instruction:
Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
question:
There is a strong association between migraine and depression. The aim of this study is to identify migraine-specific factors involved in this association.', 'We conducted a cross-sectional study in a large, well-defined cohort of migraine patients (n=2533). We assessed lifetime depression using validated questionnaires, and diagnosed migraine based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders III-beta criteria. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted.', 'Of the 2533 migraineurs that were eligible, 1137 (45%) suffered from lifetime depression. The following independent factors were associated with an increased depression prevalence: i) migraine-specific risk factors: high migraine attack frequency and the presence of allodynia, ii) general factors: being a bad sleeper, female gender, high BMI, being single, smoking, and a low alcohol consumption.
answer:
0


question:
Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer in males, affecting one in eight men by the time they reach the age of 70 years. Current diagnostic tests for prostate cancer have significant problems with both false negatives and false positives, necessitating the search for new molecular markers. A recent investigation of endosomal and lysosomal proteins revealed that the critical process of endosomal biogenesis might be altered in prostate cancer. Here, a panel of endosomal markers was evaluated in prostate cancer and nonmalignant cells and a significant increase in gene and protein expression was found for early, but not late endosomal proteins. There was also a differential distribution of early endosomes, and altered endosomal traffic and signaling of the transferrin receptors (TFRC and TFR2) in prostate cancer cells. These findings support the concept that endosome biogenesis and function are altered in prostate cancer. Microarray analysis of a clinical cohort confirmed the altered endosomal gene expression observed in cultured prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, in prostate cancer patient tissue specimens, the early endosomal marker and adaptor protein APPL1 showed consistently altered basement membrane histology in the vicinity of tumors and concentrated staining within tumor masses. These novel observations on altered early endosome biogenesis provide a new avenue for prostate cancer biomarker investigation and suggest new methods for the early diagnosis and accurate prognosis of prostate cancer.
answer:
0


question:
The hypothesis that paraoxonase (PON1) has a role in preventing atherosclerosis is based on experimental, transgenic, and case-control studies but has not previously been tested prospectively.', 'The Caerphilly Prospective Study is a cohort study of men aged 49 to 65 years observed for coronary heart disease (CHD) events (fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction) over a mean period of 15 years. Serum PON1 activity toward paraoxon was measured in 1353 participants. PON1 activity was 20% lower in the 163 men who had a coronary event (P=0.039). Men in the highest quintile of PON1 activity had a decreased risk compared with those in the lowest quintile (OR 0.57 [95% CI, 0.33 to 0.96]). The inverse relationship between quintiles of serum PON1 activity and CHD risk was graded, the median change in OR across each quintile being 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98). After adjustment for all other CHD risk factors, including HDL cholesterol, this median value became 0.90 (0.78 to 1.02). PON1 was most predictive of a new CHD event in patients at highest risk by virtue of preexisting CHD (adjusted median OR for each quintile, 0.74 [0.59 to 0.93]; n=313) or the presence of other risk factors. For the highest tertile of CHD risk (n=390) calculated by the Framingham equation, adjusted median OR for each quintile was 0.84 (0.66 to 1.05); n=390.
answer:

0