Question: In what type of realm is the male leader a monarch , and usually the sovereign ruler ?

text: Title
Titles in English-speaking areas -- Aristocratic titles
See also : Royal and noble ranks Prince/Princess – From the Latin princeps , meaning `` first person '' or `` first citizen . '' The title was originally used by Augustus at the establishment of the Roman Empire to avoid the political risk of assuming the title Rex ( `` King '' ) in what was technically still a republic . In modern times , the title is often given to the sons and daughters of ruling monarchs . Also a title of certain ruling monarchs under the Holy Roman Empire and its subsidiary territories until 1918 ( still survives in Liechtenstein , and also in Monaco although that is elsewhere ) , and in Imperial Russia before 1917 . The German title is Fürst ( `` first '' ) , a translation of the Latin term ; [ A ] the equivalent Russian term is князь ( knyaz ) . Archduke/Archduchess – A title derived from the Greek Archon ( `` ruler ; higher '' ) and the Latin Dux ( `` leader '' ) . It was used most notably by the Habsburg Dynasty that ruled Austria and Hungary until 1918 . Grand Duke/Grand Duchess - `` Big ; large '' + Latin Dux ( leader ) . A variant of `` Archduke , '' used particularly in English translations Romanov Dynasty Russian titles . Also used in various Germanic territories until World War I . Still survives in Luxembourg . Duke/Duchess - From the Latin Dux , a military title used in the Roman Empire , especially in its early Byzantine period when it designated the military commander for a specific zone . Marquis or Marquess ( the feminine equivalent is Marquise or Marchioness ) from the French marchis , literally `` ruler of a border area , '' ( from Old French marche meaning `` border '' ) ; exact English translation is `` March Lord , '' or `` Lord of the March . '' Count/Countess - From the Latin comes meaning `` companion . '' The word was used by the Roman Empire in its Byzantine period as an honorific with a meaning roughly equivalent to modern English `` peer . '' It became the title of those who commanded field armies in the Empire , as opposed to `` Dux '' which commanded locally based forces . Earl ( used in the United Kingdom instead of Count , but the feminine equivalent is Countess ) From the Germanic jarl , meaning `` chieftain , '' the title was brought to the British Isles by the Anglo-Saxons and survives in use only there , having been superseded in Scandinavia and on the European continent . Viscount/Viscountess - From the Latin vicarius ( Deputy ; substitute . Hence `` vicar '' and prefix `` vice- '' ) appended to Latin comes . Literally : `` Deputy Count '' . Baron/Baroness - From the Late Latin Baro , meaning `` man , servant , soldier '' the title originally designated the chief feudal tenant of a place , who was in vassalage to a greater lord . In the United Kingdom , `` Lord '' and `` Lady '' are used as titles for members of the nobility . Unlike titles such as `` Mr '' and `` Mrs '' , they are not used before first names except in certain circumstances , for example as courtesy titles for younger sons , etc. , of peers . In Scotland `` Lord of Parliament '' and `` Lady of Parliament '' are the equivalents of Baron and Baroness in England . Lord from Old English hlāford , hlāfweard , meaning , literally , “ bread-keeper , '' from hlāf ( “ bread ” ) + weard ( “ guardian , keeper ” ) and by extension husband , father , or chief . ( From which comes modified titles such as First Sea Lord and Lord of the Manor . ) The feminine equivalent is Lady from the related Old English hlǣfdīġe meaning , literally , “ bread-kneader ” , from hlāf ( “ bread ” ) + dīġe ( “ maid ” ) , and by extension wife , daughter , or mistress of the house . ( From which comes First Lady , the anachronistic Second Lady , etc . ) Emperor/Empress – From the Latin Imperator , meaning he/she who holds the authority to command ( imperium ) . King/Queen – Derived from Old Norse/Germanic words . The original meaning of the root of `` king '' apparently meant `` leader of the family '' or `` descendant of the leader of the family , '' and the original meaning of `` queen , '' `` wife . '' By the time the words came into English they already meant `` ruler . '' Tsar/Tsarina ( Tsaritsa ) – Slavonic loan-word from Latin . Caesar : the name of Julius Caesar taken by his heir Augustus and thereafter by Augustus ' successors as Roman Emperor through the fall of Constantinople in 1453 . Germanic loan-word for Caesar is Kaiser . Leader – From Old English lædan , meaning `` to guide '' , derived from Old Norse and Germanic . The head of state of North Korea is titled Great Leader . The de facto head of state of Iran is titled Supreme Leader . Chief - A variation of the English `` Prince '' , used as the short form of the word `` Chieftain '' ( except for in Scotland , where `` Chieftain '' is a title held by a titleholder subordinate to a chief ) . Generally used to refer to a recognised leader within a chieftaincy system . From this come the variations paramount chief , clan chief and village chief . The feminine equivalent is Chieftess .
A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify either veneration, an official position, or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the first and last name (for example, Graf in German, Cardinal in Catholic usage (Richard Cardinal Cushing) or clerical titles such as Archbishop). Some titles are hereditary.
Male version Female version Realm Adjective Latin Examples
Emperor Empress Empire Imperial Imperial and Royal ( Austria ) Imperator ( Imperatrix ) Roman Empire , Byzantine Empire , Ottoman Empire , Holy Roman Empire , Russia , First and Second French Empire , Austria , Mexican Empire , Empire of Brazil , German Empire ( none left in Europe after 1918 ) , Empress of India ( ceased to be used after 1947 when India was granted independence from the British Empire ) , Japan ( the only remaining enthroned emperor in the world )
King Queen Kingdom Royal Rex ( Regina ) Common in larger sovereign states
Viceroy Vicereine Viceroyalty Viceroyal Proconsul Historical : Spanish Empire ( Peru , New Spain , Rio de la Plata , New Granada ) , Portuguese Empire , ( India , Brazil ) , British Empire
Grand Duke Grand Duchess Grand duchy Grand Ducal Magnus Dux Today : Luxembourg ; historical : Lithuania , Baden , Finland , Tuscany et al
Archduke Archduchess Archduchy Archducal Arci Dux Historical : Unique only in Austria , Archduchy of Austria ; title used for member of the Habsburg dynasty
Prince Princess Principality , Princely state Princely Princeps Today : Monaco , Liechtenstein , Asturies , Wales ; Andorra ( Co-Princes ) . Historical : Albania , Serbia
Duke Duchess Duchy Ducal Dux Duke of Buccleuch , Duke of York , Duke of Devonshire et al
Count Countess County Comital Comes Most common in the Holy Roman Empire , translated in German as Graf ; historical : Portugal , Barcelona , Brandenburg , Baden , numerous others
Baron Baroness Barony Baronial Baro There are normal baronies and sovereign baronies , a sovereign barony can be compared with a principality , however , this is an historical exception ; sovereign barons no longer have a sovereign barony , but only the title and style
Chief Chieftess Chieftaincy , Chiefdom Chiefly Tribunus The clan chiefs of Scotland , the grand chiefs in the Papua New Guinean honours system , the chief of the Cherokee nation , the chiefs of the Nigerian traditional rulers , numerous others
Pope There is no formal feminine of Pope ( Popess ) Papacy Papal Papa Monarch of the Papal States and later Sovereign of the State of Vatican City