Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

A transgenic mouse model has revealed parameters of the angiogenic switch during multistep tumorigenesis of pancreatic islets, and demonstrated efficacy of antiangiogenic therapies. Pericytes have been revealed as functionally important for tumor neovasculature, using kinase inhibitors targeting their platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs). Additionally, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors and metronomic chemotherapy show modest benefit against early- but not late-stage disease.', 'Seeking to improve efficacy against otherwise intractable end-stage pancreatic islet tumors, two receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, imatinib and SU11248, were used to disrupt PDGFR-mediated pericyte support of tumor endothelial cells in concert with maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) or metronomic chemotherapy and/or VEGFR inhibition.', 'Imatinib, despite equivocal efficacy as monotherapy, reduced pericyte coverage of tumor vessels and enhanced efficacy in combination with metronomic chemotherapy or VEGFR inhibition. A regimen involving all three was even better. MTD using cyclophosphamide caused transitory regression, but then rapid regrowth, in contrast to metronomic cyclophosphamide plus imatinib, which produced stable disease. The MTD regimen elicited apoptosis of tumor cells but not endothelial cells, whereas the other regimens increased endothelial cell apoptosis concordant with efficacy. A "chemo-switch" protocol, involving sequential MTD and then metronomic chemotherapy, overlaid with multitargeted inhibition of PDGFR and VEGFR, gave complete responses and unprecedented survival advantage in this model.
Is a multitargeted , metronomic , and maximum-tolerated dose `` chemo-switch '' regimen antiangiogenic , producing objective responses and survival benefit in a mouse model of cancer?

Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected, nonrandomized radiographical data.', 'To examine the relationship between the presence of preoperative metabolically active facet arthropathy (FA) and the amount of indirect foraminal decompression gained after extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF).', 'Although evidence of significant radiographical indirect decompression after XLIF has been shown, the relationship between the extent of indirect decompression and the presence of potentially attenuating, FA is yet to be studied.', 'A prospective database of consecutive patients undergoing XLIF was retrospectively analyzed. Posterior disc height, foraminal height, and cross-sectional foraminal area were measured on computed tomographic scans obtained preoperatively and 2 days postoperatively. The selected radiographical parameters were examined with respect to the presence of FA based on preoperative computed tomographic and bone scans.', 'Fifty-two consecutive patients underwent 79 levels of XLIF without direct decompression. Average age was 66.4 years and 34 (65.4%) were females. Surgery resulted in significant increases in posterior disc height 3.0 to 5.7 mm (89.0% increase), P<0.0001; foraminal height 1.4 to 1.7 cm (38.0% increase), P<0.0001; and foraminal area 1.1 to 1.4 cm (45.1% increase), P<0.0001. These increases were independent of the presence of metabolically active arthropathy.
Is indirect foraminal decompression independent of metabolically active facet arthropathy in extreme lateral interbody fusion?

Application of antibodies against cardiac troponin I (cTnI-Ab) can induce dilation and dysfunction of the heart in mice. Recently, we demonstrated that immunization with cTnI induces inflammation and fibrosis in myocardium of mice. Others have shown that auto-antibodies to cTnI are present in patients with acute coronary syndrome, but little is known about the clinical relevance of detected cTnI-Ab.', 'First, anti-cTnI and anti-cTnT antibody titres were measured in sera from 272 patients with dilated- (DCM) and 185 with ischaemic- (ICM) cardiomyopathy. Secondly, 108 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were included for a follow-up study. Heart characteristics were determined by magnetic resonance imaging 4 days and 6-9 months after AMI. Altogether in 7.0% of patients with DCM and in 9.2% with ICM, an anti-cTnI IgG antibody titre >/=1:160 was measured. In contrast, only in 1.7% of patients with DCM and in 0.5% with ICM, an anti-cTnT IgG antibody titre >/=1:160 was detected. Ten out of 108 patients included in the follow-up study were tested positive for cTnI-Ab with IgG Ab titres >/=1:160. TnI-Ab negative patients showed a significant increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and stroke volume 6-9 months after AMI. In contrast, there was no significant increase in LVEF and stroke volume in TnI-Ab positive patients.

Does absence of auto-antibodies against cardiac troponin I predict improvement of left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction?