BEST Act

Bill: 116-hr-2986
Sponsor: full_name: Rep. Foster, Bill [D-IL-11]
Introduced: 2019-05-23
Policy area: Energy
Subjects: Congressional oversight

Electric power generation and transmission

Energy efficiency and conservation

Energy research

Energy storage, supplies, demand

Public-private cooperation

Research administration and funding

Research and development

Technology transfer and commercialization
Latest action: action_date: 2020-08-07
text: Placed on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 379.

Summaries:
action_date: 2019-05-23
action_desc: Introduced in House
text: <p><b>Better Energy Storage Technology Act or the</b> <b>BEST Act</b></p> <p>This bill addresses grid-scale energy storage systems.</p> <p>The bill requires the Department of Energy (DOE) to establish within its Office of Electricity a research, development, and demonstration program for grid-scale energy storage systems.</p> <p>DOE must enter into agreements to carry out not more than five demonstration projects and develop a 10-year strategic plan and cost targets for grid-scale energy storage systems.</p>

action_date: 2020-08-07
action_desc: Reported to House
text: <p><b>Better Energy Storage Technology Act or the</b> <b>BEST Act</b></p> <p>This bill addresses grid-scale energy storage systems.</p> <p>Specifically, the bill requires the Department of Energy (DOE) to</p> <ul> <li>establish a research and development program for energy storage systems, components, and materials across multiple program offices of DOE, including analyzing the need for various types of energy storage to improve electric grid resilience and reliability;</li> <li>develop a five-year strategic plan that identifies research, development, demonstration, and commercial application goals for the program;</li> <li>support the standardized testing and validation of energy storage systems under the program through collaboration with one or more National Laboratories;</li> <li>provide technical assistance for commercial application of energy storage technologies to eligible entities;</li> <li>create a competitive grant program for the demonstration of energy storage systems that use either a single system or aggregations of multiple systems; and</li> <li>establish a research, development, and demonstration program of recycling of energy storage systems containing critical minerals. <p> </li> </ul>

tv_txt: I 116th CONGRESS 1st Session H. R. 2986 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES May 23, 2019 Mr. Foster (for himself, Mr. Casten of Illinois , Ms. Herrera Beutler , and Mr. Gonzalez of Ohio ) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology A BILL To amend the United States Energy Storage Competitiveness Act of 2007 to establish a research, development, and demonstration program for grid-scale energy storage systems, and for other purposes.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Better Energy Storage Technology Act or the BEST Act . 2. Grid-scale energy storage system research, development, and demonstration program (a) In general The United States Energy Storage Competitiveness Act of 2007 ( 42 U.S.C. 17231 ) is amended— (1) by redesignating subsections (l) through (p) as subsections (m) through (q), respectively; and (2) by inserting after subsection (k) the following: (l) Grid-Scale energy storage system research, development, and demonstration program (1) Definitions In this subsection: (A) Energy storage system The term energy storage system means a system, equipment, facility, or technology that— (i) is capable of absorbing energy, storing that energy for a period of time, and dispatching the stored energy; and (ii) (I) uses a mechanical, electrical, chemical, electrochemical, or thermal process to store energy that— (aa) was generated at an earlier time for use at a later time; or (bb) was generated from a mechanical process, and would otherwise be wasted, for delivery at a later time; or (II) stores thermal energy for direct use for heating or cooling at a later time in a manner that avoids the need to use electricity at that later time, in the same manner as the storage and use offered by a grid-enabled water heater. (B) Program The term program means the research, development, and demonstration program established under paragraph (2)(A). (2) Establishment (A) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the BEST Act , the Secretary shall establish within the Office of Electricity of the Department of Energy a research, development, and demonstration program of grid-scale energy storage systems, in accordance with this subsection. (B) Goals, priorities, cost targets The Secretary shall develop goals, priorities, and cost targets for the program. (3) Strategic plan (A) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the BEST Act , the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a 10-year strategic plan for the program. (B) Contents The strategic plan submitted under subparagraph (A) shall— (i) identify Department of Energy programs that— (I) support the research and development activities described in paragraph (4) and the demonstration projects under paragraph (6); and (II) (aa) do not support the activities or projects described in subclause (I); but (bb) are important to the development of grid-scale energy storage systems and the mission of the Office of Electricity of the Department of Energy, as determined by the Secretary; and (ii) include expected timelines for— (I) the accomplishment of relevant objectives under current programs of the Department of Energy relating to grid-scale energy storage systems; and (II) the commencement of any new initiatives within the Department of Energy relating to grid-scale energy storage systems to accomplish those objectives. (C) Updates to plan Not less frequently than once every 2 years, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives an updated 10-year strategic plan, which shall identify, and provide a justification for, any major deviation from a previous strategic plan submitted under this paragraph. (4) Research and development In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall focus research and development activities on developing cost-effective energy storage systems that— (A) (i) to balance day-scale needs, are capable of highly flexible power output for not less than 6 hours; and (ii) have a lifetime of— (I) not less than 8,000 cycles of discharge at full output; and (II) 20 years of operation; (B) (i) can provide power to the electric grid for durations of approximately 10 to 100 hours; and (ii) have a lifetime of— (I) not less than 1,500 cycles of discharge at full output; and (II) 20 years of operation; and (C) can store energy over several months and address seasonal scale variations in supply and demand. (5) Cost targets (A) In general Cost targets developed by the Secretary under paragraph (2)(B) shall— (i) be for energy storage costs across all types of energy storage technology; and (ii) include technology costs, installation costs, balance of services costs, and soft costs. (B) Target updates; subtargets Not less frequently than once every 5 years during the 10-year period beginning on the date of enactment of the BEST Act , the Secretary shall— (i) revise the cost targets developed under paragraph (2)(B) to be more stringent, based on— (I) a technology-neutral approach that considers all types of energy storage deployment scenarios, including individual technologies, technology combination use profiles, and integrated control system applications; (II) input from a variety of stakeholders, including the stakeholders described in subsection (i)(3); (III) the inclusion and use of existing infrastructure; and (IV) the ability to optimize the integration of intermittent renewable energy generation technology and distributed energy resources; and (ii) establish cost subtargets for technologies and applications relating to the energy storage systems described in paragraph (4), taking into consideration— (I) electricity market prices; and (II) the goal of being cost-competitive in specific markets for electric grid products and services. (6) Demonstration projects (A) In general Not later than September 30, 2023, under the program, the Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, enter into agreements to carry out not more than 5 grid-scale energy storage system demonstration projects. (B) Objectives Each demonstration project carried out under subparagraph (A) shall be designed to further the development of the energy storage systems described in paragraph (4). (C) No ownership interest The Federal Government shall not hold any equity or other ownership interest in any grid-scale energy storage system that is part of a demonstration project under this paragraph. (7) Testing and validation The Secretary shall accelerate the standardized testing and validation of grid-scale energy storage systems under the program through collaboration with 1 or more National Laboratories (as defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 42 U.S.C. 15801 )), including by developing testing and evaluation methodologies for— (A) standardized grid performance testing for energy storage systems, materials, and technologies during each stage of development, beginning with the research stage and ending with the deployment stage, including performance testing with charge and discharge protocols to evaluate power capability, energy output, and degradation during cycling and calendar aging on earliest stage commercially viable prototypes (commonly less than 100 kilowatts); and (B) accelerated life testing protocols to predict estimated lifetime metrics with accuracy. (8) Coordination To accelerate the development of grid-scale energy storage systems under the program, and pursuant to subsection (n), the Secretary shall coordinate with— (A) offices within the Department of Energy conducting energy storage research, such as the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy, the Office of Science, and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; (B) Federal agencies that are carrying out initiatives to increase energy security or reliability, such as the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and the Department of Homeland Security; (C) program offices that aim to increase domestic manufacturing and production, such as the Office of Advanced Manufacturing in the Department of Energy and the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the Department of Commerce; and (D) members of private industry to advance the development of commercially viable grid-scale energy storage systems. . (b) Authorization of appropriations The United States Energy Storage Competitiveness Act of 2007 ( 42 U.S.C. 17231 ) is amended, in subsection (q) (as redesignated by subsection (a)(1))— (1) in paragraph (5), by striking and at the end; (2) in paragraph (6), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; and ; and (3) by adding at the end the following: (7) the research, development, and demonstration program of grid-scale energy storage systems under subsection (l) $60,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2020 through 2024. .

