TASK DEFINITION: In this task you will be given a text passage from a trivia quiz. You should choose the category this question belongs to from these categories: History, Science, Social Science, Fine Arts, Literature. You can only choose one category, so if in doubt, please choose the closest match.
PROBLEM: First proposed by Lewis, it is related logarithmically to a gas's standard Gibbs free energy divided by the temperature and gas constant. At equilibrium, this quantity must be equal in both gas and liquid phases. Taking the derivative of the natural log of this function is equates it to the derivative of a reaction's chemical potential. Equal to the gas' pressure when the gas is ideal, FTP, identify this thermodynamic quantity which replaces partial pressure when working with real gases and describes the tendency of a substance to escape from its current phase, symbolized by f.

SOLUTION: Science

PROBLEM: His friends realize they are "tied to" this character after one of them takes a bite out of a turnip when he wants a carrot. The arrival of a character whose name means nothing to them allows a character to recall a family called Gozzo, whose mother had the clap, but after that character leaves with his servant, one of this white-bearded character's workers, the Boy, arrives to tell the two protagonists that he will not arrive this evening, but surely tomorrow. After the reappearance of Lucky and Pozzo in Act Two, the protagonists agree to hang themselves the next day if this character does not arrive. FTP, identify this man of a Samuel Beckett play for whom Vladimir and Estragon are waiting.

SOLUTION: Literature

PROBLEM: He's not Eudoxus, but he names a property stating that there exists a natural number greater than a given real number. This author of The Sand Reckoner created an odometer for use in the First Punic War. He used a form of infinite series to calculate the area enclosed by a parabola and line. He created a namesake screw to move water and stated that the weight of a fluid displaced by an object equals the buoyant force on that object. For 10 points, name this Greek thinker who apocryphally defended Syracuse with a death ray.

SOLUTION:
Social Science