In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

[Q]: BackgroundDetection and characterization of viral RNA pathogens from fieldwork are challenging due to the instability of the RNA molecule. FTA cards® have proved useful for sample storage and latter identification of pathogens with importance for agricultural, animal and human health: however, for optimal handling, processing, and biosafety measures are not well-established. ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to summarize the reported effectiveness of FTA cards® for storage and transport of viral RNA, as well as the conditions for their handling and use in downstream processes. Finally, the biosafety measures required to protect researchers and clinical lab workers are considered. MethodsWe performed a systematic review following the PRISMA statement. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus and Web of Science using the keywords "FTA cards" AND "RNA". Articles were screened by title and abstract, and after examination of inclusion and exclusion criteria, relevant information was extracted. The quality of the studies was assessed, and the evidence was qualitatively summarized. ResultsA total of 175 records were retrieved, and 11 additional documents were found by checking references of the eligible articles. A total of 47 articles were included. Samples from animals accounted for 38.3% of the publications, which identified viruses that cause disease in poultry, wild birds, suids, or bovids. Three different methods for RNA extraction were reported. Other factors that vary across reports include the size of RNA amplicon, storage temperature, and duration of storage. Only fourteen articles tested the inactivation of the virus on the FTA card®, and in one case, the virus remained infective. ConclusionFTA cards® could be a suitable option for RNA virus storage and transport for fieldwork in areas where proper conditions for RNA preservation are difficult to achieve. Three different protocols have been used for RNA detection from this matrix. Biospecimens in the form of dried blood spots should be considered potentially infectious unless specifically treated to inactivate viral pathogens. technology consists of filter paper impregnated with a patented chemical mixture that contains chemical denaturants and a free radical scavenger. The chemical mixture lyses cells and organelles, prevents overgrowth of bacteria, and denatures proteins. The DNA is captured in the matrix and remains tightly bound while proteins and inhibitors are washed. This keeps DNA stable during long-term storage at room temperature (GE Healthcare, 2019).
[A]: A systematic review of FTA cards® as a tool for viral RNA preservation in fieldwork: Are they safe and effective?


[Q]: Background Uganda is currently implementing the International Health Regulations (IHR[2005]) within the context of Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR). The IHR(2005) require countries to assess the ability of their national structures, capacities, and resources to meet the minimum requirements for surveillance and response. This report describes the results of the assessment undertaken in Uganda. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional assessment using the protocol developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The data collection tools were adapted locally and administered to a convenience sample of IHR(2005) stakeholders, and frequency analyses were performed. Results Ugandan national laws relevant to the IHR(2005) existed, but they did not adequately support the full implementation of the IHR(2005). Correspondingly, there was a designated IHR National Focal Point (NFP), but surveillance activities and operational communications were limited to the health sector. All the districts (13/13) had designated disease surveillance offi ces, most had IDSR technical guidelines (92%, or 12/13), and all (13/13) had case defi nitions for infectious and zoonotic diseases surveillance. Surveillance guidelines were available at 57% (35/61) of the health facilities, while case defi nitions were available at 66% (40/61) of the health facilities. The priority diseases list, surveillance guidelines, case defi nitions and reporting tools were based on the IDSR strategy and hence lacked information on the IHR(2005). The rapid response teams at national and district levels lacked food safety, chemical and radio-nuclear experts. Similarly, there were no guidelines on the outbreak response to food, chemical and radionuclear hazards. Comprehensive preparedness plans incorporating IHR(2005) were lacking at national and district levels. A national laboratory policy existed and the strategic plan was being drafted. However, there were critical gaps hampering the effi cient functioning of the national laboratory network. Finally, the points of entry for IHR(2005) implementation had not been designated. The assessment highlighted critical gaps to guide the IHR(2005) planning process. The IHR(2005) action plan should therefore be developed to foster national and international public health security.
[A]: S9 Uganda. 2 World Health Organisation Country Offi ce, Plot 60, Prince Charles Drive, P.O. Box 24578, Kampala. 3 World Health Organisation -Regional Offi ce


