Unsupervised Summarization Re-ranking
Year: 2023

Abstract:
With the rise of task-specific pre-training objectives, abstractive summarization models like PEGASUS offer appealing zero-shot performance on downstream summarization tasks. However, the performance of such unsupervised models still lags significantly behind their supervised counterparts. Similarly to the supervised setup, we notice a very high variance in quality among summary candidates from these models while only one candidate is kept as the summary output. In this paper, we propose to re-rank summary candidates in an unsupervised manner, aiming to close the performance gap between unsupervised and supervised models. Our approach improves the unsupervised PEGASUS by up to 7.27% and ChatGPT by up to 6.86% relative mean ROUGE across four widely-adopted summarization benchmarks ; and achieves relative gains of 7.51% (up to 23.73% from XSum to WikiHow) averaged over 30 zero-shot transfer setups (finetuning on a dataset, evaluating on another).1

heading: Future Work
text: ’This pristine environment needs protecting for future generations and all life that will call it home. But instead Shell’s actions are exploiting the melting ice to increase a man-made disaster. ’ A Shell spokeswoman, Kelly op de Weegh, blasted the action. ’We can confirm that protestors from Greenpeace have illegally boarded the ’Polar Pioneer,’under contract to Shell, jeopardizing not only the safety of the crew on board, but the protestors themselves,’ she said on Monday. She added: ’Shell has met with organizations and individuals who oppose energy exploration offshore Alaska. We respect their views and value the dialogue. ’We will not, however, condone the illegal tactics employed by Greenpeace. Nor will we allow these stunts to distract from preparations underway to execute a safe and responsible exploration program,’ she said in a statement. Beam #1 Summary ’We’re here to highlight that in less than 100 days Shell is. Scores Mean ROUGE: 6. 55 (rank 11) || SummScore rank: 20
Beam #2 Summary ’We’re here to highlight that in less than 100 days Shell is. ’ Greenpeace activists boarded the Polar Pioneer drill rig in the Pacific Ocean to unfurl a banner with the names of millions of people opposed to oil drilling in the Arctic. Greenpeace activists climbed aboard an oil drilling rig off the coast of Alaska on Monday in a protest against Shell’s plans to drill for oil in Arctic waters, the environmental group said in a statement. The group said the activists would not interfere with the vessel’s navigation, but the company said it had filed a complaint in federal court in Alaska seeking an order to remove the activists. Scores Mean ROUGE: 43. 17 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 2
Beam #3 Summary ’We’re here to highlight that in less than 100 days Shell is. ’ Greenpeace activists boarded the Polar Pioneer drill rig in the Pacific Ocean to unfurl a banner with the names of millions of people opposed to oil drilling in the Arctic. Greenpeace activists climbed aboard an oil drilling rig off the coast of Alaska on Monday in a protest against Shell’s plans to drill for oil in Arctic waters, the environmental group said in a statement. The group said the activists would not interfere with the ship’s navigation, but the company said it had filed a complaint in federal court in Alaska seeking an order to remove the activists. Scores Mean ROUGE: 42. 85 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output)
Beam #4 Summary ’We’re here to highlight that in less than 100 days Shell is. ’ Greenpeace activists boarded the Polar Pioneer drill rig in the Pacific Ocean to unfurl a banner with the names of millions of people opposed to oil drilling in the Arctic. Greenpeace activists climbed aboard an oil drilling rig off the coast of Alaska on Monday in a protest against Shell’s plans to drill for oil in Arctic waters, the environmental group said in a statement. The group said the activists would not interfere with the vessel’s navigation, but the company said it had filed a complaint in federal court in Alaska seeking an order to remove the activists from Scores Mean ROUGE: 43. 59 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 12. Beam #10 Summary ’We’re here to highlight that in less than 100 days Shell is. ’ Greenpeace activists boarded the Polar Pioneer drill rig in the Pacific Ocean to unfurl a banner with the names of millions of people opposed to oil drilling in the Arctic. Greenpeace activists climbed aboard an oil drilling rig off the coast of Alaska on Monday in a protest against Shell’s plans to drill for oil in Arctic waters, the environmental group said in a statement. The group said the activists would not interfere with the vessel’s navigation, but the company said it had filed a complaint in federal court in Alaska seeking an order to remove them from the Scores Mean ROUGE: 43. 91 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 6. Reference
Shell has filed a complaint in federal court in Alaska seeking an order to remove Greenpeace activists who climbed aboard an oil rig in the Pacific. The environmental group said in a statement its team would occupy the underside of the main deck of the Polar Pioneer. The six activists are camping on the 38,000-tonne Polar Pioneer platform, which they boarded using inflatable boats from the Greenpeace vessel ’Esperanza’ ’We made it! We’re on Shell’s platform. And we’re not alone. Everyone can help turn this into a platform for people power!’ tweeted Aliyah Field. Table 21: SummScore re-ranking applied to the unsupervised PEGASUS with beam search on CNN/DM. CNN/DM: re-ranking from ChatGPT
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Although Hillary Clinton boasts a robust 3. 6 million Twitter followers, not even a vast right-wing conspiracy would be able to interact with 2 million of them. According to two popular online measuring tools, no more than 44 per cent of her Twitter fan base consists of real people who are active in using the social media platform. And at least 15 per cent – more than 544,000 – are completely fake. StatusPeople. com, the oldest publicly available Twitter-auditing tool, reports that 44 per cent of the former secretary of state’s followers are ’good’; 15 per cent are ’fake’; and 41 per cent are ’inactive,’ meaning that they never tweet or reply to any tweets. SCROLL DOWN FOR VIDEO. FAKERS: According to one popular online audit tool, only 44 per cent of Hillary Clinton’s Twitter followers are real people who participate on the social media platform. ’I’M RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT’: Clinton has cast herself as a champion of ’everyday Americans’ Another Twitter sleuthing website sampled more than 320,000 of Clinton’s followers and found that a much larger number of them were ’fake’ Just 4 per cent of President Barack Obama’s Twitter followers, by comparison, are considered fake. The White House worked overtime to purge most of them after a September 2013 report found that more than half of his followers didn’t really exist. Michelle Obama’s Twitter audience is 25 per cent fake, according to StatusPeople, along with 21 per cent of Vice President Joe Biden’s. Another tool, TwitterAudit. com, sampled 320,000 of Mrs. Clinton’s followers and found that 18 per cent were fake. The new measurements will add to the Clinton presidential campaign’s embarrassment following news on Tuesday that a large number of her Facebook fans may represent ’likes’ that were purchased rather than earned. REALLY? Hillary Clinton’s Twitter follower-count appears to be significantly inflated. FACEBOOK FAKERY: Clinton boasts two-thirds of a million Facebook ’likes,’ but more than 46,000 of them list ’Baghdad’ as their hometown. Vocativ reported that at least 7 per cent of them listed Baghdad, Iraq as their hometown, a larger number than any U. S. city. That would represent more than 46,000 people. Additional evidence of digital astroturfing is that while most of her U. S. Facebook fans are older than 55, most of the Baghdad contingent is in the 18-34 age range. While Clinton was America’s top diplomat, her State Department was buying Facebook ’likes,’according to an Associated Press report from last year. ’In 2013, the State Department, which has more than 400,000 likes and was recently most popular in Cairo, said it would stop buying Facebook fans after its inspector general criticized the agency for spending $630,000 to boost the numbers,’ the wire service reported. Clinton left the agency while the inspector general was investigating. ASTROTURF? A woman cast as a kindly, gardening grandma in Clinton’s campaign launch video is actually a former abortion lobbyist who once helmed a campaign for Texas state Senator Wendy Davis. WHERE’S SCOOBY? Clinton’s caravan was spotted in Maumee, Ohio on Monday when she lunched at Chipotle, but no one recognized her. Facebook says it has entire teams of employees tasked with rooting out schemes to artificially boost statistics. ’When we catch fraudulent activity, we work to counter and prevent it – including blocking accounts and removing fake likes,’ the company reports on its website. Clinton is in Monticello, Iowa on Tuesday for the first stop on her nascent presidential ’listening’ tour. She was driven from New York in a van that her campaign aides have dubbed ’Scooby,’ after the ’Mystery Machine’ van in the Scooby-Doo cartoon series. Daily Mail Online visited Kirkwood Community College on Monday, the site of the event, and heard from students that the former first lady is a ’control freak’ who may be pursuing legal status for illegal immigrants because the Democratic Party needs a new pool of loyal voters. Candidate #1 Summary Online measuring tools show that only 44% of Hillary Clinton’s Twitter followers are real people who actively use the platform, with 15% completely fake. Comparatively, just 4% of President Obama’s Twitter followers are fake. Clinton’s Facebook audience has also come under scrutiny, with reports of purchased likes and a large number of followers from Baghdad, Iraq. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 88 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 18
Candidate #2 Summary At least 15% of Hillary Clinton’s Twitter followers are fake, according to two online measuring tools, with more than 544,000 completely fake. In comparison, just 4% of Barack Obama’s Twitter followers are fake. Clinton’s recent embarrassment of having a large number of Facebook likes purchased rather than earned further adds to the digital astroturfing speculation. Scores Mean ROUGE: 19. 60 (rank 26) || SummScore rank: 15
Candidate #3 Summary An investigation has revealed that at least 15% of Hillary Clinton’s Twitter followers are completely fake. The same investigation also found that only 44% of her Twitter followers are real people who actively use the platform. This adds to the Clinton presidential campaign’s embarrassment following news on Tuesday that a large number of her Facebook fans may represent ’likes’ that were purchased rather than earned. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 88 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 5
