II Calendar No. 514 118th CONGRESS 2d Session S. 4343 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES May 15, 2024 Ms. Cantwell (for herself, Mr. Cruz , Mr. Luján , Mr. Sullivan , Ms. Rosen , Ms. Murkowski , Mr. Schatz , and Mr. Padilla ) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation September 17, 2024 Reported by Ms. Cantwell , with an amendment Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic A BILL To establish and maintain a coordinated program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that improves wildfire, fire weather, fire risk, and smoke related forecasting, detection, modeling, observations, and service delivery, and to address growing needs in the wildland-urban interface, and for other purposes.

1. Short title; table of contents (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Fire Ready Nation Act of 2024 . (b) Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Definitions. Sec. 3. Establishment of fire weather services program. Sec. 4. Fire weather testbed. Sec. 5. Data management and technology modernization. Sec. 6. Surveys and assessments. Sec. 7. Incident Meteorologist Service. Sec. 8. Emergency response activities. Sec. 9. Submissions to Congress regarding the fire weather services program, incident meteorologist workforce needs, and National Weather Service workforce support. Sec. 10. Fire Science and Technology Working Group; strategic plan. Sec. 11. Fire weather rating system. Sec. 12. Government Accountability Office reports. Sec. 13. Cooperation and coordination. Sec. 14. General provisions. Sec. 15. Authorization of appropriations. 2. Definitions In this Act: (1) Administration The term Administration means the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2) Appropriate committees of Congress The term appropriate committees of Congress means— (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives. (3) Earth system model The term Earth system model means a mathematical model containing all relevant components of the Earth, namely the atmosphere, oceans, land, cryosphere, and biosphere. (4) Fire environment The term fire environment means— (A) the environmental conditions, such as soil moisture, vegetation, topography, snowpack, atmospheric temperature, moisture, and wind, that influence— (i) fuel and fire behavior; and (ii) the emission, chemical evolution, and transport of smoke from wildfires; and (B) the associated environmental impacts occurring during and after fire events. (5) Fire weather The term fire weather means the weather conditions that influence the start, spread, character, or behavior of wildfires or fires at the wildland-urban interface and relevant meteorological and chemical phenomena, including air quality, smoke, and meteorological parameters such as relative humidity, air temperature, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric composition and chemistry, including emissions and mixing heights. (6) Impact-based decision support services The term impact-based decision support services means scientific advice and interpretative services the Administration provides to help core partners, such as emergency personnel and public safety officials, make decisions when the information impacts the lives and livelihoods of the people of the United States. (7) Indian tribe The term Indian tribe has the meaning given that term in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act ( 25 U.S.C. 5304 ). (8) Native Hawaiian Community The term Native Hawaiian Community means the distinct Native Hawaiian indigenous political community that Congress, exercising its plenary power over Native American affairs, has recognized and with which Congress has implemented a special political and trust relationship pursuant to the Constitution of the United States. (9) Native Hawaiian organization The term Native Hawaiian organization has the meaning given that term in section 6207 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 7517 ), including the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. (10) Seasonal The term seasonal has the meaning given that term in section 2 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 ( 15 U.S.C. 8501 ). (11) Smoke The term smoke means emissions, including the gases and particles released into the air as a result of wildfire. (12) State The term State means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the United State Virgin Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, or the Republic of Palau. (13) Tribal organization The term Tribal organization has the meaning given that term in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act ( 25 U.S.C. 5304 ). (14) Under Secretary The term Under Secretary means the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. (15) Wildfire The term wildfire means any non-structure fire that occurs in vegetation or natural fuels, originating from an unplanned ignition. (16) Wildland-urban interface The term wildland-urban interface means the area, zone, or region of transition between unoccupied or undeveloped land and human development where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels. 3. Establishment of fire weather services program (a) In general The Under Secretary shall establish and maintain a coordinated fire weather services program among the offices of the Administration in existence as of the date of the enactment of this Act. (b) Program functions The functions of the program established under subsection (a), consistent with the priorities described in section 101 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 ( 15 U.S.C. 8511 ), shall be— (1) to support readiness, responsiveness, understanding, and resilience of the United States to wildfires, fire weather, smoke from wildfires, post-fire flooding and debris flows, and associated hazards and impacts in built and natural environments and at the wildland-urban interface; (2) to collaboratively develop and disseminate accurate, precise, effective, and timely risk communications, forecasts, watches, and warnings relating to wildfires, fire weather, smoke, post-fire flooding and debris flows, and other associated conditions, hazards, and impacts, as applicable, with Federal land management agencies; (3) to partner with and support the public, Federal and State government entities, Indian tribes, the Native Hawaiian Community, and academic and local partners through the development of capabilities, impact-based decision support services, and overall service delivery and utility related to fire weather; (4) to conduct and support research and development of new and innovative models, technologies, techniques, products, systems, processes, and procedures to predict and improve understanding of wildfires, fire weather, related air quality, post-fire flooding and debris flows, and the fire environment; (5) to develop strong research-to-operations and operations-to-research transitions, in order to facilitate delivery of products, services, and tools to operational users and platforms related to fire weather; and (6) to develop, in coordination with Federal land management agencies, impact-based decision support services that operationalize and integrate the functions described in paragraphs (1) through (5) in order to provide comprehensive impact-based decision support services that encompass the fire environment. (c) Program priorities In developing and implementing the program established under subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall prioritize— (1) development of a fire weather-enabled Earth system model and data assimilation systems that— (A) are capable of prediction and forecasting across relevant spatial and temporal scales; (B) include variables associated with fire weather and the fire environment; (C) improve understanding of the connections between fire weather and modes of climate variability; (D) incorporate emerging techniques such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud computing; and (E) use a rapidly deployable network of rain gauges for post-fire hazard monitoring; (2) advancement of existing and new observational capabilities, including satellite-, airborne-, air-, and ground-based systems and technologies, and social networking and other public information-gathering applications that— (A) identify— (i) high-risk pre-ignition conditions; (ii) conditions that influence fire behavior and spread including those conditions that suppress active fire events; and (iii) fire risk values; (B) support real-time notification and monitoring of ignitions; (C) support observations and data collection of fire weather and fire environment variables, including vegetation state and profiles of smoke, winds, temperature, and humidity, for development of the model and systems under paragraph (1); and (D) support forecasts and research that mitigate the impacts of wildfires on human life, health, and the economy; and (3) development and implementation of advanced and user-oriented impact-based decision tools, science, and technologies that— (A) ensure real-time and retrospective data, products, and services are findable, accessible, interoperable, usable, inform further research, and are analysis- and decision-ready; (B) provide targeted information throughout the fire lifecycle including pre-ignition, detection, forecasting, post-fire, and monitoring phases; and (C) support early assessment of post-fire hazards, such as air quality, debris flows, mudslides, and flooding. (d) Program activities In developing and implementing the program established under subsection (a), the Under Secretary may— (1) conduct relevant physical and social science research activities in support of the functions described in subsection (b) and the priorities described in subsection (c); (2) conduct relevant activities, in coordination with Federal land management agencies and Federal science agencies, to assess fuel characteristics, including moisture, loading, and other parameters used to determine fire risk levels and outlooks; (3) support and conduct research that assesses impacts to marine, riverine, watershed, and other relevant ecosystems, which may include forest and rangeland ecosystems, resulting from activities associated with mitigation of and response to wildfires; (4) support and conduct attribution science research relating to wildfires, fire weather, fire risk, smoke, and associated conditions, risks, and impacts; (5) develop smoke and air quality forecasts, forecast guidance, and prescribed burn weather forecasts, and conduct research on the impact of such forecasts on response behavior that minimizes health-related impacts from smoke exposure; (6) use, in coordination with Federal land management agencies, wildland fuels information and fire resource intelligence to inform fire environment impact-based decision support services and products for safety; (7) work with Federal agencies to provide data, tools, and services to support determinations by such agencies for the implementation of mitigation measures; (8) provide training and support to ensure effective media utilization of impact-based decision support services and products to the public regarding actions needing to be taken; (9) provide comprehensive training to ensure staff of the program established under subsection (a) is properly equipped to deliver the impact-based decision support services and products described in paragraphs (1) through (6); and (10) acquire, through contracted purchase, private sector-produced observational data to fill identified gaps, as needed. (e) Collaboration The Under Secretary shall, as the Under Secretary considers appropriate, collaborate with partners in the weather and climate enterprises, academic institutions, States, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, the Native Hawaiian Community, Native Hawaiian organizations, local partners, and Federal agencies, including land and fire management agencies, in the development and implementation of the program established under subsection (a). (f) Agreements In carrying out the activities under this Act and the amendments made by this Act, the Under Secretary may provide support to non-Federal entities by making funds and resources available through— (1) competitive grants; (2) contracts under the mobility program under subchapter VI of chapter 33 of title 5, United States Code (commonly referred to as the Intergovernmental Personnel Act Mobility Program ); (3) cooperative agreements; and (4) co-location agreements as described in section 502 of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps Amendments Act of 2020 ( 33 U.S.C. 851 note prec.). (g) Program administration plan (1) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a plan that details how the program established under subsection (a) will be administered and governed within the Administration. (2) Elements The plan required by paragraph (1) should include a description of— (A) how the functions described in subsection (b), the priorities described in subsection (c), and the activities described in subsection (d) will be distributed among the line offices of the Administration; and (B) the mechanisms in place to ensure seamless coordination among those offices. 4. Fire weather testbed (a) Establishment of fire weather testbed The Under Secretary shall establish a fire weather testbed that enables engagement across the Federal Government, State and local governments, academia, private and federally funded research laboratories, the private sector, and end-users in order to evaluate the accuracy and usability of technology, models, fire weather products and services, and other research to accelerate the implementation, transition to operations, and use of new capabilities by the Administration, Federal and land management agencies, and other relevant stakeholders. (b) Uncrewed systems (1) In general The Under Secretary shall— (A) establish and carry out a research and development program to support the application of uncrewed systems technologies to improve data collection in support of modeling, observations, predictions, forecasts, and impact-based decision support services, and for other purposes of the Administration; (B) transition uncrewed systems technologies from research to operations as the Under Secretary considers appropriate; and (C) coordinate with other Federal agencies that may be developing uncrewed systems and related technologies to meet the challenges of wildland fire management. (2) Pilots required In carrying out paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall conduct pilots of uncrewed systems for fire weather and fire environment observations, including— (A) testing of uncrewed systems in approximations of real-world scenarios; (B) assessment of the utility of meteorological data collected from fire response and assessment aircraft; (C) input of the collected data into appropriate models to predict fire behavior, including coupled atmosphere and fire models; and (D) collection of best management practices for deployment of uncrewed systems and other remote data technology, including for communication and coordination between the stakeholders described in subsection (a). (3) Savings clause (A) In general In carrying out activities under this subsection, the Under Secretary shall ensure that any testing or deployment of uncrewed systems follow procedures, restrictions, and protocols established by the heads of the Federal agencies with statutory or regulatory jurisdiction over any airspace in which wildfire response activities are conducted during an active wildfire event. (B) Consultation and coordination The Under Secretary shall consult and coordinate with relevant Federal land management agencies, Federal science agencies, and the Federal Aviation Administration to develop processes for the appropriate deployment of the systems described in subparagraph (A). (c) Additional pilot projects The Under Secretary shall establish additional pilot projects relating to the fire weather testbed that may include the following elements: (1) Advanced products to detect fire from satellites. (2) Procurement and use of commercial data. (3) Investigation and evaluation of information needs of users and decision makers. (d) Report Section 108(a)(5) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Authorization Act of 1992 ( 15 U.S.C. 8520(a)(5) ) is amended— (1) in subparagraph (C), by adding and at the end; and (2) in subparagraph (D)— (A) in clause (ii), by striking and ; (B) in clause (iii), by adding and at the end; and (C) by adding at the end the following: (iv) a description of the research that has been transitioned into operations, including research at the fire weather testbed established under section 4(a) of the Fire Ready Nation Act of 2024 ; . 5. Data management and technology modernization (a) Data availability and management Section 301 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 ( 15 U.S.C. 8531 ) is amended— (1) by redesignating subsections (f) and (g) as subsections (g) and (h), respectively; and (2) by inserting after subsection (e) the following: (f) Data availability and management (1) In general The Under Secretary shall— (A) make data and metadata generated or collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that the Under Secretary has the legal right to redistribute fully and openly available, in accordance with chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, and the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 ( Public Law 115–435 ; 132 Stat. 5529) and the amendments made by that Act, and preserve and curate such data and metadata, in accordance with chapter 31 of title 44, United States Code (commonly known as the Federal Records Act of 1950 ), in order to maximize use of such data and metadata; and (B) manage and steward the access, archival, and retrieval activities for the data and metadata described in subparagraph (A) by— (i) using— (I) enterprise-wide infrastructure, emerging technologies, commercial partnerships, and the skilled workforce needed to provide appropriate data management from collection to broad access; and (II) associated information services; and (ii) pursuing the maximum interoperability of data and information by— (I) leveraging data, information, knowledge, and tools from across the Federal Government to support equitable access, cross-sectoral collaboration and innovation, and local planning and decision-making; and (II) developing standards and practices for the adoption and citation of digital object identifiers for datasets, models, and analytical tools. (2) Collaboration In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary shall collaborate with such Federal partners and stakeholders as the Under Secretary considers relevant— (A) to develop standards to pursue maximum interoperability of data, information, knowledge, and tools across the Federal Government, convert historical records into common digital formats, and improve access and usability of data by partners and stakeholders; (B) to identify and solicit relevant data from Federal and international partners and other relevant stakeholders, as the Under Secretary considers appropriate; and (C) to develop standards and practices for the adoption and citation of digital object identifiers for datasets, models, and analytical tools. . (b) Wildland fire commission The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act ( Public Law 117–58 ; 135 Stat. 429) is amended— (1) in section 70202— (A) in paragraph (1)— (i) in subparagraph (J), by striking ; and and inserting a semicolon; (ii) in subparagraph (K), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: (L) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and (M) the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives. ; and (B) in paragraph (6)— (i) in subparagraph (B), by striking ; and and inserting a semicolon; (ii) in subparagraph (C), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; and ; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: (D) The Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. ; and (2) in section 70203(b)(1)(B)— (A) in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking 9 and inserting not fewer than 10 ; (B) in clause (i)— (i) in subclause (IV), by striking ; and and inserting a semicolon; (ii) in subclause (V), by adding and at the end; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: (VI) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; ; (C) in clause (iv), by striking ; and and inserting a semicolon; and (D) by adding at the end the following: (vi) if the Secretaries determine it to be appropriate, 1 or more representatives from the relevant line offices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and . (c) Wildfire technology modernization Section 1114 of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act ( 43 U.S.C. 1748b–1 ) is amended— (1) in subsection (c)(3), by inserting the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, after Federal Aviation Administration, ; (2) in subsection (e)(2)— (A) by redesignating subparagraph (B) as subparagraph (C); and (B) by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following: (B) Consultation (i) In general In carrying out subparagraph (A), the Secretaries shall consult with the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere regarding any development of impact-based decision support services that relate to wildlife-related activities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (ii) Definition of impact-based decision support services In this subparagraph, the term impact-based decision support services means scientific advice and interpretative services the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides to help core partners, such as emergency personnel and public safety officials, make decisions when the information impacts the lives and livelihoods of the people of the United States. ; and (3) in subsection (f)— (A) by redesignating