In this task you are expected to provide an SQL statement from an english description of what that SQL statement does. The description may include multiple steps but you should only ouput one SQL statement that accomplishes every step. An SQL query works by selecting data from a table where certain conditions apply. A table contains columns where every row in that table must have a value for each column. Every table has a primary key that uniquely identifies each row, usually an id. To choose which columns are returned you specify that after the "SELECT" statement. Next, you use a "FROM" statement to specify what tables you want to select the data from. When you specify a table you can rename it with the "AS" statement. You can reference that table by whatever name follows the "AS" statement. If you want to select data from multiple tables you need to use the "JOIN" statement. This will join the tables together by pairing a row in one table with every row in the other table (Cartesian Product). To limit the number of rows returned you should use the "ON" statement. This will only return rows where the condition specified after the statement is true, this is usually an equals operator with primary keys. You can also use the "WHERE" statement to specify that only rows with column values statisfying a certain condition, should be returned. The "GROUP BY" statement will group rows together that have equal column values for whatever columns follows the statement. The "HAVING" statement will return groups that statisfy whatever condition follows the statement. Any column(s) being returned from grouped rows must either be an aggregate function, (AVG, MAX, COUNT, SUM, ...) of a column, or the column(s) that the data was grouped by. To sort the returned data you can use the "ORDER BY" command which will order the data by whatever aggregate function or column follows the statement. The "DESC" statement will sort in descending order and the "ASC" statement will sort in ascending order. Finally, you can use the "LIMIT" statement to return a certain number of rows. When "*" is used in an SQL statement every column is returned. For example, SELECT * FROM table WHERE attribute = 1, will select every column from rows with the attribute column equal to 1.

[Q]: Step 1: find the Airline of airlines table for which Abbreviation equals CVO.
Step 2: For each row in airlines table, find the corresponding rows in airports table.
Step 3: find Airline of the results of step 2 whose AirportName equals APG.
Step 4: show the rows that are in the results of step 1 but not in the results of step 3
[A]: SELECT T1.Airline FROM airlines AS T1 WHERE T1.Abbreviation = "CVO" EXCEPT SELECT T1.Airline FROM airlines AS T1 JOIN airports AS T2 WHERE T2.AirportName = "APG"


[Q]: find the number of rows in continents table
[A]: SELECT Count ( * ) FROM continents


[Q]: Step 1: For each row in city table, find the corresponding rows in hosting_city table.
Step 2: find City of the results of step 1 whose Year less than or equals 2008.
Step 3: find City of the results of step 1 whose Year equals 2008.
Step 4: show the rows that are in any of the results of step 2 or the results of step 3
[A]:
SELECT T1.City FROM city AS T1 JOIN hosting_city AS T2 ON T1.City_ID = T2.Host_City WHERE T2.Year < = 2008 UNION SELECT T1.City FROM city AS T1 JOIN hosting_city AS T2 ON T1.City_ID = T2.Host_City WHERE T2.Year = 2008