Candidate #4 Summary According to two online measuring tools, only 44% of Hillary Clinton’s 3. 6 million Twitter followers are real people who actively use the platform, with at least 15% being fake. In comparison, only 4% of President Barack Obama’s Twitter followers are considered fake. Clinton’s Facebook page has also been called into question, with evidence of ’likes’ being purchased rather than earned. Scores Mean ROUGE: 27. 09 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 10
Candidate #5 Summary According to online measuring tools, over half of Hillary Clinton’s Twitter followers are either fake or inactive. One tool reported that only 44% of her followers are real people who are active on the platform. Additionally, a large number of Clinton’s Facebook fans may have been purchased rather than earned, with over 46,000 of them listing Baghdad, Iraq as their hometown. Scores Mean ROUGE: 24. 82 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 7. Candidate #17 Summary According to online measuring tools, only 44% of Hillary Clinton’s 3. 6 million Twitter followers consist of real people who are active on the social media platform. At least 15% of her followers, or more than 544,000, are completely fake. This comes after news that a large number of her Facebook fans may represent ’likes’ that were purchased rather than earned. Scores Mean ROUGE: 31. 34 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output). CNN/DM: re-ranking from the PEGASUS trained on WikiHow
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Assault: Dr Sahar Hussain attacked two Tube workers because she didn’t want to miss the last train home. A GP attacked two Tube workers while screaming ’I’m a doctor’ because she did not want to miss the last train home on a Friday night. Dr Sahar Hussain, 53, panicked when she was unable to get through the gates at Leicester Square station, and started ranting at staff. She denied assaulting the two workers, saying she was worried about being stranded on her own in central London because she is a Muslim woman. But Hussain has now been found guilty and ordered to pay a total of £2,250 in fines, compensation and court costs - and she could face disciplinary action from the General Medical Council. In video footage captured on her own mobile phone, Hussain could be heard to shout: ’I’m a doctor actually, I work for the NHS. I’m a doctor. Get me through the gate, I’m going to miss my train. ’ City of London Magistrates’ Court heard Hussain arrived at the station around 11. 30pm on June 20 last year, trying to get home to Woodford Green after socialising with friends in the West End. When she was refused entry by the automatic gates, she demanded that ticket seller Malcolm Shaw let her through before lashing out at his colleague Indira Ramsaroop, who was trying to help. Hussain, originally from Iraq, screamed and shouted at Mrs Ramsaroop as she thrust a camera phone into her face before grabbing her by the arm. The 24-year-old Transport for London worker was then chased by the doctor as she tried to flee to the control room, bumping her head on the way. In the video on Hussain’s phone she was heard shouting: ’This woman is on something, she’s not sober is she? You’re in work and you’re not sober. Get me through the gate. ’ During the scuffle Hussain, a mother of one who helps train GPs at two universities, also grabbed Mr Shaw by the arms, leaving him with scratches. Mrs Ramsaroop was close to tears in court as she told how she had to take almost two weeks off work following the incident, adding: ’I had a lot of sleepless nights. It had an impact on myself with customers when I came back to work. ’I have felt very let down to have been threatened and been running away in my place of work. It actually affected me for a very long time and I got quite ill just at the worrying and fear. ’ Row: The assault took place on a Friday night at Leicester Square station in central London. Hussain admitted losing her temper, telling the court: ’I’m very sorry about the way I expressed myself with my agitation and frustration. ’ District Judge Quentin Purdy found her guilty of two counts of assault by beating, saying: ’The evidence is overwhelming. You completely lost your self-control. ’Unusually for the sort of incident this court regularly deals with, there is no hint of intoxication in any way. ’But the explanation is there. You were anxious about missing the last train, concerned about being late for work or unable to work the next day, cultural embarrassment by being left in London as a married Muslim woman. ’It was completely out of character, but as we have all seen, you acted in an unpleasant and hysterical fashion towards numerous members of staff. ’ He said she had subjected Mrs Ramsaroop to ’completely unjustified violence’, as well as ’humiliation’ for falsely suggesting she was intoxicated at work. The judge added: ’You have lost a great deal by your lack of self-control. Your good name is now lost with these two convictions for assault. ’ Hussain was fined £500 for each assault and ordered her to pay £500 compensation to Mrs Ramsaroop, £200 to Mr Shaw, £500 prosecution costs and a £50 victim surcharge. Beam #1 Summary Try to get through the gate because you didn’t want to miss the last train home. Attack the workers because you didn’t want to miss the last train home. Scores Mean ROUGE: 13. 80 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 17 Beam #2 Summary Tell the court she was worried about being stranded on her own in central London because she is a Muslim woman. Describe to the court how she screamed: ’I’m a doctor, get me through the gate. ’
Scores Mean ROUGE: 40. 97 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 2
Beam #3 Summary Tell the court she was worried about being stranded on her own in central London because she is a Muslim woman. Describe to the court how she screamed: ’Get me through the gate, get me through the gate. ’ Scores Mean ROUGE: 39. 29 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 10 Beam #4 Summary Try to get through the gate because you don’t want to miss the last train home. Attack the workers because you didn’t want to miss the last train home. Scores Mean ROUGE: 13. 80 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 18 Beam #5 Summary Try to get through a gate because you don’t want to miss the last train home. Attack the workers because you don’t want to miss the last train home. Scores Mean ROUGE: 13. 09 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 20 Beam #6 Summary Try to get through the gate because you don’t want to miss the last train home. Attack the workers because you don’t want to miss the last train home. Scores Mean ROUGE: 13. 80 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 19
Beam #7 Summary Tell the court she was worried about being stranded on her own in central London because she is a Muslim woman. Describe to the court how she yelled: ’Get me through the gate, get me through the gate. ’ Scores Mean ROUGE: 39. 29 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 8. Beam #10 Summary Tell the court she was worried about being stranded on her own in central London because she is a Muslim woman. Describe to the court how she screamed: ’I’m a doctor, get me through the gate!’ Scores Mean ROUGE: 40. 97 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output). Beam #14 Summary Tell the court she was worried about being stranded on her own in central London because she is a Muslim woman. Describe to the court how she screamed: ’I’m a doctor, get through the gate. ’ Scores Mean ROUGE: 42. 04 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 9. Reference
Shell has filed a complaint in federal court in Alaska seeking an order to remove Greenpeace activists who climbed aboard an oil rig in the Pacific. The environmental group said in a statement its team would occupy the underside of the main deck of the Polar Pioneer. The six activists are camping on the 38,000-tonne Polar Pioneer platform, which they boarded using inflatable boats from the Greenpeace vessel ’Esperanza’ ’We made it! We’re on Shell’s platform. And we’re not alone. Everyone can help turn this into a platform for people power!’ tweeted Aliyah Field. Table 23: SummScore re-ranking applied to the PEGASUS fine-tuned on WikiHow with beam search on CNN/DM. CNN/DM: re-ranking from the self-trained PEGASUS
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Grandparents have pleaded for the safe return to Australia of two young children whose mother took them from Melbourne to the Islamic State capital in Syria. Former Melbourne woman Dullel Kassab fled to Raqqa in Syria with her children last year, and she regularly boasts on Twitter that her four-year-old daughter and two-year-old son sleep with toy guns next to their beds and her daughter likes watching IS videos of ’Muslims killing bad ppl. ’ The children’s paternal grandparents say they are worried Kassab, 28, is ’brainwashing’ the children, after their father was killed near the Syria-Turkey border last year, The Herald Sun reported. Former Melbourne woman Dullel Kassab fled to Raqqa in Syria from Melbourne with her children last year. Kassab posts pictures to Twitter of airstrikes hitting blocks away from their Raqqa apartment. ’We miss the children a lot. Their safety and religion has been compromised and we are deeply worried but unable to do anything about it,’ a family spokesman told the Herald Sun. ’We pray they come back but it does not look good. ’ Kassab’s Twitter paints a picture of their life in the city the terrorist group IS have made their headquarters, where the children cannot go to school and airstrikes hit blocks away from their apartment. The 28-year-old has a new husband, as the Islamic State does not permit unmarried foreign women to stay in Raqqa. In social media posts she boasts about her children’s distaste for Kuffar (non-believers). A photo of another airstrike a day later. The children’s paternal grandparents say they are worried Kassab, 28, is ’brainwashing’ the children, after their father was killed near the Syria-Turkey border last year. On her Twitter account she boasts about her children’s distaste for Kuffar (non-believers) ’My 4y/o encouraging her little bro to eat his eggs – "C’mon eat ur eggs so u can be big & strong & fight the Kuffar!" Allah yehmikum! [sic]’ she wrote in December. ’#Awkward Just asked my 4yo wat she wants 2 watch. "Muslims killing bad ppl" (i. e. #IS vids obv not beheading ones) LOL [sic],’ she wrote in October. Kassab has also complained the 12 to 17-year-olds are now regarded as children when ’in the past they were warriors’. And during the Sydney Lindt café siege in December last year she sent a series of tweets joking that it was exciting. ’This is the most excitement Sydney has seen since the 2000 Olympics!’ she posted. Kassab also posts pictures of the Islamic State capital - including this of a ’double rainbow’ And during the Sydney Lindt café siege last year Kassab sent a series of tweets joking that it was ’exciting’ ’I guess attack the coffee shop wasn’t a bad idea, It’s a long night. One needs caffeine and chocolate!! [sic]’ Kassab also posts pictures of the Islamic State capital, and of Nutella and Twix and Snickers chocolate bars with the caption: ’Im really appreciating #globalization right about now! #SimplePleasures Another reason to love #IS [sic]. ’ The 28-year-old’s father Jalal Kassab said he was worried about his grandchildren living in a war zone, but said the threat of imprisonment made it difficult for his daughter to return to Australia. ’I know she wants to come back and we are trying everything we can to bring her back,’ Mr Kassab told the Herald Sun. Another former Melbourne woman Zehra Duman last month shared a series of propaganda pictures she says shows her ’five star jihad’ lifestyle. In photographs posted to a Twitter several women are pictured standing under an Islamic State flag, reclining against a clean white BMW M5 and wielding machine guns. In one tweet, Duman said: ’US + Australia, how does it feel that all 5 of us were born n raised in your lands, & now here thirsty for ur blood?’
Beam #1 Summary The children’s paternal grandparents say they are worried Kassab, 28, is ’brainwashing’ the children, after their father was killed near the Syria-Turkey border last year. ’We pray they come back but it does not look good. ’ Kassab’s Twitter paints a picture of their life in the city the terrorist group IS have made their headquarters, where the children cannot go to school and airstrikes hit blocks away from their apartment. Scores Mean ROUGE: 14. 89 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 6
Beam #2 Summary ’We pray they come back but it does not look good. ’ Kassab’s Twitter paints a picture of their life in the city the terrorist group IS have made their headquarters, where the children cannot go to school and airstrikes hit blocks away from their apartment. The children’s paternal grandparents say they are worried Kassab, 28, is ’brainwashing’ the children, after their father was killed near the Syria-Turkey border last year. Scores Mean ROUGE: 14. 89 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 11
Beam #3 Summary The children’s paternal grandparents say they are worried Kassab, 28, is ’brainwashing’ the children, after their father was killed near the Syria-Turkey border last year, The Herald Sun reported. ’We pray they come back but it does not look good. ’ Kassab’s Twitter paints a picture of their life in the city the terrorist group IS have made their headquarters, where the children cannot go to school and airstrikes hit blocks away from their apartment. Scores Mean ROUGE: 14. 41 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 5
Beam #4 Summary ’We pray they come back but it does not look good. ’ Kassab’s Twitter paints a picture of their life in the city the terrorist group IS have made their headquarters, where the children cannot go to school and airstrikes hit blocks away from their apartment. ’My 4y/o encouraging her little bro to eat his eggs ˘ ’C’mon eat ur eggs so u can be big & strong & fight the Kuffar!’ Allah yehmikum! Scores Mean ROUGE: 9. 92 (rank 10) || SummScore rank: 13. Beam #9 Summary Former Melbourne woman Dullel Kassab fled to Raqqa in Syria with her children last year, and she regularly boasts on Twitter that her four-year-old daughter and two-year-old son sleep with toy guns next to their beds and her daughter likes watching IS videos of ’Muslims killing bad ppl. ’ The children’s paternal grandparents say they are worried Kassab, 28, is ’brainwashing’ the children, after their father was killed near the Syria-Turkey border last year. Scores Mean ROUGE: 57. 48 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output). XSum: re-ranking from the unsupervised PEGASUS
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Acting Taoiseach Enda Kenny of Fine Gael and Micheál Martin of Fianna Fáil hope to avoid a second election. Mr Martin has said his party will facilitate a minority government, but will not support a programme for government. Water charges are one of the main sticking points to reaching agreement. A commission to consider the future of national water utility Irish Water is one of the proposals being considered. Fianna Fáil want to see the immediate removal of water charges, but Fine Gael see a role for them. Following the election, almost two months ago, Fine Gael had 50 seats, Fianna Fáil 44, Sinn Féin 23 and the Labour Party got seven. But no party was able to form a majority government and TDs have so far failed to elect a taoiseach. Beam #1 Summary Fianna Fil want to see the immediate removal of water charges, but Fine Gael see a role for them. Scores Mean ROUGE: 8. 77 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 14 Beam #2 Summary Following the election, almost two months ago, Fine Gael had 50 seats, Fianna Fil 44, Sinn Féin 23 and the Labour Party got seven. Scores Mean ROUGE: 6. 06 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 6 Beam #3 Summary Acting Taoiseach Enda Kenny of Fine Gael and Michel Martin of Fianna Fil hope to avoid a second election. Scores Mean ROUGE: 7. 02 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 15 Beam #4 Summary After the election, almost two months ago, Fine Gael had 50 seats, Fianna Fil 44, Sinn Féin 23 and the Labour Party got seven. Scores Mean ROUGE: 6. 06 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 7 Beam #5 Summary The election, almost two months ago, Fine Gael had 50 seats, Fianna Fil 44, Sinn Féin 23 and the Labour Party got seven. Scores Mean ROUGE: 6. 20 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 12 Beam #6 Summary A commission to consider the future of national water utility Irish Water is one of the proposals being considered. Fianna Fil want to see the immediate removal of water charges, but Fine Gael see a role for them. Scores Mean ROUGE: 10. 53 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 4
Beam #7 Summary Mr Martin has said his party will facilitate a minority government, but will not support a programme for government. Fianna Fil want to see the immediate removal of water charges, but Fine Gael see a role for them. Scores Mean ROUGE: 17. 63 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 2 Beam #8 Summary following the election, almost two months ago, Fine Gael had 50 seats, Fianna Fil 44, Sinn Féin 23 and the Labour Party got seven. Scores Mean ROUGE: 6. 06 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 8 Beam #9 Summary Follow the election, almost two months ago, Fine Gael had 50 seats, Fianna Fil 44, Sinn Féin 23 and the Labour Party got seven. Scores Mean ROUGE: 6. 06 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 13 Beam #10 Summary During the election, almost two months ago, Fine Gael had 50 seats, Fianna Fil 44, Sinn Féin 23 and the Labour Party got seven. Scores Mean ROUGE: 6. 06 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 9 Beam #11 Summary acting Taoiseach Enda Kenny of Fine Gael and Michel Martin of Fianna Fil hope to avoid a second election. Scores Mean ROUGE: 7. 02 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 20 Beam #12 Summary Fianna Fil wants to see the immediate removal of water charges, but Fine Gael see a role for them. Scores Mean ROUGE: 8. 77 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 16
Beam #13 Summary Mr Martin has said his party will facilitate a minority government, but will not support a programme for government. Fianna Fil want to see the immediate removal of water charges, but Fine Gael see a role for them. However, no party was able to form a majority government and TDs have so far failed Scores Mean ROUGE: 19. 28 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output) Beam #14 Summary While Fianna Fil want to see the immediate removal of water charges, but Fine Gael see a role for them. Scores Mean ROUGE: 8. 55 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 19 Beam #15 Summary Fianna Fil wanted to see the immediate removal of water charges, but Fine Gael see a role for them. Scores Mean ROUGE: 8. 77 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 17 Beam #16 Summary Mr Martin has said his party will facilitate a minority government, but will not support a programme for government. Scores Mean ROUGE: 21. 25 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 10 Beam #17 Summary Fianna Fil hope to see the immediate removal of water charges, but Fine Gael see a role for them. Scores Mean ROUGE: 8. 77 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 18
Beam #18 Summary Mr Martin has said his party will facilitate a minority government, but will not support a programme for government. Fianna Fil want to see the immediate removal of water charges, but Fine Gael see a role for them. However, no party was able to form a majority government and TDs so far failed to Scores Mean ROUGE: 19. 28 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 3 Beam #19 Summary Following the election, almost two months ago, Fine Gael had 50 seats, Fianna Fil 44, Sinn Féin 23 and the Labour Party got seven. XSum: re-ranking from the BART trained on WikiHow
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Cardiff narrowly missed out on the Championship play-offs last term, finishing eighth in the table. But under new head coach Paul Trollope, Pilkington thinks the Welsh side are capable of better. "We fell just short [last season] and we were all really disappointed with that. We felt we had the squad to get in the play-offs definitely," he said. "It’s going to be a tough season again, just like it was last year, but hopefully we can be right up there come the end of the season. " Pilkington, 28, scored Cardiff’s first goal in their 4-0 friendly win at Shrewsbury on Saturday. The Republic of Ireland international played in attack, having moved from the wing to a central forward role last season. Pilkington made the transition under former Cardiff boss Russell Slade, who was replaced by Trollope in May. Trollope had been working under Slade before then, and Pilkington believes that smooth transition has helped the Bluebirds in their preparations for the new campaign. "The gaffer was working with us last season so we know how he works," he added. "We know what he’s about and we know we have to be on our toes all the time. "He’s come in and changed a few things. It’s been good up to now so hopefully we can carry on working really well. "
Beam #1 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. , Expect a tough season. Scores Mean ROUGE: 5. 13 (rank 11) || SummScore rank: 12 Beam #2 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. ,Pilkington believes the Bluebirds are capable of reaching the play-offs. Scores Mean ROUGE: 24. 63 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 5 Beam #3 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. , Believe the Bluebirds have the squad to get back up the table. Scores Mean ROUGE: 17. 89 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 6 Beam #4 Summary Reach the play-offs again. Scores Mean ROUGE: 7. 02 (rank 10) || SummScore rank: 18 Beam #5 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. ,Pilkington believes the Bluebirds have the squad to get back up the table. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 20 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output) Beam #6 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. ,Pilkington believes the Bluebirds have the squad to reach the play-offs. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 90 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 2 Beam #7 Summary Expect to improve on last season’s finish. ,Pilkington believes the Bluebirds have the squad to get back up the table. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 20 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 3 Beam #8 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. ,Pilkington believes the Bluebirds have the squad to challenge for promotion. Scores Mean ROUGE: 41. 06 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 7 Beam #9 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. ,Pilkington believes the Bluebirds are capable of reaching the play-offs again. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 90 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 4 Beam #10 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. , Believe in the squad. Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 82 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 9 Beam #11 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. , Expect a tough season again. Scores Mean ROUGE: 4. 94 (rank 12) || SummScore rank: 8 Beam #12 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. , Believe in the squad. Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 82 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 11 Beam #13 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. , Expect to challenge for promotion again. Scores Mean ROUGE: 21. 79 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 16 Beam #14 Summary Prepare for a tough season. Scores Mean ROUGE: 14. 04 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 13 Beam #15 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. , Believe in the squad. Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 82 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 10 Beam #16 Summary Prepare for a tough season. Scores Mean ROUGE: 14. 04 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 14 Beam #17 Summary Aim to improve on last season’s finish. , Expect to challenge for promotion. Scores Mean ROUGE: 22. 62 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 17 Beam #18 Summary Prepare for a tough season. Scores Mean ROUGE: 14. 04 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 15 Beam #19 Summary Prepare for another tough season. Scores Mean ROUGE: 14. 04 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 20 Beam #20 Summary Prepare for another tough season. Scores Mean ROUGE: 14. 04 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 19
Reference Cardiff City forward Anthony Pilkington believes the Bluebirds can challenge for promotion this season. Table 26: SummScore re-ranking applied to the BART fine-tuned on WikiHow with beam search on XSum. XSum: re-ranking from the self-trained PEGASUS
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In a statement seen by the BBC, his wife said he had been out drinking with another man in the city of Yangon on Friday night before his death. The Foreign Office said it was investigating the death of a British national and was providing support to the victim’s family. News agency AFP quoted police as saying the dead man was a 47-year-old who had suffered wounds to his head and chest. According to reports, the man - who had been working at an international school - was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, previously known as Rangoon. The Foreign Office says it is working with local authorities in Myanmar, formerly Burma, to determine what happened. Beam #1 Summary The Foreign Office said it was investigating the death of a British national and was providing support to the victim’s family. Scores Mean ROUGE: 13. 07 (rank 10) || SummScore rank: 3 Beam #2 Summary In a statement seen by the BBC, his wife said he had been out drinking with another man in the city of Yangon on Friday night before his death. Scores Mean ROUGE: 10. 85 (rank 12) || SummScore rank: 4 Beam #3 Summary According to reports, the man - who had been working at an international school - was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, previously known as Rangoon. Scores Mean ROUGE: 20. 61 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 7 Beam #4 Summary The man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, Myanmar, on Saturday. Scores Mean ROUGE: 31. 39 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 14 Beam #5 Summary The man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, formerly known as Rangoon, on Saturday. Scores Mean ROUGE: 24. 88 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 12 Beam #6 Summary According to reports, the man - who had been working at an international school - was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, formerly known as Rangoon. Scores Mean ROUGE: 20. 61 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 5 Beam #7 Summary The man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, previously known as Rangoon. Scores Mean ROUGE: 26. 39 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output) Beam #8 Summary The man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, formerly known as Rangoon. Scores Mean ROUGE: 26. 39 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 2 Beam #9 Summary The man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, previously known as Rangoon, on Saturday. Scores Mean ROUGE: 24. 88 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 11 Beam #10 Summary The Foreign Office said it was working with local authorities in Myanmar, formerly Burma, to determine what happened. Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 64 (rank 11) || SummScore rank: 10 Beam #11 Summary The Foreign Office says it is working with local authorities in Myanmar, formerly Burma, to determine what happened. Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 64 (rank 11) || SummScore rank: 11 Beam #12 Summary The man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, formerly Burma, on Saturday. Scores Mean ROUGE: 26. 39 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 18 Beam #13 Summary Media playback is unsupported on your device 11 August 2015 Last updated at 08:00 BST The Foreign Office said it was investigating the death of a British national in the city of Yangon. Scores Mean ROUGE: 9. 78 (rank 13) || SummScore rank: 19 Beam #14 Summary Media playback is unsupported on your device 11 August 2015 Last updated at 08:00 BST The man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon. Scores Mean ROUGE: 19. 33 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 20 Beam #15 Summary The man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, the capital of Myanmar, on Saturday. Scores Mean ROUGE: 28. 69 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 16 Beam #16 Summary According to reports, the man - who had been working at an international school - was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, previously known as Burma. Scores Mean ROUGE: 20. 61 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 15 Beam #17 Summary The man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in the city of Yangon on Saturday. Scores Mean ROUGE: 25. 61 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 13 Beam #18 Summary The Foreign Office said the man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, previously known as Rangoon. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 53 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 9 Beam #19 Summary The Foreign Office said the man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon, formerly known as Rangoon. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 53 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 8 Beam #20 Summary The man, who has not been named, was found dead at an apartment in Yangon on Saturday. Scores Mean ROUGE: 28. 11 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 17
Reference A British man believed to be a teacher has been found dead in Myanmar. Table 27: Self-trained PEGASUS with beam search on XSum. WikiHow: re-ranking from the unsupervised PEGASUS
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On your scanner tool, set the PPI (Pixel per inch) to 350 so that it will create a high-quality image. ; , Click on the program’s shortcut icon on your desktop or programs list to launch it. Wait until the program starts. Any version will do, but the latest one is better because they have additional useful functions. , On the Menu bar located at the top of the screen, go to File and click “Open. ” Locate the image, select it, then click “Open. ” , To change it, go to “Image” on the Menu bar then click “Mode” and choose “RGB. ” To turn your scanned image fully grayscale, just in case you didn’t change it on your scanner setting and the image has traces of colors, change the Adjustment, under “Image” on the Menu bar, into “Black and White. ” , On the Layer panel on the palette dock located at the bottom left of the screen, create a new layer by clicking a small paper-like icon beside the folder icon. , Change the layer name to “Skin” as this will be the first part of the image that you will add a color to. , Press “B” on your keyboard or get the Brush tool on the toolbar located at the left side of the screen. The icon is a brush. , Pick a nice skin tone color on the Swatches, which are also on the Palette dock. You may also set the foreground color to get more colors on the Toolbar, below the Zoom Tool, which is the two square that indicates as foreground and background color. A skin tone color is the lightest Orange or Yellow Orange. , Drag and move your mouse to the skin tone of your image. To avoid misplacing the colors, use the Zoom tool or simply press CTRL + Z. Use the Eraser tool, which is also located on the toolbar, to delete some misplaced part; but change the Brush Preset, which is on the Palette Dock, and choose “Soft Round” so it will create pixelated color when you erase them. , Once you’re done with the skin, repeat Steps 1 to 6 with other parts of the body. For example, if you want to color the clothes, add a layer and rename the layer “Clothes. ” After renaming, proceed with selecting the right tool and color, and coloring the clothes. Continue with other parts, like lips, hair, background, etc. , To merge all layers, go to Layer dock, right-click, and choose “Flatten Image” or “Merge Visible” on the options. , Adjust the image tone, level, or brightness on the Image Menu to enhance the photo. , Press CTRL + S, choose JPEG as file type, add a file name, and click “Save” when you’re done!
Beam #1 Summary You may also set the foreground color to get more colors on the Toolbar, below the Zoom Tool, which is the two square that indicates as foreground and background color. Scores Mean ROUGE: 13. 01 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 20 Beam #2 Summary , On your scanner tool, set the PPI (Pixel per inch) to 350 so that it will create a high-quality image. ;, Click on the program’s shortcut icon on your desktop or programs list to launch it. , To change it, go to “Image” on the Menu bar then click “Mode” and choose “RGB. ” To turn your scanned image fully grayscale, just in case you didn’t change it on your scanner setting and the image has traces of colors, change the Adjustment, under “Image”—on the Palette dock located at the bottom left of the screen—into “
Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 18 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 2
Beam #3 Summary , On your scanner tool, set the PPI (Pixel per inch) to 350 so that it will create a high-quality image. ;, Click on the program’s shortcut icon on your desktop or programs list to launch it. , To change it, go to “Image” on the Menu bar then click “Mode” and choose “RGB. ” To turn your scanned image fully grayscale, just in case you didn’t change it on your scanner setting and the image has traces of colors, change the Adjustment, under “Image”—on the Palette dock located at the bottom left of the screen, into “
Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 18 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 5
Beam #4 Summary , On your scanner tool, set the PPI (Pixel per inch) to 350 so that it will create a high-quality image. ;, Click on the program’s shortcut icon on your desktop or programs list to launch it. , To change it, go to “Image” on the Menu bar then click “Mode” and choose “RGB. ” To turn your scanned image fully grayscale, just in case you didn’t change it on your scanner setting and the image has traces of colors, change the Adjustment, under “Image”—on the menu bar, into “Black and White. ”,On the
Scores Mean ROUGE: 21. 05 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 11
Beam #5 Summary , On your scanner tool, set the PPI (Pixel per inch) to 350 so that it will create a high-quality image. ;, Click on the program’s shortcut icon on your desktop or programs list to launch it. , To change it, go to “Image” on the Menu bar then click “Mode” and choose “RGB. ” To turn your scanned image fully grayscale, just in case you didn’t change it on your scanner setting and the image has traces of colors, change the Adjustment, under “Image”— on the menu bar, into “Black and White. ”,On the
Scores Mean ROUGE: 21. 05 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 13
Beam #6 Summary , On your scanner tool, set the PPI (Pixel per inch) to 350 so that it will create a high-quality image. ;, Click on the program’s shortcut icon on your desktop or programs list to launch it. , To change it, go to “Image” on the Menu bar then click “Mode” and choose “RGB. ” To turn your scanned image fully grayscale, just in case you didn’t change it on your scanner setting and the image has traces of colors, change the Adjustment, under “Image”—on the Palette dock located at the bottom left of the screen—to “
Scores Mean ROUGE: 22. 83 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 4
Beam #7 Summary , On your scanner tool, set the PPI (Pixel per inch) to 350 so that it will create a high-quality image. ;, Click on the program’s shortcut icon on your desktop or programs list to launch it. , To change it, go to “Image” on the Menu bar then click “Mode” and choose “RGB. ” To turn your scanned image fully grayscale, just in case you didn’t change it on your scanner setting and the image has traces of colors, change the Adjustment, under “Image”—on the menu bar—into “Black and White. ”,On the
Scores Mean ROUGE: 21. 05 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 7
Beam #8 Summary On your scanner tool, set the PPI (Pixel per inch) to 350 so that it will create a high-quality image. ;, Click on the program’s shortcut icon on your desktop or programs list to launch it. , To change it, go to “Image” on the Menu bar then click “Mode” and choose “RGB. ” To turn your scanned image fully grayscale, just in case you didn’t change it on your scanner setting and the image has traces of colors, change the Adjustment, under “Image”—on the Palette dock located at the bottom left of the screen— into “ Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 18 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 3. Beam #11 Summary , On your scanner tool, set the PPI (Pixel per inch) to 350 so that it will create a high-quality image. ;, Click on the program’s shortcut icon on your desktop or programs list to launch it. , To change it, go to “Image” on the Menu bar then click “Mode” and choose “RGB. ” To turn your scanned image fully grayscale, just in case you didn’t change it on your scanner setting and the image has traces of colors, change the Adjustment, under “Image”—on the Palette dock located at the bottom left of the screen—and choose Scores Mean ROUGE: 22. 71 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output). Reference Negotiators from Ireland’s two biggest parties are to meet for a final effort to form a minority government. Table 28: SummScore re-ranking applied to the unsupervised PEGASUS with beam search on WikiHow. WikiHow: re-ranking from the PEGASUS trained on CNN/DM
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Gently stabilize it by holding it steady with one or both hands. Pet your cat and talk to it in a soothing voice to calm and reassure it. If your cat resists you or is prone to scratching, then wrap your cat in the towel so that just its head is sticking out. , Once your cat is calm, place your non-dominant hand on top of your cat’s head in front of its ears. Wrap your fingers around the bottom of its cheekbones for leverage. , This should cause your cat’s mouth to open involuntarily. Pick up the pill with your other hand. Hold the pill between your index finger and thumb. Then place your middle or ring finger on the lower molars to keep its jaw open. Do not place your finger on top of the canine tooth, i. e. , the sharp fang, to keep its jaw open. If your cat will not open its mouth, then you will need to pry it open. Do this using the middle finger of the same hand holding the pill. Place your middle finger over the small incisor teeth in the front of your cat’s mouth at the bottom. Then apply gentle pressure to push your cat’s jaw open. , Drop the pill as far back as you can on your cat’s tongue, i. e. , the base of the tongue. Or, use your index finger and thumb to push the pill over the back of your cat’s tongue. If you do it this way, you must do it quickly to prevent your fingers from getting bitten. Alternatively, you can use a pill syringe to place the pill at the base of your cat’s tongue. This way you can avoid having to put your fingers in your cat’s mouth. Coat the pill with butter to make swallowing it easier. , Once you have placed the pill at the base of its tongue, use your hands to keep its mouth closed by applying gentle pressure. Also re-position your cat’s head so that it is level instead of tilted back; this will make it easier for your cat to swallow the pill. Gently rub your cat’s throat or blow in its nose to encourage it to swallow the pill. Try not to let your cat go until the pil lis swallowed. Place a drop of water on its nose. If your cat licks the water off, then this means that it has swallowed the pill. , Tricyclic antidepressants should be given with food to decrease side effects such as vomiting. Therefore, feed your cat directly after giving it its medication. If your cat will not eat, then entice it to eat by feeding it its favorite food like cheese, or by giving it a treat. Make sure to provide your cat with water as well. You can also give your cat flavored water like juice from a tuna can to entice it to drink. Beam #1 Summary Pet your cat and talk to it in a soothing voice to calm and reassure it. If your cat resists you or is prone to scratching, then wrap your cat in a towel so that just its head is sticking out. Scores Mean ROUGE: 17. 17 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 12
Beam #2 Summary Pet your cat and talk to it in a soothing voice to calm and reassure it. If your cat resists you or is prone to scratching, then wrap your cat in the towel so that just its head is sticking out. Scores Mean ROUGE: 18. 78 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 8
Beam #3 Summary Pet your cat and talk to it in a soothing voice to calm and reassure it. If your cat resists you or is prone to scratching, then wrap your cat in a towel so that just its head is sticking out. Scores Mean ROUGE: 17. 17 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 11
Beam #4 Summary Pet your cat and talk to it in a soothing voice to calm and reassure it. gently stabilize it by holding it steady with one or both hands. Rub your cat’s throat or blow in its nose to encourage it to swallow the pill. Scores Mean ROUGE: 18. 68 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 7
Beam #5 Summary Pet your cat and talk to it in a soothing voice to calm and reassure it. Wrap your fingers around the bottom of its cheekbones for leverage. Alternatively, you can use a pill syringe to place the pill at the base of your cat’s tongue. Scores Mean ROUGE: 26. 93 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output)
Beam #6 Summary Tricyclic antidepressants should be given with food to decrease side effects such as vomiting. If your cat resists you or is prone to scratching, then wrap your cat in a towel so that just its head is sticking out. Scores Mean ROUGE: 15. 09 (rank 10) || SummScore rank: 17 Beam #7 Summary Pet your cat and talk to it in a soothing voice to calm and reassure it. gently stabilize it by holding it steady with one or both hands. Scores Mean ROUGE: 8. 72 (rank 12) || SummScore rank: 19
Beam #8 Summary Gently stabilize it by holding it steady with one or both hands. If your cat resists you or is prone to scratching, then wrap your cat in a towel so that just its head is sticking out. Scores Mean ROUGE: 17. 18 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 14. Beam #14 Summary If your cat resists you or is prone to scratching, then wrap your cat in a towel so that just its head is sticking out. Alternatively, you can use a pill syringe to place the pill at the base of your cat’s tongue. Scores Mean ROUGE: 30. 74 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 2. Reference Negotiators from Ireland’s two biggest parties are to meet for a final effort to form a minority government. Table 29: SummScore re-ranking applied to the PEGASUS fine-tuned on CNN/DM with beam search on WikiHow. WikiHow: re-ranking from the self-trained PEGASUS
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Talking in private will help you feel less nervous and more comfortable about asking for help. It will also give your teacher more time to help you because they aren’t trying to teach at the same time. For example, you could say, “When you have time later today, could we talk about a problem I’m having?” If you’re afraid to approach your teacher, put a note on their chair. The note could say, “Can we talk later about something personal? Thanks, Mark. ” You could also send your teacher an email or message letting them know you would like to ask their help with a personal issue. , Sometimes teachers will try to offer advice on what you should do, when all you wanted was for them to listen. If you let your teacher know how they can help, it will make it easier for them to give you the help you want and need. Think about what kind of help you want. Ask yourself, “Do I want her to listen, to give me advice, or to do something about the problem?” Tell your teacher how they can help. For example, “Can you help me come up with ways to make more friends?” If you don’t know how you want your teacher to help, you it’s okay for you to say that, too. Try saying, “I need your help with a problem, but I don’t know what kind of help I need. ” , Also, being honest will help your teacher figure out the right way to help you. The more truthful information your teacher has about what is going on, the more they will be able to help. If you are afraid you will get in trouble, then say that. You could say, “I need your help with something but I’m scared I’ll get in trouble. ” If you are asking for help, but also trying not to get someone else in trouble, you could leave out names, but still be honest about what is going on. For example, “My friend is thinking about cheating on a test and I need advice on how to stop them from doing something so stupid. ”
Beam #1 Summary You could say, “I need your help with something but I’m scared I’ll get in trouble. ” If you are asking for help, but also trying not to get someone else in trouble, you could leave out names, but still be honest about what is going on. For example, “My friend is thinking about cheating on a test and I need advice on how to stop them from doing something so stupid. ”
Scores Mean ROUGE: 22. 54 (rank 14) || SummScore rank: 14
Beam #2 Summary Think about what kind of help you want. You could say, “I need your help with something but I’m scared I’ll get in trouble. ” If you are asking for help, but also trying not to get someone else in trouble, you could leave out names, but still be honest about what is going on. If you’re afraid to approach your teacher, put a note on their chair. Scores Mean ROUGE: 30. 92 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 18
Beam #3 Summary For example, you could say, “When you have time later today, could we talk about a problem I’m having?” If you’re afraid to approach your teacher, put a note on their chair. Try saying, “I need your help with a problem, but I don’t know what kind of help I need. ”, Also, being honest will help your teacher figure out the right way to help you. Scores Mean ROUGE: 29. 41 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 15
Beam #4 Summary Think about what kind of help you want. You could say, “I need your help with something but I’m scared I’ll get in trouble. ” If you are asking for help, but also trying not to get someone else in trouble, you could leave out names, but still be honest about what is going on. Scores Mean ROUGE: 28. 40 (rank 10) || SummScore rank: 20
Beam #5 Summary Think about what kind of help you want. You could say, “I need your help with something but I’m scared I’ll get in trouble. ” If you are asking for help, but also trying not to get someone else in trouble, you could leave out names, but still be honest about what is going on. For example, “My friend is thinking about cheating on a test and I need advice on how to stop them from doing something so stupid. ”
Scores Mean ROUGE: 27. 36 (rank 12) || SummScore rank: 11
Beam #6 Summary Think about what kind of help you want. You could say, “I need your help with something but I’m scared I’ll get in trouble. ” If you are asking for help, but also trying not to get someone else in trouble, you could leave out names, but still be honest about what is going on. You could also send your teacher an email or message letting them know you would like to ask their help with a personal issue. Scores Mean ROUGE: 31. 47 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 9
Beam #7 Summary Think about what kind of help you want. You could say, “I need your help with something but I’m scared I’ll get in trouble. ” If you are asking for help, but also trying not to get someone else in trouble, you could leave out names, but still be honest about what is going on. If you are afraid to approach your teacher, put a note on their chair. Scores Mean ROUGE: 30. 92 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 17
Beam #8 Summary You could say, “I need your help with something but I’m scared I’ll get in trouble. ” If you are asking for help, but also trying not to get someone else in trouble, you could leave out names, but still be honest about what is going on. You could also send your teacher an email or message letting them know you would like to ask their help with a personal issue. Scores Mean ROUGE: 28. 06 (rank 11) || SummScore rank: 13. Beam #19 Summary For example, you could say, “When you have time later today, could we talk about a problem I’m having?” If you’re afraid to approach your teacher, put a note on their chair. Try saying, “I need your help with a problem, but I don’t know what kind of help I need. ”, Also, being honest will help your teacher figure out the right way to help you. The more truthful information your teacher has about what is going on, the more they will be able to help
Scores Mean ROUGE: 35. 08 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 2
Beam #20 Summary Think about what kind of help you want. You could say, “I need your help with something but I’m scared I’ll get in trouble. ” If you are asking for help, but also trying not to get someone else in trouble, you could leave out names, but still be honest about what is going on. If you’re afraid to approach your teacher, put a note on their chair. It will also give your teacher more time to help you because they aren’t trying to teach at the same time
SAMSum: re-ranking from the unsupervised PEGASUS
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Mike: dude, wendy has grown prettier Dave:<laughing><laughing><thumb_up> Mike:<love><love> Dave: i know right? Mike: yeah, since she came from Houston, she looks like an angel Dave: i’ll have to hit on her soon Mike: haha, stay off, i hear Jerry is her lover Dave: really<sad> Mike: yeah Dave: since when Mike: haha, i dont know, but you can push your luck Dave: haha, i will Mike:<blink> good luck Dave: yeah, ill need it
Beam #1 Summary Mike: dude, wendy has grown prettier Dave: Mike: Dave: i know right? Scores Mean ROUGE: 19. 73 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 19 Beam #2 Summary Mike: guy, wendy has grown prettier Dave: Mike: Dave: i know right? Scores Mean ROUGE: 19. 73 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 20 Beam #3 Summary Mike: Yeah, since she came from Houston, she looks like an angel Dave: i’ll have to hit on her soon Mike: haha, stay off, i hear Jerry is her lover Dave: really Mike: yeah Dave: since when Mike:haha, i dont know, but you can push
SAMSum: re-ranking from ChatGPT
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Adam: I have a juicy gossip for you guys ;) Borys: About whom? Adam: So apparently, Iga planned a weekend getaway with her boyfriend, but they had to cancel because he couldn’t talk his group into changing the date of the presentation :D Katia: And she is pissed? Adam: What do you think? That is why they aren’t sitting together since Monday ;) Katia: Who would have expected such a gossip girl from you :D
Candidate #1 Summary Adam shares a gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to his group’s presentation, which has caused tension between them. Katia is surprised by Adam’s gossiping behavior. Scores Mean ROUGE: 19. 80 (rank 16) || SummScore rank: 7
Candidate #2 Summary Adam shares juicy gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to a presentation, which caused her to be upset and avoid sitting with her boyfriend since Monday. Katia jokes about Adam’s unexpected role as a gossip girl. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 92 (rank 13) || SummScore rank: 5
Candidate #3 Summary Adam shares juicy gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to his group’s presentation, causing tension between them, and surprising his friends with his gossiping skills. Scores Mean ROUGE: 20. 38 (rank 15) || SummScore rank: 20
Candidate #4 Summary Adam shares gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to his group’s presentation, causing tension between them and leading to them not sitting together. Katia is surprised by Adam’s gossiping tendencies. Scores Mean ROUGE: 26. 79 (rank 11) || SummScore rank: 11 Candidate #5 Summary Adam shares gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend, causing her to be angry and not sit with him since Monday, surprising his friends. Scores Mean ROUGE: 29. 91 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 15
Candidate #6 Summary Adam shares juicy gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to his group’s presentation date, which caused tension between them. Katia is surprised by Adam’s gossiping skills. Scores Mean ROUGE: 19. 80 (rank 16) || SummScore rank: 6
Candidate #7 Summary Adam shares gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to his group presentation, causing tension between them and resulting in them not sitting together since Monday. Katia is surprised by Adam’s gossiping. Scores Mean ROUGE: 31. 28 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 10
Candidate #8 Summary Adam shares gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to his group’s presentation, causing tension between them and resulting in them not sitting together since Monday, surprising his friends. Scores Mean ROUGE: 32. 59 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 19 Candidate #9 Summary Adam shares gossip with his friends about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend, which has caused tension between them. His friends are surprised by his gossiping. Scores Mean ROUGE: 18. 28 (rank 18) || SummScore rank: 3
Candidate #10 Summary Adam shares gossip about Iga’s canceled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to his group’s presentation date, causing tension between them and resulting in them not sitting together since Monday. Katia teases Adam about his unexpected role as a gossip girl. Scores Mean ROUGE: 31. 42 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 8
Candidate #11 Summary Adam shares juicy gossip that Iga’s weekend getaway with her boyfriend was cancelled and she is angry about it, causing her to not sit with him since Monday. Katia is surprised by Adam’s gossiping. Scores Mean ROUGE: 28. 05 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 2
Candidate #12 Summary Adam shares juicy gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to a presentation, causing tension between them and leading to them not sitting together. Katia is surprised by Adam’s gossiping tendencies. Scores Mean ROUGE: 27. 15 (rank 10) || SummScore rank: 12
Candidate #13 Summary Adam shares juicy gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to his work presentation, causing tension in their relationship and leading to them not sitting together. Katia is surprised by Adam’s gossiping tendencies. Scores Mean ROUGE: 25. 56 (rank 12) || SummScore rank: 15 Candidate #14 Summary Adam shares juicy gossip that Iga’s weekend getaway with her boyfriend was cancelled due to a presentation date, leading to Iga being upset and not sitting with her boyfriend. Scores Mean ROUGE: 31. 49 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 9
Candidate #15 Summary Adam shares juicy gossip with his friends about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend due to work, causing tension between them. His friends are surprised by Adam’s gossiping tendencies. Scores Mean ROUGE: 17. 23 (rank 19) || SummScore rank: 13 Candidate #16 Summary Adam shares gossip about Iga’s cancelled weekend getaway with her boyfriend, causing tension between them, and surprises Katia with his gossiping. SAMSum: re-ranking from the PEGASUS trained on XSum
Source
Mia: God, he keeps talking about the stupid wall Jennifer: I think he’s just senile Karine: unfortunately it’s much more Karine: this populist strategy to scare people with a minority Karine: and then present himself as the only savior Peter: Karine is right, I think he’s not as senile and stupid as we would like to believe Mia: so it’s even worse - he’s pure evil Peter: possibly yes Karine: I really think so, because it’s not only about politics anymore Karine: he is destroying the Earth Karine: trying to shake the world’s order Jennifer: but he’s also quite stupid Jennifer: and the dangerous thing is his self confidence Jennifer: he’s persistence Jennifer: and ignorance Karine: but we have a chance to change it Karine: maybe Trump will be over soon? Mia: we will see Mia: but we should do anything to win the next elections Karine: everything!
Beam #1 Summary In our series of letters from British schoolchildren, Mia, Jennifer and Karine give their views on US President Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 16 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 18 Beam #2 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer and Karine give their views on US President Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 16 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 17 Beam #3 Summary All images are copyrighted. Scores Mean ROUGE: 00. 00 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 20 Beam #4 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer and Karine tell us what they think about US President Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 21. 65 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 6 Beam #5 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter tell us what they think about Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 36. 19 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 5 Beam #6 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter tell us what they think about US President Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 33. 89 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 5 Beam #7 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter tell us what they think of Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 36. 19 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 10 Beam #8 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter tell us what they think of US President Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 33. 89 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 11 Beam #9 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter give their views on US President Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 36. 19 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 16 Beam #10 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer and Karine tell us what they think about Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 16 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 3 Beam #11 Summary In our series of letters from British schoolchildren, Mia, Jennifer and Karine give their views on Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 24. 89 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 19 Beam #12 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer and Karine tell us what they think of Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 16 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 9 Beam #13 Summary In our series of letters from British schoolchildren, Mia, Jennifer and Karine tell us what they think of Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 16 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 13 Beam #14 Summary In our series of letters from British schoolchildren, Mia, Jennifer and Karine tell us what they think about Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 23. 16 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 8 Beam #15 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer and Karine give their views on Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 24. 89 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 15 Beam #16 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter give their views on Donald Trump. Scores Mean ROUGE: 38. 83 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 14 Beam #17 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter tell us what they think of Donald Trump’s presidency. Scores Mean ROUGE: 33. 89 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 7 Beam #18 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter tell us what they think about Donald Trump’s presidency. Scores Mean ROUGE: 33. 89 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 2 Beam #19 Summary n our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter give their views on US President Donald Trump’s presidency. Scores Mean ROUGE: 33. 89 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 12 Beam #20 Summary In our series of letters from British children, Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter tell us why they think Donald Trump is a fool. Scores Mean ROUGE: 33. 89 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output)
Reference Mia, Jennifer, Karine and Peter do not like Trump. Table 33: SummScore re-ranking applied to the PEGASUS transferred from XSum with beam search on SAMSum. SAMSum: re-ranking from the self-trained PEGASUS
Source
Louis: Hey, hows your day? :D Cheryl: Okaaay. I guess Louis: Aha, someone’s feeling a bit down, am I right? Cheryl: yea, sort of. Louis: Go on, tell me what happened Cheryl: I. just had an argument with my mom Louis: Jesus what again Cheryl: I forgot to close the window when I was leaving home! Louis: And that’s it? Cheryl: No, not only. Ya know, wouldn’t be that bad, but I got angry, started screaming and everything ;/ Louis: not a good idea, babe Cheryl: I knoooow Louis: Was it really bad? Cheryl: I suppose yea, she kicked me out xd Louis: WHAT Cheryl: I mean I don’t have to move right now, but she gave me time till the end of the year Louis: I’m sorry. Cheryl: Naah, don’t be, I believe it’s for good. I couldn’t stand her anyway xD
Beam #1 Summary Cheryl: No, not only. Ya know, wouldn’t be that bad, but I got angry, started screaming and everything ;/ Louis: not a good idea, babe Cheryl: I knoooow Louis: Was it really bad?
Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 15 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 8
Beam #2 Summary Cheryl: no, not only. Ya know, wouldn’t be that bad, but I got angry, started screaming and everything ;/ Louis: not a good idea, babe Cheryl: I knoooow Louis: Was it really bad?
Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 15 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 10
Beam #3 Summary Cheryl: Ya know, wouldn’t be that bad, but I got angry, started screaming and everything ;/ Louis: not a good idea, babe Cheryl: I knoooow Louis: Was it really bad?
Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 73 (rank 7) || SummScore rank: 18
Beam #4 Summary Cheryl: No, not only. Ya know, wouldn’t be that bad, but I got angry, started screaming and everything ;/ Louis: not a good idea, babe Cheryl: I knoooow Louis: Was it really bad? Cheryl:
Scores Mean ROUGE: 11. 97 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 9
Beam #5 Summary Cheryl: No, not only. Ya know, wouldn’t be that bad, but I got angry, started screaming and everything ;/ Louis: not a good idea, babe Cheryl: I knoooow Louis: Was it really bad? Cheryl
Scores Mean ROUGE: 11. 97 (rank 9) || SummScore rank: 11
Beam #6 Summary Cheryl: No, not only. Ya know, wouldn’t be that bad, but I got angry, started screaming and everything ;/ Louis: not a good idea, babe Cheryl: i knoooow Louis: Was it really bad?
Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 15 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 16
Beam #7 Summary Cheryl: No, not only. Ya know, wouldn’t be that bad, but I got angry, started screaming and everything ;/ Louis: not a good idea, babe Cheryl:I knoooow Louis: Was it really bad?
Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 15 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 15
Beam #8 Summary Cheryl: :D Cheryl: Okaaay. I guess Louis: Aha, someone’s feeling a bit down, am I right? Cheryl: yea, sort of. Louis: Go on, tell me what happened Cheryl: I. just had an argument with my mom
Scores Mean ROUGE: 17. 23 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 5
Beam #9 Summary Cheryl: No, not only. Ya know, wouldn’t be that bad, but I got angry, started screaming and everything ;/ Louis: not a good idea, babe Cheryl: I knoooow ; Louis: Was it really bad?
Scores Mean ROUGE: 12. 15 (rank 8) || SummScore rank: 12
Beam #10 Summary Cheryl: yea, sort of. Louis: Go on, tell me what happened Cheryl: I. just had an argument with my mom Louis: Jesus what again Cheryl:I forgot to close the window when I was leaving home!
Scores Mean ROUGE: 29. 19 (rank 1) || SummScore rank: 17
Beam #11 Summary Cheryl: yea, sort of. Louis: Go on, tell me what happened Cheryl: I. just had an argument with my mom Louis: Jesus what again Cheryl:I forgot to close the window when I was leaving home! Louis: And that’s it?
Scores Mean ROUGE: 29. 00 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 7
Beam #12 Summary :D Cheryl: Okaaay. I guess Louis: Aha, someone’s feeling a bit down, am I right? Cheryl: yea, sort of. Louis: Go on, tell me what happened Cheryl: I. just had an argument with my mom
Scores Mean ROUGE: 17. 48 (rank 4) || SummScore rank: 1 (SummScore output)
Beam #13 Summary :D Cheryl: Okaaay. I guess Louis: Aha, someone’s feeling a bit down, am I right? Cheryl: yea, sort of. Louis: Go on, tell me what happened Cheryl: I. just had an argument with my mom Louis
Scores Mean ROUGE: 17. 23 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 2
Beam #14 Summary Cheryl: yea, sort of. Louis: Go on, tell me what happened Cheryl:I. just had an argument with my mom Louis: Jesus what again Cheryl: I forgot to close the window when I was leaving home! Louis: And that’s it?
Scores Mean ROUGE: 29. 00 (rank 2) || SummScore rank: 6
Beam #15 Summary Cheryl: No, not only. Ya know, wouldn’t be that bad, but I got angry, started screaming and everything ;/ Louis: not a good idea, babe Cheryl: I knoooow Louis: Was it really bad? Louis: Go on. Scores Mean ROUGE: 11. 62 (rank 10) || SummScore rank: 14
Beam #16 Summary Cheryl: :D Cheryl: Okaaay. I guess Louis: Aha, someone’s feeling a bit down, am I right? Louis: Go on, tell me what happened Cheryl: I. ju st had an argument with my mom Louis: Jesus what again Cheryl:
Scores Mean ROUGE: 16. 04 (rank 6) || SummScore rank: 4
Beam #17 Summary :D Cheryl: Okaaay. I guess Louis: Aha, someone’s feeling a bit down, am I right? Cheryl: yea, sort of. Louis: Go on, tell me what happened Cheryl: I. just had an argument with my mom Louis: Scores Mean ROUGE: 17. 23 (rank 5) || SummScore rank: 3 Beam #18 Summary Cheryl: Naah, don’t be, I believe it’s for good. I couldn’t stand her anyway xD
Scores Mean ROUGE: 5. 23 (rank 11) || SummScore rank: 19
Beam #19 Summary Cheryl: Ok, I suppose yea, she kicked me out xd Louis: WHAT Cheryl: I mean I don’t have to move right now, but she gave me time till the end of the year Louis: I’m sorry. Cheryl: Naah, don’ Scores Mean ROUGE: 28. 10 (rank 3) || SummScore rank: 13 Beam #20 Summary Cheryl: Hi Louis Louis: Hi Cheryl, how are you?
ACL 2023 Responsible NLP Checklist
A For every submission: 3 A1. Did you describe the limitations of your work?
See Limitations section. 3 A2. Did you discuss any potential risks of your work? See Limitations section. 3 A3. Do the abstract and introduction summarize the paper’s main claims? See Abstract and Section 1. Introduction. 7 A4. Have you used AI writing assistants when working on this paper? Not relevant. B 3 Did you use or create scientific artifacts? Sections 4. 1, 4. 2, 4. 3
3 B1. Did you cite the creators of artifacts you used? Sections 4. 1
B2. Did you discuss the license or terms for use and / or distribution of any artifacts? Not applicable. Left blank. B3. Did you discuss if your use of existing artifact(s) was consistent with their intended use, provided that it was specified? For the artifacts you create, do you specify intended use and whether that is compatible with the original access conditions (in particular, derivatives of data accessed for research purposes should not be used outside of research contexts)? Not applicable. Left blank. B4. Did you discuss the steps taken to check whether the data that was collected / used contains any information that names or uniquely identifies individual people or offensive content, and the steps taken to protect / anonymize it? Not applicable. Left blank. B5. Did you provide documentation of the artifacts, e. g. , coverage of domains, languages, and linguistic phenomena, demographic groups represented, etc. ? Not applicable. Left blank. 3 B6. Did you report relevant statistics like the number of examples, details of train / test / dev splits, etc. for the data that you used / created? Even for commonly-used benchmark datasets, include the number of examples in train / validation / test splits, as these provide necessary context for a reader to understand experimental results. For example, small differences in accuracy on large test sets may be significant, while on small test sets they may not be. Section 4. 1
C 3 Did you run computational experiments? Sections 4. 2, 4. 3, 4. 4
3 C1. Did you report the number of parameters in the models used, the total computational budget (e. g. , GPU hours), and computing infrastructure used? Section 3. 3
The Responsible NLP Checklist used at ACL 2023 is adopted from NAACL 2022, with the addition of a question on AI writing assistance. 3 C2. Did you discuss the experimental setup, including hyperparameter search and best-found hyperparameter values? Section 3. 3
3 C3. Did you report descriptive statistics about your results (e. g. , error bars around results, summary statistics from sets of experiments), and is it transparent whether you are reporting the max, mean, etc. or just a single run? Sections 4. 2, 4. 3, 4. 4
3 C4. If you used existing packages (e. g. , for preprocessing, for normalization, or for evaluation), did you report the implementation, model, and parameter settings used (e. g. , NLTK, Spacy, ROUGE, etc. )? Section 4. 1
D 3 Did you use human annotators (e. g. , crowdworkers) or research with human participants? Section 4. 5
3 D1. Did you report the full text of instructions given to participants, including e. g. , screenshots, disclaimers of any risks to participants or annotators, etc. ? Section 4. 5
3 D2. Did you report information about how you recruited (e. g. , crowdsourcing platform, students) and paid participants, and discuss if such payment is adequate given the participants’ demographic (e. g. , country of residence)? Section 4. 5
D3. Did you discuss whether and how consent was obtained from people whose data you’re using/curating? For example, if you collected data via crowdsourcing, did your instructions to crowdworkers explain how the data would be used? Not applicable. Left blank. D4