Given a passage classify if the passage has a definite objective/aim/goal or not. Output '1' if the passage has a defininte objective/aim/goal and output '0' if the passage does not have a definite objective/aim/goal.

Ex Input:
We have previously demonstrated that sophorolipids, a class of easily chemoenzymatically modifiable glycolipids, possess anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Since glycolipids have been shown to have anticancer activity, we investigated the effects of sophorolipids and their derivatives against pancreatic cancer.', 'Human pancreatic carcinoma cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sophorolipid natural mixture or select derivatives (ethyl ester, methyl ester, ethyl ester monoacetate, ethyl ester diacetate, acidic sophorolipid [AS], lactonic sophorolipid diacetate [LSD]) for 24 h and assessed for cell necrosis (cytotoxicity-lactate dehydrogenase release). Controls consisted of cells treated with media or vehicle alone and sophorolipid treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.', 'Sophorolipids demonstrated anticancer activity against human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Natural mixture mediated consistent cytotoxicity at all doses tested (20 +/- 4%). However, methyl ester derivative mediated much greater levels of cytotoxicity (63 +/- 5%) compared with other derivatives (ethyl ester diacetate, 36 +/- 6%, ethyl ester monoacetate, 18 +/- 7%; P < 0.05). In contrast, LSD- and AS-mediated toxicity was inversely proportional with dose (LSD, 40.3% at 0.5 mg/mL, 3.4% at 2.0 mg/mL; AS, 49% at 0.5 mg/mL, 0% at 2.0 mg/mL). Sophorolipid treatment did not affect peripheral blood mononuclear cells at all doses tested.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Information about malaria risk factors at high altitudes is scanty. Understanding the risk factors that determine the risk of malaria transmission at high altitude villages is important to facilitate implementing sustainable malaria control and prevention programs.', 'An unmatched case control study was conducted among patients seeking treatment at health centers in high altitude areas. Either microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests were used to confirm the presence of plasmodium species. A generalized linear model was used to identify the predictors of malaria transmission in high altitude villages.', 'Males (AOR\u200a=\u200a3.11, 95%CI: 2.28, 4.23), and those who traveled away from the home in the previous month (AOR\u200a=\u200a2.01, 95% CI: 1.56, 2.58) were strongly associated with presence of malaria in high altitude villages. Other significant factors, including agriculture in occupation (AOR\u200a=\u200a1.41, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.93), plants used for fencing (AOR\u200a=\u200a1.70, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.52) and forests near the house (AOR\u200a=\u200a1.60, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.47), were found predictors for malaria in high altitude villages.

Ex Output:
0


Ex Input:
Erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) share a great number of common risk factors. There is growing evidence that aldosterone, an independent CVD risk factor, is associated with ED.', 'The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between plasma aldosterone and erectile dysfunction.', 'This study recruited 287 participants, ranging from 18 to 84\xa0years old; 217 were suffering from ED, diagnosed by the International Index of Erectile Function 5 (IIEF-5) scores. Based on IIEF-5 scores, patients were divided into one control group and three ED groups (mild ED; moderate ED; severe ED).', 'The differences in principal characteristics, blood routine, sexual hormone, adrenal hormone, thyroid hormone, renal function, liver function and blood lipid were compared between ED and control groups.', 'Our study demonstrated that the difference of mean plasma aldosterone levels between ED group and the control group was statistically significant (P\xa0<\xa00.05). Stepwise logistic regression analysis of all the possible factors support the role of aldosterone as an independent risk factor for ED (OR 1.011; 95\xa0% CI 1.003-1.018; P\xa0=\xa00.004). Similar statistical methods were applied to the comparison between moderate to severe ED group and control to mild ED group (OR 1.017; 95\xa0% CI 1.009-1.024; P\xa0<\xa00.001). ROC curve and the area under the curve (0.718; 95\xa0% CI 0.643-0.794; P\xa0<\xa00.001) were performed to assess the diagnostic effect and to compare the severity of risk with the known independent risk factors, such as age and cholesterol (0.704; 95\xa0% CI 0.631-0.778; P\xa0<\xa00.001). When using a 374\xa0pg/mL cut-off value from Youden index, the OR of ED group versus controls is 3.106 (95\xa0% CI 1.458-6.617), while the OR of moderate to severe ED versus control and mild ED is 5.480 (95\xa0% CI 3.108-9.662).

Ex Output:

1