Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Input: Consider Input: Context: In mice, a subpopulation of gut dendritic cells (DCs) expressing CD103 drives the development of regulatory T (T(reg)) cells. Further, it was recently described that the cross-talk between human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and DCs helps in maintaining gut immune homeostasis via the induction of non-inflammatory DCs. In this study, an analysis was carried out to determine whether IECs could promote the differentiation of CD103+ tolerogenic DCs, and the function of primary CD103+ DCs isolated from human mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) was evaluated.', "Monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) and circulating CD1c+ DCs were conditioned or not with supernatants from Caco-2 cells or IECs isolated from healthy donors or donors with Crohn's disease and analysed for their ability to induce T(reg) cell differentiation. In some cases, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), retinoic acid (RA) or thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) were neutralised before conditioning. CD103+ and CD103- DCs were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from MLNs and used in T(reg) cell differentiation experiments.", "It was found that human IECs promoted the differentiation of tolerogenic DCs able to drive the development of adaptive Foxp3+ T(reg) cells. This control was lost in patients with Crohn's disease and paralleled a reduced expression of tolerogenic factors by primary IECs. MoDCs differentiated with RA or IEC supernatant upregulated the expression of CD103. Consistently, human primary CD103+ DCs isolated from MLNs were endowed with the ability to drive T(reg) cell differentiation. This subset of DCs expressed CCR7 and probably represents a lamina propria-derived migratory population.
Answer: A population of tolerogenic CD103+ DCs was identified in the human gut that probably differentiate in response to IEC-derived factors and drive T(reg) cell development.

Output: Do human intestinal epithelial cells promote the differentiation of tolerogenic dendritic cells?


Input: Consider Input: Context: Endurance exercise demonstrates beneficial effects in polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM); however, the molecular effects of exercise on skeletal muscle are incompletely understood. We undertook this controlled pilot study to investigate the effects of a 12-week endurance exercise training program on the molecular profile of skeletal muscle in patients with established PM/DM compared to a nonexercised control group of patients with established PM/DM.', 'Fifteen patients (7 in the exercise group and 8 in the control group) with paired baseline and 12-week follow-up muscle biopsy samples were included. Messenger RNA expression profiling, mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on muscle biopsy samples to determine molecular adaptations associated with changes in clinical measurements induced by endurance exercise.', 'Compared to the control group, the exercise group improved in minutes of cycling time (P\u2009<\u20090.01) and Vo2 max (P\u2009<\u20090.05). The exercise group also had reduced disease activity (P\u2009<\u20090.05) and reduced lactate levels at exhaustion (P\u2009<\u20090.05). Genes related to capillary growth, mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis, cytoskeletal remodeling, and muscle hypertrophy were up-regulated in the exercise group, while genes related to inflammation/immune response and endoplasmic reticulum stress were down-regulated. Mitochondrial pathways including the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway were most affected by the endurance exercise, as demonstrated by proteomics analysis. The exercise group also showed a higher number of capillaries per mm(2) in follow-up biopsy samples (P\u2009<\u20090.05).
Answer: Our data indicate that endurance exercise in patients with established PM and DM may activate an aerobic phenotype and promote muscle growth and simultaneously suppress the inflammatory response in these patients' muscles, as supported by a combination of data on gene expression, proteomics, and capillary density in repeated muscle biopsies.

Output: Does endurance Exercise improve Molecular Pathways of Aerobic Metabolism in Patients With Myositis?


Input: Consider Input: Context: To determine the effects of co-ingesting caffeine (CAF) and carbohydrate (CHO) on high-intensity intermittent sprints (HIS) performance and physiological responses.', 'Twelve active males underwent 4 interventions at least 7\xa0days apart in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced trial. A meal contained 65\xa0% CHO was provided 2\xa0h before the HIS test. Participants ingested the placebo (PLA) or CAF (6\xa0mg\xa0kg(-1) BW) 1\xa0h before taking an HIS test, and ingested a PLA or CHO solution (0.8\xa0g\xa0kg(-1)\xa0BW) before undergoing the testing protocol. The HIS protocol comprised ten sets of 5\xa0×\xa04-s sprints on a cycle ergometer with a 2-min recovery between each set.', 'There was no significant difference between peak power output and mean power output between trials (p\xa0>\xa00.05). Compared with PLA, CAF\xa0+\xa0CHO resulted in a 5.2\xa0% reduction in total work, corresponding to a 24.7-25.7\xa0% increase in fatigue at the end stage of the HIS. The administration of CAF\xa0+\xa0CHO supplementation also resulted in an 11.1\xa0% increase in blood lactate, and elevated blood glucose concentrations throughout HIS testing compared with PLA (p\xa0<\xa00.05). Cortisol concentrations also increased with CAF\xa0+\xa0CHO intake compared with PLA; however, there was no significant effect of CAF\xa0+\xa0CHO supplementation on testosterone concentrations.
Answer: Co-ingestion of CAF and CHO did not improve high-intensity sprint cycling performance or reduce fatigue in active males. Moreover, combined CAF and CHO supplementation might facilitate catabolism during prolonged high-intensity intermittent exercise.


Output: Does co-ingestion of caffeine and carbohydrate after meal improve performance at high-intensity intermittent sprints with short recovery times?