TASK DEFINITION: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
PROBLEM: Context: The normal anterior translation of the articular surface of the distal humerus with respect to the humeral diaphysis facilitates elbow flexion. We hypothesize that there is a correlation between anterior translation of the distal humeral articular surface and flexion after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture of the distal humerus.', 'Two independent observers evaluated 141 lateral radiographs of patients more than 6 months after fracture of the distal humerus and 155 lateral radiographs of patients without injury of the distal humerus. The distance between the most anterior point of the distal humerus articular surface, perpendicular to the humeral shaft, from the anterior border of the distal part of the humeral diaphysis, was measured on lateral radiographs as a percentage of the width of the humeral shaft.', 'The technique of measuring anterior translation of the distal humeral articular surface had good intra- and interobserver reliability. The most anterior point of the distal humeral articular surface lies an average of 11.7 mm (range, 6.8 to 17.0 mm) in front of the most anterior border of the humeral shaft in normal distal humeri, which represents 62% of the humeral shaft diameter (range, 33% to 91%). There was a limited but significant correlation between flexion and anterior translation as a percentage of the humeral shaft diameter in distal humeri after fracture that was maintained in multivariable statistical models.
Answer: Using a reproducible technique for measuring anterior translation of the distal humerus, there was a correlation between anterior translation of the distal humeral articular surface and elbow flexion after ORIF. Although the weakness of the correlation emphasizes that limitation of elbow flexion after ORIF of a distal humerus fracture is multifactorial, reduced anterior translation of the distal humeral articular surface might be a contributing factor.

SOLUTION: Is loss of anterior translation of the distal humeral articular surface associated with decreased elbow flexion?

PROBLEM: Context: Cell death induced by intracellular glutathione depletion has been reported to be dependent on the presence of trace amounts of extracellular copper ions. Since little is known about the relationship between glutathione depletion and copper homeostasis, we have in the present study further investigated the role of low amounts of copper ions in glutathione depletion.', 'Glutathione turnover was investigated in HeLa and hepatoma cell cultures with normal and low cysteine content in the presence of copper ions (1 and 10micromol/L) and two other glutathione-stimulating agents (lipoic acid and mercury ions).', 'Copper ions (10micromol/L) caused relatively small increases in total amount of glutathione (the sum of the intracellular and the extracellular amount of glutathione) in HeLa and hepatoma cell cultures with normal cysteine levels (420nmol/mL) compared to control cell cultures, whereas lipoic acid and mercury ions strongly increased total glutathione in both types of cell cultures. Lower amount of total glutathione was observed in cell cultures with a lower cysteine levels (84nmol/mL), which is similar to that in human plasma. A strongly decreased total amount of glutathione in the presence of copper ions was observed in hepatoma cell cultures with lower cysteine levels, whereas the other agents showed effects similar to those described for cell cultures with normal cysteine levels.
Answer: Glutathione synthesis in hepatoma cell cultures is probably more sensitive to a low cysteine level than HeLa cell cultures, and the presence of copper ions further decreases the availability of cysteine probably by increasing the disulfide binding to cysteine residues in extracellular proteins, which causes a further decrease of total glutathione.

SOLUTION: Do traces of copper ions deplete glutathione in human hepatoma cell cultures with low cysteine content?

PROBLEM: Context: The study aimed to test the hypothesis that therapeutic treatment with a mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 inhibitor reduces renal cell proliferation and attenuates glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury in the early phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN) in rats.', 'Male Wistar-Kyoto rats received a single tail-vein injection of sheep anti-rat glomerular basement membrane serum (day 0) and were treated with vehicle or sirolimus (0.25 mg/kg/day by subcutaneous injection) from day 1 until day 14.', 'Treatment with sirolimus attenuated kidney enlargement by 41% (P<0.05), improved endogenous creatinine clearance by 50% (P<0.05), and reduced glomerular and tubulointerstitial cell proliferation by 53% and 70%, respectively, (P<0.05 compared to vehicle) in rats with NSN. In glomeruli, sirolimus reduced segmental fibrinoid necrosis by 69%, autologous rat immunoglobulin G deposition, glomerular capillary tuft enlargement, and periglomerular myofibroblast (α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells) accumulation (all P<0.05) but did not significantly affect glomerular crescent formation (P=0.15), macrophage accumulation (P=0.25), or the progression of proteinuria. In contrast, sirolimus preserved tubulointerstitial structure and attenuated all markers of injury (interstitial ED-1- and α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells and tubular vimentin expression; all P<0.05). By immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, sirolimus reduced the glomerular and tubulointerstitial expression of phosphorylated (Ser 235/236) S6-ribosomal protein (P<0.05).
Answer: Induction monotherapy with sirolimus suppressed target of rapamycin complex 1 activation, renal cell proliferation, and injury during the early stages of rodent NSN, but the degree of histological protection was more consistent in the tubulointerstitium than the glomerular compartment.

SOLUTION:
Does induction monotherapy with sirolimus have selected beneficial effects on glomerular and tubulointersititial injury in nephrotoxic serum nephritis?