Germanic substrate hypothesis Other languages Group A

| English | German | Dutch | Icelandic | Latin | Greek | Russian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | German | Dutch | Icelandic | Latin | Greek | Russian |
| sea | See | zee | sjór | mare | άλς (áls) | море (morè) |
| ship | Schiff | schip | skip | navis | νάυς (náus) | плот (судно, корабль) (plot (sudno, korabl`)) |
| strand (beach) | Strand | strand | strönd | litus, acta | αιγιαλός (aigialós) | берег (bèrèg) |
| ebb | Ebbe | eb | efja | decessus, recessus | άμπωτις (ámpōtis) | отлив (otliv) |
| steer | steuern | sturen | stýra | guberno | κυβερνώ (kubernṓ) | управлять (upravljat`) |
| sail | segeln | zeilen | sigla | navigo | πλέω (pléō) | плавать (plavat`) |
| keel | Kiel | kiel | kjölur | carina | τροπίς (tropís) | киль (kil`) |
| north | Norden | noorden | norður | septentriones | βορράς (borrás) | север (sèvèr) |
| south | Süden | zuiden | suður | australis, meridies | νότος (nótos) | юг (jug) |