tv_txt: IB Union Calendar No. 379 116th CONGRESS 2d Session H. R. 2986 [Report No. 116–472] IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES May 23, 2019 Mr. Foster (for himself, Mr. Casten of Illinois , Ms. Herrera Beutler , and Mr. Gonzalez of Ohio ) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology August 7, 2020 Additional sponsors: Mr. Fitzpatrick , Mr. Welch , Mr. Bacon , Mr. Grijalva , Mr. Crenshaw , Mr. Kennedy , Mr. Gallagher , Mr. Lipinski , Mr. Stivers , Mrs. Fletcher , Mr. McHenry , Mr. Case , Mr. Calvert , Mr. Weber of Texas , Ms. Lee of California , Ms. Spanberger , Mr. Katko , Ms. Kuster of New Hampshire , Mr. Kind , Mr. Quigley , Ms. Lofgren , Mr. Cox of California , Ms. Norton , Mrs. Dingell , Mr. Himes , Ms. Haaland , Mrs. Luria , Mr. Lewis , Mr. Blumenauer , Mr. Larsen of Washington , Mr. Smith of New Jersey , Ms. Stefanik , Mr. Brindisi , Mr. Cohen , Mr. Connolly , Mr. Kim , Mr. Schneider , Mrs. Beatty , Mr. David Scott of Georgia , Mr. Harder of California , Mr. Suozzi , Mr. Keating , Mr. Meeks , Mrs. Napolitano , Ms. Johnson of Texas , Ms. Pingree , Mr. Price of North Carolina , Ms. Barragán , Mr. Cole , Mr. Fortenberry , Mr. Meuser , Mr. McAdams , Ms. Sherrill , Mr. Olson , Mr. DeFazio , Ms. Escobar , Mr. Steil , Mr. Soto , Ms. Judy Chu of California , Mr. Cicilline , Miss Rice of New York , Mr. Khanna , Mr. Pocan , Mr. Crist , Mr. Joyce of Ohio , Mr. Aguilar , Ms. Brownley of California , Mr. Cooper , Mr. Castro of Texas , Mrs. Rodgers of Washington , Mr. Phillips , Mr. San Nicolas , Ms. Bonamici , Mr. Thompson of California , Ms. Sánchez , Mr. Rose of New York , Mrs. Watson Coleman , Mr. Golden , Mr. Pappas , Mr. Langevin , Mr. Gallego , Ms. Eshoo , Ms. Houlahan , Mr. Michael F. Doyle of Pennsylvania , Mr. Bera , Mr. Heck , Mrs. Hayes , Mr. Amodei , Ms. Jayapal , Ms. Roybal-Allard , Mr. Luján , Mr. Horsford , Mr. Sherman , Mr. Curtis , Ms. Titus , Mr. Trone , Mr. Peters , Ms. Craig , and Ms. Stevens August 7, 2020 Reported with an amendment; committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic For text of introduced bill, see copy of bill as introduced on May 23, 2019 A BILL To amend the United States Energy Storage Competitiveness Act of 2007 to establish a research, development, and demonstration program for grid-scale energy storage systems, and for other purposes.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Better Energy Storage Technology Act or the BEST Act . 2. Energy storage (a) In general The United States Energy Storage Competitiveness Act of 2007 ( 42 U.S.C. 17231 ) is amended— (1) by redesignating subsections (l) through (p) as subsections (p) through (t), respectively; and (2) by inserting after subsection (k) the following: (l) Energy storage research and development program (1) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Better Energy Storage Technology Act, the Secretary shall establish a research and development program for energy storage systems, components, and materials across multiple program offices of the Department. (2) Requirements In carrying out the program under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall— (A) coordinate across all relevant program offices throughout the Department, including the Office of Electricity, the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, the Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy, the Office of Science, and the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response; (B) adopt long-term cost, performance, and demonstration targets for different types of energy storage systems and for use in a variety of regions, including rural areas; (C) incorporate considerations of sustainability, sourcing, recycling, reuse, and disposal of materials, including critical elements, in the design of energy storage systems; (D) identify energy storage duration needs; (E) analyze the need for various types of energy storage to improve electric grid resilience and reliability; and (F) support research and development of advanced manufacturing technologies that have the potential to improve United States competitiveness in energy storage manufacturing. (3) Strategic plan (A) In general No later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Better Energy Storage Technology Act, the Secretary shall develop a 5-year strategic plan identifying research, development, demonstration, and commercial application goals for the program in accordance with this section. The Secretary shall submit this plan to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate. (B) Contents The strategic plan submitted under subparagraph (A) shall— (i) identify programs at the Department related to energy storage systems that support the research and development activities described in paragraph (4), and the demonstration projects under subsection (m); and (ii) include timelines for the accomplishment of goals developed under the plan. (C) Updates to plan Not less frequently than once every 3 years, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate an updated version of the plan under subparagraph (A). (4) Research and development In carrying out the program established in paragraph (1), the Secretary shall focus on developing— (A) energy storage systems that can store energy and deliver stored energy for a minimum of 6 hours in duration to balance electricity needs over the course of a single day; (B) long-duration energy storage systems that can store energy and deliver stored energy for 10 to 100 hours in duration; and (C) energy storage systems that can store energy and deliver stored energy over several months and address seasonal scale variations in supply and demand. (5) Testing and validation The Secretary shall support the standardized testing and validation of energy storage systems under the program through collaboration with 1 or more National Laboratories, including the development of methodologies to independently validate energy storage technologies by— (A) performance of energy storage systems on the electric grid, including— (i) when appropriate, testing of application-driven charge and discharge protocols; (ii) evaluation of power capacity and energy output; (iii) degradation of the energy storage systems from cycling and aging; (iv) safety; and (v) reliability testing under grid duty cycles; and (B) prediction of lifetime metrics. (6) Coordination In carrying out this subsection, the Secretary shall coordinate with— (A) programs and offices that aim to increase domestic manufacturing and production of energy storage systems, such as those within the Department and within the National Institute of Standards and Technology; (B) other Federal agencies that are carrying out initiatives to increase energy reliability through the development of energy storage systems, including the Department of Defense; and (C) other stakeholders working to advance the development of commercially viable energy storage systems. (7) Technical assistance program (A) In general The Secretary shall provide technical assistance for commercial application of energy storage technologies to eligible entities. (B) Technical assistance Technical assistance provided under this paragraph— (i) may include assistance with— (I) assessment of relevant technical and geographic characteristics; (II) interconnection of electricity storage systems with the electric grid; and (III) engineering design; and (ii) may not include assistance relating to modification of Federal, State, or local regulations or policies with respect to energy storage systems. (C) Applications (i) In general The Secretary shall seek applications for technical assistance and grants under the program— (I) on a competitive basis; and (II) on a periodic basis, but not less frequently than once every 12 months. (ii) Priorities In selecting eligible entities for technical assistance for commercial applications, the Secretary shall give priority to eligible entities with projects that have the greatest potential for— (I) strengthening the reliability and resilience of the electric grid to the impact of extreme weather events, power grid failures, and interruptions in supply of electricity; (II) reducing the cost of energy storage systems; or (III) facilitating the use of net zero emission energy resources. (8) Program defined In this subsection, the term program means the research and development program established under paragraph (1). . (b) Energy storage demonstration program The United States Energy Storage Competitiveness Act of 2007 ( 42 U.S.C. 17231 ), as amended, is further amended by inserting after subsection (l), as added by subsection (a), the following: (m) Energy storage demonstration program (1) Establishment The Secretary shall establish a competitive grant program for the demonstration of energy storage systems, as identified by the Secretary, that use either— (A) a single system; or (B) aggregations of multiple systems. (2) Eligibility Entities eligible to receive a grant under paragraph (1) include— (A) a State, territory, or possession of the United States; (B) a State energy office; (C) a tribal organization (as defined in section 3765 of title 38, United States Code); (D) an institution of higher education (as defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 1001 )); (E) an electric utility, including— (i) a rural electric cooperative; (ii) a political subdivision of a State, such as a municipally owned electric utility, or any agency, authority, corporation, or instrumentality of one or more State political subdivisions; and (iii) an investor-owned utility; and (F) a private company, such as but not limited to an energy storage company. (3) Selection requirements In selecting eligible entities to receive a grant under this section, the Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable— (A) ensure regional diversity among eligible entities that receive the grants, including participation by rural States and small States; (B) ensure that specific projects selected for grants— (i) expand on the existing technology demonstration programs of the Department of Energy; and (ii) are designed to achieve one or more of the objectives described in paragraph (4); (C) give consideration to proposals from eligible entities for securing energy storage through competitive procurement or contract for service; and (D) prioritize projects that leverage matching funds from non-Federal sources. (4) Objectives Each demonstration project selected for a grant under paragraph (1) shall include one or more of the following objectives: (A) To improve the security of critical infrastructure and emergency response systems. (B) To improve the reliability of the transmission and distribution system, particularly in rural areas, including high energy cost rural areas. (C) To optimize transmission or distribution system operation and power quality to defer or avoid costs of replacing or upgrading electric grid infrastructure, including transformers and substations. (D) To supply energy at peak periods of demand on the electric grid or during periods of significant variation of electric grid supply or demand. (E) To reduce peak loads of homes and businesses, particularly to defer or avoid investments in new electric grid capacity. (F) To advance power conversion systems to make the systems smarter, more efficient, able to communicate with other inverters, and able to control voltage. (G) To provide ancillary services for grid stability and management. (H) To integrate one or more energy resources, including renewable energy resources, at the source or away from the source. (I) To increase the feasibility of microgrids or islanding. (J) To enable the use of stored energy in forms other than electricity to support the natural gas system and other industrial processes. (5) Restriction on use of funds Any eligible entity that receives a grant under paragraph (1) may only use the grant to fund programs relating to the demonstration of energy storage systems connected to the electric grid, or that provides bi-directional energy storage capable of providing back-up energy in the event of grid outages, including energy storage systems sited behind a customer revenue meter. (6) Cost sharing In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall require cost sharing under this section in accordance with section 988 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 42 U.S.C. 16352 ). (7) No project ownership interest The United States shall hold no equity or other ownership interest in an energy storage system for which a grant is provided under paragraph (1). (8) Rules and procedures; awarding of grants (A) Rules and procedures Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Better Energy Storage Technology Act, the Secretary shall adopt rules and procedures for carrying out the grant program under subsection (m). (B) Awarding of grants Not later than 1 year after the date on which the rules and procedures under paragraph (A) are established, the Secretary shall award the initial grants provided under this section. (9) Reports The Secretary shall submit to Congress and make publicly available— (A) not less frequently than once every 2 years for the duration of the grant program under subsection (m), a report describing the performance of the grant program, including a synthesis and analysis of any information the Secretary requires grant recipients to provide to the Secretary as a condition of receiving a grant; and (B) on termination of the grant program under subsection (m), an assessment of the success of, and education provided by, the measures carried out by grant recipients under the grant program. (10) Program defined In this subsection, the term program means the demonstration program established under paragraph (1). . (c) Authorization of appropriations The United States Energy Storage Competitiveness Act of 2007 ( 42 U.S.C. 17231 ) is amended, in subsection (t) (as redesignated by subsection (a)(1))— (1) in paragraph (5), by striking and at the end; (2) in paragraph (6), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; ; and (3) by adding at the end the following: (7) the research and development program for energy storage systems under subsection (l)— (A) $62,000,000 for fiscal year 2020; (B) $ 65,100,000 for fiscal year 2021; (C) $ 68,355,000 for fiscal year 2022; (D) $ 71,773,000 for fiscal year 2023; and (E) $ 75,362,000 for fiscal year 2024; and (8) the demonstration program for energy storage systems under subsection (m), $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2020 through 2024. . 