Given a passage, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.

Q: To fully understand the cytotoxicity of after-degradation QDs, we synthesized CdS QDs and investigated its toxicity mechanism.', 'Biomimetic method was proposed to synthesize cadmium sulfide (CdS) QDs. Thereafter MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was conducted to evaluate their cytotoxicity. To investigate the toxicity mechanism, we subsequently conducted intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement with DCFH-DA, glutathione (GSH) measurement with DTNB, and cellular cadmium assay using atomic absorption spectrometer. Microsized CdS were simultaneously tested as a comparison.', "MTT assay results indicated that CdS QDs are more toxic than microsized CdS especially at concentrations below 40 microg/ml. While microsized CdS did not trigger ROS elevation, CdS QDs increase ROS by 20-30% over control levels. However, they both deplete cellular GSH significantly at the medium concentration of 20 microg/ml. In the presence of NAC, cells are partially protected from CdS QDs, but not from microsized particles. Additionally, nearly 20% of cadmium was released from CdS nanoparticles within 24h, which also accounts for QDs' toxicity.

A: Do intracellular oxidative stress and cadmium ions release induce cytotoxicity of unmodified cadmium sulfide quantum dots?
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Q: Deep wound infections pose an increasing problem in cardiac surgery patients. Prospective infection monitoring is thus a means of identifying possible risk factors.', 'Within a period of 5 months, a total of 376 adult patients, 260 men and 116 women, with a mean age of 62.6 years (range 18-88), underwent coronary bypass grafting (n=281) or other cardiac surgery procedures (n=95). Nasal cultures were taken preoperatively from every patient, as well as cultures of the wound during surgery and when dressings were changed thereafter. In addition, nasal cultures were taken from all the medical and nursing staff. To differentiate endogenous and exogenous infection pathways, DNA fingerprint analysis was performed.', "A total of 38 patients (10.1%) developed a wound infection, in 14 patients this happened to be a deep wound infection, in 24 patients a superficial one. Five sternal wound infections were associated with mediastinitis (1.3%). The occurrence of a wound infection overall resulted in prolonged hospitalization (29.4+/-24 vs. 11.9+/-6.9 days, P=0.001), but not in increased hospital mortality (4.4% vs. 3.9%). Obesity, diabetes mellitus and nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus proved to be independent risk factors with an odds ratio of 2.07, 2.26 and 2.28, respectively. In all but one of the sternal colonizations with S. aureus, DNA fingerprint analysis demonstrated an identical pattern of S. aureus from the patient's nose and sternum, indicating an endogenous infection pathway.

A: Is the endogenous pathway a major route for deep sternal wound infection?
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Q: Oral cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer death for males and the top cancer in young adult males in Taiwan. Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a common oral cancer and generally associated with poor prognosis. Global DNA hypomethylation at the 5 position of cytosine (5mC) is a well-known epigenetic feature of cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of the global 5mC content with the tumorigenesis and prognosis of patients with TSCC.', 'The levels of global 5mC were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray slides of 248 surgically resected TSCC and 202 corresponding tumor adjacent normal (TAN) tissues.', 'We found that the level of 5mC in TSCC (P < 0.001) was significantly decreased as compared to TAN. Among TSCC tissues, decreased levels of 5mC were associated with female gender (P = 0.036). In addition, the global hypomethylation was associated with the poor disease-specific survival in TSCC patients (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.55, P = 0.043), especially for patients in older age group (> 50 years, P = 0.013), with moderate or poor cell differentiation (P = 0.044), early stage of disease (I-II, P = 0.046), small tumor size (T1-T2, P = 0.005), without lymph node involvement (P = 0.041), and ever received postoperative radiotherapy (P = 0.009).

A:
Is global DNA hypomethylation associated with the development and poor prognosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma?
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