instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene is located within the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex region, exhibiting the -308 GA promoter region polymorphism and six microsatellites (TNFa-f) spanning the region nearby the TNF locus.', 'In the present study, we evaluated the frequency of -308 GA and TNFa-e polymorphisms and respective haplotypes (in chromosomal sequence: TNFd-TNFe-308GA-TNFc-TNFa-TNFb), in 222 patients with AIDS, 52 of whom exhibited cytomegalovirus retinitis, and in 202 healthy HIV-negative individuals.', 'TNF microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism typings were performed by PCR followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.', 'The TNF-308A allele and the 4-3-G-2-7-1 haplotype were associated with susceptibility to AIDS, whereas the TNFb4 allele and the 3-3-G-1-11-4 haplotype were associated with protection against AIDS development. The TNFc2 allele and the 4-1-G-2-2-1 haplotype, which contains the TNFc2 allele, were associated with cytomegalovirus retinitis.
answer:
1


question:
MicroRNAs play important roles in the adaptive responses of plants to nutrient deficiencies. Most research, however, has focused on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) deficiencies, limited data are available on the differential expression of miRNAs and their target genes in response to deficiencies of other nutrient elements. In this study, we identified the known and novel miRNAs as well as the boron (B)-deficiency-responsive miRNAs from citrus leaves in order to obtain the potential miRNAs related to the tolerance of citrus to B-deficiency.', "Seedlings of 'Xuegan' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were supplied every other day with B-deficient (0 μM H3BO3) or -sufficient (10 μM H3BO3) nutrient solution for 15 weeks. Thereafter, we sequenced two small RNA libraries from B-deficient and -sufficient (control) citrus leaves, respectively, using Illumina sequencing.", 'Ninety one (83 known and 8 novel) up- and 81 (75 known and 6 novel) down-regulated miRNAs were isolated from B-deficient leaves. The great alteration of miRNA expression might contribute to the tolerance of citrus to B-deficiency. The adaptive responses of miRNAs to B-deficiency might related to several aspects: (a) attenuation of plant growth and development by repressing auxin signaling due to decreased TIR1 level and ARF-mediated gene expression by altering the expression of miR393, miR160 and miR3946; (b) maintaining leaf phenotype and enhancing the stress tolerance by up-regulating NACs targeted by miR159, miR782, miR3946 and miR7539; (c) activation of the stress responses and antioxidant system through down-regulating the expression of miR164, miR6260, miR5929, miR6214, miR3946 and miR3446; (d) decreasing the expression of major facilitator superfamily protein genes targeted by miR5037, thus lowering B export from plants. Also, B-deficiency-induced down-regulation of miR408 might play a role in plant tolerance to B-deficiency by regulating Cu homeostasis and enhancing superoxide dismutase activity.
answer:
0


question:
Hemodilution lowers the total circulatory red cell mass and blood viscosity and thereby may alter the time of passage of red cells and plasma through cerebral microvessels. This study was designed to clarify this question.', 'Adult Wistar-Kyoto rats, aged approximately 32 weeks, were divided into hemodilution and control groups. Local cerebral blood flow and microvascular red cell and plasma volumes in 14 brain structures were measured with the use of [14C]iodoantipyrine, 55Fe-labeled red cells, and [14C]inulin, respectively.', 'In the control group, the hematocrit in cerebral microvessels ranged from 0.29 to 0.45 with a mean of 0.36, which was 71% of the systemic hematocrit (0.51). The mean transit times of blood, red cells, and plasma through microvessels were 0.62 to 1.77 seconds (mean, 0.92 second), 0.44 to 1.15 seconds (mean, 0.65 second), and 0.78 to 2.5 seconds (mean, 1.25 seconds), respectively. In the hemodilution group, the mean hematocrit in microvessels was 0.28, which was 89% of the systemic hematocrit (0.32). Local cerebral blood flow was approximately 59% higher (P < .01) than that of the control animals. The rate of oxygen delivered to the brain was slightly increased (9%) after hemodilution. Blood volume in cerebral microvessels was similar to that of the control group. Mean transit time of blood was 0.62 second (68% of the control), transit time of red cells was 0.53 second (85% of the control), and transit time of plasma was 0.67 second (54% of the control).
answer:

1