instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Concomitant thyroid nodules are the most common reason for false-positive ultrasonography (US) results in primary hyperparathyroidism. The aims of this prospective clinical study were to evaluate false-positive US results according to the characteristics of concomitant thyroid nodules and to determine which characteristics of thyroid nodules are important.', 'This prospective study included 120 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to preoperative US results. Group 1 consisted of 32 patients with false-positive US results and group 2 consisted of 88 patients with true-positive US results.', 'The risk for false-positive US result was increased 25-fold for patients with parathyroid adenoma weight of more than 500 mg (odds ratio [OR], 25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.6-74.5), 75-fold for more than 1 posteriorly located thyroid (OR, 75; 95% CI, 19.3-293.4), 358-fold for the presence of exophytic thyroid nodules (OR, 358; 95% CI, 42.3-3036), and 423-fold for the presence of posteriorly located thyroid nodules (OR, 423; 95% CI, 49-3662).
Answer: Although there was no particular characteristic of concomitant thyroid nodules that contributes to false-positive US results, the posteriorly located thyroid nodules were the strongest correlate for the false-positive US results to other features.
answer:
Do the characteristics of concomitant thyroid nodules cause false-positive ultrasonography results in primary hyperparathyroidism?


question:
Context: The aim of this clinical study were to compare the clinical efficacy of ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) when used in combination with autogenous cortical bone graft (ACB) in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.', 'The study was planned as a split-mouth design. Fifteen patients with chronic periodontitis at 30 sites (six men, nine women; 42 ± 7 years) were included. Treatment sites had probing pocket depths (PPD) of ≥ 6 mm and osseous defect depths of ≥ 4 mm as radiographically assessed. Following the initial periodontal therapy, patients were randomly assigned to two treatments in contralateral areas of the dentition: ACB + ABS or ACB alone. At baseline and 6 mo after surgery, clinical parameters of plaque index, gingival index, PPD, clinical attachment level and gingival recession (GR) were recorded. The primary outcome variable was the change in clinical attachment level between baseline and 24 wk after surgery. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected immediately before surgery and at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 wk after the surgery. Gingival crevicular fluid volume was calculated and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in gingival crevicular fluid were measured.', 'PPD decreased, clinical attachment level improved and gingival index decreased significantly in response to both modes of treatment (p < 0.05). Both treatment modalities resulted in a significant gain in radiographic bone levels compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Intergroup comparisons showed that there was a significantly higher gain in clinical attachment level in the ABS/ACB group compared to ACB group (p < 0.05) with significantly less GR (p < 0.05). Similarly, vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in gingival crevicular fluid was significantly higher in the ABS/ACB group at postoperative weeks 2 and 4 compared to the ACB group (p < 0.01).
Answer: The findings suggest that ABS enhances the soft tissue healing during the periodontal defect fill by the ACB by stimulating angiogenesis and vascular endothelial cell function, prevents GR and thereby increases the clinical attachment gain.
answer:
Does ankaferd blood stopper enhance healing after osseous grafting in patients with intrabony periodontal defects?


question:
Context: Colonic response to single-dose irradiation is characterized by epithelial denudation followed by restitution. Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is involved in both of these phases. The aim of this study was to characterize the contribution of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and of their stimulatory and inhibitory pathways in radiation-induced ecm remodeling in colonic tissue.', 'Rats were irradiated with single-dose 10 Gy X-rays to the abdomen. Activity, localization, and mRNA levels of MMPs and molecules involved in their activation and inhibition (plasmin/plasminogen; TIMPs), of inflammatory mediators (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) in the distal colon, 1, 3, and 7 days after irradiation were analyzed using a combination of approaches including zymography, immunohistochemistry, and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).', 'The main finding of this study is that radiation-induced alteration of the mucosal structure is concomitant with local increased expression and activation of MMP subtypes involved in basement membrane degradation (MMP-2, -3, and -9). We investigated MMP-2 activation pathways and found an early increase in mRNA levels of soluble inflammatory mediators (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta). Furthermore, transcription and activity of MMP-2 activating molecules, such as MMP-14, and molecules involved in the plasminogen/plasmin system were found to increase during the denudation phase. Interestingly, induction of MMP inhibitors TIMP-1 and PAI-1 was observed during the restitution phase. MMP inhibitors may be able to stop acute wound healing response by inhibiting ECM degradation.
Answer: This study brings new insights into ECM remodeling in the colon after exposure to ionizing radiation and highlights the role of MMP subtypes specialized in basement membrane degradation.
answer:

Are expression and activation of MMP -2 , -3 , -9 , -14 induced in rat colon after abdominal X-irradiation?