Anne Soulard Charles Franks Robert Fite and the Online DistributedProofreading TeamEARLY EUROPEAN HISTORYBYHUTTON WEBSTER PHDThere is no part of history so generally useful as that which relates tothe progress of the human mind the gradual improvement of reason thesuccessive advances of science the vicissitudes of learning andignorance which are the light and darkness of thinking beings theextinction and resuscitation of arts and the revolutions of theintellectual world  SAMUEL JOHNSON _Rasselas_PREFACEThis book aims to furnish a concise and connected account of humanprogress during ancient medieval and early modern times It should meetthe requirements of those high schools and preparatory schools whereancient history as a separate discipline is being supplanted by a moreextended course introductory to the study of recent times and contemporaryproblems Such a course was first outlined by the Regents of theUniversity of the State of New York in their _Syllabus for SecondarySchools_ issued in 1910Since the appearance of the Regents _Syllabus_ the Committee of Five ofthe American Historical Association has made its _Report_ 1911suggesting a rearrangement of the curriculum which would permit a yearswork in English and Continental history Still more recently the Committeeon Social Studies of the Commission on the Reorganization of SecondaryEducation in its _Report_ 1916 to the National Education Associationhas definitely recommended the division of European history into twoparts of which the first should include ancient and Orientalcivilization English and Continental history to approximately the end ofthe seventeenth century and the period of American explorationThe first twelve chapters of the present work are based upon the authors_Ancient History_ published four years ago In spite of many omissionsit has been possible to follow without essential modification the plan ofthe earlier volume A number of new maps and illustrations have been addedto these chaptersThe selection of collateral reading always a difficult problem in thesecondary school is doubly difficult when so much ground must be coveredin a single course The author ventures therefore to call attention tohis _Readings in Ancient History_ Its purpose in the words of thepreface is to provide immature pupils with a variety of extendedunified and interesting extracts on matters which a textbook treats withnecessary though none the less deplorable condensation A companionvolume entitled _Readings in Medieval and Modern History_ will bepublished shortly References to both books are inserted in footnotesAt the end of what has been a long and engrossing task it becomes apleasant duty to acknowledge the help which has been received fromteachers in school and college Various chapters either in manuscript orin the proofs have been read by Professor James M Leake of Bryn MawrCollege Professor J C Hildt of Smith College Very Rev Patrick JHealy Professor of Church History in the Catholic University of AmericaProfessor E F Humphrey of Trinity College Dr James Sullivan Directorof the Division of Archives and History State Dept of Education of NewYork Constantine E McGuire Assistant Secretary General InternationalHigh Commission Washington Miss Margaret E McGill of the NewtonMass High School and Miss Mabel Chesley of the Erasmus Hall HighSchool Brooklyn The author would also express appreciation of the laborsof the cartographers artists and printers to whose accuracy and skillevery page of the book bears witnessHUTTON WEBSTERLINCOLN NEBRASKA February 1917Illustration ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL GEMS   1   Steatite from Crete two lions with forefeet on a pedestal above       a sun   2   Sardonyx from Elis a goddess holding up a goat by the horns   3   Rock crystal a bearded Triton   4   Carnelian a youth playing a trigonon   5   Chalcedony from Athens a Bacchante   6   Sard a woman reading a manuscript roll before her a lyre   7   Carnelian Theseus   8   Chalcedony portrait head Hellenistic Age   9   Aquamarine portrait of Julia daughter of the emperor Titus  10   Chalcedony portrait head Hellenistic Age  11   Carnelian bust portrait of the Roman emperor Decius  12   Beryl portrait of Julia Domna wife of the emperor Septimius       Severus  13   Sapphire head of the Madonna  14   Carnelian the judgment of Paris Renaissance work  15   Rock crystal Madonna with Jesus and St Joseph probably Norman       Sicilian workCONTENTSLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSLIST OF MAPSLIST OF PLATESSUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDYCHAPTERI THE AGES BEFORE HISTORY    1 The Study of History    2 Prehistoric Peoples    3 Domestication of Animals and Plants    4 Writing and the Alphabet    5 Primitive Science and Art    6 Historic PeoplesII THE LANDS AND PEOPLES OF THE EAST TO ABOUT 500 BC    7 Physical Asia    8 Babylonia and Egypt    9 The Babylonians and the Egyptians   10 The Phoenicians and the Hebrews   11 The Assyrians   12 The World Empire of PersiaIII ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION   13 Social Classes   14 Economic Conditions   15 Commerce and Trade Routes   16 Law and Morality   17 Religion   18 Literature and Art   19 Science and EducationIV THE LANDS OF THE WEST AND THE RISE OF GREECE TO ABOUT 500 BC   20 Physical Europe   21 Greece and the Aegean   22 The Aegean Age to about 1100 BC   23 The Homeric Age about 1100750 BC   24 Early Greek Religion   25 Religious InstitutionsOracles and Games   26 The Greek CityState   27 The Growth of Sparta to 500 BC   28 The Growth of Athens to 500 BC   29 Colonial Expansion of Greece about 750500 BC   30 Bonds of Union among the GreeksV THE GREAT AGE OF THE GREEK REPUBLICS TO 362 BC   31 The