Schedules That Work Act

Bill: 115-s-1386
Sponsor: full_name: Sen. Warren, Elizabeth [D-MA]
Introduced: 2017-06-20
Policy area: Labor and Employment
Subjects: Civil actions and liability

Employee leave

Employment and training programs

Employment discrimination and employee rights

Food industry and services

Labor standards

Labor-management relations

Retail and wholesale trades

Wages and earnings

Worker safety and health
Latest action: action_date: 2017-06-20
text: Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.

Summaries:
action_date: 2017-06-20
action_desc: Introduced in Senate
text: <p><b>Schedules That Work Act </b></p> <p>This bill grants an employee the right to request that the employee's employer change the terms and conditions of employment relating to:</p> <ul> <li>the number of hours or times the employee is required to work or be on call;</li> <li>the location;</li> <li>the amount of notification the employee receives of work schedule assignments; and</li> <li>minimizing fluctuations in the number of hours the employee is scheduled to work on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. </li> </ul> <p> The employer, if the request is made, shall engage in a timely, good faith interactive process with the employee that includes a discussion of potential schedule changes that would meet the employee's needs. The bill outlines the process for either granting or denying a change. </p> <p> The employer shall grant a request, unless there is a bona fide business reason for denying it, if the request is made because of the employee's serious health condition, the employee's responsibilities as a caregiver, or enrollment in a career-related educational or training program, or if a part-time employee requests such a change for a reason related to a second job. </p> <p> An employer, if an employee requests a change for any other reason, may deny it for any reason that is not unlawful. The employer shall give the employee the reason for the denial, including whether it was a bona fide business reason.</p> <p>The bill outlines employer requirements for paying reporting time and split shift pay and for giving advance notice of work schedules to retail, food service, or cleaning employees, or the Department of Labor's designated employees, except for those in bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacities. </p> <p>The bill makes it unlawful for any employer or other person to: (1) interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise or the attempt to exercise any right of an employee specified in this bill; (2) retaliate against an employee for exercising the rights granted employees by this bill; or (3) interfere with proceedings or inquiries with respect to violation of an individual's rights under this bill. </p> <p>The bill sets forth administrative enforcement procedures and civil remedies for violation of these prohibitions. </p> <p> Labor must give information and technical assistance to employers, labor organizations, and the general public concerning compliance with this bill. </p> <p> The Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census shall: (1) include in the Current Population Survey questions on, among other things, the amount of fluctuation in the number of hours the employee is scheduled to work on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis; and (2) conduct at regular intervals the Contingent Worker Supplement, the Work Schedules and Work at Home Supplement, and other relevant supplements to the Current Population Survey.</p> <p>This bill is inapplicable to any employee covered by a bona fide collective bargaining agreement if its terms govern work scheduling practices. </p>

tv_txt: II 115th CONGRESS 1st Session S. 1386 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES June 20, 2017 Ms. Warren (for herself, Mrs. Murray , Mr. Murphy , Ms. Baldwin , Mr. Blumenthal , Mr. Booker , Mr. Brown , Ms. Cortez Masto , Ms. Duckworth , Mr. Durbin , Mr. Franken , Mrs. Gillibrand , Ms. Harris , Ms. Hirono , Mr. Leahy , Mr. Markey , Mr. Merkley , Mr. Reed , Mr. Sanders , Mr. Schumer , Mr. Van Hollen , Mr. Whitehouse , and Mr. Wyden ) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions A BILL To permit employees to request changes to their work schedules without fear of retaliation and to ensure that employers consider these requests, and to require employers to provide more predictable and stable schedules for employees in certain occupations with evidence of unpredictable and unstable scheduling practices that negatively affect employees, and for other purposes.

1. Short title; findings (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Schedules That Work Act . (b) Findings Congress finds the following: (1) The vast majority of the United States workforce today is juggling responsibilities at home and at work. Sixty-four percent of mothers are the primary breadwinners or co-breadwinners in their families. (2) Despite the dual responsibilities of today’s workforce, both hourly and salaried workers often have little ability to make changes to their work schedules when those changes are needed to accommodate family responsibilities. (3) (A) Low-wage working mothers are more likely to be raising children on their own than higher-wage working mothers. For example, more than half of mothers in low-wage jobs who have very young children are single parents, compared to around one-third of all working mothers who have very young children. (B) At the same time, low-wage workers have the least control over their work schedules and the most unpredictable schedules. For example— (i) roughly half of low-wage workers reported very little or no control over the timing of the hours they were scheduled to work; (ii) (I) many workers in low-wage jobs receive their work schedules with very little advance notice; and (II) 41 percent of workers who are ages 26 through 32 (referred to in this section as early-career workers ) in hourly jobs report getting their work schedules a week or less in advance; (iii) some workers in low-wage jobs are sent home from work when work is slow without being paid for their scheduled shift; (iv) (I) many employers have adopted just-in-time scheduling, which bases workers’ schedules on perceived consumer demand and often results in workers being given very little advance notice of their work schedules; and (II) in some industries, the use of call-in shift requirements—requirements that workers call in to work to find out whether they will be scheduled to work later that day—have become common practice; and (v) (I) 20 to 30 percent of workers in low-wage jobs struggle with being required to work extra hours with little or no notice; and (II) in a typical month, for the 74 percent of early-career workers in hourly jobs who report fluctuations in their work hours, those hours typically fluctuate by more than an 8-hour day of work and pay per week. (4) Unfair work scheduling practices make it difficult for low-wage workers to— (A) provide necessary care for children and other family members, including securing and maintaining stable child care; (B) access and receive needed care for the workers' own serious health conditions; (C) pursue workforce training; (D) get or keep a second job, which many part-time workers need to make ends meet; (E) plan for and access transportation to reach worksites; and (F) qualify for and maintain eligibility for needed public benefits and work supports, such as child care subsidies and benefits under the supplemental nutrition assistance program, due to fluctuations in income and work hours. (5) Twenty-six percent of workers on irregular or on-call schedules and 19 percent of workers on rotating or split shift schedules experience work-family conflict, compared to 11 percent of workers on regular work schedules. A recent national survey of retail workers found that unpredictable schedules for parents are associated with higher stress and less time spent with their children. (6) Unpredictable and unstable schedules are common in a wide range of occupations, including food preparation and service, retail sales, and cleaning occupations. According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for early-career adults, 64 percent of food service workers, 50 percent of retail workers, and 40 percent of cleaning workers know their schedules only a week or less in advance. The average variation between the least and most hours worked in a single month is 70 percent for food service workers, 50 percent for retail workers, and 40 percent for cleaning workers. (7) Food service workers, retail workers, and cleaning workers are among the lowest-paid workers, and those 3 occupations account for nearly 24,000,000 workers, which is almost 1/6 of the workforce. (8) Employers that have implemented fair work scheduling policies that allow workers to have more control over their work schedules, and provide more predictable and stable schedules, have experienced significant benefits, including reductions in absenteeism and workforce turnover, and increased worker morale and engagement. (9) This Act is a first step in responding to the needs of workers for a voice in the timing of their work hours and for more predictable schedules. 2. Definitions As used in this Act: (1) Bona fide business reason The term bona fide business reason means— (A) the identifiable burden of additional costs to an employer, including the cost of productivity loss, retraining or hiring employees, or transferring employees from one facility to another facility; (B) a significant detrimental effect on the employer’s ability to meet organizational needs or customer demand; (C) a significant inability of the employer, despite best efforts, to reorganize work among existing (as of the date of the reorganization) staff; (D) a significant detrimental effect on business performance; (E) insufficiency of work during the periods an employee proposes to work; (F) the need to balance competing scheduling requests when it is not possible to grant all such requests without a significant detrimental effect on the employer’s ability to meet organizational needs; or (G) such other reason as may be specified by the Secretary of Labor (or the corresponding administrative officer specified in section 8). (2) Career-related educational or training program The term career-related educational or training program means an educational or training program or program of study offered by a public, private, or nonprofit career and technical education school, institution of higher education, or other entity that provides academic education, career and technical education, or training (including remedial education or English as a second language, as appropriate), that is a program that leads to a recognized postsecondary credential (as identified under section 122(d) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act ( 29 U.S.C. 3152(d) )), and provides career awareness information. The term includes a program allowable under the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act ( 29 U.S.C. 3101 et seq.), the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act of 2006 ( 20 U.S.C. 2301 et seq.), or the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.), without regard to whether or not the program is funded under the corresponding Act. (3) Caregiver The term caregiver means an individual with the status of being a significant provider of— (A) ongoing care or education, including responsibility for securing the ongoing care or education, of a child; or (B) ongoing care, including responsibility for securing the ongoing care, of— (i) a person with a serious health condition who is in a family relationship with the individual; or (ii) a parent of the individual, who is age 65 or older. (4) Child The term child means a biological, adopted, or foster child, a stepchild, a legal ward, or a child of a person standing in loco parentis to that child, who is— (A) under age 18; or (B) age 18 or older and incapable of self-care because of a mental or physical disability. (5) Commerce terms The terms commerce and industry or activity affecting commerce have the meanings given the terms in section 101 of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ( 29 U.S.C. 2611 ). (6) Covered employer (A) In general The term covered employer — (i) means any person engaged in commerce or in any industry or activity affecting commerce who employs 15 or more employees (described in paragraph (9)(A)); (ii) includes any person who acts, directly or indirectly, in the interest of such an employer to any of the employees (described in paragraph (9)(A)) of such employer; (iii) includes any successor in interest of such an employer; and (iv) includes an agency described in subparagraph (A)(iii) of section 101(4) of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ( 29 U.S.C. 2611(4) ), to which subparagraph (B) of such section shall apply. (B) Rule For purposes of determining the number of employees who work for a person described in subparagraph (A)(i), all employees (described in paragraph (9)(A)) performing work for compensation on a full-time, part-time, or temporary basis shall be counted, except that if the number of such employees who perform work for such a person for compensation fluctuates, the number may be determined for a calendar year based upon the average number of such employees who performed work for the person for compensation during the preceding calendar year. (C) Person In this paragraph, the term person has the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( 29 U.S.C. 203 ). (7) Domestic partner The term domestic partner means the individual recognized as being in a relationship with an employee under any domestic partnership, civil union, or similar law of the State or political subdivision of a State in which the employee resides. (8) Employ The term employ has the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( 29 U.S.C. 203 ). (9) Employee The term employee means an individual who is— (A) an employee, as defined in section 3(e) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( 29 U.S.C. 203(e) ), who is not described in any of subparagraphs (B) through (G); (B) a State employee described in section 304(a) of the Government Employee Rights Act of 1991 (42 U.S.C. 2000e–16c(a)); (C) a covered employee, as defined in section 101 of the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 ( 2 U.S.C. 1301 ), other than an applicant for employment; (D) a covered employee, as defined in section 411(c) of title 3, United States Code; (E) a Federal officer or employee covered under subchapter V of chapter 63 of title 5, United States Code; (F) an employee of the Library of Congress; or (G) an employee of the Government Accountability Office. (10) Employer The term employer means a person— (A) who is— (i) a covered employer, as defined in paragraph (6), who is not described in any of clauses (ii) through (vii); (ii) an entity employing a State employee described in section 304(a) of the Government Employee Rights Act of 1991; (iii) an employing office, as defined in section 101 of the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995; (iv) an employing office, as defined in section 411(c) of title 3, United States Code; (v) an employing agency covered under subchapter V of chapter 63 of title 5, United States Code; (vi) the Librarian of Congress; or (vii) the Comptroller General of the United States; and (B) who is engaged in commerce (including government), in the production of goods for commerce, or in an enterprise engaged in commerce (including government) or in the production of goods for commerce. (11) Family relationship The term family relationship means a relationship with— (A) a child, spouse, domestic partner, parent, grandchild, grandparent, sibling, or parent of a spouse or domestic partner; or (B) any individual related to the employee involved by blood or affinity, whose close association with the employee is the equivalent of a family relationship described in subparagraph (A). (12) Grandchild The term grandchild means the child of a child. (13) Grandparent The term grandparent means the parent of a parent. (14) Minimum number of expected work hours The term minimum number of expected work hours means the minimum number of hours an employee will be assigned to work on a weekly or monthly basis. (15) Nonexempt employee The nonexempt employee means an employee who is not employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity, as defined for purposes of section 13(a)(1) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( 29 U.S.C. 213(a)(1) ). (16) Parent The term parent means a biological or adoptive parent, a stepparent, or a person who stood in a parental relationship to an employee when the employee was a child. (17) Parental relationship The term parental relationship means a relationship in which a person assumed the obligations incident to parenthood for a child and discharged those obligations before the child reached adulthood. (18) Part-time employee The term part-time employee means an individual who works fewer than 30 hours per week on average during any 1-month period. (19) Retail, food service, or cleaning employee The term retail, food service, or cleaning employee means an individual nonexempt employee who is employed in any of the following occupations, as described by the Bureau of Labor Statistics Standard Occupational Classification System (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act): (A) Retail sales occupations consisting of occupations described in 41–1010 and 41–2000, and all subdivisions thereof, of such System, which includes first-line supervisors of sales workers, cashiers, gaming change persons and booth cashiers, counter and rental clerks, parts salespersons, and retail salespersons. (B) Food preparation and serving related occupations as described in 35–0000, and all subdivisions thereof, of such System, which includes supervisors of food preparation and serving workers, cooks and food preparation workers, food and beverage serving workers, and other food preparation and serving related workers. (C) Building cleaning occupations as described in 37–2011, 37–2012 and 37–2019 of such System, which includes janitors and cleaners, maids and housekeeping cleaners, and building cleaning workers. (20) Secretary The term Secretary means the Secretary of Labor. (21) Serious health condition The term serious health condition has the meaning given the term in section 101 of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ( 29 U.S.C. 2611 ). (22) Sibling The term sibling means a brother or sister, whether related by half blood, whole blood, or adoption, or as a stepsibling. (23) Split shift The term split shift means a schedule of daily hours in which the hours worked are not consecutive, except that— (A) a schedule in which the total time out for meals does not exceed one hour shall not be treated as a split shift; and (B) a schedule in which the break in the employee's work shift is requested by the employee shall not be treated as a split shift. (24) Spouse (A) In general The term spouse means a person with whom an individual entered into— (i) a marriage as defined or recognized under State law in the State in which the marriage was entered into; or (ii) in the case of a marriage entered into outside of any State, a marriage that is recognized in the place where entered into and could have been entered into in at least 1 State. (B) Same-sex or common law marriage Such term includes an individual in a same-sex or common law marriage that meets the requirements of subparagraph (A). (25) State The term State has the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( 29 U.S.C. 203 ). (26) Work schedule The term work schedule means those days and times within a work period when an employee is required by an employer to perform the duties of the employee's employment for which the employee will receive compensation. (27) Work schedule change The term work schedule change means any modification to an employee’s work schedule, such as an addition or reduction of hours, cancellation of a shift, or a change in the date or time of a work shift, by an employer. (28) Work Shift The term work shift means the specific hours of the workday during which an employee works. 3. Right to request and receive a flexible, predictable or stable work schedule (a) Right To request An employee may apply to the employee's employer to request a change in the terms and conditions of employment as they relate to— (1) the number of hours the employee is required to work or be on call for work; (2) the times when the employee is required to work or be on call for work; (3) the location where the employee is required to work; (4) the amount of notification the employee receives of work schedule assignments; and (5) minimizing fluctuations in the number of hours the employee is scheduled to work on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. (b) Employer obligation To engage in an interactive process (1) In general If an employee applies to the employee's employer to request a change in the terms and conditions of employment as set forth in subsection (a), the employer shall engage in a timely, good faith interactive process with the employee that includes a discussion of potential schedule changes that would meet the employee’s needs. (2) Result Such process shall result in— (A) either granting or denying the request; (B) in the event of a denial, considering alternatives to the proposed change that might meet the employee’s needs and granting or denying a request for an alternative change in the terms and conditions of employment as set forth in subsection (a); and (C) in the event of a denial, stating the reason for denial, including whether any such reason is a bona fide business reason. (3) Information If information provided by the employee making a request under this section requires clarification, the employer shall explain what further information is needed and give the employee reasonable time to produce the information. (c) Requests related to caregiving, enrollment in education or training, or a second job If an employee makes a request for a change in the terms and conditions of employment as set forth in subsection (a) because of a serious health condition of the employee, due to the employee’s responsibilities as a caregiver, or due to the employee's enrollment in a career-related educational or training program, or if a part-time employee makes a request for such a change for a reason related to a second job, the employer shall grant the request, unless the employer has a bona fide business reason for denying the request. (d) Other requests If an employee makes a request for a change in the terms and conditions of employment as set forth in subsection (a), for a reason other than those reasons set forth in subsection (c), the employer may deny the request for any reason that is not unlawful. If the employer denies such a request, the employer shall provide the employee with the reason for the denial, including whether any such reason is a bona fide business reason. 4. Requirements for reporting time pay, split shift pay, and advance notice of work schedules for retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employees (a) Reporting time pay requirement An employer shall pay a retail, food service, or cleaning employee or a designated employee, in an additional occupation designated by the Secretary, under section 8(a)(2) as appropriate for coverage under this Act (referred to in this Act as a retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee )— (1) for at least 4 hours at the regular rate of pay of the employee involved for each day on which the retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee reports for work, as required by the employer, but is given less than four hours of work, except that if the employee's scheduled hours for a day are less than 4 hours, such employee shall be paid for the scheduled hours of the employee involved for that day if given less than the scheduled hours of work; and (2) for at least 1 hour at the regular rate of pay of the employee involved for each day the retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee is given specific instructions to contact the employer of the employee involved, or wait to be contacted by the employer, less than 24 hours in advance of the start of a potential work shift to determine whether the employee must report to work for such shift. (b) Split shift pay requirement An employer shall pay a retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee for one additional hour at the employee's regular rate of pay for each day during which the employee works a split shift. (c) Advance notice requirement (1) Initial schedule On or before a new retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee's first day of work, the employer shall inform the employee in writing of the work schedule of the employee involved and the minimum number of expected work hours the employee will be assigned to work per month. (2) Providing notice of new schedules Except as provided in paragraph (3), if a retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee's work schedule changes from the work schedule of which the employee was informed pursuant to paragraph (1), the employer shall provide the employee with the new work schedule of the employee involved not less than 14 days before the first day of the new work schedule. If the expected minimum number of work hours that a retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee will be assigned changes from the number of which the employee involved was informed pursuant to paragraph (1), the employer shall also provide notification of that change, not less than 14 days in advance of the first day this change will go into effect. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit an employer from providing greater advance notice of a retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee's work schedule than is required under this section. (3) Work schedule changes made with less than 24 hours’ notice An employer may make work schedule changes as needed, including by offering additional hours of work to retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employees beyond those previously scheduled, but an employer shall be required to provide one extra hour of pay at the employee's regular rate for each shift that is changed with less than 24 hours’ notice, except in the case of the need to schedule the employee due to the unforeseen unavailability of a retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee previously scheduled to work that shift. (4) Notifications in writing The notifications required under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be made to the employee involved in writing. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as prohibiting an employer from using any additional means of notifying a retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee of the work schedule of the employee involved. (5) Schedule posting requirement Every employer employing any retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee, subject to this Act shall post the schedule and keep it posted in a conspicuous place in every establishment where such employee is employed so as to permit the employee involved to observe readily a copy. Availability of that schedule by electronic means accessible by all retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employees, of that employer shall be considered compliance with this subsection. (6) Employee shift trading Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prevent an employer from allowing a retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee to work in place of another employee who has been scheduled to work a particular shift as long as the change in schedule is mutually agreed upon by the employees. An employer shall not be subject to the requirements of paragraph (2) or (3) for such voluntary shift trades. (d) Pay stub transparency Any pay provided to an employee pursuant to subsection (a), (b), or (c)(3) (referred to in this paragraph as additional pay ) shall be included in the employee's regular paycheck. The employer shall identify, in the corresponding written wage statement or pay stub, the total number of hours of additional pay provided for the pay period involved and whether the additional pay was due to the requirements of subsection (a)(1), the requirements of subsection (a)(2), the requirements of subsection (b), or the requirements of subsection (c)(3). (e) Exception The requirements in subsections (a) through (d) shall not apply during periods when regular operations of the employer are suspended due to events beyond the employer’s control. 5. Prohibited Acts (a) Interference with rights It shall be unlawful for any employer to interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise or the attempt to exercise, any right of an employee as set forth in section 3 or of a retail, food service, cleaning, or Secretary's designated employee as set forth in section 4. (b) Retaliation prohibited It shall be unlawful for any employer to discharge, threaten to discharge, demote, suspend, reduce work hours of, or take any other adverse employment action against any employee in retaliation for exercising the rights of an employee under this Act or opposing any practice made unlawful by this Act. For purposes of section 3, such retaliation shall include taking an adverse employment action against any employee on the basis of that employee’s eligibility or perceived eligibility to request or receive a change in the terms and conditions of employment, as described in such section, on the basis of a reason set forth in section 3(c). (c) Interference with Proceedings or Inquiries It shall be unlawful for any person to discharge or in any other manner discriminate against any individual because such individual— (1) has filed any charge, or has instituted or caused to be instituted any proceeding, under or related to this Act; (2) has given or is about to give, any information in connection with any inquiry or proceeding relating to any right provided under this Act; or (3) has testified, or is about to testify, in any inquiry or proceeding relating to any right provided under this Act. 6. Remedies and enforcement (a) Investigative authority (1) In general To ensure compliance with this Act, or any regulation or order issued under this Act, the Secretary shall have, subject to paragraph (3), the investigative authority provided under section 11(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( 29 U.S.C. 211(a) ). (2) Obligation to keep and preserve records Each employer shall make, keep, and preserve records pertaining to compliance with this Act in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary under section 8. (3) Required submissions generally limited to an annual basis The Secretary shall not under the authority of this subsection require any employer to submit to the Secretary any books or records more than once during any 12-month period, unless the Secretary has reasonable cause to believe there may exist a violation of this Act or any regulation or order issued pursuant to this Act, or is investigating a charge pursuant to subsection (c). (4) Subpoena powers For the purposes of any investigation provided for in this section, the Secretary shall have the subpoena authority provided for under section 9 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( 29 U.S.C. 209 ). (b) Civil action by employees (1) Liability Any employer who violates section 5(a) (with respect to a right set forth in subsection (a), (b), or (c)(3) of section 4) or subsection (b) or (c) of section 5 (referred to in this section as a covered provision ) shall be liable to any employee affected for— (A) damages equal to the amount of— (i) any wages, salary, employment benefits (as defined in section 101 of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ( 29 U.S.C. 2611 )), or other compensation denied, lost, or owed to such employee by reason of the violation; or (ii) in a case in which wages, salary, employment benefits (as so defined), or other compensation have not been denied, lost, or owed to the employee, any actual monetary losses sustained by the employee as a direct result of the violation; (B) interest on the amount described in subparagraph (A) calculated at the prevailing rate; (C) an additional amount as liquidated damages equal to the sum of the amount described in subparagraph (A) and the interest described in subparagraph (B), except that if an employer who has violated a covered provision proves to the satisfaction of the court that the act or omission which violated the covered provision was in good faith and that the employer had reasonable grounds for believing that the act or omission was not a violation of a covered provision, such court may, in the discretion of the court, reduce the amount of liability to the amount and interest determined under subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively; and (D) such equitable relief as may be appropriate, including employment, reinstatement, and promotion. (2) Right of Action An action to recover the damages or equitable relief set forth in paragraph (1) may be maintained against any employer (including a public agency) in any Federal or State court of competent jurisdiction by any one or more employees for and on behalf of— (A) the employees; or (B) the employees and other employees similarly situated. (3) Fees and Costs The court in such an action shall, in addition to any judgment awarded to the plaintiff, allow a reasonable attorney’s fee, reasonable expert witness fees, and other costs of the action to be paid by the defendant. (4) Limitations The right provided by paragraph (2) to bring an action by or on behalf of any employee shall terminate on the filing of a complaint by the Secretary in an action under subsection (c)(3) in which a recovery is sought of the damages described in paragraph (1)(A) owing to an employee by an employer liable under paragraph (1) unless the action described is dismissed without prejudice on motion of the Secretary. (c) Actions by the Secretary (1) Administrative Action The Secretary shall receive, investigate, and attempt to resolve complaints of violations of this Act in the same manner that the Secretary receives, investigates, and attempts to resolve complaints of violations of sections 6 and 7 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( 29 U.S.C. 206 and 207), and may issue an order making determinations, and assessing a civil penalty described in paragraph (3) (in accordance with paragraph (3)), with respect to such an alleged violation. (2) Administrative Review An affected person who takes exception to an order issued under paragraph (1) may request review of and a decision regarding such an order by an administrative law judge. In reviewing the order, the administrative law judge may hold an administrative hearing concerning the order, in accordance with the requirements of sections 554, 556, and 557 of title 5, United States Code. Such hearing shall be conducted expeditiously. If no affected person requests such review within 60 days after the order is issued under paragraph (1), the order shall be considered to be a final order that is not subject to judicial review. (3) Civil penalty An employer who willfully and repeatedly violates— (A) paragraph (1), (2), (4), or (5) of section 4(c), or section 4(d), shall be subject to a civil penalty in an amount to be determined by the Secretary, but not to exceed $100 per violation; and (B) subsection (b) or (c) of section 5 shall be subject to a civil penalty in an amount to be determined by the Secretary, but not to exceed $1,100 per violation. (4) Civil action The Secretary may bring an action in any court of competent jurisdiction on behalf of aggrieved employees to— (A) restrain violations of this Act; (B) award such equitable relief as may be appropriate, including employment, reinstatement, and promotion; and (C) in the case of a violation of a covered provision, recover the damages and interest described in subparagraphs (A) through (C) of subsection (b)(1). (d) Limitation (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (2), an action may be brought under this section not later than 2 years after the date of the last event constituting the alleged violation for which the action is brought. (2) Willful Violation In the case of such action brought for a willful violation of section 5, such action may be brought within 3 years of the date of the last event constituting the alleged violation for which such action is brought. (3) Commencement In determining when an action is commenced by the Secretary under this section for the purposes of this subsection, it shall be considered to be commenced on the date when the complaint is filed. (e) Other Administrative Officers (1) Board In the case of employees described in section 2(9)(C), the authority of the Secretary under this Act shall be exercised by the Board of Directors of the Office of Compliance. (2) President; Merit Systems Protection Board In the case of employees described in section 2(9)(D), the authority of the Secretary under this Act shall be exercised by the President and the Merit Systems Protection Board. (3) Office of Personnel Management In the case of employees described in section 2(9)(E), the authority of the Secretary under this Act shall be exercised by the Office of Personnel Management. (4) Librarian of Congress In the case of employees of the Library of Congress, the authority of the Secretary under this Act shall be exercised by the Librarian of Congress. (5) Comptroller General In the case of employees of the Government Accountability Office, the authority of the Secretary under this Act shall be exercised by the Comptroller General of the United States. 7. Notice and posting (a) In general Each employer shall post and keep posted, in conspicuous places on the premises of the employer where notices to employees and applicants for employment are customarily posted, a notice, to be prepared or approved by the Secretary (or the corresponding administrative officer specified in section 8) setting forth excerpts from, or summaries of, the pertinent provisions of this Act and information pertaining to the filing of a complaint under this Act. (b) Penalty Any employer that willfully violates this section may be assessed a civil money penalty not to exceed $100 for each separate offense. 8. Regulations (a) Secretary of Labor (1) In general Except as provided in subsections (b) through (f), not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall issue such regulations as may be necessary to implement this Act. (2) Regulations regarding additional occupations to be covered (A) In general In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary shall issue regulations that specify a process the Secretary will follow to identify and designate additional occupations, for purposes of section 4(a), that are appropriate for coverage under this Act. Nonexempt employees in such occupations shall be considered to be designated employees for purposes of this Act. (B) Criteria The regulations shall provide that the Secretary shall so designate an additional occupation— (i) in which not less than 10 percent of workers employed in the occupation generally— (I) receive advance notice of their work schedules less than 14 days before the first day of the work schedules; or (II) experience fluctuations in the number of hours the employees are scheduled to work on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis; or (ii) for which the Secretary determines such designation is appropriate. (C) Data review In issuing the regulations, the Secretary shall specify the process by which the Department of Labor will review data from stakeholders, and data collected or generated by the Department, in making those designations. (b) Board (1) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Board of Directors of the Office of Compliance shall issue such regulations as may be necessary to implement this Act with respect to employees described in section 2(9)(C). The procedures applicable to regulations of the Board issued for the implementation of the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 ( 2 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.), prescribed in section 304 of that Act ( 2 U.S.C. 1384 ), shall be the procedures applicable to regulations issued under this subsection. (2) Consideration In prescribing the regulations, the Board shall take into consideration the enforcement and remedies provisions concerning the Board, and applicable to rights and protections under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ( 29 U.S.C. 2611 et seq.), under the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 ( 2 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.). (3) Modifications The regulations issued under paragraph (1) to implement this Act shall be the same as substantive regulations issued by the Secretary to implement this Act, except to the extent that the Board may determine, for good cause shown and stated together with the regulations issued by the Board, that a modification of such substantive regulations would be more effective for the implementation of the rights and protections under this Act. (c) President (1) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the President shall issue such regulations as may be necessary to implement this Act with respect to employees described in section 2(9)(D). (2) Consideration In prescribing the regulations, the President shall take into consideration the enforcement and remedies provisions concerning the President and the Merit Systems Protection Board, and applicable to rights and protections under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, under chapter 5 of title 3, United States Code. (3) Modifications The regulations issued under paragraph (1) to implement this Act shall be the same as substantive regulations issued by the Secretary to implement this Act, except to the extent that the President may determine, for good cause shown and stated together with the regulations issued by the President, that a modification of such substantive regulations would be more effective for the implementation of the rights and protections under this Act. (d) Office of Personnel Management (1) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Office of Personnel Management shall issue such regulations as may be necessary to implement this Act with respect to employees described in section 2(9)(E). (2) Consideration In prescribing the regulations, the Office shall take into consideration the enforcement and remedies provisions concerning the Office under subchapter V of chapter 63 of title 5, United States Code. (3) Modifications The regulations issued under paragraph (1) to implement this Act shall be the same as substantive regulations issued by the Secretary to implement this Act, except to the extent that the Office may determine, for good cause shown and stated together with the regulations issued by the Office, that a modification of such substantive regulations would be more effective for the implementation of the rights and protections under this Act. (e) Librarian of Congress (1) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Librarian of Congress shall issue such regulations as may be necessary to implement this Act with respect to employees of the Library of Congress. (2) Consideration In prescribing the regulations, the Librarian shall take into consideration the enforcement and remedies provisions concerning the Librarian of Congress under title I of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ( 29 U.S.C. 2611 et seq.). (3) Modifications The regulations issued under paragraph (1) to implement this Act shall be the same as substantive regulations issued by the Secretary to implement this Act, except to the extent that the Librarian may determine, for good cause shown and stated together with the regulations issued by the Librarian, that a modification of such substantive regulations would be more effective for the implementation of the rights and protections under this Act. (f) Comptroller General (1) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General shall issue such regulations as may be necessary to implement this Act with respect to employees of the Government Accountability Office. (2) Consideration In prescribing the regulations, the Comptroller General shall take into consideration the enforcement and remedies provisions concerning the Comptroller General under title I of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. (3) Modifications The regulations issued under paragraph (1) to implement this Act shall be the same as substantive regulations issued by the Secretary to implement this Act, except to the extent that the Comptroller General may determine, for good cause shown and stated together with the regulations issued by the Comptroller General, that a modification of such substantive regulations would be more effective for the implementation of the rights and protections under this Act. 9. Research, education, and technical assistance program and surveys (a) In general The Secretary shall provide information and technical assistance to employers, labor organizations, and the general public concerning compliance with this Act. (b) Program In order to achieve the objectives of this Act— (1) the Secretary, acting through the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division of the Department of Labor, shall issue guidance on compliance with this Act regarding providing a flexible, predictable, or stable work environment through changes in the terms and conditions of employment as provided in section 3(a); and (2) the Secretary shall carry on a continuing program of research, education, and technical assistance, including— (A) (i) conducting pilot programs that implement fairer work schedules, including by promoting cross training, providing three weeks or more advance notice of schedules, providing employees with a minimum number of hours of work, and using computerized scheduling software to provide more flexible, predictable, and stable schedules for employees; and (ii) evaluating the results of such pilot programs for employees, employee's families, and employers; (B) publishing and otherwise making available to employers, labor organizations, professional associations, educational institutions, the various communication media, and the general public the findings of studies regarding fair work scheduling policies and other materials for promoting compliance with this Act; (C) sponsoring and assisting State and community informational and educational programs; and (D) providing technical assistance to employers, labor organizations, professional associations, and other interested persons on means of achieving and maintaining compliance with the provisions of this Act. (c) Current population survey The Secretary, acting through the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the Director of the Bureau of the Census shall— (1) include in the Current Population Survey questions on— (A) the amount of fluctuation in the number of hours the employee is scheduled to work on a daily, weekly or monthly basis; (B) the extent of advance notice an employee receives of the employee's work schedule; and (C) the extent to which an employee has input in the employee's work schedule; and (2) conduct at regular intervals the Contingent Worker Supplement, the Work Schedules and Work at Home Supplement, and other relevant supplements (as determined by the Secretary), to the Current Population Survey. 10. Rights retained by employees This Act provides minimum requirements and shall not be construed to preempt, limit, or otherwise affect the applicability of any other law, regulation, requirement, policy, or standard that provides for greater rights for employees than are required in this Act. 11. Exemption This Act shall not apply to any employee covered by a bona fide collective bargaining agreement if the terms of the collective bargaining agreement include terms that govern work scheduling practices. 12. Effect on other law (a) In general Nothing in this Act shall be construed as superseding, or creating or imposing any requirement in conflict with, any Federal, State, or local regulation or other law (including the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( 42 U.S.C. 12101 et seq.), the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ( 29 U.S.C. 2611 et seq.), the National Labor Relations Act ( 29 U.S.C. 151 et seq.), the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( 29 U.S.C. 201 et seq.), and title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( 42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq.)). (b) Relationship to collective bargaining rights Nothing in this Act shall be construed to diminish or impair the rights of an employee under any valid collective bargaining agreement.