II Calendar No. 652 118th CONGRESS 2d Session S. 2278 [Report No. 118–251] IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES July 12, 2023 Mr. Lankford (for himself, Mr. Kelly , Mr. Ossoff , and Mr. Cornyn ) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs December 2, 2024 Reported by Mr. Peters , with an amendment and an amendment to the title Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic A BILL To establish Image Adjudicator and Supervisory Image Adjudicator positions in the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Office of Field Operations.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Border Enforcement, Security, and Trade (BEST) Facilitation Act of 2023 . 2. New Office of Field Operations positions authorized Section 411(g) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 ( 6 U.S.C. 211(g) ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (6) Image adjudicator positions (A) Image adjudicator There shall be in the Office of Field Operations, the position of Image Adjudicator, who shall be appointed in accordance with the provisions under chapter 33 (relating to appointments in the competitive service) and chapters 51 and 53 (relating to classification and rates of pay) of title 5, United States Code. Each Image Adjudicator shall— (i) review non-intrusive inspection images of conveyances and containers entering or exiting the United States through a land, sea, or air port of entry or rail crossing; (ii) assess whether conveyances and containers contain contraband, illicit drugs, terrorist weapons, or persons who are seeking to unlawfully enter or exit the United States; (iii) recommend entry for all conveyances and containers that do not contain contraband, illicit drugs, terrorist weapons, or persons seeking to unlawfully enter the United States to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer responsible for inspecting such cargo or conveyance; (iv) refer any conveyances and containers that the Image Adjudicator reasonably believes contains contraband, illicit drugs, terrorist weapons, or persons seeking to unlawfully enter or exit the United States to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer who is responsible for inspecting such cargo or conveyance for further inspection; and (v) refer to a Supervisory Image Adjudicator any image of a vehicle or cargo that is difficult to adjudicate due to poor image quality or other factors. (B) Supervisory image adjudicator There shall be in the Office of Field Operations, the position of Supervisory Image Adjudicator, who shall be appointed in accordance with the provisions under chapter 33 (relating to appointments in the competitive service) and chapters 51 and 53 (relating to classification and rates of pay) of title 5, United States Code. Each Supervisory Image Adjudicator shall— (i) carry out all of the duties described in clauses (i) through (iii) of subparagraph (A); (ii) review and make a determination regarding images referred by an Image Adjudicator pursuant to subparagraph (A)(v); (iii) receive intelligence from the National Targeting Center regarding tactics, techniques, and procedures being used at ports of entry and in the border environment by malign actors to facilitate the unlawful entry or exit of contraband, illicit drugs, terrorist weapons, and persons who are seeking to unlawfully enter or exit the United States; and (iv) report new intelligence to the National Targeting Center regarding tactics, techniques, and procedures being used at ports of entry and in the border environment by malign actors to facilitate the unlawful entry or exit of contraband, illicit drugs, terrorist weapons, and persons who are seeking to unlawfully enter the United States. (C) Training requirements All Image Adjudicators and Supervisory Image Adjudicators shall receive annual training and additional ad hoc training, to the extent necessary based on current trends, regarding— (i) privacy and civil liberties, including the protections of the First and Fourth Amendments to the United States Constitution; (ii) analyzing images generated by non-intrusive inspection technologies deployed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection; and (iii) tactics, techniques, and procedures being used at ports of entry and in the border environment by malign actors to facilitate the unlawful entry or exit of contraband, illicit drugs, terrorist weapons, and persons who are seeking to unlawfully enter the United States. (D) Annual assessment All Image Adjudicators and Supervisory Image Adjudicators shall receive an annual assessment with respect to their— (i) accuracy in image analysis; (ii) timeliness in image analysis; and (iii) ability to ascertain tactics, techniques, and procedures being used at ports of entry and in the border environment by malign actors to facilitate the unlawful entry or exit of contraband, illicit drugs, terrorist weapons, and persons who are seeking to unlawfully enter the United States. . 3. Workforce staffing model (a) Development Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection shall develop a workforce staffing model for Image Adjudicators and Supervisory Image Adjudicators described in section 211(g)(6) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, as amended by section 2, based upon— (1) the deployment of non-intrusive inspection technologies at ports of entry and international rail crossings; (2) border traffic patterns; and (3) scanning goals at each port of entry and international rail crossing. (b) Validation Not later than 6 months after the completion of the workforce staffing model described in subsection (a), the Comptroller General of the United States shall validate such workforce staffing model. 4. Reporting requirements Upon completion of the validation of the workforce staffing model pursuant to section 3(b), and quarterly thereafter, the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, in consultation with the Executive Assistant Commissioner, shall submit a report to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives that identifies— (1) the number of Image Adjudicators and Supervisory Image Adjudicators hired during the reporting period; (2) the number of Image Adjudicators and Supervisory Image Adjudicators currently employed by the Office of Field Operations, disaggregated by port of entry; (3) the average number of images scanned by each Image Adjudicator; (4) training methodologies utilized to train Image Adjudicators and Supervisory Image Adjudicators; (5) assessment passage rates of Image Adjudicators and Supervisory Image Adjudicators; and (6) the impact of Image Adjudicators and Supervisory Image Adjudicators on interdiction rates at ports of entry and international rail crossings at which Image Adjudicators or Supervisory Image Adjudicators are stationed, including— (A) throughput increases or decreases at such ports of entry and rail crossings; (B) increases or decreases in waiting times at such ports of entry and rail crossings; and (C) increases or decreases of seizures of contraband, illicit drugs, terrorist weapons, and persons seeking to unlawfully enter or exit the United States, broken down by type of seizure and port of entry or rail crossing.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Border Enforcement, Security, and Trade (BEST) Facilitation Act of 2023 . 2. Office of Field Operations image technician pilot program (a) In general Section 411(g) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 ( 6 U.S.C. 211(g) ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (6) Image technician pilot program (A) Image technician 1 (i) In general There shall be in the Office of Field Operations, Image Technician 1 positions, which shall be filled in accordance with the provisions under chapter 33 (relating to appointments in the competitive service) and chapters 51 and 53 (relating to classification and rates of pay) of title 5, United States Code. (ii) Conditions Image Technician 1 positions— (I) may be filled by existing U.S. Customs and Border Protection employees; (II) are not law enforcement officer positions; and (III) may not be filled by independent contractors. (iii) Duties The duties of an Image Technician 1 shall include— (I) reviewing non-intrusive inspection images of conveyances and containers entering or exiting the United States through a land, sea, or air port of entry or international rail crossing; (II) assessing whether images of conveyances and containers appear to contain anomalies indicating the potential presence of contraband, persons unlawfully seeking to enter or exit the United States, or illicitly concealed merchandise, including illicit drugs and terrorist weapons; (III) recommending entry release or exit release for any conveyances and containers whenever the images of such items do not include noticeable anomalies indicating the potential presence of contraband, persons seeking to unlawfully enter or exit the United States, or illicitly concealed merchandise, including illicit drugs or terrorist weapons, to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer responsible for inspecting such conveyance or container; and (IV) recommending further inspection of any conveyances and containers whenever the Image Technician reasonably believes that an image of any such item contains anomalies indicating the potential presence of contraband, persons seeking to unlawfully enter or exit the United States, or illicitly concealed merchandise, such as illicit drugs or terrorist weapons, to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection officer who is responsible for inspecting such conveyance or container. (B) Image technician 2 (i) In general There shall be in the Office of Field Operations, Image Technician 2 positions, which shall be filled in accordance with the provisions under chapter 33 (relating to appointments in the competitive service) and chapters 51 and 53 (relating to classification and rates of pay) of title 5, United States Code. (ii) Conditions Image Technician 2 positions— (I) may be filled by existing U.S. Customs and Border Protection employees; (II) are not law enforcement officer positions; and (III) may not be filled by independent contractors. (iii) Duties The duties of an Image Technician 2 shall include— (I) carrying out all of the duties described in subclauses (I) through (IV) of subparagraph (A)(ii); (II) receiving intelligence from the National Targeting Center regarding tactics, techniques, and procedures being used at ports of entry and in the border environment by malign actors to facilitate the unlawful entry or exit of contraband, persons, or illicitly concealed merchandise, such as illicit drugs or terrorist weapons; and (III) reporting new information to the National Targeting Center regarding tactics, techniques, and procedures being used at ports of entry and in the border environment by malign actors to facilitate the unlawful entry or exit of contraband, persons, or concealed merchandise, such as illicit drugs or terrorist weapons. (C) Supervisory U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officers (i) Supervision All image technicians shall be supervised by a Supervisory U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer. (ii) Discretion and decision-making authority The appropriate Supervisory U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer, while working with image technicians, shall retain the discretion and final decision-making authority— (I) to release conveyances or cargo for entry; or (II) to refer such conveyance or cargo for further inspection. (iii) Training A Supervisory U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer who supervises image technicians shall receive additional training in accordance with subparagraph (D). (D) Training requirements All image technicians shall receive annual training and additional ad hoc training, to the extent necessary based on current trends, regarding— (i) respecting privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties, including the protections against unreasonable searches and seizures afforded by the First and Fourth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States; (ii) analyzing images generated by non-intrusive inspection technologies or any successor technologies deployed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection; (iii) identifying commodities and merchandise in images generated by non-intrusive inspection technologies or any successor technologies deployed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection; (iv) identifying contraband, persons who are seeking to unlawfully enter or exit the United States, or illicitly concealed merchandise, such as illicit drugs or terrorist weapons, in images generated by non-intrusive technologies or any successor technologies deployed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection; (v) tactics, techniques, and procedures being used at ports of entry and in the border environment by malign actors to facilitate the unlawful entry or exit of contraband, persons, or illicitly concealed merchandise, such as illicit drugs or terrorist weapons; and (vi) any other training that the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection determines to be relevant to the duties described in subparagraphs (A)(iii) or (B)(iii). (E) Annual assessment All image technicians shall receive annual testing with respect to their— (i) accuracy in image analysis; (ii) timeliness in image analysis; and (iii) ability to ascertain tactics, techniques, and procedures being used at ports of entry and in the border environment by malign actors to facilitate the unlawful entry or exit of contraband, persons, or illicitly concealed merchandise, such as illicit drugs or terrorist weapons. (F) Command centers As part of the pilot program established under this paragraph, the Executive Assistant Commissioner of the Office of Field Operations shall establish 12 regional command centers at land, rail, air, and sea ports in which image technicians shall review non-intrusive inspection images. (G) Rule of construction Nothing in this paragraph may be construed to affect the discretion and final decision-making authority given to U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officers to release conveyances or cargo for entry or exit or to refer such conveyances or cargo for further inspection. . (b) Effective date (1) Sunset The amendment made by subsection (a) shall cease to have effect on the date that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. (2) Transfers authorized Upon the termination of the pilot program established by section 411(g)(6) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, as added by subsection (a), individuals occupying Image Technician 1 or Image Technician 2 positions in the Office of Field Operations may transfer to comparable positions within U.S. Customs and Border Protection or the Department of Homeland Security. 3. Reporting requirements (a) Semiannual reports Not later than 180 days after the hiring of the first positions described in section 411(g)(6) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, as added by section 2, and every 180 days thereafter, the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, in consultation with the Executive Assistant Commissioner of the Office of Field Operations, shall submit a report to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives that identifies— (1) the number of Image Technician 1 and Image Technician 2 positions filled during the reporting period; (2) the number of Image Technician 1 and Image Technician 2 positions currently employed by the Office of Field Operations, disaggregated by— (A) port of entry or field office; (B) image technician position; and (C) command center, as applicable; (3) the daily average number of images scanned by each Image Technician 1 and each Image Technician 2; (4) training methodologies utilized to train image technicians; (5) assessment passage rates of image technicians; (6) the impact of image technicians on interdiction rates at ports of entry and international rail crossings at which image technicians are stationed or from which image technicians review images, including— (A) throughput increases or decreases at such ports of entry and international rail crossings; (B) increases or decreases in waiting times at such ports of entry and international rail crossings; (C) average wait times at such ports of entry and international rail crossings; and (D) increases or decreases of seizures of contraband, persons seeking to unlawfully enter or exit the United States, or illicitly concealed merchandise, such as illicit drugs or terrorist weapons, broken down by type of seizure and port of entry or international rail crossing; (7) the impact of image technicians on U.S. Customs and Border Protection’s capability to review non-intrusive inspection images of conveyances and containers entering or exiting the United States through a land, sea, or air port of entry or international rail crossing; (8) an assessment of the effectiveness with which image technicians carry out the duties described in subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B)(iii) of section 411(g)(6) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, as added by section 2(a), compared to any U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers who are assigned such duties. (9) the progress made in establishing command centers under the pilot program established by such section; (10) any infrastructure or resource needs required to establish such command centers; and (11) the ports of entry and international rail crossing, as applicable, that are supported by such a command center. (b) Biannual briefings The Executive Assistant Commissioner of the Office of Field Operations shall provide biannual briefings to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives regarding the information described in the latest report submitted pursuant to subsection (a).

Amend the title so as to read: A bill to pilot the use of image technician positions in the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Office of Field Operations. .

December 2, 2024 Reported with an amendment and an amendment to the title