Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: An abnormal ratio of vasohibin-2/vasohibin-1 may be involved in the abnormal angiogenesis and vascular remodeling during pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).', 'To evaluate the pharmacological actions of Ponatinib (AP) in experimental model of PAH, the effects of AP on TGF-β1-mediated endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC), and the hypoxic human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMC) proliferation and HPMEC in vitro, and on bleomycin (BLM)-induced PAH in vivo were investigated.', 'AP treatment resulted in a reduction of EndoMT in HPMECs with a decrease of vimentin, whereas an increase of VE-cadherin, reduction of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vasohibin-2 (VASH-2), whereas an increase of vasohibin-1 (VASH-1) in the hypoxic HPMEC, a reduction of the HPASMC proliferation with decreases of wnt5a, β-catenin and cyclin D1 expression. AP ameliorated BLM-induced PAH in rats with reductions of FGF-2, VEGF, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and VASH-2 expression, whereas an increase of VASH-1 expression. AP ameliorated BLM-induced PAH in rats with reductions of the pathological score and the collagen deposition. In addition, AP ameliorated hemodynamics and right ventricular hypertrophy.
[A]: Does ponatinib attenuate experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension by modulating Wnt signaling and vasohibin-2/vasohibin-1?


[Q]: Despite much clinical experience, there are few published accounts of the surgical manifestations of HIV/AIDS in children and still fewer guidelines for the best or most appropriate treatment. Our primary objective was to document the incidence of HIV infection in children who presented with a surgical emergency to a major pediatric surgical unit in South Africa. If possible, we aimed to provide a description of the impact of the disease in a surgical pediatric population and to raise awareness of the mode of presentation of HIV to the pediatric surgeon in a developing nation, now that specific antiretroviral therapies are available.', 'This was a prospective observational study of consecutive surgical emergency admissions to the Division of Paediatric Surgery at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, between April 1 and May 31, 2005. Consent for inclusion in the study was sought in all cases. The clinical profile of children presenting during the study period was recorded. If relevant, permission was sought from the parent/guardian to undertake HIV status testing if this were not already known.', 'Three hundred ninety-one children were admitted as emergency cases during the study period. Thirty-seven (9.5%) of 391 were excluded, because consent could not be obtained, leaving 354 children. Ages ranged between 1 day and 17 years, with a median age of 3 years. The diagnosis in most was trauma/burns (42%) and abdominal emergencies (27%). Infections occurred in 13% of these patients. Human immunodeficiency virus status was already known in 10 (3%) of 354 patients, and only 18 (5%) of 344 children were tested; of these, 10 (55%) were positive. As expected, the predominant surgical presentation of HIV positive children was sepsis. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in those children not tested is unknown.
[A]: Are surgeons failing to recognize children with HIV infection?


[Q]: Although moderate (conscious) sedation is intended during elective gastrointestinal endoscopy, unintended levels of deep sedation occur. The aims of this study were to prospectively evaluate the incidence and risk factors of deep sedation during elective endoscopy with meperidine and midazolam intended to maintain a level of moderate sedation.', "Eighty American Society of Anesthesiology class 1-2, outpatients presenting for elective esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), colonoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) were offered enrollment. Intravenous meperidine and midazolam were administered according to a standardized protocol. Hemodynamic parameters and levels of sedation were assessed and recorded by a single observer at 3-min intervals. The Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) scale (ranging 1-5) is a subjective sedation assessment scale used to assess sedation levels. Occurrence of deep sedation, defined by MOAA/S 1-2, was recorded. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to assess predictors of deep sedation.", 'Deep sedation occurred in 54/80 (68%) patients for a total of 204/785 (26%) of total sedation assessments. The percentage of deep sedation episodes of all sedation-level observations by procedure was 26% for EGD, 11% for colonoscopy, 35% for ERCP, and 29% for EUS. Deep sedation occurred at least once in 60% of EGD, 45% of colonoscopy, 85% of ERCP, and 80% of EUS. Multivariable analysis showed that only ERCP and EUS were independent risk factors of deep sedation.
[A]:
Does deep sedation occur frequently during elective endoscopy with meperidine and midazolam?