TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: It is equal to the enthalpy change minus the temperature times the entropy change. Under standard conditions, it is also equal to negative R T times the natural log of K, where R is the gas law constant, T is the absolute temperature, and K is the equilibrium constant for the reaction; thus a high negative value indicates a forward-going reaction. FTP, identify this quantity, named for a Yale chemist, which is a measure of the spontaneity of a reaction.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: This man opposed the economics-first program advocated by an earlier leader who wrote Stadium and Light. This man's followers secured the passage of certain acts that ended the noble exemption from taxation and the practice of extracting "robot" labor that are known variously as the March Laws or April Laws. A bust of this person can be found in United States Capitol with the subtitle "Freedom Fighter," and he claimed to have learned English by studying Shakespeare in jail. This editor of the Pesti Hirlap proclaimed independence in Debrecen, but Viscount Canning had to negotiate this man's exile at Shumen in Ottoman-controlled Bulgaria following the defeat of the Revolutions of 1848. For 10 points, name this man who sought autonomy from the Hapsburgs, the national hero of Hungary. 

SOLUTION: History

PROBLEM: The STAR Collaboration reported the observation of this particle's antiparticle, the most massive antiparticle observed to date. George Gamow discovered the mechanism for the release of these particles via quantum tunnelling. This particle and a neutron are produced by the fusion of triton and deuteron particles. These particles followed a one over sine to the fourth scattering in an experiment in that detected them using a zinc sulfide screen. That experiment was conducted by Geiger and Marsden and disproved the plum-pudding model of the atom. For 10 points, name this particle used in Rutherford's gold foil experiment, which is identical to a helium-4 nucleus.

SOLUTION:
Science