[Q]: In order to differentiate recent isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Taiwan, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and direct sequencing methods were used to type 25 IBV Taiwan isolates. Two conserved sequences that flank the hypervariable region I (HVR I) in the N-terminus of S1 protein gene were chosen as primers. Sequences of 228-231 base pairs (bp) were amplified by PCR from 25 Taiwan isolates and 4 reference strains (H120, Conn, JMK, Holte). PCR products were digested with 5 restriction endonucleases, BsoFI, DdeI, MboII, AluI, RsaI, and different IBV isolates were grouped according to their RFLP patterns. The RFLP patterns of the 4 reference strains in this study matched the published sequences in GenBank. Except 1 vaccine strain, the other 24 Taiwan isolates were different from these 4 and 18 other IBV strains whose sequences were published. The data from PCR-RFLP and sequencing of IBV genomes showed that the 24 Taiwan isolates can be divided into 2 distinct groups, I and II. Seven RFLP patterns are identified in group I and only 1 in group II. 1678 C.-H. Wang and C.-T. Tsai antibodies that normally form the basis for comparison of IBV isolates are induced largely by the N-terminus of the S1 protein [7, 9, 11-]. In the present study, we used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) coupled with restriction fragment length p o l y m o r p h i s m (RFLP) of the R T -P C R products to classify our isolates. Using these techniques, we present a convenient m e t h o d for identifying the R F L P patterns of IBV isolates in Taiwan which are different from those of k n o w n IBV strains. Materials and methods Twenty-five Taiwan isolates of IBV were used in this study. and V1397. Four sets of primers successfully used by other [1, 12, 13, 18] and one new set of primers were used in this study. The published primers included S1 [12], $2 [13], M-N [-1], and N primers [18] . For the new primers, the S1 sequence of the 22 published IBV were analyzed using the Clustal method to find conserved sequences. The new primers (C2U-C3L) were located in the N-terminus of the S1 gene which contains hypervariabte region I (HRV I, nucleotides, nt 142 320); this region is reponsible for induction of antibodies to the IBV that have been the basis for defining of different IBV serotypes [9, 11] . The sequences and locations of the new primers used for the PCR were C2U: TGGTT GGCAT TTACA CGGGG (114-133) and C3L: CAATG GGTAA CAAAC AC (341-325, as in Beaudette strain). Viral RNA was extracted as described [t2] with some modification. Briefly, guanidine thiocyanate (Sigma), and NaOAC were added to allantoic fluid, and extracted with phenolchloroform-isoamylalcohol. The RNA was further precipitated in isopropanol (Merck) and resuspended in alcohol and stored at -20 °C until it was used in RT-PCR. Genetic typing of infectious bronchitis virus in Taiwan 1679 All glassware and double distilled water (DDW) were treated with 0.1% diethyl-pyrocarbonate (Sigma) for removing RNase contamination. The RT-PCR was accomplished in one step. The mixture included 10 ~tl of pfu polymerase 10 x buffer (Stratagene, USA), 8 gl of 2.5 mM dNTP (Stragene), 0.4 gl of 40 U/gl RNasin (Promega), 0.3 gl RTase (AMV, Promega), 1 ~tl primers (20 ~tM), 0.8 gl of 2.5 U/gl pfu polymerase (Stragene), 60 gl DDW and 20 gl viral RNA. The RT-PCR was conducted in a FTS-960 thermal cycler (Corbett Research, Australia) where the RT was performed at 42 °C for 1 h. PCR was then performed during 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 sec, annealing at 45 °C for 1 rain, and polymerization at 72 °C for 1 rain. The final polymerization step was conducted at 72 °C for 7 rain. The PCR products were analyzed on a 2% gel containing ethidium bromide (0.5 gg/ml), and the amplified DNA was detected using an ultaviolet transilluminator.
[A]:
Genetic grouping for the isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Taiwan