Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
Thromboembolic events represent a clinically significant cause of neurological morbidity during the endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms. We have implemented an anti-thromboembolic regimen consisting of pre- and postoperative dual antiplatelet therapy, as well as postoperative anticoagulation using heparin and dextran. The aims of our study were to examine the effect of this regimen on thromboembolic rates during elective aneurysm coiling, and to elucidate risk factors associated with the development of thromboembolic events in this setting.', 'We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent elective intracranial aneurysm coiling between January 2005 and February 2012. The primary outcome of interest was the occurrence of a clinically significant peri-procedural thromboembolic event. Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of a central nervous system (CNS) or systemic hemorrhage.', 'During the study period, 312 patients underwent elective aneurysm coiling and six (2\xa0%) thromboembolic events occurred; three (1\xa0%) occurred in the group that received the anti-thromboembolic regimen (261 patients) and three (6\xa0%) occurred in the group that did not receive the regimen (51 patients), resulting in a statistically significant difference (P\u2009=\u20090.024). Both the presence of a hypercoagulable state (P\u2009=\u20090.014) and the lack of the anti-thromboembolic regimen (P\u2009=\u20090.043) were significantly associated with the occurrence of a thromboembolic event.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) is thought to be the result of detrimental effects of inflammatory mediators on the cardiac muscle. Here we studied the effects of prolonged (24 ± 4 h) exposure of adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM) to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukins-1 (IL-1) and IL-6.', 'We measured sarcomere shortening (SS) and cellular calcium (Ca(2+)) transients (ΔCai, with fura-2 AM) in isolated cardiomyocytes externally paced at 5 Hz at 37°C.', 'SS decreased after incubation with LPS (100 μg/mL), IL-1 (100 ng/mL), and IL-6 (30 ng/mL), but not with lesser doses of these mediators, or TNF (10-100 ng/mL). A combination of LPS (100 μg/mL), TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 (each 100 ng/mL; i.e., "Cytomix-100") induced a maximal decrease in SS and ΔCai. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) load (CaSR, measured with caffeine) was unchanged by Cytomix-100; however, SR fractional release (ΔCai/CaSR) was decreased. Underlying these effects, Ca(2+) influx into the cell (via L-type Ca(2+) channels, LTCC) and Ca(2+) extrusion via Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange were decreased by Cytomix-100. SR Ca(2+) pump (SERCA) (SR Ca(2+) ATPase) was not affected.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Hyperinflammation is a hallmark feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) airways. However, inflammation has also been documented systemically and, more recently, in extrapulmonary CF-affected tissues such as the pancreas and intestine. The pathogenesis of CF-related inflammation and more specifically the role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in that respect are not entirely understood. We have tested the hypothesis that genetic depletion of CFTR will affect the inflammatory status of human intestinal epithelial cell lines.', 'CFTR expression was genetically depleted from Caco-2/15 and HT-29 cells using short hairpin RNA interference (shRNAi). Inflammatory conditions were induced by the addition of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) for various periods of time. Gene expression, mRNA stability and secreted levels of interleukin (IL)-6, -8 and 10 were assessed. Analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38, ERK 1/2 and JNK), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha (IκBα), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was also performed. Eosinophils were counted in the jejunal mucosa of Cftr-/- and Cftr+/+ mice.', 'CFTR gene and protein knockdown caused a significant increase in basal secretion of IL-8 as well as in IL-1β-induced secretion of IL-6 and -8. Release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, remained unaffected by CFTR depletion. The enhanced secretion of IL-8 stems in part from increased IL8 mRNA levels and greater activation of ERK1/2 MAPK, IκBα and NF-κB in the CFTR knockdown cells. By contrast, phosphorylation levels of p38 and JNK MAPK did not differ between control and knockdown cells. We also found a higher number of infiltrating eosinophils in the jejunal mucosa of Cftr -/- females, but not males, compared to Cftr +/+ mice, thus providing in vivo support to our in vitro findings.

Ex Output:

0