 95% CI: 1.073-10.678, P=0.037) and lower overall survival (OS) (HR: 12.836, 95% CI: 1.615-101.990, P=0.016). The optimal NLR threshold of 4.1 could stratify the patients with high risk of recurrence or metastasis (P=0.026) and death (P=0.006). Meanwhile, the NLR value of >4.1 in those patients was associated with bigger tumor size (P=0.035) and more advanced Masaoka stages (P=0.040) compared with NLR ≤4.1. However, the PLR and other variables were not significantly associated with survival in thymic carcinoma patients.
Answer: The preoperative NLR of >4.1 was significantly associated with larger tumor size, more advanced Masaoka stages and reduced DFS and OS, but was not an independent predictor of survival in thymic carcinoma patients after complete resection.
[A]: Is prognostic value of preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio superior to platelet-lymphocyte ratio for survival in patients who underwent complete resection of thymic carcinoma?


[Q]: Context: For many decades, the debate on children's competence to give informed consent in medical settings concentrated on ethical and legal aspects, with little empirical underpinnings. Recently, data from empirical research became available to advance the discussion. It was shown that children's competence to consent to clinical research could be accurately assessed by the modified MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research. Age limits for children to be deemed competent to decide on research participation have been studied: generally children of 11.2 years and above were decision-making competent, while children of 9.6 years and younger were not. Age was pointed out to be the key determining factor in children's competence. In this article we reflect on policy implications of these findings, considering legal, ethical, developmental and clinical perspectives.
Answer: Although assessment of children's competence has a normative character, ethics, law and clinical practice can benefit from research data. The findings may help to do justice to the capacities children possess and challenges they may face when deciding about treatment and research options. We discuss advantages and drawbacks of standardized competence assessment in children on a case-by-case basis compared to application of a fixed age limit, and conclude that a selective implementation of case-by-case competence assessment in specific populations is preferable. We recommend the implementation of age limits based on empirical evidence. Furthermore, we elaborate on a suitable model for informed consent involving children and parents that would do justice to developmental aspects of children and the specific characteristics of the parent-child dyad. Previous research outcomes showed that children's medical decision-making capacities could be operationalized into a standardized assessment instrument. Recommendations for policies include a dual consent procedure, including both child as well as parents, for children from the age of 12 until they reach majority. For children between 10 and 12 years of age, and in case of children older than 12 years in special research populations of mentally compromised patients, we suggest a case-by-case assessment of children's competence to consent. Since such a dual consent procedure is fundamentally different from a procedure of parental permission and child assent, and would imply a considerable shift regarding some current legislations, practical implications are elaborated.
[A]: Is informed consent instead of assent appropriate in children from the age of twelve : Policy implications of new findings on children 's competence to consent to clinical research?


[Q]: Context: Several methods may enhance the inhalational induction of anesthesia. In this randomized double-blind study, we evaluated the speed of induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane with or without pre-oxygenation.', 'Fifty-four patients scheduled for hysteroscopy received for 10 min air or 100% oxygen via a facemask followed by > or = 7% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. During the first 300 s of sevoflurane administration, bispectral index (BIS) values were recorded every 30 s in all patients. In 14 patients, seven in each group, BIS, endtidal CO(2), tidal volume, respiratory rate, SpO(2), and heart rate were recorded every minute during the pre-induction period and every 30 s during the first 5 min of sevoflurane administration.', 'The BIS, endtidal CO(2), tidal volume and respiratory rate did not differ between the oxygen or air breathing groups (P = 0.696, P = 0.999, P = 0.388, and P = 0.875, respectively), though the oxygen group exhibited lower tidal volumes by 16-20%. The SpO(2) and heart rates were higher in the oxygen breathing group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.042, respectively). During sevoflurane administration, BIS values were lower in the oxygen group vs. the group breathing air, in particular at 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 s (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.001 and P = 0.030, respectively). The endtidal CO(2) and the tidal volumes between the groups did not differ. The two groups differed in the SpO(2) and the heart rates during induction (P = 0.004 and 0.003, respectively).
Answer: Before sevoflurane administration, breathing 100% oxygen for 10 min enhances induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane.
[A]:
Does pre-oxygenation enhance induction with sevoflurane as assessed using bispectral index monitoring?