Question: Which solid-state type of laser is used to treat urolithiasis ?

text: List of laser types
Solid-state lasers
Main article : Solid-state laser
This is a list of laser types, their operational wavelengths, and their applications. Thousands of kinds of laser are known, but most of them are used only for specialized research.
Laser gain medium and type Operation wavelength ( s ) Pump source Applications and notes
Ruby laser 694.3 nm Flashlamp Holography , tattoo removal . The first type of visible light laser invented ; May 1960
Nd : YAG laser 1.064 μm , ( 1.32 μm ) Flashlamp , laser diode Material processing , rangefinding , laser target designation , surgery , tattoo removal , hair removal , research , pumping other lasers ( combined with frequency doubling to produce a green 532 nm beam ) . One of the most common high-power lasers . Usually pulsed ( down to fractions of a nanosecond ) , dental laser
Nd : Cr : YAG laser 1.064 μm , ( 1.32 μm ) solar radiation Experimental production of nanopowders
Er : YAG laser 2.94 μm Flashlamp , laser diode Periodontal scaling , Dental laser , Skin Resurfacing
Neodymium YLF ( Nd : YLF ) solid-state laser 1.047 and 1.053 μm Flashlamp , laser diode Mostly used for pulsed pumping of certain types of pulsed Ti : sapphire lasers , combined with frequency doubling
Neodymium -doped yttrium orthovanadate ( Nd : YVO 4 ) laser 1.064 μm laser diode Mostly used for continuous pumping of mode-locked Ti : sapphire or dye lasers , in combination with frequency doubling . Also used pulsed for marking and micromachining . A frequency doubled nd : YVO 4 laser is also the normal way of making a green laser pointer
Neodymium doped yttrium calcium oxoborate Nd : Y Ca 4 O ( B O 3 ) 3 or simply Nd : YCOB ~1.060 μm ( ~530 nm at second harmonic ) laser diode Nd : YCOB is a so-called self-frequency doubling or SFD laser material which is both capable of lasing and which has nonlinear characteristics suitable for second harmonic generation . Such materials have the potential to simplify the design of high brightness green lasers
Neodymium glass ( Nd : Glass ) laser ~1.062 μm ( silicate glasses ) , ~1.054 μm ( phosphate glasses ) Flashlamp , laser diode Used in extremely high-power ( terawatt scale ) , high-energy ( megajoules ) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion . Nd : Glass lasers are usually frequency tripled to the third harmonic at 351 nm in laser fusion devices
Titanium sapphire ( Ti : sapphire ) laser 650-1100 nm Other laser Spectroscopy , LIDAR , research . This material is often used in highly-tunable mode-locked infrared lasers to produce ultrashort pulses and in amplifier lasers to produce ultrashort and ultra-intense pulses
Thulium YAG ( Tm : YAG ) laser 2.0 μm Laser diode LIDAR
Ytterbium YAG ( Yb : YAG ) laser 1.03 μm Laser diode , flashlamp Laser cooling , materials processing , ultrashort pulse research , multiphoton microscopy , LIDAR
Ytterbium : 2 O 3 ( glass or ceramics ) laser 1.03 μm Laser diode Ultrashort pulse research ,
Ytterbium -doped glass laser ( rod , plate/chip , and fiber ) 1. μm Laser diode Fiber version is capable of producing several-kilowatt continuous power , having ~70-80% optical-to-optical and ~25% electrical-to-optical efficiency . Material processing : cutting , welding , marking ; nonlinear fiber optics : broadband fiber-nonlinearity based sources , pump for fiber Raman lasers ; distributed Raman amplification pump for telecommunications
Holmium YAG ( Ho : YAG ) laser 2.1 μm Laser diode Tissue ablation , kidney stone removal , dentistry
Chromium ZnSe ( Cr : ZnSe ) laser 2.2 - 2.8 μm Other laser ( Tm fiber ) MWIR laser radar , countermeasure against heat-seeking missiles etc
Cerium -doped lithium strontium ( or calcium ) aluminum fluoride ( Ce : LiSAF , Ce : LiCAF ) ~280 to 316 nm Frequency quadrupled Nd : YAG laser pumped , excimer laser pumped , copper vapor laser pumped Remote atmospheric sensing , LIDAR , optics research
Promethium 147 doped phosphate glass ( Pm : Glass ) solid-state laser 933 nm , 1098 nm ? ? Laser material is radioactive . Once demonstrated in use at LLNL in 1987 , room temperature 4 level lasing in Pm doped into a lead- indium -phosphate glass étalon
Chromium -doped chrysoberyl ( alexandrite ) laser Typically tuned in the range of 700 to 820 nm Flashlamp , laser diode , mercury arc ( for CW mode operation ) Dermatological uses , LIDAR , laser machining
Erbium -doped and erbium - ytterbium codoped glass lasers 1.53-1.56 μm Laser diode These are made in rod , plate/chip , and optical fiber form . Erbium doped fibers are commonly used as optical amplifiers for telecommunications
Trivalent uranium -doped calcium fluoride ( U : CaF 2 ) solid-state laser 2.5 μm Flashlamp First 4-level solid state laser ( November 1960 ) developed by Peter Sorokin and Mirek Stevenson at IBM research labs , second laser invented overall ( after Maiman 's ruby laser ) , liquid helium cooled , unused today . [ 1 ]