instruction:
In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.
question:
Paramyxoviruses comprise a large number of diverse viruses which in part give rise to severe diseases in affected hosts. A new genotype of feline morbillivirus, tentatively named feline morbillivirus genotype 2 (FeMV-GT2), was isolated from urine of cats with urinary tract diseases. Whole genome sequencing showed about 78% nucleotide homology to known feline morbilliviruses. The virus was isolated in permanent cell lines of feline and simian origin. To investigate the cell tropism of FeMV-GT2 feline primary epithelial cells from the kidney, the urinary bladder and the lung, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as well as organotypic brain slice cultures were used for infection experiments. We demonstrate that FeMV-GT2 is able to infect renal and pulmonary epithelial cells, primary cells from the cerebrum and cerebellum, as well as immune cells in the blood, especially CD4 + T cells, CD20 + B cells and monocytes. The cats used for virus isolation shed FeMV-GT2 continuously for several months despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the blood. Our results point towards the necessity of increased awareness for this virus when clinical signs of the aforementioned organs are encountered in cats which cannot be explained by other etiologies.
answer:
A New Genotype of Feline Morbillivirus Infects Primary Cells of the Lung, Kidney, Brain and Peripheral Blood


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The mucus-dwelling parasite Ostertagia ostertagi is one of the most important gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. Our group has previously demonstrated the protective capacity of a vaccine against this parasite based on a native activation-associated secreted protein ASP1 (nASP) in combination with the saponin adjuvant QuilA. The aim of the current study was to analyse the effect of both antigen and adjuvant on the cellular and humoral vaccine-induced immune responses by comparing the native ASP to a recombinant version expressed in Pichia pastoris (pASP) and replacing QuilA by Al(OH) 3 . Immunization of cattle with the protective nASP+QuilA vaccine was associated with antigen-induced proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells combined with IFN-γ secretion and the induction of a mixed IgG1/IgG2 antibody response. ASP-specific activation and proliferation of NK cells was also observed in mice following the same vaccination regime. Replacing QuilA by Al(OH) 3 or nASP by pASP significantly decreased the capacity of the vaccines to trigger both NK cell activation and antibody responses and failed to induce protection against a challenge infection. Reduction of the structurally anchoring disulphide bonds of the nASP completely abolished its ability to induce NK cell activation and antibody responses, highlighting the importance of protein conformation for the immunostimulatory activity.
answer:
Host protective ASP-based vaccine against the parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostertagi triggers NK cell activation and mixed IgG1-IgG2 response


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Molecular diagnostic methods are becoming increasingly available for assessment of acute lower respiratory illnesses (ALRi). However, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal (np/op) swabs may not accurately reflect etiologic agents from the lower respiratory tract where sputum specimens are considered as a more representative sample. the pathogen yields from np/op against sputum specimens have not been extensively explored, especially in tropical countries. We compared pathogen yields from np/op swabs and sputum specimens from patients ≥18 years hospitalized with ALRI in rural Western Kenya. Specimens were tested for 30 pathogens using TaqMan Array Cards (TAC) and results compared using McNemar's test. The agreement for pathogen detection between NP/OP and sputum specimens ranged between 85-100%. More viruses were detected from np/op specimens whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were more common in sputum specimens. there was no clear advantage in using sputum over np/op specimens to detect pathogens of ALRi in adults using tAc in the context of this tropical setting. Acute lower respiratory illnesses (ALRI) are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa 1 . Understanding etiology of respiratory illnesses in resource-limited countries may support clinicians with patient management and provide a framework for decision makers when prioritizing public health interventions. Recently, with availability of multi-pathogen molecular diagnostic methods, and increasing recognition of viruses in cases of ALRI, the use of nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swab specimens to identify pathogens associated with ALRI has increased 2-4 . However, NP/OP swabs may not accurately reflect etiologic agents from the lower respiratory tract 5 . Sputum specimens, on the other hand, have been considered a more representative sample of the lower respiratory tract 5 , but have not been extensively explored, especially in tropical countries. A multisite study in the United States compared pathogen yield between NP/OP and sputum specimens and argued for the use of high-quality sputum specimens for greater pathogen yield 6 . In contrast, another multisite study in low-middle income countries, observed that the pathogen yield from NP/OP and sputum specimens were similar 2 . Given the paucity of data and the difference in observations in these two recent studies, and that most data from tropical countries were derived from paediatric populations, we aimed to investigate adults living in a tropical, low-income setting. Here we describe the performance of NP/OP swabs against sputum specimens for detecting respiratory pathogens among adult patients hospitalized with ALRI using the TaqMan Array Card (TAC). www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ specimen for tuberculosis testing. Moreover, as used by Thea et al. 2 , we considered <10 squamous epithelial cells per low-power field to determine specimen quality and observed that RNP C T values were similar for NP/OP and sputum specimens, giving us confidence that results from sputum specimens were credible. In conclusion, our findings suggest that there is no clear advantage in using sputum specimens over NP/OP swabs to investigate the etiology of ALRI using molecular diagnostics. Interpretation of multi-pathogen molecular laboratory tests, however, needs further investigation, especially in tropical settings where co-detections seem very common.
answer:

comparison of respiratory pathogen yields from nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs and sputum specimens collected from hospitalized adults in rural Western Kenya