3. Critical mineral recycling and reuse research, development, and demonstration program The United States Energy Storage Competitiveness Act of 2007 ( 42 U.S.C. 17231 ) is amended by inserting after subsection (m), as added by section 2(b) of this Act, the following: (n) Critical mineral recycling and reuse research, development, and demonstration program (1) Definitions In this subsection: (A) Critical mineral The term critical mineral means any of a class of chemical elements that have a high risk of a supply disruption and are critical to one or more new, energy-related technologies such that a shortage of such element would significantly inhibit large-scale deployment of technologies that store energy. (B) Recycling The term recycling means the separation of critical minerals embedded within an energy storage system through physical or chemical means and reuse of those separated critical minerals in other technologies. (2) Establishment Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the BEST Act, the Secretary shall establish a research, development, and demonstration program of recycling of energy storage systems containing critical minerals. (3) Research, development, and demonstration In carrying out the program, the Secretary may focus research, development, and demonstration activities on— (A) technologies, process improvements, and design optimizations that facilitate and promote recycling, including— (i) improvement of efficiency and rates of collection of products and scrap containing critical minerals from consumer, industrial, and other waste streams; (ii) separation and sorting of component materials in energy storage systems containing critical minerals, including improving the recyclability of such energy storage systems; (iii) safe storage of energy storage systems, including reducing fire risk; (iv) safe transportation of energy storage systems and components; and (v) development of technologies to advance energy storage recycling facility infrastructure, including integrated recycling facilities that can process multiple materials; (B) research and development of technologies that mitigate emissions and environmental impacts that arise from recycling, including disposal of toxic reagents and byproducts related to recycling processes; (C) research and development of technologies to enable recycling of critical materials from batteries in electric vehicles; (D) research on and analysis of non-technical barriers to improving the transportation of energy storage systems containing critical minerals; and (E) research on technologies and methods to enable the safe disposal of energy storage systems containing critical minerals, including waste materials and components recovered during the recycling process. (4) Report to congress Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the BEST Act, and every 3 years thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report summarizing the activities, findings, and progress of the program. (o) Definitions For purposes of subsections (l), (m), and (n), the following definitions apply: (1) Energy storage system The term energy storage system means a system, equipment, facility, or technology relating to the electric grid that— (A) is capable of absorbing energy, storing such energy for a period of time, and dispatching such energy after storage; and (B) uses a mechanical, electrical, chemical, electrochemical, or thermal process to store such energy, or any other process that the Secretary determines relevant. (2) Island The term island means one or more distributed generators or energy storage systems that continues to power a location in the absence of electricity from the electric grid. (3) Microgrid The term microgrid means an integrated energy system consisting of inter-connected loads and distributed energy resources, including generators and energy storage systems, within clearly defined electrical boundaries that— (A) acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid; (B) can connect and disconnect from the grid to operate in either grid-connected mode or island-mode; or (C) can operate in the absence of the grid. (4) National laboratory The term national laboratory has the meaning given the term in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 42 U.S.C. 15801 ). .

August 7, 2020 Reported with an amendment; committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed