TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
PROBLEM: The relative effects of obesity compared to alcohol on liver injury are uncertain. We examined their effects on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels in a population-based cohort.', 'Adult residents (2610: 1326 males, 1284 females) from Busselton, Australia, participated in a cross-sectional survey determining alcohol intake as determined by a validated questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and serum analysis. Alcohol consumption was classified as never, light (<140 g/week), moderate (140-420 g/week) or heavy (>420 g/week).', 'The majority of subjects were either overweight (41%) or obese (17%). A minority of subjects were moderate (25%) or heavy drinkers (4%). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were strongly associated with ALT and GGT (P < 0.0001 for all tests). Alcohol consumption was modestly associated with ALT in females (P = 0.01) but not in males (P = 0.9). In contrast, GGT was significantly associated with alcohol in both genders (P < 0.0005). The risk of an elevated ALT was seven-fold higher with obesity but only two-fold higher with moderate or heavy alcohol use. Obesity accounted for half of all elevated ALT levels in the cohort, whereas alcohol excess was responsible for less than 10%. No synergistic effect was observed between BMI or waist circumference and alcohol on ALT or GGT (P > 0.2 for all tests).

SOLUTION: 1

PROBLEM: Regulation of the cytoskeleton is a central feature of cell migration. The formin family of proteins controls the rate of actin nucleation at its barbed end. Thus, formins are predicted to contribute to several important cell processes such as locomotion, membrane ruffling, vesicle endocytosis, and stress fiber formation and disassociation.', 'In this study we investigated the functional role of Formin1-isoform4 (Fmn1-IV) by using genetically null primary cells that displayed augmented protrusive behaviour during wound healing and delayed cell spreading. Cells deficient of Fmn1-IV also showed reduced efficiency of focal adhesion formation. Additionally, we generated an enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-fused Fmn1-IV knock-in mouse to monitor the endogenous subcellular localization of Fmn1-IV. Its localization was found within the cytoplasm and along microtubules, yet it was largely excluded from adherens junctions.

SOLUTION: 0

PROBLEM: SNP309 polymorphism (T-G) at the promoter region of MDM2 has been reported to cause increased binding affinity of transcriptional activator Sp1 followed by increased MDM2 both in mRNA and protein level. This model was proposed in vitro in the small panel of cell lines that indicated an on average 8-fold higher level of MDM2 mRNA in cells bearing the GG genotype.', 'The incidence of SNP309 was determined in a cohort of 158 breast, 17 endometrium, 13 cervix and 45 ovarian cancer tissues by PCR-RFLP. The expression of p53 and MDM2 protein levels in the cohort was immunohistochemically investigated and statistically correlated with SNP309 polymorphism using Pearson chi(2) and t test.', 'No significant difference was observed in the G allele incidence in breast cancer specimens compared to 149 noncancer controls. Furthermore, no statistically significant association of the G allele frequencies and p53 and MDM2 protein expression levels was observed.

SOLUTION:
1