paragraphs (1) and (2) as subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively, and moving such subparagraphs, as so redesignated, 2 ems to the right; (B) by striking The Secretaries and inserting the following: (1) In general The Secretaries ; and (C) by adding at the end the following: (2) Collaboration In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretaries shall collaborate with the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere to improve coordination, utility of systems and assets, and interoperability of data for smoke prediction, forecasting, and modeling. . (d) Digital presence (1) In general The Under Secretary shall develop and maintain a comprehensive, centralized, and publicly accessible digital presence designed to promote findability, accessibility, interoperability, usability, and utility of the services, tools, data, and information produced by the program established under section 3(a). (2) Digital platform and tools In carrying out paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall seek to ensure the digital platform and tools of the Administration integrate geospatial data, decision support tools, training, and best practices to provide real-time fire weather forecasts and address fire-related issues and needs. (e) High-Performance computing (1) In general The Under Secretary shall seek to acquire sufficient high-performance computing resources and capacity for research, operations, and data storage in support of the program established under section 3(a). (2) Considerations In acquiring high-performance computing capacity under paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall consider requirements needed for— (A) conducting research, development, and testbed experiments; (B) the transition of research and testbed developments into operations; (C) sustaining capabilities in operations; (D) capabilities existing in other Federal agencies and the commercial sector; and (E) skilled workforce development. 6. Surveys and assessments (a) Post-Fire surveys and assessments (1) Annual post-fire-weather-season survey and assessment (A) In general During the second winter following the enactment of this Act, and each year thereafter, the Under Secretary shall conduct a post-fire-weather-season survey and assessment. (B) Elements After conducting a post-fire-weather-season survey and assessment under subparagraph (A), the Under Secretary shall— (i) investigate any gaps in data collected during the assessment; (ii) identify and implement strategies and procedures to improve program services and information dissemination; (iii) update systems, processes, strategies, and procedures to enhance the efficiency and reliability of data obtained from the assessment; (iv) evaluate the accuracy and efficacy of physical fire weather forecasting information for each incident included in the survey and assessment; and (v) assess and refine performance measures, as needed. (2) Surveys and assessments following individual wildfire events The Under Secretary may conduct surveys and assessments following individual wildfire events as the Under Secretary determines necessary. (3) Goal In carrying out activities under this subsection, the Under Secretary shall seek to increase the number of post-wildfire community impact studies, including by surveying individual and collective responses and incorporating other applicable topics of social science research. (4) Annual briefing Not less frequently than once each year, the Under Secretary shall provide a briefing to the appropriate committees of Congress that provides— (A) an overview of the fire season; and (B) an outlook for the fire season for the coming year. (5) Coordination In conducting any survey or assessment under this subsection, the Under Secretary shall coordinate with Federal, State, and local partners, Indian tribes, the Native Hawaiian Community, private entities, and such institutions of higher education as the Under Secretary considers relevant in order to— (A) improve operations and collaboration; and (B) optimize data collection, sharing, integration, assimilation, and dissemination. (6) Data availability The Under Secretary shall make the data and findings obtained from each assessment conducted under this subsection available to the public in an accessible digital format as soon as practicable after conducting the assessment. (7) Service improvements The Under Secretary shall make best efforts to incorporate the results and recommendations of each assessment conducted under this subsection into the research and development plan and operations of the Administration. (b) Joint Assessment and plan for automated surface observing system (1) In general The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Secretary of Defense, shall— (A) conduct an assessment of resources, personnel, procedures, and activities necessary to maximize the functionality and utility of the automated surface observing system of the United States that identifies— (i) key system upgrades needed to improve observation quality and utility for weather forecasting, aviation safety, and other users; (ii) improvements needed in observations within the planetary boundary layer, including mixing height; (iii) improvements needed in public accessibility of observational data; (iv) improvements needed to reduce latency in reporting of observational data; (v) relevant data to be collected for the production of forecasts or forecast guidance relating to atmospheric composition, including particulate and air quality data related to wildfires, and aviation safety; (vi) areas of concern regarding operational continuity and reliability of the system, which may include needs for on-night staff, particularly in remote and rural areas and areas where system failure would have the greatest negative impact to the community; (vii) stewardship, data handling, data distribution, and product generation needs arising from upgrading and changing the automated surface observation systems; (viii) possible solutions for areas of concern identified under clause (vi), including with respect to the potential use of backup systems, power and communication system reliability, staffing needs and personnel location, and the acquisition of critical component backups and proper storage location to ensure rapid system repair necessary to ensure system operational continuity; and (ix) research, development, and transition to operations needed to develop advanced data collection, quality control, and distribution so that the data are provided to models, users, and decision support systems in a timely manner; and (B) develop and implement a plan that addresses the findings of the assessment conducted under subparagraph (A), including by seeking and allocating resources necessary to ensure that system upgrades are standardized across the Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Department of Defense to the extent practicable. (2) Standardization Any system standardization implemented under paragraph (1)(B) shall not impede activities to upgrade or improve individual units of the system. (3) Remote automatic weather station coordination The Under Secretary, in collaboration with relevant Federal agencies and the National Interagency Fire Center, shall assess and develop cooperative agreements to improve coordination, interoperability standards, operations, and placement of remote automatic weather stations for the purpose of improving utility and coverage of remote automatic weather stations, automated surface observation systems, smoke monitoring platforms, and other similar stations and systems for weather and climate operations. (4) Report to Congress (A) In general Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, in collaboration with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Secretary of Defense, shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report that— (i) details the findings of the assessment required by subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1); and (ii) the plan required by subparagraph (B) of such paragraph. (B) Elements The report required by subparagraph (A) shall include a detailed assessment of appropriations required— (i) to address the findings of the assessment required by subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1); and (ii) to implement the plan required by subparagraph (B) of such paragraph. 7. Incident Meteorologist Service (a) Establishment The Under Secretary shall establish and maintain an Incident Meteorologist Service within the National Weather Service (in this section referred to as the Service ). (b) Inclusion of existing incident meteorologists The Service shall include— (1) the incident meteorologists of the Administration as of the date of the enactment of this Act; and (2) such incident meteorologists of the Administration as may be appointed after such date. (c) Functions The Service shall provide— (1) on-site impact-based decision support services to Federal, State, and local government emergency response agencies, Indian tribes, and the Native Hawaiian Community preceding, during, and following significant weather-related events, such as wildland fires, that threaten human life, property, or the economy; and (2) support to Federal, State, and local government decision makers, partners, and stakeholders, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, the Native Hawaiian Community, and Native Hawaiian organizations for seasonal planning and pre-fire mitigation activities. (d) Deployment The Service shall be deployed— (1) as determined by the Under Secretary; or (2) at the request of the head of another Federal agency and with the approval of the Under Secretary. (e) Staffing and resources In establishing and maintaining the Service, the Under Secretary shall identify, acquire, and maintain adequate levels of staffing and resources to meet user needs. (f) Support for incident meteorologists The Under Secretary shall provide resources, access to real-time fire weather forecasts, training, administrative and logistical support, and access to professional counseling or other forms of support as the Under Secretary considers appropriate for the betterment of the emotional and mental health and well-being of incident meteorologists and other employees of the Administration so long as the need for such resources, training, access, or support is due to the response of such employees to high-impact and extreme fire weather events. 