Social Security Enhancement and Protection Act of 2019

Bill: 116-hr-5392
Sponsor: full_name: Rep. Moore, Gwen [D-WI-4]
Introduced: 2019-12-11
Policy area: Social Welfare
Subjects: Employment taxes

Family relationships

Higher education

Social security and elderly assistance

Wages and earnings
Latest action: action_date: 2019-12-11
text: Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means.

Summaries:
action_date: 2019-12-11
action_desc: Introduced in House
text: <p><b>Social Security Enhancement and Protection Act of 2019</b></p> <p>This bill makes various changes to the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program (commonly known as Social Security) to increase payroll tax rates and certain benefits.</p> <p>Under current law, Social Security has a <i>taxable earnings base</i>, which refers to the maximum amount of a worker's earnings that are subject to Social Security payroll taxes (set at $137,700 in 2020). Additionally, the taxable earnings base serves as the maximum amount of earnings used to calculate a worker's Social Security benefits.</p> <p>This bill gradually increases the Social Security payroll tax rate from 6.2% to 6.5% over six years. It also phases out the taxable earnings base, thereby applying the payroll taxes to a greater amount of a worker's earnings, and revises the method to calculate a worker's Social Security benefits to account for earnings in excess of the taxable earnings base.</p> <p>Other changes to benefits include establishing a new method to calculate benefits for lifetime low earners and increasing benefits for certain beneficiaries on account of long-term eligibility. In addition, an eligible child of a retired, disabled, or deceased worker may continue to receive benefits through age 26, provided the child is a full-time student.</p>

tv_txt: I 116th CONGRESS 1st Session H. R. 5392 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES December 11, 2019 Ms. Moore (for herself, Ms. Schakowsky , Mr. Payne , Ms. Jackson Lee , and Ms. Wilson of Florida ) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Ways and Means A BILL To amend title II of the Social Security Act to make various reforms to Social Security, and for other purposes.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Social Security Enhancement and Protection Act of 2019 . 2. Increase in special minimum benefit for lifetime low earners based on years in the workforce Section 215(a)(1)(C) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 415(a)(1)(C) ) is amended to read as follows: (C) (i) Effective with respect to the benefits of individuals who become eligible for old-age insurance benefits or disability insurance benefits (or die before becoming so eligible) after 2019, no primary insurance amount computed under subparagraph (A) may be less than the applicable percentage of 1/12 of the annual dollar amount determined under clause (iv) for the year in which the amount is determined. (ii) For purposes of clause (i), the applicable percentage is the percentage specified in connection with the number of years of work, as set forth in the following table: If the number of The applicable years of work is: percentage is: 11 36.7 percent 12 40.0 percent 13 43.3 percent 14 46.7 percent 15 50.0 percent 16 53.3 percent 17 56.7 percent 18 60.0 percent 19 63.3 percent 20 66.7 percent 21 70.0 percent 22 73.3 percent 23 76.7 percent 24 80.0 percent 25 83.3 percent 26 86.7 percent 27 90.0 percent 28 93.3 percent 29 96.7 percent 30 or more 100.0 percent. (iii) The annual dollar amount determined under this clause is— (I) for calendar year 2020, the poverty guideline for 2019; and (II) for any calendar year after 2020, the annual dollar amount for 2020 multiplied by the ratio of— (aa) the national average wage index (as defined in section 209(k)(1)) for the second calendar year preceding the calendar year for which the determination is made, to (bb) the national average wage index (as so defined) for 2018. (iv) For purposes of this subparagraph— (I) the term number of years of work means, with respect to an individual, the sum of— (aa) 1/4 of the total number of quarters of coverage credited to such individual (disregarding any fraction); and (bb) the number of years (not exceeding 5) in all of which the individual provided care for a child under 6 years of age who resided in the individual’s home; and (II) the term poverty guideline for 2019 means the annual poverty guideline for 2019 (as updated annually in the Federal Register by the Department of Health and Human Services under the authority of section 673(2) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981) as applicable to a single individual . 3. Establishment of an increased benefit for beneficiaries on account of long-term eligibility (a) In general Section 202 of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402 ) is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection: (aa) Increase in benefit amounts on account of long-Term eligibility (1) In the case of an individual who is a qualified beneficiary for a calendar year after 2019, the amount of any monthly insurance benefit of such qualified beneficiary under this section or section 223 for any month in such calendar year shall be increased in accordance with paragraph (3). (2) (A) For purposes of this subsection, the term qualified beneficiary for a calendar year means an individual in any case in which such calendar year begins at least 16 years after the applicable date of eligibility for such individual. (B) For purposes of this subsection, the applicable date of eligibility for an individual is the date on which the individual on whose wages and self-employment income the monthly insurance benefit is based initially became eligible (or died before becoming eligible) for old-age insurance benefits under subsection (a) or disability insurance benefits under section 223. (3) (A) The increase required under paragraph (1) with respect to the monthly insurance benefit of an individual who is a qualified beneficiary for a calendar year shall be equal to the applicable percentage (specified for such benefit in subparagraph (B)) of the full increase amount for such calendar year (determined under subparagraph (C)). (B) The applicable percentage specified for a monthly insurance benefit under this subparagraph for a calendar year is the percentage specified, in connection with the number of years ending after the applicable date of eligibility for such individual and before such calendar year, in the following table: The applicable If the number of years is: percentage is: 16 20 percent 17 40 percent 18 60 percent 19 80 percent 20 or larger 100 percent. (C) (i) Except as provided in clause (ii), the full increase amount determined under this subparagraph for a calendar year in connection with the monthly insurance benefit of a qualified beneficiary is a dollar amount equal to 5 percent of the amount of the benefit if— (I) such benefit were based on the primary insurance amount determined for January of such calendar year of a putative individual; (II) on January 1 of the calendar year in which occurred the applicable eligibility date with respect to such individual, such putative individual were fully insured, attained retirement age (as defined in section 216(l)(2)) and were otherwise eligible for, and applied for, old-age insurance benefits; and (III) such putative individual’s average indexed monthly earnings taken into account in determining such primary insurance amount were equal to 1/12 of the national average wage index (as defined in section 209(k)(1)) for the second year prior to such calendar year. (ii) (I) In the case of a monthly insurance benefit under subsection (b) or (c), the full increase amount determined under this subparagraph shall be one-half the amount determined under clause (i); or (II) in the case of a monthly insurance benefit under subsection (d), (g), or (h), the full increase amount determined under this subparagraph shall be the percentage of the amount determined under clause (i) equal to the ratio which the amount of such benefit bears to the primary insurance amount (before the application of section 203(a)) of the individual on whose wages and self-employment income the monthly insurance benefit is based. (4) In the case of a qualified beneficiary who is entitled to two or more monthly insurance benefits under this title for the same month— (A) the earliest applicable date of eligibility for such beneficiary with respect to such benefits shall be treated as the applicable date of eligibility for such beneficiary for the purposes of this subsection; and (B) such beneficiary shall be entitled to an increase with respect only to one such benefit. (5) This subsection shall be applied to monthly insurance benefits after any increase under subsection (w) and any applicable reductions and deductions under this title. (6) In any case in which an individual is entitled to benefits under both this section and section 223, the increase under this subsection shall be paid from the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund. . (b) Conforming amendments (1) Section 202 of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402 ) is amended— (A) in the last sentence of subsection (a), by striking subsection (q) and subsection (w) and inserting subsections (q), (w), and (aa) ; (B) in subsection (b)(2), by striking subsections (k)(5) and (q) and inserting subsections (k)(5), (q), and (aa) ; (C) in subsection (c)(2), by striking subsections (k)(5) and (q) and inserting subsections (k)(5), (q), and (aa) ; (D) in subsection (d)(2), by adding at the end the following: This paragraph shall apply subject to subsection (aa). ; (E) in subsection (e)(2)(A), by striking subsection (k)(5), subsection (q), and subparagraph (D) of this paragraph and inserting subsection (k)(5), subsection (q), subsection (aa), and subparagraph (D) of this paragraph ; (F) in subsection (f)(2)(A), by striking subsection (k)(5), subsection (q), and subparagraph (D) of this paragraph and inserting subsection (k)(5), subsection (q), subsection (aa), and subparagraph (D) of this paragraph ; (G) in subsection (g)(2), by striking Such and inserting Except as provided in subsections (k)(5) and (aa), such ; (H) in subsection (h)(2)(A), by inserting and subsection (aa) after subparagraphs (B) and (C) ; and (I) in section 223(a)(2), by striking section 202(q) and inserting sections 202(q) and 202(aa) . (2) Section 209(k)(1) of such Act ( 402 U.S.C. 409(k)(1) ) is amended by inserting 202(aa)(3)(C)(i)(II), before 203(f)(8)(B)(ii) . 4. Extension of child’s benefit for full-time post-secondary school students under age 26 (a) In general Section 202(d)(1)(B) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d)(1)(B) ) is amended to read as follows: (B) at the time such application was filed was unmarried and— (i) had not attained the age of 18, (ii) was a full-time elementary or secondary school student and had not attained the age of 19, (iii) was a full-time post-secondary school student and had not attained the age of 26, or (iv) is under a disability (as defined in section 223(d)) which began before he attained the age of 22, and . (b) Definition of full-Time post-Secondary school student (1) In general Section 202(d)(7) of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d)(7) ) is amended— (A) in subparagraph (A)— (i) by inserting and a full-time post-secondary school student is an individual who is in full-time attendance as a student at a post-secondary educational institution before , as determined by the Commissioner ; (ii) by inserting or a full-time post-secondary school student before if he is paid by his employer ; (iii) by inserting or a post-secondary educational institution, as applicable, before at the request ; (iv) by inserting or a full-time post-secondary school student before for the purpose of this section ; and (v) by inserting or a full-time post-secondary school student before shall be deemed ; and (B) in subparagraph (B)— (i) by inserting or a full-time post-secondary school student after student ; (ii) by inserting or a post-secondary educational institution, as applicable before at which he has been ; and (iii) by striking an elementary or secondary school in each of the second and third places in which such term appears and inserting such a school . (2) Transition from elementary or secondary school Section 202(d)(7)(B) of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d)(7)(B) ) is amended by adding at the end the following sentence: An individual who has been in full-time attendance at an elementary or secondary school shall, during a succeeding period of nonattendance at such school, be deemed to be a full-time secondary-school student if (i) such period is 4 calendar months or less, and (ii) the individual shows to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that he intends to be in full-time attendance at a post-secondary educational institution immediately following such period. (c) Definition of post-Secondary educational institution Section 202(d)(7)(C) of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d)(7)(C) ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (iii) A post-secondary educational institution is a school or college or university that provides post-secondary education and— (I) is operated or directly supported by the United States, or by any State or local government or political subdivision thereof, (II) has been approved by a State or accredited by a State-recognized or nationally recognized accrediting agency or body, or (III) whose credits are accepted, on transfer, by not less than three institutions which are so accredited, for credit on the same basis as if transferred from an institution so accredited. . (d) Conforming amendments (1) Section 202(d)(1)(E) of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d)(1)(E) ) is amended by inserting or a full-time post-secondary school student after student . (2) Section 202(d)(1)(F) of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d)(1)(F) ) is amended by striking the earlier of— and all that follows through the age of 19, and inserting the following: the earlier of— (i) the first month during no part of which the child is a full-time elementary or secondary school student or a full-time post-secondary school student, (ii) the month in which the child attains the age of 19, but only if the child is not a full-time post-secondary school student during any part of such month, or (iii) the month in which the child attains the age of 26, . (3) Section 202(d)(1)(G) of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d)(1)(G) ) is amended by striking (if later) and all that follows through the the age of 19, and inserting the following: (if later) the earlier of— (i) the first month during no part of which the child is a full-time elementary or secondary school student or a full-time post-secondary school student, (ii) the month in which the child attains the age of 19, but only if the child is not a full-time post-secondary school student during any part of such month, or (iii) the month in which the child attains the age of 26, . (4) Section 202(d)(6)(A) of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d)(6)(A) ) is amended to read as follows: (A) (i) is a full-time elementary or secondary school student and has not attained the age of 19, (ii) is a full-time post-secondary school student and has not attained the age of 26, or (iii) is under a disability (as defined in section 223(d)) and has not attained the age of 22, or . (5) Section 202(d)(6)(D) of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d)(6)(D) ) is amended to read as follows: (D) the earlier of— (i) the first month during no part of which the child is a full-time elementary or secondary school student or a full-time post-secondary school student, (ii) the month in which the child attains the age of 19, but only if the child is not a full-time post-secondary school student during any part of such month, or (iii) the month in which the child attains the age of 26, but only if he is not under a disability (as so defined) in such earlier month; or . (6) Section 202(d)(6)(E) of such Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d)(6)(E) ) is amended by striking (if later) and all that follows to the end and inserting the following: (if later) the earlier of— (i) the first month during no part of which the child is a full-time elementary or secondary school student or a full-time post-secondary school student, (ii) the month in which the child attains the age of 19, but only if the child is not a full-time post-secondary school student during any part of such month, or (iii) the month in which the child attains the age of 26. . (e) Effective date The amendments made by this section apply with respect to applications for child’s insurance benefits under section 202(d) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 402(d) ) filed in any calendar year after 2019. 5. Determination of taxable wages and self-employment income above contribution and benefit base after 2019 (a) Determination of taxable wages above contribution and benefit base after 2019 (1) Amendments to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 Section 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended— (A) in subsection (a)(1), by inserting the applicable percentage (determined under subsection (c)(1)) of before that part of the remuneration ; and (B) in subsection (c), by striking (c) Included and excluded service .—For purposes of this chapter, if and inserting the following: (c) Special rules for wages and employment (1) Applicable percentage of remuneration in determining taxable wages For purposes of subsection (a)(1), the applicable percentage for a calendar year shall be determined in accordance with the following table: The applicable In the case of: percentage is: Calendar year 2020 90 percent Calendar year 2021 80 percent Calendar year 2022 70 percent Calendar year 2023 60 percent Calendar year 2024 50 percent Calendar year 2025 40 percent Calendar year 2026 30 percent Calendar year 2027 20 percent Calendar year 2028 10 percent Calendar years after 2029 0 percent. (2) Included and excluded service For purposes of this chapter, if . (2) Amendments to the Social Security Act Section 209 of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 409 ) is amended— (A) in subsection (a)(1)(I)— (i) by inserting and before 2020 after 1974 ; and (ii) by inserting and after the semicolon; (B) in subsection (a)(1), by adding at the end the following new subparagraph: (J) The applicable percentage (determined under subsection (l)) of that part of remuneration which, after remuneration (other than remuneration referred to in the succeeding subsections of this section) equal to the contribution and benefit base (determined under section 230) with respect to employment has been paid to an individual during any calendar year after 2019 with respect to which such contribution and benefit base is effective, is paid to such individual during such calendar year; ; and (C) by adding at the end the following new subsection: (l) For purposes of subsection (a)(1)(J), the applicable percentage for a calendar year shall be determined in accordance with the following table: The applicable In the case of: percentage is: Calendar year 2020 90 percent Calendar year 2021 80 percent Calendar year 2022 70 percent Calendar year 2023 60 percent Calendar year 2024 50 percent Calendar year 2025 40 percent Calendar year 2026 30 percent Calendar year 2027 20 percent Calendar year 2028 10 percent Calendar years after 2029 0 percent. . (3) Effective date The amendments made by this subsection shall apply with respect to remuneration paid in calendar years after 2019. (b) Determination of taxable self-Employment income above contribution and benefit base after 2019 (1) Amendments to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 Section 1402 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended— (A) in subsection (b)(1), by striking that part of the net earnings and all that follows through minus and inserting the following: an amount equal to the applicable percentage (as determined under subsection (d)(2)) of that part of the net earnings from self-employment which is in excess of the difference (not to be less than zero) between (i) an amount equal to the contribution and benefit base (as determined under section 230 of the Social Security Act) which is effective for the calendar year in which such taxable year begins, and ; and (B) in subsection (d)— (i) by striking (d) Employee and wages .—The term and inserting the following: (d) Rules and definitions (1) Employee and wages The term ; and (ii) by adding at the end the following: (2) Applicable percentage of net earnings from self-employment in determining taxable self-employment income For purposes of subsection (b)(1), the applicable percentage for a taxable year beginning in any calendar year referred to in such paragraph shall be determined in accordance with the following table: The applicable In the case of: percentage is: Calendar year 2020 90 percent Calendar year 2021 80 percent Calendar year 2022 70 percent Calendar year 2023 60 percent Calendar year 2024 50 percent Calendar year 2025 40 percent Calendar year 2026 30 percent Calendar year 2027 20 percent Calendar year 2028 10 percent Calendar years after 2029 0 percent. . (2) Amendments to the Social Security Act Section 211 of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 411 ) is amended— (A) in subsection (b)— (i) in paragraph (1)(I)— (I) by striking or after the semicolon; and (II) by inserting and before 2020 after 1974 ; (ii) by redesignating paragraph (2) as paragraph (3); and (iii) by inserting after paragraph (1) the following: (2) For any taxable year beginning in any calendar year after 2019, an amount equal to the applicable percentage (as determined under subsection (l)) of that part of net earnings from self-employment which is in excess of the difference (not to be less than zero) between— (A) an amount equal to the contribution and benefit base (as determined under section 230) that is effective for such calendar year, and (B) the amount of the wages paid to such individual during such taxable year; or ; and (B) by adding at the end the following: (l) For purposes of subsection (b)(2), the applicable percentage for a taxable year beginning in any calendar year referred to in such paragraph shall be determined in accordance with the following table: The applicable In the case of: percentage is: Calendar year 2020 90 percent Calendar year 2021 80 percent Calendar year 2022 70 percent Calendar year 2023 60 percent Calendar year 2024 50 percent Calendar year 2025 40 percent Calendar year 2026 30 percent Calendar year 2027 20 percent Calendar year 2028 10 percent Calendar years after 2029 0 percent. . (3) Effective date The amendments made by this subsection shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning in calendar years after 2019. (c) Computing average indexed monthly earnings Section 215(e) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 415(e) ) is amended— (1) in paragraph (1)— (A) by striking and after before 1975, ; (B) by inserting and before 2020 after after 1974 ; and (C) by inserting , and the applicable percentage of the excess over an amount equal to the contribution and benefit base (as determined under section 230) in the case of any calendar year after 2019 with respect to which such contribution and benefit base is effective, after benefit base is effective, ; and (2) by adding at the end the following: (3) For purposes of paragraph (1), the applicable percentage for a year shall be determined in accordance with the following table: The applicable In the case of: percentage is: Calendar year 2020 90 percent Calendar year 2021 80 percent Calendar year 2022 70 percent Calendar year 2023 60 percent Calendar year 2024 50 percent Calendar year 2025 40 percent Calendar year 2026 30 percent Calendar year 2027 20 percent Calendar year 2028 10 percent Calendar years after 2029 0 percent. . (d) Conforming amendment Section 215(i)(2)(C)(i) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 415(i)(2)(C)(i) ) is amended by striking the Commissioner's estimate of the extent to which the cost of such increase would be met by an increase in the contribution and benefit base under section 230 and the estimated amount of the increase in such base, . 6. New bend point for amounts above contribution and benefit base (a) In general Section 215(a)(1) of the Social Security Act ( 42 U.S.C. 415(a)(1) ) is amended— (1) in subparagraph (A)— (A) in clause (ii), by striking and ; (B) in clause (iii), by striking the comma at the end and inserting the following: but do not exceed the amount established for purposes of this clause by subparagraph (B), and ; and (C) by inserting after clause (iii) the following: (iv) 3 percent of the individual’s average indexed monthly earnings to the extent that such earnings exceed the amount established for purposes of clause (iii), ; and (2) in subparagraph (B)— (A) by inserting and before 2020 after 1979 in clause (ii); (B) by redesignating clause (iii) as clause (v); (C) by inserting after clause (ii) the following: (iii) For individuals who initially become eligible for old-age or disability insurance benefits, or who die (before becoming eligible for such benefits), in the calendar year 2020— (I) the amounts established for purposes of clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (A) shall be the amounts so established under clause (ii) of this subparagraph for such calendar year; and (II) the amount established for purposes of clause (iii) of subparagraph (A) shall be the amount of the contribution and benefit base with respect to remuneration paid (and taxable years beginning) in calendar year 2020. (iv) For individuals who initially become eligible for old-age or disability insurance benefits, or who die (before becoming eligible for such benefits), in any calendar year after 2020, the amount so established shall equal the product of the corresponding amount established with respect to the calendar year 2020 under clause (iii) of this subparagraph and the quotient obtained by dividing— (I) the national average wage index (as defined in section 209(k)(1)) for the second calendar year preceding the calendar year for which the determination is made, by (II) the national average wage index (as so defined) for 2018. ; and (D) in clause (v), as so redesignated by subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, by inserting and clause (iv) after clause (ii) . (b) Effective date The amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to individuals who initially become eligible (within the meaning of section 215(a)(3)(B)) for old-age or disability insurance benefits under title II of the Social Security Act, or who die (before becoming eligible for such benefits), in any calendar year after 2019. 7. Increase in employment tax rate (a) Wages (1) Employees Subsection (a) of section 3101 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended to read as follows: (a) Old-Age, survivors, and disability insurance (1) In general In addition to other taxes, there is hereby imposed on the income of every individual a tax equal to the applicable percentage of the wages (as defined in section 3121(a)) received by him with respect to employment (as defined in section 3121(b)). (2) Applicable percentage For purposes of paragraph (1), the term applicable percentage means the percentage determined under the following table: The applicable In case of wages received during: percentage shall be: 2020 6.25 percent 2021 6.30 percent 2022 6.35 percent 2023 6.40 percent 2024 6.45 percent 2025 or thereafter 6.50 percent. . (2) Employers Subsection (a) of section 3111 of such Code is amended to read as follows: (a) Old-Age, survivors, and disability insurance (1) In general In addition to other taxes, there is hereby imposed on every employer an excise tax, with respect to having individuals in his employ, equal to the applicable percentage of the wages (as defined in section 3121(a)) paid by him with respect to employment (as defined in section 3121(b)). (2) Applicable percentage For purposes of paragraph (1), the term applicable percentage means the percentage determined under the following table: The applicable In case of a taxable year beginning during calendar year: percentage shall be: 2020 6.25 percent 2021 6.30 percent 2022 6.35 percent 2023 6.40 percent 2024 6.45 percent 2025 or thereafter 6.50 percent. . (b) Self-Employment Subsection (a) of section 1401 of such Code is amended to read as follows: (a) Old-Age, survivors, and disability insurance (1) In addition to other taxes, there shall be imposed for each taxable year, on the self-employment income of every individual, a tax equal to the applicable percentage of the amount of the self-employment income for such taxable year. (2) Applicable percentage For purposes of paragraph (1), the term applicable percentage means the percentage determined under the following table: The applicable In case of a taxable year beginning during calendar year: percentage shall be: 2020 12.5 percent 2021 12.6 percent 2022 12.7 percent 2023 12.8 percent 2024 12.9 percent 2025 or thereafter 13.0 percent. . (c) Effective date The amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to remuneration received, and taxable years beginning after, December 31, 2019. 8. Non-application of increase in Social Security benefits for means-tested programs Any increase in monthly insurance benefits under title II of the Social Security Act as a result of the amendments made by this Act shall not be regarded as income or resources for any month after December 2019, for purposes of determining the eligibility of the recipient (or the recipient's spouse or family) for benefits or assistance, or the amount or extent of benefits or assistance, under any Federal program or under any State or local program financed in whole or in part with Federal funds.