Dolores River National Conservation Area and Special Management Area Act

Bill: 117-s-4542
Sponsor: full_name: Sen. Bennet, Michael F. [D-CO]
Introduced: 2022-07-14
Policy area: Public Lands and Natural Resources
Subjects: Advisory bodies

Colorado

Congressional oversight

Dams and canals

Forests, forestry, trees

Government information and archives

Hunting and fishing

Indian lands and resources rights

Lakes and rivers

Land transfers

Land use and conservation

Livestock

Motor vehicles

Outdoor recreation

Roads and highways

Water storage

Water use and supply

Watersheds

Wilderness and natural areas, wildlife refuges, wild rivers, habitats

Wildlife conservation and habitat protection
Latest action: action_date: 2022-12-01
text: Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearings held.

Summaries:
action_date: 2022-07-14
action_desc: Introduced in Senate
text: <p><strong>Dolores River National Conservation Area and Special Management Area Act</strong></p> <p>This bill establishes the Dolores River National Conservation Area and the Dolores River Special Management Area in Colorado. A management plan must be developed for each area. The bill allows for the continued use of the areas by members of Indian tribes for traditional ceremonies and as a source of traditional plants and other materials.</p> <p>The Department of the Interior shall establish the Dolores River National Conservation Area Advisory Council. </p>  <p>The bill releases the areas from further study for designation for potential addition to the Wild and Scenic Rivers System.</p>

tv_txt: II 117th CONGRESS 2d Session S. 4542 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES July 14, 2022 Mr. Bennet (for himself and Mr. Hickenlooper ) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources A BILL To establish the Dolores River National Conservation Area and the Dolores River Special Management Area in the State of Colorado, to protect private water rights in the State, and for other purposes.

1. Short title; table of contents (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Dolores River National Conservation Area and Special Management Area Act . (b) Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Definitions. TITLE I—Dolores River National Conservation Area Sec. 101. Establishment of Dolores River National Conservation Area. Sec. 102. Management of Conservation Area. Sec. 103. Dolores River National Conservation Area Advisory Council. TITLE II—Dolores River Special Management Area Sec. 201. Designation of Dolores River Special Management Area. Sec. 202. Management of Special Management Area. TITLE III—Technical modifications to potential additions to National Wild and Scenic Rivers System Sec. 301. Purpose. Sec. 302. Release of Dolores River study area. Sec. 303. Applicability of continuing consideration provision. TITLE IV—General provisions Sec. 401. Management of covered land. Sec. 402. Protection of water rights and other interests. Sec. 403. Effect on private property and regulatory authority. Sec. 404. Tribal rights and traditional uses. 2. Definitions In this Act: (1) Conservation Area The term Conservation Area means the Dolores River National Conservation Area established by section 101(a). (2) Council The term Council means the Dolores River National Conservation Area Advisory Council established under section 103(a). (3) Covered land The term covered land means— (A) the Conservation Area; and (B) the Special Management Area. (4) Dolores Project The term Dolores Project has the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Colorado Ute Indian Water Rights Settlement Act of 1988 ( Public Law 100–585 ; 102 Stat. 2974). (5) Map The term Map means the map prepared by the Bureau of Land Management entitled Proposed Dolores River National Conservation Area and Special Management Area and dated July 13, 2022. (6) Public land The term public land has the meaning given the term public lands in section 103 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 ( 43 U.S.C. 1702 ). (7) Secretary The term Secretary means— (A) in title I, the Secretary of the Interior; (B) in title II, the Secretary of Agriculture; and (C) in title IV— (i) the Secretary of the Interior, with respect to land under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior; and (ii) the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to land under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture. (8) Special Management Area The term Special Management Area means the Dolores River Special Management Area established by section 201(a). (9) State The term State means the State of Colorado. (10) Unreasonably diminish The term unreasonably diminish is within the meaning of the term used in section 7(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act ( 16 U.S.C. 1278(a) ) and has the meaning of the term as applied in appendix D of the Technical Report of the Interagency Wild and Scenic Rivers Coordinating Council entitled Wild & Scenic Rivers: Section 7 and dated October 2004. (11) Water resource project The term water resource project means any dam, irrigation and pumping facility, reservoir, water conservation work, aqueduct, canal, ditch, pipeline, well, hydropower project, and transmission and other ancillary facility, and other water diversion, storage, and carriage structure. I Dolores River National Conservation Area 101. Establishment of Dolores River National Conservation Area (a) Establishment (1) In general Subject to valid existing rights, there is established the Dolores River National Conservation Area in the State. (2) Area included The Conservation Area shall consist of approximately 53,187 acres of Bureau of Land Management land in the State, as generally depicted on the Map. (b) Purpose The purpose of the Conservation Area is to conserve, protect, and enhance the native fish, whitewater boating, recreational, scenic, cultural, archaeological, natural, geological, historical, ecological, watershed, wildlife, educational, and scientific resources of the Conservation Area. (c) Map and legal description (1) In general As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall file a map and legal description of the Conservation Area with the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate. (2) Effect The map and legal description prepared under paragraph (1) shall have the same force and effect as if included in this title, except that the Secretary may correct minor errors in the map or legal description. (3) Public availability A copy of the map and legal description shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land Management. 102. Management of Conservation Area (a) In general The Secretary shall manage the Conservation Area in accordance with— (1) this Act; (2) the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 ( 43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq. ); and (3) other applicable laws. (b) Uses Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Secretary shall allow only such uses of the Conservation Area as are consistent with the purpose described in section 101(b). (c) Management plan (1) Plan required (A) In general Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall develop a management plan for the long-term protection, management, and monitoring of the Conservation Area. (B) Review and revision The management plan under subparagraph (A) shall, from time to time, be subject to review and revision, in accordance with— (i) this Act; (ii) the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 ( 43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq. ); and (iii) other applicable laws. (2) Consultation and coordination The Secretary shall prepare and revise the management plan under paragraph (1)— (A) in consultation with— (i) the State; (ii) units of local government; (iii) the public; (iv) the Council; and (v) the Native Fish Monitoring and Recommendation Team, as described in section 402(b)(1); and (B) in coordination with the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to the development of the separate management plan for the Special Management Area, as described in section 202(c). (3) Recommendations In preparing and revising the management plan under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall take into consideration any recommendations from the Council. (4) Treaty rights In preparing and revising the management plan under paragraph (1), taking into consideration the rights and obligations described in section 402, the Secretary shall ensure that the management plan does not alter or diminish— (A) the treaty rights of any Indian Tribe; (B) any rights described in the Colorado Ute Indian Water Rights Settlement Act of 1988 ( Public Law 100–585 ; 102 Stat. 2973); or (C) the operation or purposes of the Dolores Project. (d) Incorporation of acquired land and interests Any land or interest in land located within the boundary of the Conservation Area that is acquired by the United States in accordance with section 401(c) after the date of enactment of this Act shall— (1) become part of the Conservation Area; and (2) be managed as provided in this section. (e) Department of Energy leases (1) In general Nothing in this title affects valid leases or lease tracts existing on the date of enactment of this Act issued under the uranium leasing program of the Department of Energy within the boundaries of the Conservation Area. (2) Management (A) In general Subject to subparagraph (B), land designated for the program described in paragraph (1) shall be— (i) exempt from section 401(b); and (ii) managed in a manner that allow the leases to fulfill the purposes of the program, consistent with the other provisions of this title and title IV. (B) Designation Land subject to a lease described in paragraph (1) shall be considered part of the Conservation Area and managed in accordance with other provisions of this title on a finding by the Secretary that— (i) (I) the lease has expired; and (II) the applicable lease tract has been removed from the leasing program by the Secretary of Energy; and (ii) the land that was subject to the lease is suitable for inclusion in the Conservation Area. (C) Effect Nothing in subparagraph (B) prevents the Secretary of Energy from extending any lease described in paragraph (1). 103. Dolores River National Conservation Area Advisory Council (a) Establishment Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish an advisory council, to be known as the Dolores River National Conservation Area Advisory Council . (b) Duties The Council shall advise— (1) the Secretary with respect to the preparation, implementation, and monitoring of the management plan prepared under section 102(c); and (2) the Secretary of Agriculture with respect to the preparation, implementation, and monitoring of the management plan prepared under section 202(c). (c) Applicable law The Council shall be subject to— (1) the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.); (2) the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 ( 43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq. ); and (3) this Act. (d) Membership (1) In general The Council shall include 13 members to be appointed by the Secretary, of whom, to the extent practicable— (A) 2 members shall represent agricultural water user interests in the Conservation Area or the Dolores River watershed, of whom 1 shall represent the Dolores Water Conservancy District; (B) 2 members shall represent conservation interests in the Conservation Area; (C) 2 members shall represent recreation interests in the Conservation Area, 1 of whom shall represent whitewater boating interests; (D) 1 member shall be a representative of Dolores County, Colorado; (E) 1 member shall be a representative of San Miguel County, Colorado; (F) 1 member shall be a representative of Montezuma County, Colorado; (G) 1 member shall be a private landowner that owns land in immediate proximity to the Conservation Area; (H) 1 member shall be a representative of Colorado Parks and Wildlife; (I) 1 member shall be a holder of a grazing-allotment permit in the Conservation Area; and (J) 1 member shall be a representative of the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe. (2) Representation (A) In general The Secretary shall ensure that the membership of the Council is fairly balanced in terms of the points of view represented and the functions to be performed by the Council. (B) Requirements (i) In general The members of the Council described in subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (1) shall be residents that live within reasonable proximity to the Conservation Area. (ii) County representatives The members of the Council described in subparagraphs (D) and (E) of paragraph (1) shall be— (I) residents of the respective counties referred to in those subparagraphs; and (II) capable of representing the interests of the applicable board of county commissioners. (e) Terms of office (1) In general The term of office of a member of the Council shall be 5 years. (2) Reappointment A member may be reappointed to the Council on completion of the term of office of the member. (f) Compensation A member of the Council— (1) shall serve without compensation for service on the Council; but (2) may be reimbursed for qualified expenses of the member. (g) Chairperson The Council shall elect a chairperson from among the members of the Council. (h) Meetings (1) In general The Council shall meet at the call of the chairperson— (A) not less frequently than quarterly until the management plan under section 102(c) is developed; and (B) thereafter, at the call of the Secretary. (2) Public meetings Each meeting of the Council shall be open to the public. (3) Notice A notice of each meeting of the Council shall be published in advance of the meeting. (i) Technical assistance The Secretary shall provide, to the maximum extent practicable in accordance with applicable law, any information and technical services requested by the Council to assist in carrying out the duties of the Council. (j) Renewal The Secretary shall ensure that the Council charter is renewed as required under applicable law. (k) Duration The Council— (1) shall continue to function for the duration of existence of the Conservation Area; but (2) on completion of the management plan, shall only meet— (A) at the call of the Secretary; or (B) in the case of a review or proposed revision to the management plan. II Dolores River Special Management Area 201. Designation of Dolores River Special Management Area (a) Establishment (1) In general Subject to valid existing rights, there is established the Dolores River Special Management Area in the State. (2) Area included The Special Management Area shall consist of approximately 15,664 acres of Federal land in the San Juan National Forest in the State, as generally depicted on the Map. (b) Purpose The purpose of the Special Management Area is to conserve, protect, and enhance the native fish, whitewater boating, recreational, scenic, cultural, archaeological, natural, geological, historical, ecological, watershed, wildlife, educational, and scientific resources of the Special Management Area. (c) Map and legal description (1) In general As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall file a map and legal description of the Special Management Area with the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate. (2) Effect The map and legal description prepared under paragraph (1) shall have the same force and effect as if included in this title, except that the Secretary may correct minor errors in the map or legal description. (3) Public availability A copy of the map and legal description shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the Forest Service. 202. Management of Special Management Area (a) In general The Secretary shall manage the Special Management Area in accordance with— (1) this Act; (2) the National Forest Management Act of 1976 ( 16 U.S.C. 1600 et seq. ); and (3) other applicable laws. (b) Uses The Secretary shall allow only such uses of the Special Management Area as the Secretary determines would further the purpose of the Special Management Area, as described in section 201(b). (c) Management plan (1) Plan required (A) In general Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall develop a management plan for the long-term protection, management, and monitoring of the Special Management Area. (B) Review and revision The management plan under subparagraph (A) shall, from time to time, be subject to review and revision in accordance with— (i) this Act; (ii) the National Forest Management Act of 1976 ( 16 U.S.C. 1600 et seq. ); and (iii) other applicable laws. (2) Consultation and coordination The Secretary shall prepare and revise the management plan under paragraph (1)— (A) in consultation with— (i) the State; (ii) units of local government; (iii) the public; (iv) the Council; and (v) the Native Fish Monitoring and Recommendation Team, as described in section 402(b)(1); and (B) in coordination with the Secretary of the Interior, with respect to the development of the separate management plan for the Conservation Area, as described in section 102(c). (3) Recommendations In preparing and revising the management plan under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall take into consideration any recommendations from the Council. (4) Treaty rights In preparing and revising the management plan under paragraph (1), taking into consideration the rights and obligations described in section 402, the Secretary shall ensure that the management plan does not alter or diminish— (A) the treaty rights of any Indian Tribe; (B) any rights described in the Colorado Ute Indian Water Rights Settlement Act of 1988 ( Public Law 100–585 ; 102 Stat. 2973); or (C) the operation or purposes of the Dolores Project. (d) Incorporation of acquired land and interests Any land or interest in land located within the boundary of the Special Management Area that is acquired by the United States in accordance with section 401(c) after the date of enactment of this Act shall— (1) become part of the Special Management Area; and (2) be managed as provided in this section. III Technical modifications to potential additions to National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 301. Purpose The purpose of this title is to release portions of the Dolores River and certain tributaries from designation for potential addition under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act ( 16 U.S.C. 1271 et seq. ) or from further study under that Act. 302. Release of Dolores River study area Section 5(a)(56) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act ( 16 U.S.C. 1276(a)(56) ) is amended by inserting and the segments of the Dolores River located in the Dolores River National Conservation Area designated by the Dolores River National Conservation Area and Special Management Area Act before the period at the end. 303. Applicability of continuing consideration provision Section 5(d)(1) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act ( 16 U.S.C. 1276(d)(1) ) shall not apply to— (1) the Conservation Area; or (2) the Special Management Area. IV General provisions 401. Management of covered land (a) Motorized vehicles (1) In general Except in cases in which motorized vehicles are needed for administrative purposes or to respond to an emergency, the use of motorized vehicles in the covered land shall be permitted only on designated routes. (2) Road construction Except as necessary for administrative purposes, protection of public health and safety, or providing reasonable access to private property, the Secretary shall not construct any permanent or temporary road within the covered land after the date of enactment of this Act. (b) Withdrawals Subject to valid existing rights, all public land within the covered land, including any land or interest in land that is acquired by the United States within the covered land after the date of enactment of this Act, is withdrawn from— (1) entry, appropriation or disposal under the public land laws; (2) location, entry, and patent under the mining laws; and (3) operation of the mineral leasing, mineral materials, and geothermal leasing laws, except as provided in section 102(e). (c) Willing sellers Any acquisition of land or interests in land under this Act shall be only by purchase from willing sellers, donation, or exchange. (d) Grazing The Secretary shall issue and administer any grazing leases or permits and trailing permits and administer allotments in the covered land in accordance with the laws (including regulations) applicable to the issuance and administration of leases and permits on other land under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management or Forest Service, as applicable. (e) Access to private land To ensure reasonable use and enjoyment of private property (whether in existence on the date of enactment of this Act or in an improved state), the Secretary shall grant reasonable and feasible access through the covered land to any private property that is located within or adjacent to the covered land, if other routes to the private property are blocked by physical barriers, such as the Dolores River or the cliffs of the Dolores River. (f) Easements The Secretary may lease or acquire easements on private land from willing lessors, donors, or sellers for recreation, access, conservation, or other permitted uses, to the extent necessary to fulfill the purposes of the Conservation Area or Special Management Area, as applicable. (g) Wildfire, insect, and disease management The Secretary may take any measures that the Secretary determines to be necessary to control fire, insects, and diseases in the covered land, (including, as the Secretary determines to be appropriate, the coordination of the measures with the State or a local agency). (h) Management of Ponderosa Gorge (1) In general The Secretary shall manage the areas of the Conservation Area and Special Management Area identified on the Map as Ponderosa Gorge in a manner that maintains the wilderness character of those areas as of the date of enactment of this Act. (2) Prohibited activities Subject to paragraph (3), in the areas described in paragraph (1), the following activities shall be prohibited: (A) New permanent or temporary road construction or the renovation of nonsystem roads in existence on the date of enactment of this Act. (B) The use of motor vehicles, motorized equipment, or mechanical transport, except as necessary to meet the minimum requirements for the administration of the Federal land, to protect public health and safety, or to conduct ecological restoration activities to improve the aquatic habitat of the Dolores River channel. (C) Projects undertaken for the purpose of harvesting commercial timber (other than activities relating to the harvest of merchantable products that are byproducts of activities conducted for ecological restoration or to further the purposes of this Act). (3) Utility corridor Nothing in this subsection affects the operation, maintenance, or location of the utility right-of-way within the corridor, as depicted on the Map. (i) Effect Nothing in this Act prohibits the Secretary from issuing a new permit and right-of-way within the covered land for a width of not more than 150 feet for a right-of-way that serves a transmission line in existence on the date of enactment of this Act, on the condition that the Secretary shall relocate the right-of-way in a manner that furthers the purposes of this Act. (j) Climatological data collection Subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary may require, nothing in this Act precludes the installation and maintenance of hydrologic, meteorological, or climatological collection devices in the covered land if the facilities and access to the facilities are essential to public safety, flood warning, flood control, water reservoir operation activities, or the collection of hydrologic data for water resource management purposes. 402. Protection of water rights and other interests (a) Dolores Project (1) Operation The Dolores Project and the operation of McPhee Reservoir shall continue to be the responsibility of, and be operated by, the Secretary, in cooperation with the Dolores Water Conservancy District, in accordance with applicable laws and obligations. (2) Effect Nothing in this Act affects the Dolores Project or the operation of McPhee Reservoir, in accordance with— (A) the reclamation laws; (B) any applicable— (i) Dolores Project water contract, storage contract, or carriage contract; or (ii) allocation of Dolores Project water; (C) the environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact prepared by the Bureau of Reclamation Upper Colorado Region and approved August 2, 1996; (D) the operating agreement entitled Operating Agreement, McPhee Dam and Reservoir, Contract No. 99–WC–40–R6100, Dolores Project, Colorado and dated April 25, 2000 (or any subsequent renewal or revision of that agreement); (E) mitigation measures for whitewater boating, including any such measure described in— (i) the document entitled Dolores Project Colorado Definite Plan Report and dated April 1977; (ii) the Dolores Project final environmental statement dated May 9, 1977; or (iii) a document referred to in subparagraph (C) or (D); (F) applicable Federal or State laws relating to the protection of the environment, including— (i) the Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq. ); (ii) the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 ( 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq. ); and (iii) the Federal Water Pollution Control Act ( 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq. ); and (G) the Colorado Ute Indian Water Rights Settlement Act of 1988 ( Public Law 100–585 ; 102 Stat. 2973). (b) Management of flows (1) In general In managing available flows below McPhee Dam to conserve, protect, and enhance the resources described in sections 101(b) and 201(b) of the Dolores River within the covered land, including native fish and whitewater boating resources, the Secretary shall seek to provide regular and meaningful consultation and collaboration with interested stakeholders, including the Native Fish Monitoring and Recommendation Team, which includes water management entities, affected counties, conservation interests, whitewater boating interests, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe, during the process of decisionmaking. (2) Annual report Beginning on the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act and annually thereafter, the Commissioner of Reclamation shall prepare and make publically available a report that describes any progress with respect to the conservation, protection, and enhancement of native fish in the Dolores River. (c) Water resource projects (1) In general Subject to valid existing rights and paragraph (2), after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary or any other officer, employee, or agent of the United States may not assist by loan, grant, license, or otherwise in the construction or modification of any water resource project— (A) located on the covered land that would— (i) affect the free-flowing character of any stream within the covered land; or (ii) unreasonably diminish the resource values described in sections 101(b) and 201(b) of the Dolores River within the covered land; or (B) located outside the covered land that would unreasonably diminish the resource values described in sections 101(b) and 201(b) of the Dolores River within the covered land. (2) Limitations Subject to the requirements of this section, nothing in paragraph (1)— (A) prevents, outside the covered land— (i) the construction of small diversion dams or stock ponds; (ii) new minor water developments in accordance with existing decreed water rights; or (iii) minor modifications to structures; or (B) affects access to, or operation, maintenance, repair, or replacement of, existing water resource projects. (d) Effect Nothing in this Act— (1) affects— (A) any water right that is— (i) decreed under the laws of the State; and (ii) in existence on the date of enactment of this Act; (B) the use, allocation, ownership, or control, in existence on the date of enactment of this Act, of any water or water right; (C) any vested absolute or decreed conditional water right in existence on the date of enactment of this Act, including any water right held by the United States; (D) any interstate water compact in existence on the date of enactment of this Act; or (E) State jurisdiction over any water law, water right, or adjudication or administration relating to any water resource; (2) imposes— (A) any mandatory streamflow requirement within the covered land; or (B) any Federal water quality standard within, or upstream of, the covered land that is more restrictive than would be applicable if the covered land had not been designated as the Conservation Area or Special Management Area under this Act; or (3) constitutes an express or implied reservation by the United States of any reserved or appropriative water right within the covered land. 403. Effect on private property and regulatory authority (a) Effect Nothing in this Act— (1) affects valid existing rights; (2) requires any owner of private property to bear any costs associated with the implementation of the management plan under this Act; (3) affects the jurisdiction or responsibility of the State with respect to fish and wildlife in the State; (4) requires a change in or affects local zoning laws of the State or a political subdivision of the State; or (5) affects— (A) the jurisdiction over, use, or maintenance of county roads in the covered land; or (B) the administration of the portion of the road that is not a county road and that is commonly known as the Dolores River Road within the Conservation Area, subject to the condition that the Secretary shall not improve the road beyond the existing primitive condition of the road. (b) Adjacent management (1) No buffer zones The designation of the Conservation Area and the Special Management Area by this Act shall not create any protective perimeter or buffer zone around the Conservation Area or Special Management Area, as applicable. (2) Private land Nothing in this Act requires the prohibition of any activity on private land outside the boundaries of the Conservation Area or the Special Management Area that can be seen or heard from within such a boundary. 404. Tribal rights and traditional uses (a) Treaty rights Nothing in this Act affects the treaty rights of any Indian Tribe, including rights under the Agreement of September 13, 1873, ratified by the Act of April 29, 1874 (18 Stat. 36, chapter 136). (b) Traditional tribal uses Subject to any terms and conditions as the Secretary determines to be necessary and in accordance with applicable law, the Secretary shall allow for the continued use of the covered land by members of Indian Tribes— (1) for traditional ceremonies; and (2) as a source of traditional plants and other materials.