Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Context: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an uncommon autoimmune liver disease of unknown etiology. We used a genome-wide approach to identify genetic variants that predispose individuals to AIH.', 'We performed a genome-wide association study of 649 adults in The Netherlands with AIH type 1 and 13,436 controls. Initial associations were further analyzed in an independent replication panel comprising 451 patients with AIH type 1 in Germany and 4103 controls. We also performed an association analysis in the discovery cohort using imputed genotypes of the major histocompatibility complex region.', 'We associated AIH with a variant in the major histocompatibility complex region at rs2187668 (P = 1.5 × 10(-78)). Analysis of this variant in the discovery cohort identified HLA-DRB1*0301 (P = 5.3 × 10(-49)) as a primary susceptibility genotype and HLA-DRB1*0401 (P = 2.8 × 10(-18)) as a secondary susceptibility genotype. We also associated AIH with variants of SH2B3 (rs3184504, 12q24; P = 7.7 × 10(-8)) and CARD10 (rs6000782, 22q13.1; P = 3.0 × 10(-6)). In addition, strong inflation of association signal was found with single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with other immune-mediated diseases, including primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, but not with single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with other genetic traits.
Answer: In a genome-wide association study, we associated AIH type 1 with variants in the major histocompatibility complex region, and identified variants of SH2B3and CARD10 as likely risk factors. These findings support a complex genetic basis for AIH pathogenesis and indicate that part of the genetic susceptibility overlaps with that for other immune-mediated liver diseases.
Does genome-wide association study identify variants associated with autoimmune hepatitis type 1?

Context: A computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system with embedded clinical decision support can reduce medication errors in hospitals, but might increase the time taken to generate orders.', 'We aimed to quantify the effects of temporal (month, day of week, hour of shift) and other factors (grade of doctor, prior experience with the system, alert characteristics, and shift type) on the time taken to generate a prescription order.', 'A large university teaching hospital using a locally developed CPOE system with an extensive audit database.', 'We retrospectively analyzed prescription orders from the audit database between August 2011 and July 2012.', 'The geometric mean time taken to generate a prescription order within the CPOE system was 11.75\u2005s (95% CI 11.72 to 11.78). Time to prescribe was most affected by the display of high-level (24.59\u2005s (24.43 to 24.76); p<0.001) or previously unseen (18.87\u2005s (18.78 to 18.96); p<0.001) alerts. Prescribers took significantly less time at weekends (11.29\u2005s (11.23 to 11.35)) than on weekdays (11.88\u2005s (11.84 to 11.91); p<0.001), in the first (11.25\u2005s (11.16 to 11.34); p<0.001) and final (11.56\u2005s (11.47 to 11.66); p<0.001) hour of their shifts, and after the first month of using the system.
Answer: The display of alerts, prescribing experience, system familiarity, and environment all affect the time taken to generate a prescription order. Our study reinforces the need for appropriate alerts to be presented to individuals at an appropriate place in the workflow, in order to improve prescribing efficiency.
Do temporal and other factors that influence the time doctors take to prescribe using an electronic prescribing system?

Context: Increased small airway resistance and decreased lung elasticity contribute to the airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The lesion that corresponds to loss of lung elasticity is emphysema; the small airway obstruction is due to inflammatory narrowing and obliteration. Despite their convergence in altered physiology, different mechanisms contribute to these processes. The relationships between gene expression and these specific phenotypes may be more revealing than comparison with lung function.', 'We measured the ratio of alveolar surface area to lung volume (SA/V) in lung tissue from 43 smokers. Two samples from 21 subjects, in which SA/V differed by >49 cm2/mL were profiled to select genes whose expression correlated with SA/V. Significant genes were tested for replication in the 22 remaining subjects.', 'The level of expression of 181 transcripts was related to SA/V ( p < 0.05). When these genes were tested in the 22 remaining subjects as a replication, thirty of the 181 genes remained significantly associated with SA/V (P < 0.05) and the direction of association was the same in 164/181. Pathway and network analysis revealed enrichment of genes involved in protein ubiquitination, and western blotting showed altered expression of genes involved in protein ubiquitination in obstructed individuals.
Answer: This study implicates modified protein ubiquitination and degradation as a potentially important pathway in the pathogenesis of emphysema.

Are genes related to emphysema enriched for ubiquitination pathways?