Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.
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Question: Hippocampal neurodegeneration is one of the hallmarks in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases such as temporal lobe epilepsy and Alzheimer disease. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells are a mixed population of cells, including neurons, and their conditioned medium is enriched with erythropoietin (EPO). Because EPO is a known neuroprotectant, we hypothesized that infusion of HEK cells or HEK-conditioned medium (HEK-CM) may provide neuroprotection against kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal damage in mice.', 'Adult CF1 mice were treated with KA to induce hippocampal damage. On 3rd and 5th days after KA treatment, HEK cells or HEK-CM was infused intravenously through the tail vein. On the 7th and 8th days after KA treatment, all groups of mice were subjected to cognitive and depression assessment by use of a novel object recognition test and a forced swim test, respectively. Subsequent to this assessment, mice were killed and the brain samples were used to assess the histopathology and messenger RNA expression for EPO and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2).', 'We found that infusion of HEK cells/HEK-CM improves cognitive function and alleviates symptoms of depression. Histological assessment demonstrates complete neuroprotection against KA-mediated excitotoxicity, and the hippocampal cytoarchitecture of HEK cells/HEK-CM treated mice was comparable to normal control mice. HEK cells/HEK-CM treatment could provide neuroprotection by upregulating the endogenous EPO and Bcl-2 in KA-treated mice.

Answer: 1


Question: Reduced levels of free and total insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) have been observed in type-1 diabetes (T1D) patients. The bioavailability of IGF-I from the circulation to the target cells is controlled by multifunctional IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). The aim of this study was to profile serum IGFBPs in T1D and its complications.', 'We measured the IGFBP levels in 3662 patient serum samples from our ongoing Phenome and Genome of Diabetes Autoimmunity (PAGODA) study. IGFBP levels of four different groups of T1D patients (with 0, 1, 2, and ≥3 complications) were compared with healthy controls.', 'Three serum IGFBPs (IGFBP-1, -2, and -6) are significantly higher in T1D patients, and these alterations are greater in the presence of diabetic complications. IGFBP-3 is lower in patients with diabetic complications. Analyses using quintiles revealed that risk of T1D complications increases with increasing concentrations of IGFBP-2 (fifth quintile ORs: 18-60, p\u2009<\u200910(-26)), IGFBP-1 (fifth quintile ORs: 8-20, p\u2009<\u200910(-15)), and IGFBP-6 (fifth quintile ORs: 3-148, p\u2009<\u200910(-3)). IGFBP-3 has a negative association with T1D complications (fifth quintile ORs: 0.12-0.25, p\u2009<\u200910(-5)).

Answer: 1


Question: A defect in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells may cause dysfunction of the neural retina, so rapid recovery of differentiated RPE cells is required after RPE injury. We investigated the effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on wound healing in RPE cells.', 'Confluent monolayers of bovine RPE cells were denuded, and the cells were allowed to recover in the presence or absence of HGF. The effect of HGF on RPE cell proliferation was evaluated by a 3-(4;5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetraz olium assay. In a migration assay, mitomycin C was used to inhibit proliferation, and the number of migrated cells was counted. The signaling pathways involved were examined using inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase and protein kinase C pathways.', 'At 80 ng/mL, HGF stimulated the wound closure of RPE monolayers and rendered the restituted cells more epithelioid in shape. HGF at 10 ng/mL stimulated RPE cell migration the most, whereas 80 ng/mL of HGF inhibited migration, but stimulated proliferation the most. In particular, PI3 kinase and MAPK inhibitor inhibited PRE cell migration and proliferation, respectively.

Answer:
1