I 119th CONGRESS 1st Session H. R. 645 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES January 23, 2025 Mr. Massie (for himself, Ms. Boebert , Mr. Biggs of Arizona , Mr. Brecheen , Mr. Burchett , Mr. Burlison , Mr. Cline , Mr. Cloud , Mr. Collins , Mr. Crane , Mr. Gosar , Ms. Greene of Georgia , Mr. Harris of Maryland , Mr. Higgins of Louisiana , Mr. Langworthy , Mrs. Luna , Mrs. Miller of Illinois , Mr. Moore of Alabama , Mr. Moran , Mr. Ogles , Mr. Rose , Mr. Roy , Mr. Self , Mrs. Spartz , Ms. Tenney , Mr. Tiffany , Mr. Weber of Texas , Mr. Wied , Mr. Gill of Texas , and Mr. Harrigan ) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary A BILL To enforce the rights protected by the Second and Fourteenth Amendments against the States.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the National Constitutional Carry Act . 2. Findings Congress finds the following: (1) Recognizing the preexisting right to self-defense, the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States guarantees individually to American citizens the right to keep and bear arms , including the right to bear arms in public. (2) The Second Amendment decrees that these rights to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed , and was enumerated in order to preserve the security of a free State . (3) In District of Columbia v. Heller (554 U.S. 570, 595 (2008)), the Supreme Court confirmed that [t]here seems to us no doubt, on the basis of both text and history, that the Second Amendment conferred an individual right to keep and bear arms . (4) In McDonald v. City of Chicago (561 U.S. 742, 791 (2010)), the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment makes the Second Amendment fully applicable to the States. Four Justices concluded that the rights protected by the Second Amendment are fundamental to the Nation’s scheme of ordered liberty and deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition , and therefore incorporated to the States through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Thomas agreed that the rights protected by the Second Amendment are both fundamental and deeply rooted and, as such, are enforceable against the States under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Privileges and Immunities Clause. (5) Recently, the Supreme Court acknowledged in New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen (142 S. Ct. 2111, 2156 (2022)), that the Second and Fourteenth Amendments protect the individual right to carry arms outside the home for self-defense. Further, the Court reiterated that the Second Amendment’s otherwise unqualified command only accommodates laws that are consistent with this Nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation (Id. at 2126). (6) Certain States and localities have enacted gun control laws that are not consistent with the text of the Second Amendment or this Nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation. The criminalization of peaceable, public firearms carry is repugnant to the original meaning of the Second Amendment. (7) Any State or local restriction on the right of American citizens to keep and bear arms impairs the ability of the Second Amendment to achieve its textually specified purpose, the security of a free State . 3. The right to keep and bear arms (a) In general Section 927 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: 927. The right to keep and bear arms (a) No State or political subdivision of a State may impose a criminal or civil penalty on, or otherwise indirectly limit the carrying of firearms (including by imposing a financial or other barrier to entry) in public by residents or nonresidents of that State who are citizens of the United States and otherwise eligible to possess firearms under State and Federal law. (b) Any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage of a State or a political subdivision of a State that criminalizes, penalizes, or otherwise indirectly dissuades the carrying of firearms (including by imposing a financial or other barrier to entry) in public by any resident or nonresident who is a United States citizen and otherwise eligible to possess firearms under State and Federal law, shall have no force or effect. (c) The term State as used in this section includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the possessions of the United States (not including the Canal Zone). (d) The term public as used in this section— (1) includes any place held open to the public, regardless of ownership, but in the case of a privately-owned location held open to the public, does not include a place where the owner communicates clearly and conspicuously a prohibition of firearms on the premises; and (2) does not include a place where screening for firearms is conducted under State law. . (b) Clerical amendment The table of sections for such chapter is amended by striking the item relating to section 927 and inserting the following: 927. The right to keep and bear arms. .