In this task, you are given a passage which has a question and the context. You have to generate an answer to the question based on the information present in the context.

Ex Input:
Context: Opioid-induced spastic paraplegia after transient spinal cord ischemia during aortic surgery has been reported. Opioids modulate neurotransmission through mu (μ) opioid receptors (MORs) in the spinal ventral horn. However, their effects during ischemic insult are not understood.', 'The effects of the selective μ agonist [D-Ala(2),-N-Me-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) on ischemia-induced agonal currents were examined in the spinal lamina IX neurons of neonatal rats by using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Ischemia was simulated in vitro by oxygen/glucose deprivation.', 'DAMGO (1 μM) produced outward currents in ~60% of spinal lamina IX neurons at a holding potential of -70 mV. Superfusion with ischemia-simulating medium elicited an agonal current. The latency was 457 ± 18 s. Despite its neuromodulatory effects, DAMGO did not significantly change the latencies of the agonal currents with (440 ± 23 s) or without (454 ± 33 s) DAMGO-induced currents.\Question: Does the mu opioid receptor activation affect ischemia-induced agonal currents in rat spinal ventral horn?

Ex Output:
Activation of MORs does not influence ongoing ischemia-induced neuronal death. Our findings indicate that MOR agonist administration should be suitable as an anesthetic during aortic surgery.


Ex Input:
Context: Treatment resistance and metastasis are the major causes of death among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Approximately 20% of surgically treated patients ultimately develop metastases during the follow-up period. Currently, the TNM system is the only available prognostic test. Therefore, the identification of new markers for CRC remains important. Thrombomodulin (TM), a glycoprotein, is involved in angiogenesis and has been linked to many malignant diseases. However, the function of TM in CRC remains unclear.', 'A total of 170 patients with CRC participated in this study. TM expression was analyzed via immunohistochemistry. Univariate (Kaplan-Meier) analysis was used to analyze patient outcomes, including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). TM expression was manipulated using shRNA or an overexpression system. Transwell migration assays, wound healing migration assays, and the xCELLigence biosensor system were used to detect cell proliferative and migratory capacities.', "TM expression in the tumor tissues significantly and positively correlated with the DFS and OS of non-metastatic patients with CRC (ps = 0.036 and 0.0218, respectively). Suppression of TM expression increased the proliferation and migration of DLD-1 cells. TM overexpression reduced the cells' proliferative and migratory capacities. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression was up-regulated following TM silencing. Furthermore, the association between the migration of colon cancer cells and the levels of TM and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (fibronectin, vimentin and ezrin) was confirmed in HT29 and DLD-1 cells.\Question: Does thrombomodulin influence the Survival of Patients with Non-Metastatic Colorectal Cancer through Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition ( EMT )?

Ex Output:
Our study demonstrates that patients with non-metastatic CRC display low TM expression in their tumors and exhibit reduced DFS and OS. The enhanced expression of mesenchymal markers and COX-2 may be involved in the mechanisms that underlie recurrence in patients with cancer displaying low TM expression.


Ex Input:
Context: Recent data provide evidence of a systemic inflammatory response in severe acute pancreatitis; in contrast, the exact immune mechanisms underlying chronic pancreatitis remain unclear.', 'To investigate the immune response in the clinical features of chronic pancreatitis, we investigated the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-p55 and -p75 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 18 patients with late-stage alcoholic chronic pancreatitis of different disease activity (Balthazar criteria).', 'Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed a significantly enhanced gene expression of TNF-alpha (P < 0.05), TNFR-p55 (P < 0.05) and TNFR-p75 (P < 0.01) in unstimulated PBMC of patients with advanced chronic pancreatitis (11/18 with calcifications) compared to healthy controls (n = 8). No significant difference was found between patients with mild acute pancreatitis and patients with an inactive quiescent pancreatitis. Moreover, no expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase was detectable.\Question: Does cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells reflect a systemic immune response in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis?

Ex Output:

The enhanced gene expression of TNFR-p75, TNFR-p55 and TNF-alpha in unstimulated PBMC demonstrates an enhanced leucocyte activation in patients with late-stage chronic pancreatitis and suggests a pathogenetic role of the cytotoxic TNF-alpha pathway in the clinical features of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. The pathogenetic role of nitric oxide in chronic pancreatitis remains to be fully elucidated.