Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

[Q]: The potential for a compound to cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity is a matter of extreme interest for human health risk assessment. To assess liver and kidney toxicity, repeated-dose toxicity (RDT) studies are conducted mainly on rodents. However, these tests are expensive, time-consuming and require large numbers of animals. For early toxicity screening, in silico models can be applied, reducing the costs, time and animals used. Among in silico approaches, structure-activity relationship (SAR) methods, based on the identification of chemical substructures (structural alerts, SAs) related to a particular activity (toxicity), are widely employed.', 'We identified and evaluated some SAs related to liver and kidney toxicity, using RDT data on rats taken from the hazard evaluation support system (HESS) database. We considered only SAs that gave the best percentages of true positives (TP).
[A]: Does identification of structural alert for liver and kidney toxicity using repeated dose toxicity data?


[Q]: Precise long-term assessment of movement and physical function following Achilles tendon rupture is required for the development and evaluation of treatment, including different regimens of physical therapy.', 'To assess intermediate-term (<10 years by conventional thinking) objective measures of physical function following Achilles tendon rupture treated nonsurgically and to compare these with self-reported measures of physical function.', 'Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.', 'Two to 5 years after Achilles tendon rupture, 9 women and 43 men (mean age, 49.2 years; range, 26-68 years) were assessed by physical examination, performance of 1-legged jumps, and 3-dimensional gait analysis (including calculation of muscle work). Self-reported scores for foot function (Achilles tendon rupture score) and level of physical activity were collected. Twenty age- and sex-matched controls were assessed in the same manner.', 'Physical examination of patients with the knee extended revealed 11.1° of dorsiflexion on the injured side and 9.2° on the uninjured side (P = .020), indicating gastrocnemius muscle lengthening. The 1-legged jump distance was shorter on the injured side (89.5 vs 96.2 cm; P < .001). Gait analysis showed higher peak dorsiflexion (14.3° vs 13.3°; P = .016) and lower concentric (positive) plantar flexor work (16.6 vs 19.9 J/kg; P = .001) in the ankle on the uninjured side. At the same time, eccentric (negative) dorsiflexor work was higher on the injured side (13.2 vs 11.9 J/kg; P = .010). Self-perceived foot function and physical activity were lower in patients than in healthy controls (mean Achilles tendon rupture score, 78.6 and 99.8, respectively).
[A]: Does three-Dimensional Gait Analysis Following Achilles Tendon Rupture With Nonsurgical Treatment reveal Long-Term Deficiencies in Muscle Strength and Function?


[Q]: To assess the utility of standard equations for calculating caloric requirements in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).', 'Malnutrition substantially increases the risk of death in ALS. Weight loss can be stabilized and survival prolonged with early gastrostomy feeding. However the use of standard nutrition equations has not been validated in this population. We therefore compared measured caloric expenditure to 2 predictive equations in patients with varying stages of ALS.', 'Thirty-four patients were studied. Caloric expenditure and respiratory quotient (R) were measured using indirect calorimetry. Results were compared with the Harris-Benedict equation.', 'The prediction error for the Harris-Benedict equation was 18.6 + 14.9%. Limits of agreement showed this equation could overestimate caloric expenditure by 591 kcal/d and underestimate requirements by 677 kcal/d. R was >0.86 in 11 patients, suggesting overfeeding, and <0.8 in 15 patients, suggesting underfeeding. The difference between predicted and measured caloric expenditure did not correlate with disease severity, disease duration, or body mass index. Mechanically ventilated patients had higher than predicted energy expenditure.
[A]:
Are standard equations accurate in assessing resting energy expenditure in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?