TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you will be shown a sentence, and you should determine whether it is overruling or non-overruling. In law, an overruling sentence is a statement that nullifies a previous case decision as a precedent by a constitutionally valid statute or a decision by the same or higher ranking court which establishes a different rule on the point of law involved. Classify your answers into overruling or non-overruling
PROBLEM: after careful and deliberate study of each of the cases and treatises cited by counsel for the respective parties, as supplemented by own independent research, we are constrained to overrule collins and adopt justice (later chief justice) gardner's dissent in that case.

SOLUTION: overruling

PROBLEM: under an estoppel theory, ""[a] nonsignatory is estopped from refusing to comply with an arbitration clause when it receives a 'direct benefit' from a contract containing an arbitration clause.""

SOLUTION: non-overruling

PROBLEM: in order to bring harmony both within and among the circuits, we now overrule the portion of lee dealing with the treatment of theft and hold that theft from a person is a violent felony under the armed career criminal act.

SOLUTION:
overruling