In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and a question separated with a 
. You have to answer the question based on the context.

[EX Q]: The results indicate that most performance gains come from words embeddings, style, and morality features. Other features (emotion and sentiment) show lower importance: nevertheless, they still improve the overall system performance (on average 0.35% Macro-F$_1$ improvement) 
 Question: Based on this paper, what is the more predictive set of features to detect fake news?
[EX A]: words embeddings, style, and morality features

[EX Q]: Contextualized word embeddings, sentence embeddings, such as deep contextualized word representations BIBREF20 , BERT BIBREF22 , encode the complex characteristics and meanings of words in various context by jointly training a bidirectional language model.  The second method is to use sentence embeddings, BERT. It is used to a generate single 786-dimensional sentence embedding from 10k-dimensional one-hot vector or distribution over previous words and then merge into a single context vector with two different merging methods. Using this approach, we can obtain a more dense, informative, fixed-length vectors to encode conversational-context information, $e^k_{context}$ to be used in next $k$ -th utterance prediction. We use contextual gating mechanism in our decoder network to combine the conversational-context embeddings with speech and word embeddings effectively. Our gating is contextual in the sense that multiple embeddings compute a gate value that is dependent on the context of multiple utterances that occur in a conversation.  Let $e_w = e_w(y_{u-1})$ be our previous word embedding for a word $y_{u-1}$ , and let $e_s = e_s(x^k_{1:T})$ be a speech embedding for the acoustic features of current $k$ -th utterance $x^k_{1:T}$ and $e_c = e_c(s_{k-1-n:k-1})$ be our conversational-context embedding for $n$ -number of preceding utterances ${s_{k-1-n:k-1}}$ . Then using a gating mechanism:

$$g = \sigma (e_c, e_w, e_s)$$ (Eq. 15)

where $\sigma $ is a 1 hidden layer DNN with $\texttt {sigmoid}$ activation, the gated embedding $e$ is calcuated as

$$e = g \odot (e_c, e_w, e_s) \\ h = \text{LSTM}(e)$$ (Eq. 16)

and fed into the LSTM decoder hidden layer.  The output of the decoder $h$ is then combined with conversational-context embedding $e_c$ again with a gating mechanism,

$$g = \sigma (e_C, h) \\ \hat{h} = g \odot (e_c, h)$$ (Eq. 17)

Then the next hidden layer takes these gated activations, $\hat{h}$ , and so on. 
 Question: How are sentence embeddings incorporated into the speech recognition system?
[EX A]: BERT generates sentence embeddings that represent words in context. These sentence embeddings are merged into a single conversational-context vector that is used to calculate a gated embedding and is later combined with the output of the decoder h to provide the gated activations for the next hidden layer.

[EX Q]: In this work, we make use of the widely-recognized state of the art entailment technique – BERT BIBREF18, and train it on three mainstream entailment datasets: MNLI BIBREF19, GLUE RTE BIBREF20, BIBREF21 and FEVER BIBREF22, respectively. We convert all datasets into binary case: “entailment” vs. “non-entailment”, by changing the label “neutral” (if exist in some datasets) into “non-entailment”.

For our label-fully-unseen setup, we directly apply this pretrained entailment model on the test sets of all $\textsc {0shot-tc}$ aspects. For label-partially-unseen setup in which we intentionally provide annotated data, we first pretrain BERT on the MNLI/FEVER/RTE, then fine-tune on the provided training data. 
 Question: Do they use pretrained models?
[EX A]:
Yes