Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: Context: Observational and clinical studies suggest different responses upon sex hormone replacement therapy in ischaemic heart disease. Few studies, however, have examined the impact of oestrogen receptor-dependent mechanisms on the extent of injury after myocardial infarction (MI). Therefore, we set out to evaluate the effect of oestrogen (E2) replacement on infarct size and remodelling, and the respective role of the oestrogen receptors (ER)alpha and -beta in this process, using ERalpha- and ERbeta-deficient mice.', 'Wild type (WT) (ERalpha(+/+) and ERbeta(+/+)), ERalpha-deficient (ERalpha(-/-)) and ERbeta-deficient (ERbeta(-/-)) mice were ovariectomized and subsequently supplemented with E2 or placebo using subcutaneous 60-day release pellets. MI was induced by left coronary artery ligation. Two weeks following MI, haemodynamic function was assessed and infarct size was determined.', 'There was no significant difference in infarct size between E2- or placebo-treated WT (ERalpha(+/+) and ERbeta(+/+)) mice. Surprisingly, E2 treatment did result in smaller infarct sizes in ERalpha(-/-) mice, but increased the infarct size in ERbeta(-/-) mice. Increase of the left ventricular mass post-MI was significantly larger in the E2-treated ERalpha(-/-) animals compared with placebo-treated animals. E2 treatment also significantly increased post-MI mortality in ERalpha(+/+), ERbeta(+/+) and ERalpha(-/-) animals, but not in ERbeta(-/-) mice.
Answer: Although E2 modulates the infarct size in ERalpha(-/-), it also appears to be responsible for the higher mortality following MI. ERbeta appears to be the receptor involved in the modulating effects of E2 in the infarcted heart.
[A]: Does oestrogen modulate cardiac ischaemic remodelling through oestrogen receptor-specific mechanisms?


[Q]: Context: To study the role of peroperative transrectal ultrasonography (peTRUS) for the dissection of the bladder neck during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP).', 'Integrated peTRUS in the da Vinci S system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was used for bladder neck identification and dissection in the initial 80 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer operated by two urologists. The clinical and pathological results were compared with the initial 80 patients who had RALP with no peTRUS. The location of positive margins was recorded.', "The operative duration, blood loss, hospital stay, catheter dependency, clinical and pathological T-stage and Gleason sum score were no different between the groups. The prostate-specific antigen level at time of diagnosis was slightly higher for patients in the peTRUS group. Basal surgical margins (bladder neck and basal areas of both prostate lobes) were positive for tumour in 9.1% and 2.3% of patients treated without and with peTRUS, respectively (P = 0.001). Although the use of peTRUS improved the basal margin rate in the initial 30 patients in each group, it did not in the last 30 in each group, when the urologist's experience apparently improved. In a multivariate analysis the use of peTRUS and pathological T-stage were the best predictors of basal margin status. Pad use at 6 months after surgery was similar for both groups.
Answer: peTRUS during RALP decreased the positive surgical margin rate at the base of the prostate during the initial experience of RALP.
[A]: Does peroperative transrectal ultrasonography-guided bladder neck dissection ease the learning of robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy?


[Q]: Context: Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drug, and it has been shown to induce apoptosis in human T-lymphocytes. We investigated whether local treatment with azathioprine can inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts.', 'C57BL/6J mice underwent interposition of the inferior vena cava from isogenic donor mice into the common carotid artery using a cuff technique. In the treatment group azathioprine was perivascularly applied. The control group did not receive local treatment. Vein grafts were harvested at 1 and 2 weeks postoperatively and underwent morphometric analysis as well as immunohistochemical analysis for apoptosis (TUNEL).', 'In grafted veins without treatment (controls), neointimal thickness was 10 microm (range, 6-29 microm), and 12 microm (range, 8-40 microm) at 1 and 2 weeks postoperatively, respectively. In azathioprine-treated grafts, the neointimal thickness was 2 microm (range, 1-5 microm) and 4 microm (range, 3-11 microm) at 1 and 2 weeks postoperatively, respectively. This reduction of neointimal thickness was significant at 1 week (P = .001) and 2 weeks (P = .016) postoperatively. Azathioprine-treated vein grafts showed an increased rate of apoptosis in the vascular wall as compared with controls (593 [range, 26-783] versus 45 [range, 0-106] apoptotic cells/mm(2) at 1 week, P = .063; and 656 [range, 327-1270] versus 19 [range, 0-79] apoptotic cells/mm(2) at 2 weeks, P = .016).
Answer: We conclude that treatment of experimental vein grafts with azathioprine is associated with a reduction of neointimal hyperplasia and an increased apoptosis rate in the vascular wall. These results suggest that azathioprine may be useful for the prevention of vein graft disease after coronary artery bypass grafting.
[A]:
Does perivascular treatment with azathioprine reduce neointimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts?