In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: To describe a novel form of pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) and map its genetic locus.', 'PCH is a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by abnormally small cerebellum and brainstem. Autosomal recessive inheritance has been implied in many cases, but no genetic loci have been mapped to date.', 'The authors studied a consanguineous family from the Sultanate of Oman with three siblings with a novel form of PCH. The authors performed clinical studies and linkage analysis of this pedigree.', 'The clinical features of the affected children include developmental delay, progressive microcephaly with brachycephaly, seizures during the first year of life, hypotonia with hyperreflexia, short stature, and optic atrophy. Imaging studies showed a small pons and cerebellum, prominent sulci and lateral ventricles, and decreased cerebral white matter volume. A lack of dyskinesias distinguishes this pedigree from PCH type 2. Genetic studies of this family revealed evidence of significant linkage to chromosome 7q11-21 (maximum multipoint lod score 3.23).\Question: Does a novel form of pontocerebellar hypoplasia map to chromosome 7q11-21?

Ex Output:
This pedigree represents a novel form of autosomal recessive PCH, which the authors propose to call cerebellar atrophy with progressive microcephaly (CLAM). This disorder maps to chromosome 7q11-21, and this locus was named CLAM. This report represents the first identification of a genetic locus for PCH.


Ex Input:
Context: To examine the effect of short-term improvements in glycaemic control on brachial artery endothelial function as a marker of cardiovascular health.', 'Persons with Type 2 diabetes who were poorly controlled on oral therapy were randomly assigned to monotherapy with repaglinide or combination therapy with repaglinide plus metformin. Brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation was assessed by ultrasonography at randomization and following 16 weeks of therapy. The primary outcome was change in brachial artery endothelial function from baseline. Comparison of randomized groups was a secondary aim.', 'Eighty-six participants were randomized, and 83 were followed to study completion. Post occlusion brachial artery vasodilation was 3.74% at baseline and 3.82% following 16 weeks of therapy (P = 0.77). The treatment effect was 0.08% (95% CI: -0.48%, 0.64%). No difference was seen between treatment groups (P = 0.69). Overall, A1C was reduced from 8.3% to 7.0%, with a greater reduction in the combination therapy group (from 8.4% to 6.7%) than in the monotherapy group (from 8.3% to 7.3%, p for difference between groups = 0.01). Statistically significant reductions were observed in fasting glucose, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Statistically significant increases were observed for fasting insulin, uric acid, weight and BMI.\Question: Does the combination oral and nutritional treatment of late-onset diabetes mellitus ( CONTROL DM ) trial result?

Ex Output:
Brachial artery endothelial function was not influenced by short-term improvements in glycaemic control. The CONTROL DM group was successful in lowering A1C. Future research should explore more intensive and longer-lasting improvements in glycaemic control on endothelial function. Some data previously published in abstract form (Diabetes 2001; 50 (Suppl. 2): A217).


Ex Input:
Context: Cell proliferation, vector titer and accessibility of target cells represent hurdles for efficient gene transfer to lung epithelia in vivo using recombinant murine leukemia (MuLV)-based retroviruses. We tested the hypothesis that the pulmonary epithelium is susceptible to retroviral-mediated gene transfer when stimulated to proliferate by a mitogen, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF).', 'Rats received keratinocyte growth factor (KGF, 2.5 micrograms/g x 4 doses, two consecutive days) intratracheally followed by high titer amphotropic retrovirus expressing beta-galactosidase. Gene transfer was assessed five days later.', 'KGF stimulated transient proliferation in the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelia (30-40% PCNA positive cells at peak) which decreased to background levels seven days after administration. Gene transfer to epithelia (X-Gal positive cells) occurred more frequently in KGF treated rats, but proliferation exceeded the level of gene transfer. X-gal positive cells were noted in the alveolar epithelium and occasionally in the bronchiolar epithelium. In order to understand the discrepancy between the number of proliferating and transduced cells, primary rat tracheal epithelium cultured at the air-liquid interface was infected from either the apical or basolateral side. Gene transfer was achieved only through basolateral application of vector, suggesting that epithelial polarity represents a barrier to MuLV-based lung gene transfer in vivo.\Question: Does keratinocyte growth factor induced epithelial proliferation facilitate retroviral-mediated gene transfer to distal lung epithelia in vivo?

Ex Output:

KGF transiently stimulates epithelial proliferation in vivo, facilitating MuLV-based gene transfer. Retroviral vectors may encounter multiple barriers which have evolved to defend the lung from infections.