8. Emergency response activities (a) Definitions In this section: (1) Basic pay The term basic pay includes any applicable locality-based comparability payment under section 5304 of title 5, United States Code, any applicable special rate supplement under section 5305 of such title, or any equivalent payment under a similar provision of law. (2) Covered employee The term covered employee means an employee of the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, or the Department of the Interior. (3) Covered services The term covered services means services that are performed by a covered employee while serving— (A) as a wildland firefighter or a fire management response official, including a regional fire director, a deputy regional fire director, and a fire management officer; (B) as an incident meteorologist accompanying a wildland firefighter crew; or (C) on an incident management team, at the National Interagency Fire Center, at a Geographic Area Coordinating Center, or at an operations center. (4) Premium pay The term premium pay means premium pay paid under a provision of law described in the matter preceding paragraph (1) of section 5547(a) of title 5, United States Code. (5) Relevant congressional committees The term relevant congressional committees means— (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; (B) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; (C) the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate; (D) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; (E) the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate; (F) the Committee on Oversight and Reform of the House of Representatives; (G) the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives; (H) the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives; (I) the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representative; and (J) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. (6) Secretary concerned The term Secretary concerned means— (A) the Secretary of Commerce, with respect to an employee of the Department of Commerce; (B) the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to an employee of the Department of Agriculture; and (C) the Secretary of the Interior, with respect to an employee of the Department of the Interior. (b) Waiver (1) In general Any premium pay received by a covered employee for covered services shall be disregarded in calculating the aggregate of the basic pay and premium pay for the covered employee for purposes of applying the limitation on premium pay under section 5547(a) of title 5, United States Code. (2) Calculation of aggregate pay Any pay that is disregarded under paragraph (1) shall be disregarded in calculating the aggregate pay of the applicable covered employee for purposes of applying the limitation under section 5307 of title 5, United States Code, during calendar year 2025. (3) Limitation A covered employee may not be paid premium pay under this subsection if, or to the extent that, the aggregate of the basic pay and premium pay (including premium pay for covered services) of the covered employee for a calendar year would exceed the rate of basic pay payable for a position at level II of the Executive Schedule under section 5313 of title 5, United States Code, as in effect at the end of that calendar year. (4) Treatment of additional premium pay If the application of this subsection results in the payment of additional premium pay to a covered employee of a type that is normally creditable as basic pay for retirement or any other purpose, that additional premium pay shall not be— (A) considered to be basic pay of the covered employee for any purpose; or (B) used in computing a lump-sum payment to the covered employee for accumulated and accrued annual leave under section 5551 or 5552 of title 5, United States Code. (5) Effective period This subsection shall be in effect during calendar year 2024 and apply to premium pay payable during that year. (c) Amendment Section 5542(a)(5) of title 5, United States Code, is amended by inserting , the Department of Commerce, after Interior . (d) Plan To address needs (1) Development and implementation Not later than March 30, 2025, the Secretaries referred to in subsection (a)(6), in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, shall jointly develop and implement a plan that addresses the needs of the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of the Interior, as applicable, to hire, appoint, promote, or train additional covered employees who carry out covered services such that sufficient covered employees are available throughout each fiscal year, beginning in fiscal year 2025, without the need for waivers of premium pay limitations. (2) Submittal Not later than 30 days before the date on which the Secretaries implement the plan developed under paragraph (1), the Secretaries shall submit the plan to the relevant congressional committees. (3) Limitation The plan developed under paragraph (1) shall not be contingent on any Secretary receiving amounts appropriated for fiscal years beginning in fiscal year 2025 in amounts greater than amounts appropriated for fiscal year 2023. (e) Policies and procedures for health, safety, and well-Being The Secretary concerned shall maintain policies and procedures to promote the health, safety, and well-being of covered employees. 9. Submissions to Congress regarding the fire weather services program, incident meteorologist workforce needs, and National Weather Service workforce support (a) Report to Congress Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress— (1) the plan described in subsection (b); (2) the assessment described in subsection (c); and (3) the assessment described in subsection (d). (b) Fire weather services program plan (1) Elements The plan submitted under subsection (a)(1) shall detail— (A) the observational data, modeling requirements, ongoing computational needs, research, development, and technology transfer activities, data management, skilled-personnel requirements, engagement with relevant Federal emergency and land management agencies and partners, and corresponding research, development, and operational resources and timelines necessary to achieve the functions described in subsection (b) of section 3 and the priorities described in subsection (c) of such section; and (B) plans and needs for all other activities and requirements under this Act and the amendments made by this Act. (2) Submittal of annual budget for plan Following completion of the plan submitted under subsection (a)(1), the Under Secretary shall, not less frequently than once each year concurrent with the submission of the budget by the President to Congress under section 1105 of title 31, United States Code, submit to Congress a proposed budget corresponding with the elements detailed in the plan. (c) Incident meteorologist workforce needs assessment (1) In general The Under Secretary shall conduct a workforce needs assessment on the current and future demand for additional incident meteorologists for wildfires and other high-impact fire weather events. (2) Elements The assessment required by paragraph (1) shall include the following: (A) A description of staffing levels as of the date on which the assessment is submitted under subsection (a)(2) and projected future staffing levels. (B) An assessment of the state of the research, development, and operational infrastructure of the National Weather Service as of the date on which the assessment is submitted and future needs of such infrastructure in order to meet current and future demands, including with respect to information technology support and logistical and administrative operations. (3) Considerations In conducting the assessment required by paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall consider user needs and feedback from relevant stakeholders. (d) Support services assessment (1) In general The Under Secretary shall conduct a workforce support services assessment with respect to employees of the National Weather Service engaged in emergency response. (2) Elements The assessment required by paragraph (1) shall include the following: (A) An assessment of need for further support of employees of the National Weather Service engaged in emergency response through services provided by the Public Health Service. (B) A detailed assessment of appropriations required to secure the level of support services needed as identified in the assessment described in subparagraph (A). (3) Additional support services Following the completion of the assessment required by paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall seek to acquire additional support services to meet the needs identified in the assessment. 10. Fire Science and Technology Working Group; strategic plan (a) Fire science and technology working group (1) Establishment Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Executive Director of the Interagency Committee for Advancing Weather Services established under section 402 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 ( 15 U.S.C. 8542 ) (in this section referred to as the Interagency Committee ) shall establish a working group, to be known as the Fire Science and Technology Working Group (in this section referred to as the Working Group ). (2) Chair The Working Group shall be chaired by the Under Secretary, or designee. (3) General duties (A) In general The Working Group shall seek to build efficiencies among the agencies listed under section 12(c)(1) and coordinate the planning and management of science, research, technology, and operations related to science and support services for wildland fire prediction, detection, forecasting, modeling, resilience, response, management, and assessments. (B) Input The Working Group shall solicit input from non-Federal stakeholders. (b) Strategic plan (1) In general Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Interagency Committee shall prepare and submit to Congress a strategic plan for interagency coordination, research, and development that will improve the assessment of fire environments and the understanding and prediction of wildland fires, associated smoke, and the impacts of such fires and smoke, including— (A) at the wildland-urban interface; (B) on communities, buildings, and other infrastructure; (C) on ecosystem services and watersheds; (D) social and economic impacts; (E) by developing and encouraging the adoption of science-based and cost-effective measures— (i) to enhance community resilience to wildland fires; (ii) to address and mitigate the impacts of wildland fires and associated smoke; and (iii) to restore natural fire regimes in fire-dependent ecosystems; (F) by improving the understanding and mitigation of the effects of weather and long-term drought on wildland fire risk, frequency, and severity; (G) through integrations of social and behavioral sciences in public safety fire communication; (H) by improving the forecasting and understanding of prescribed fires and the impacts of such fires, and how those impacts may differ from impacts of wildland fires that originate from an unplanned ignition; and (I) consideration and adoption of any recommendations included in the report required by section 12(c). (2) Plan elements The strategic plan required by paragraph (1) shall include the following: (A) A description of the priorities and needs of vulnerable populations. (B) A description of high-performance computing, visualization, and dissemination needs. (C) A timeline and guidance for implementation of— (i) an interagency data sharing system for data relevant to performing fire assessments and modeling fire risk and fire behavior; (ii) a system for ensuring that the fire prediction models of relevant agencies can be interconnected; and (iii) to the maximum extent practicable, any recommendations included in the report required by section 12(c). (D) A plan for incorporating and coordinating research and operational observations, including from infrared technologies, microwave, radars, satellites, mobile weather stations, and uncrewed aerial systems. (E) A flexible framework to communicate clear and simple fire event information to the public. (F) Integration of social, behavioral, risk, and communication research to improve the fire operational environment and societal information reception and response. 11. Fire weather rating system (a) In general The Under Secretary shall, in collaboration with the Chief of the United States Forest Service, the Director of the United States Geological Survey, the Director of the National Park Service, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and such stakeholders as the Under Secretary considers appropriate— (1) evaluate the system used as of the date of the enactment of this Act to rate the risk of wildfire; and (2) determine whether updates to that system are required to ensure that the ratings accurately reflect the severity of fire risk. (b) Update required If the Under Secretary determines under subsection (a) that updates to the system described in paragraph (1) of such subsection are necessary, the Under Secretary shall update that system. 12. Government Accountability Office reports (a) Report on fire weather services program (1) In general Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report on the program established under section 3(a). (2) Elements The report required by paragraph (1) shall— (A) evaluate the performance of the program by establishing initial baseline capabilities and tracking progress made toward fully operationalizing the functions described in section 3(b); and (B) include such other recommendations as the Comptroller General determines are appropriate to improve the program. (b) Report on interagency bodies for wildfire forecasting, prevention, planning, and management Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report that— (1) identifies all Federal interagency bodies established for the purpose of wildfire forecasting, prevention, planning, and management (such as wildfire councils, commissions, and workgroups), including— (A) the Wildland Fire Leadership Council; (B) the White House Wildfire Resilience Interagency Group; (C) the Wildland Fire Management Policy Committee; (D) the Wildland Fire Mitigation and Management Commission; (E) the Joint Science Fire Program; (F) the National Interagency Coordination Center; (G) the National Predictive Services Oversight Group; (H) the Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services; (I) the National Wildfire Coordinating Group; (J) the National Multi-Agency Coordinating Group; and (K) the Mitigation Framework Leadership Group; (2) evaluates the roles, functionality, and utility of such interagency bodies; (3) evaluates the progress, performance, and implementation of such interagency bodies; (4) assesses efficacy and identifies potential overlap and duplication of such interagency bodies in carrying out interagency collaboration with respect to wildfire prevention, planning, and management; and (5) includes such other recommendations as the Comptroller General determines are appropriate to streamline and improve wildfire forecasting, prevention, planning, and management, including recommendations regarding the interagency bodies for which the addition of the Administration is necessary to improve wildfire forecasting, prevention, planning, and management. (c) Report on interagency coordination Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report that identifies— (1) the authorities, roles, and science and support services relating to wildland fire prediction, detection, forecasting, modeling, resilience, response, management, and assessment provided by— (A) the Department of Commerce, including the Administration and the National Institute of Standards and Technology; (B) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; (C) the Department of the Interior; (D) the Department of Agriculture; (E) the National Science Foundation; (F) the Department of Energy; (G) the Federal Emergency Management Agency; (H) the Department of Transportation; (I) the Environmental Protection Agency; and (J) the Department of Defense; and (2) recommended areas in and mechanisms by which the agencies listed under paragraph (1) could support and improve— (A) coordination between Federal agencies, State and local governments, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, the Native Hawaiian Community, Native Hawaiian organizations, and other relevant stakeholders, including through examination of possible public-private partnerships; (B) research and development, including interdisciplinary research, related to fire environments, wildland fires, associated smoke, and the impacts of such environments, fires, and smoke, in furtherance of a coordinated interagency effort to address wildland fire risk reduction; (C) data management and stewardship, the development and coordination of data systems and computational tools, and the creation of a centralized, integrated data collaboration environment for agency data, including historical data, relating to weather, fire environments, wildland fires, associated smoke, and the impacts of such environments, fires, and smoke, and the assessment of wildland fire risk mitigation measures; (D) interoperability, usability, and accessibility of the scientific data, data systems, and computational and information tools of the agencies listed under paragraph (1); (E) coordinated public safety communications relating to fire weather events, fire hazards, and wildland fire and smoke risk reduction strategies; and (F) secure and accurate real-time data, alerts, and advisories to wildland firefighters and other decision support tools for wildland fire incident command posts. (d) Report on automated surface observing system Not later than 4 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report that— (1) evaluates the functionality, utility, reliability, and operational status of the automated surface observing system across the Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Department of Defense; (2) evaluates the progress, performance, and implementation of the plan required by section 6(b)(1)(B); (3) assesses the efficacy of cross-agency collaboration and stakeholder engagement in carrying out the plan and provides recommendations to improve such activities; (4) evaluates the operational continuity and reliability of the system, particularly in remote and rural areas and areas where system failure would have the greatest negative impact to the community, and provides recommendations to improve such continuity and reliability; (5) assesses Federal coordination regarding the remote automatic weather station network, air resource advisors, and other Federal observing assets used for weather and climate modeling and response activities, and provides recommendations for improvements; and (6) includes such other recommendations as the Comptroller General determines are appropriate to improve the system. 13. Cooperation and coordination (a) Cooperation Each Federal agency shall cooperate and coordinate with the Under Secretary, as appropriate, in carrying out this Act and the amendments made by this Act. (b) Coordination (1) In general In meeting the requirements under this Act and the amendments made by this Act, the Under Secretary shall coordinate, and as appropriate, establish agreements with Federal and external partners to fully use and leverage existing assets, systems, networks, technologies, and sources of data. (2) Inclusions Coordination carried out under paragraph (1) shall include coordination with— (A) the agencies represented at the National Interagency Fire Center; (B) the Predictive Services Program of the National Interagency Coordination Center; (C) the National Wildfire Coordinating Group; and (D) relevant interagency bodies identified in the report required by section 12(b). (3) Consultation In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary shall consult with Federal partners including— (A) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; (B) the Department of the Interior; (C) the Federal Emergency Management Agency; (D) the National Science Foundation; (E) the United States Geological Survey; (F) the Department of Agriculture; (G) the Environmental Protection Agency; (H) the Department of Energy; (I) the Department of Defense; (J) the National Institute of Standards and Technology; and (K) such other departments and agencies as the Under Secretary considers relevant. (c) Process for annual coordination with non-Federal entities Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall develop and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a process for annual coordination with State and local governments, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, and the Native Hawaiian Community to assist the development of improved fire weather products and services. (d) International coordination (1) In general The Under Secretary may develop collaborative relationships and agreements with foreign partners and counterparts to address transboundary issues pertaining to wildfires, fire weather, smoke, air quality, and associated conditions and hazards or other relevant meteorological phenomena, as appropriate, to facilitate full and open exchange of data and information. (2) Consultation In carrying out activities under this subsection, the Under Secretary shall consult with the Department of State and such other Federal partners as the Under Secretary considers relevant. 14. General provisions (a) Avoidance of duplication (1) In general The Under Secretary shall ensure, to the greatest extent practicable, that activities carried out under this Act and the amendments made by this Act are not duplicative of activities supported by other parts of the Administration or other relevant Federal agencies. (2) Coordination In carrying out activities under this Act and the amendments made by this Act, the Under Secretary shall coordinate with the Administration and heads of other Federal research agencies— (A) to ensure those activities enhance and complement, but do not constitute unnecessary duplication of, efforts; and (B) to ensure the responsible stewardship of funds. (b) Rule of construction Nothing in this Act may be construed— (1) to satisfy any requirement for government-to-government consultation with Indian tribes; or (2) to affect or modify any treaty or other right of any Indian tribe. 15. Authorization of appropriations (a) In general There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administration to carry out this Act and the amendments made by this Act— (1) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; (2) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; (3) $27,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; (4) $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; and (5) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2029. (b) Prohibition None of the amounts authorized to be appropriated by subsection (a) may be used to unnecessarily duplicate activities funded under title VIII of division D of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act ( Public Law 117–58 ; 135 Stat. 1094).

1. Short title; table of contents (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Fire Ready Nation Act of 2024 . (b) Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Definitions. Sec. 3. Establishment of fire weather services program. Sec. 4. Fire weather testbed. Sec. 5. Data management and technology modernization. Sec. 6. Surveys and assessments. Sec. 7. Incident Meteorologist Service. Sec. 8. Emergency response activities. Sec. 9. Submissions to Congress regarding the fire weather services program, incident meteorologist workforce needs, and National Weather Service workforce support. Sec. 10. Fire Science and Technology Working Group; strategic plan. Sec. 11. Fire weather rating system. Sec. 12. Government Accountability Office reports. Sec. 13. Cooperation and coordination. Sec. 14. General provisions. Sec. 15. Authorization of appropriations. Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. TITLE I—Fire weather Sec. 101. Definitions. Sec. 102. Establishment of fire weather services program. Sec. 103. Fire weather testbed. Sec. 104. Data management and technology modernization. Sec. 105. Surveys and assessments. Sec. 106. Incident Meteorologist Service. Sec. 107. Emergency response activities. Sec. 108. Submissions to Congress regarding the fire weather services program, incident meteorologist workforce needs, and National Weather Service workforce support. Sec. 109. Fire Science and Technology Working Group; strategic plan. Sec. 110. Fire weather rating system. Sec. 111. Government Accountability Office reports. Sec. 112. Cooperation and coordination. Sec. 113. General provisions. Sec. 114. Authorization of appropriations. TITLE II—Use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for weather forecasting Sec. 201. Definitions. Sec. 202. Purpose. Sec. 203. Earth system forecasting and information delivery. Sec. 204. Advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather and information delivery. Sec. 205. Technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather, water, and space weather models. Sec. 206. Fire environment modeling program. Sec. 207. Partnerships for transformational innovation. Sec. 208. Availability of dataset. Sec. 209. Retention of Federal Government expertise. Sec. 210. Protection of national security interests. Sec. 211. Authorization of appropriations. TITLE III—National Mesonet Program Sec. 301. National Mesonet Program. I Fire weather 101. Definitions In this title: (1) Administration The term Administration means the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2) Appropriate committees of Congress The term appropriate committees of Congress means— (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives. (3) Earth system model The term Earth system model means a mathematical model containing all relevant components of the Earth, namely the atmosphere, oceans, land, cryosphere, and biosphere. (4) Fire environment The term fire environment means— (A) the environmental conditions, such as soil moisture, vegetation, topography, snowpack, atmospheric temperature, moisture, and wind, that influence— (i) fuel and fire behavior; and (ii) the emission, chemical evolution, and transport of smoke from wildfires; and (B) the associated environmental impacts occurring during and after fire events. (5) Fire weather The term fire weather means the weather conditions that influence the start, spread, character, or behavior of wildfires or fires at the wildland-urban interface and relevant meteorological and chemical phenomena, including air quality, smoke, and meteorological parameters such as relative humidity, air temperature, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric composition and chemistry, including emissions and mixing heights. (6) Impact-based decision support services The term impact-based decision support services means scientific advice and interpretative services the Administration provides to help core partners, such as emergency personnel and public safety officials, make decisions when the information impacts the lives and livelihoods of the people of the United States. (7) Indian tribe The term Indian tribe has the meaning given that term in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act ( 25 U.S.C. 5304 ). (8) Native Hawaiian Community The term Native Hawaiian Community means the distinct Native Hawaiian indigenous political community that Congress, exercising its plenary power over Native American affairs, has recognized and with which Congress has implemented a special political and trust relationship pursuant to the Constitution of the United States. (9) Native Hawaiian organization The term Native Hawaiian organization has the meaning given that term in section 6207 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 7517 ), including the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. (10) Seasonal The term seasonal has the meaning given that term in section 2 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 ( 15 U.S.C. 8501 ). (11) Smoke The term smoke means emissions, including the gases and particles released into the air as a result of wildfire. (12) State The term State means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the United State Virgin Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, or the Republic of Palau. (13) Tribal organization The term Tribal organization has the meaning given that term in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act ( 25 U.S.C. 5304 ). (14) Under Secretary The term Under Secretary means the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. (15) Wildfire The term wildfire means any non-structure fire that occurs in vegetation or natural fuels, originating from an unplanned ignition. (16) Wildland-urban interface The term wildland-urban interface means the area, zone, or region of transition between unoccupied or undeveloped land and human development where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels. 102. Establishment of fire weather services program (a) In general The Under Secretary shall establish and maintain a coordinated fire weather services program among the offices of the Administration in existence as of the date of the enactment of this Act. (b) Program functions The functions of the program established under subsection (a), consistent with the priorities described in section 101 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 ( 15 U.S.C. 8511 ), shall be— (1) to support readiness, responsiveness, understanding, and resilience of the United States to wildfires, fire weather, smoke from wildfires, post-fire flooding and debris flows, and associated hazards and impacts in built and natural environments and at the wildland-urban interface; (2) to collaboratively develop and disseminate accurate, precise, effective, and timely risk communications, forecasts, watches, and warnings relating to wildfires, fire weather, smoke, post-fire flooding and debris flows, and other associated conditions, hazards, and impacts, as applicable, with Federal land management agencies; (3) to partner with and support the public, Federal and State government entities, Indian tribes, the Native Hawaiian Community, and academic and local partners through the development of capabilities, impact-based decision support services, and overall service delivery and utility related to fire weather; (4) to conduct and support research and development of new and innovative models, technologies, techniques, products, systems, processes, and procedures to predict and improve understanding of wildfires, fire weather, related air quality, post-fire flooding and debris flows, and the fire environment; (5) to develop strong research-to-operations and operations-to-research transitions, in order to facilitate delivery of products, services, and tools to operational users and platforms related to fire weather; (6) to develop communications networks and strategies to ensure parity of fire forecasts, warning services, and information about current fire location, for remote, isolated, and rural communities, including communities where the public acts as the first responder to wildfire; and (7) to develop, in coordination with Federal land management agencies, impact-based decision support services that operationalize and integrate the functions described in paragraphs (1) through (6) in order to provide comprehensive impact-based decision support services that encompass the fire environment. (c) Program priorities In developing and implementing the program established under subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall prioritize— (1) development of a fire weather-enabled Earth system model and data assimilation systems that— (A) are capable of prediction and forecasting across relevant spatial and temporal scales; (B) include variables associated with fire weather and the fire environment; (C) improve understanding of the connections between fire weather and modes of climate variability; (D) incorporate emerging techniques such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud computing; and (E) use a rapidly deployable network of rain gauges for post-fire hazard monitoring; (2) advancement of existing and new observational capabilities, including satellite-, airborne-, air-, and ground-based systems and technologies, and social networking and other public information-gathering applications that— (A) identify— (i) high-risk pre-ignition conditions; (ii) conditions that influence fire behavior and spread including those conditions that suppress active fire events; and (iii) fire risk values; (B) support real-time notification and monitoring of ignitions; (C) support observations and data collection of fire weather and fire environment variables, including vegetation state and profiles of smoke, winds, temperature, and humidity, for development of the model and systems under paragraph (1); and (D) support forecasts and research that mitigate the impacts of wildfires on human life, health, and the economy; (3) development and implementation of advanced and user-oriented impact-based decision tools, science, and technologies that— (A) ensure real-time and retrospective data, products, and services are findable, accessible, interoperable, usable, inform further research, and are analysis- and decision-ready; (B) provide targeted information throughout the fire lifecycle including pre-ignition, detection, forecasting, post-fire, and monitoring phases; and (C) support early assessment of post-fire hazards, such as air quality, debris flows, mudslides, and flooding; and (4) ensuring the parity of access to and support from the tools, science, and technologies developed under this subsection for remote, isolated, and rural communities. (d) Program activities In developing and implementing the program established under subsection (a), the Under Secretary may— (1) conduct relevant physical and social science research activities in support of the functions described in subsection (b) and the priorities described in subsection (c); (2) conduct relevant activities, in coordination with Federal land management agencies and Federal science agencies, to assess fuel characteristics, including moisture, loading, and other parameters used to determine fire risk levels and outlooks; (3) support and conduct research that assesses impacts to marine, riverine, watershed, and other relevant ecosystems, which may include forest and rangeland ecosystems, resulting from activities associated with mitigation of and response to wildfires; (4) support and conduct attribution science research relating to wildfires, fire weather, fire risk, smoke, and associated conditions, risks, and impacts; (5) develop smoke and air quality forecasts, forecast guidance, and prescribed burn weather forecasts, and conduct research on the impact of such forecasts on response behavior that minimizes health-related impacts from smoke exposure; (6) use, in coordination with Federal land management agencies, wildland fuels information and fire resource intelligence to inform fire environment impact-based decision support services and products for safety; (7) work with Federal agencies to provide data, tools, and services to support determinations by such agencies for the implementation of mitigation measures; (8) provide training and support to ensure effective media utilization of impact-based decision support services and products to the public regarding actions needing to be taken; (9) provide comprehensive training to ensure staff of the program established under subsection (a) is properly equipped to deliver the impact-based decision support services and products described in paragraphs (1) through (6); and (10) acquire, through contracted purchase, private sector-produced observational data to fill identified gaps, as needed. (e) Parity for remote, isolated, and rural communities In developing and implementing the program established under subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall ensure parity of coverage and programmatic activity for remote, isolated, and rural communities, including communities where the public acts as the first responder to wildfire. (f) Collaboration The Under Secretary shall, as the Under Secretary considers appropriate, collaborate with partners in the weather and climate enterprises, academic institutions, States, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, the Native Hawaiian Community, Native Hawaiian organizations, local partners, and Federal agencies, including land and fire management agencies, in the development and implementation of the program established under subsection (a). (g) Agreements In carrying out the activities under this title and the amendments made by this title, the Under Secretary may provide support to non-Federal entities by making funds and resources available through— (1) competitive grants; (2) contracts under the mobility program under subchapter VI of chapter 33 of title 5, United States Code (commonly referred to as the Intergovernmental Personnel Act Mobility Program ); (3) cooperative agreements; and (4) co-location agreements as described in section 502 of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps Amendments Act of 2020 ( 33 U.S.C. 851 note prec.). (h) Program administration plan (1) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a plan that details how the program established under subsection (a) will be administered and governed within the Administration. (2) Elements The plan required by paragraph (1) should include a description of— (A) how the functions described in subsection (b), the priorities described in subsection (c), and the activities described in subsection (d) will be distributed among the line offices of the Administration; and (B) the mechanisms in place to ensure seamless coordination among those offices. 103. Fire weather testbed (a) Establishment of fire weather testbed The Under Secretary shall establish a fire weather testbed that enables engagement across the Federal Government, State and local governments, academia, private and federally funded research laboratories, the private sector, and end-users in order to evaluate the accuracy and usability of technology, models, fire weather products and services, and other research to accelerate the implementation, transition to operations, and use of new capabilities by the Administration, Federal and land management agencies, and other relevant stakeholders. (b) Uncrewed systems (1) In general The Under Secretary shall— (A) establish and carry out a research and development program to support the application of uncrewed systems technologies to improve data collection in support of modeling, observations, predictions, forecasts, and impact-based decision support services, and for other purposes of the Administration; (B) transition uncrewed systems technologies from research to operations as the Under Secretary considers appropriate; and (C) coordinate with other Federal agencies that may be developing uncrewed systems and related technologies to meet the challenges of wildland fire management. (2) Pilots required In carrying out paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall conduct pilots of uncrewed systems for fire weather and fire environment observations, including— (A) testing of uncrewed systems in approximations of real-world scenarios; (B) assessment of the utility of meteorological data collected from fire response and assessment aircraft; (C) input of the collected data into appropriate models to predict fire behavior, including coupled atmosphere and fire models; and (D) collection of best management practices for deployment of uncrewed systems and other remote data technology, including for communication and coordination between the stakeholders described in subsection (a). (3) Savings clause (A) In general In carrying out activities under this subsection, the Under Secretary shall ensure that any testing or deployment of uncrewed systems follow procedures, restrictions, and protocols established by the heads of the Federal agencies with statutory or regulatory jurisdiction over any airspace in which wildfire response activities are conducted during an active wildfire event. (B) Consultation and coordination The Under Secretary shall consult and coordinate with relevant Federal land management agencies, Federal science agencies, and the Federal Aviation Administration to develop processes for the appropriate deployment of the systems described in subparagraph (A). (c) Additional pilot projects The Under Secretary shall establish additional pilot projects relating to the fire weather testbed that may include the following elements: (1) Advanced products to detect fire from satellites. (2) Procurement and use of commercial data. (3) Investigation and evaluation of information needs of users and decision makers. (d) Report Section 108(a)(5) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Authorization Act of 1992 ( 15 U.S.C. 8520(a)(5) ) is amended— (1) in subparagraph (C), by adding and at the end; and (2) in subparagraph (D)— (A) in clause (ii), by striking and ; (B) in clause (iii), by adding and at the end; and (C) by adding at the end the following: (iv) a description of the research that has been transitioned into operations, including research at the fire weather testbed established under section 103(a) of the Fire Ready Nation Act of 2024 ; . 104. Data management and technology modernization (a) Data availability and management Section 301 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 ( 15 U.S.C. 8531 ) is amended— (1) by redesignating subsections (f) and (g) as subsections (g) and (h), respectively; and (2) by inserting after subsection (e) the following: (f) Data availability and management (1) In general The Under Secretary shall— (A) make data and metadata generated or collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that the Under Secretary has the legal right to redistribute fully and openly available, in accordance with chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, and the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 ( Public Law 115–435 ; 132 Stat. 5529) and the amendments made by that Act, and preserve and curate such data and metadata, in accordance with chapter 31 of title 44, United States Code (commonly known as the Federal Records Act of 1950 ), in order to maximize use of such data and metadata; and (B) manage and steward the access, archival, and retrieval activities for the data and metadata described in subparagraph (A) by— (i) using— (I) enterprise-wide infrastructure, emerging technologies, commercial partnerships, and the skilled workforce needed to provide appropriate data management from collection to broad access; and (II) associated information services; and (ii) pursuing the maximum interoperability of data and information by— (I) leveraging data, information, knowledge, and tools from across the Federal Government to support equitable access, cross-sectoral collaboration and innovation, and local planning and decision-making; and (II) developing standards and practices for the adoption and citation of digital object identifiers for datasets, models, and analytical tools. (2) Collaboration In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary shall collaborate with such Federal partners and stakeholders as the Under Secretary considers relevant— (A) to develop standards to pursue maximum interoperability of data, information, knowledge, and tools across the Federal Government, convert historical records into common digital formats, and improve access and usability of data by partners and stakeholders; (B) to identify and solicit relevant data from Federal and international partners and other relevant stakeholders, as the Under Secretary considers appropriate; and (C) to develop standards and practices for the adoption and citation of digital object identifiers for datasets, models, and analytical tools. . (b) Wildland fire commission The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act ( Public Law 117–58 ; 135 Stat. 429) is amended— (1) in section 70202— (A) in paragraph (1)— (i) in subparagraph (J), by striking ; and and inserting a semicolon; (ii) in subparagraph (K), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: (L) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and (M) the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives. ; and (B) in paragraph (6)— (i) in subparagraph (B), by striking ; and and inserting a semicolon; (ii) in subparagraph (C), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; and ; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: (D) The Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. ; and (2) in section 70203(b)(1)(B)— (A) in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking 9 and inserting not fewer than 10 ; (B) in clause (i)— (i) in subclause (IV), by striking ; and and inserting a semicolon; (ii) in subclause (V), by adding and at the end; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: (VI) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; ; (C) in clause (iv), by striking ; and and inserting a semicolon; and (D) by adding at the end the following: (vi) if the Secretaries determine it to be appropriate, 1 or more representatives from the relevant line offices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and . (c) Wildfire technology modernization Section 1114 of the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act ( 43 U.S.C. 1748b–1 ) is amended— (1) in subsection (c)(3), by inserting the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, after Federal Aviation Administration, ; (2) in subsection (e)(2)— (A) by redesignating subparagraph (B) as subparagraph (C); and (B) by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following: (B) Consultation (i) In general In carrying out subparagraph (A), the Secretaries shall consult with the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere regarding any development of impact-based decision support services that relate to wildlife-related activities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (ii) Definition of impact-based decision support services In this subparagraph, the term impact-based decision support services means scientific advice and interpretative services the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides to help core partners, such as emergency personnel and public safety officials, make decisions when the information impacts the lives and livelihoods of the people of the United States. ; and (3) in subsection (f)— (A) by redesignating paragraphs (1) and (2) as subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively, and moving such subparagraphs, as so redesignated, 2 ems to the right; (B) by striking The Secretaries and inserting the following: (1) In general The Secretaries ; and (C) by adding at the end the following: (2) Collaboration In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretaries shall collaborate with the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere to improve coordination, utility of systems and assets, and interoperability of data for smoke prediction, forecasting, and modeling. . (d) Digital presence (1) In general The Under Secretary shall develop and maintain a comprehensive, centralized, and publicly accessible digital presence designed to promote findability, accessibility, interoperability, usability, and utility of the services, tools, data, and information produced by the program established under section 102(a). (2) Digital platform and tools In carrying out paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall seek to ensure the digital platform and tools of the Administration integrate geospatial data, decision support tools, training, and best practices to provide real-time fire weather forecasts and address fire-related issues and needs. (e) High-Performance computing (1) In general The Under Secretary shall seek to acquire sufficient high-performance computing resources and capacity for research, operations, and data storage in support of the program established under section 102(a). (2) Considerations In acquiring high-performance computing capacity under paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall consider requirements needed for— (A) conducting research, development, and testbed experiments; (B) the transition of research and testbed developments into operations; (C) sustaining capabilities in operations; (D) capabilities existing in other Federal agencies and the commercial sector; and (E) skilled workforce development. 105. Surveys and assessments (a) Post-Fire surveys and assessments (1) Annual post-fire-weather-season survey and assessment (A) In general During the second winter following the date of the enactment of this Act, and each year thereafter, the Under Secretary shall conduct a post-fire-weather-season survey and assessment. (B) Elements After conducting a post-fire-weather-season survey and assessment under subparagraph (A), the Under Secretary shall— (i) investigate any gaps in data collected during the assessment; (ii) identify and implement strategies and procedures to improve program services and information dissemination; (iii) update systems, processes, strategies, and procedures to enhance the efficiency and reliability of data obtained from the assessment; (iv) evaluate the accuracy and efficacy of physical fire weather forecasting information for each incident included in the survey and assessment; and (v) assess and refine performance measures, as needed. (2) Surveys and assessments following individual wildfire events The Under Secretary may conduct surveys and assessments following individual wildfire events as the Under Secretary determines necessary. (3) Goal In carrying out activities under this subsection, the Under Secretary shall seek to increase the number of post-wildfire community impact studies, including by surveying individual and collective responses and incorporating other applicable topics of social science research. (4) Annual briefing Not less frequently than once each year, the Under Secretary shall provide a briefing to the appropriate committees of Congress that provides— (A) an overview of the fire season; and (B) an outlook for the fire season for the coming year. (5) Coordination In conducting any survey or assessment under this subsection, the Under Secretary shall coordinate with Federal, State, and local partners, Indian tribes, the Native Hawaiian Community, private entities, and such institutions of higher education as the Under Secretary considers relevant in order to— (A) improve operations and collaboration; and (B) optimize data collection, sharing, integration, assimilation, and dissemination. (6) Data availability The Under Secretary shall make the data and findings obtained from each assessment conducted under this subsection available to the public in an accessible digital format as soon as practicable after conducting the assessment. (7) Service improvements The Under Secretary shall make best efforts to incorporate the results and recommendations of each assessment conducted under this subsection into the research and development plan and operations of the Administration. (b) Joint Assessment and plan for automated surface observing system (1) In general The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Secretary of Defense, shall— (A) conduct an assessment of resources, personnel, procedures, and activities necessary to maximize the functionality and utility of the automated surface observing system of the United States that identifies— (i) key system upgrades needed to improve observation quality and utility for weather forecasting, aviation safety, and other users; (ii) improvements needed in observations within the planetary boundary layer, including mixing height; (iii) improvements needed in public accessibility of observational data; (iv) improvements needed to reduce latency in reporting of observational data; (v) relevant data to be collected for the production of forecasts or forecast guidance relating to atmospheric composition, including particulate and air quality data related to wildfires, and aviation safety; (vi) areas of concern regarding operational continuity and reliability of the system, which may include needs for on-night staff, particularly in remote and rural areas and areas where system failure would have the greatest negative impact to the community; (vii) stewardship, data handling, data distribution, and product generation needs arising from upgrading and changing the automated surface observation systems; (viii) possible solutions for areas of concern identified under clause (vi), including with respect to the potential use of backup systems, power and communication system reliability, staffing needs and personnel location, and the acquisition of critical component backups and proper storage location to ensure rapid system repair necessary to ensure system operational continuity; and (ix) research, development, and transition to operations needed to develop advanced data collection, quality control, and distribution so that the data are provided to models, users, and decision support systems in a timely manner; and (B) develop and implement a plan that addresses the findings of the assessment conducted under subparagraph (A), including by seeking and allocating resources necessary to ensure that system upgrades are standardized across the Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Department of Defense to the extent practicable. (2) Standardization Any system standardization implemented under paragraph (1)(B) shall not impede activities to upgrade or improve individual units of the system. (3) Remote automatic weather station coordination The Under Secretary, in collaboration with relevant Federal agencies and the National Interagency Fire Center, shall assess and develop cooperative agreements to improve coordination, interoperability standards, operations, and placement of remote automatic weather stations for the purpose of improving utility and coverage of remote automatic weather stations, automated surface observation systems, smoke monitoring platforms, and other similar stations and systems for weather and climate operations. (4) Report to Congress (A) In general Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, in collaboration with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Secretary of Defense, shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report that— (i) details the findings of the assessment required by subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1); and (ii) the plan required by subparagraph (B) of such paragraph. (B) Elements The report required by subparagraph (A) shall include a detailed assessment of appropriations required— (i) to address the findings of the assessment required by subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1); and (ii) to implement the plan required by subparagraph (B) of such paragraph. 106. Incident Meteorologist Service (a) Establishment The Under Secretary shall establish and maintain an Incident Meteorologist Service within the National Weather Service (in this section referred to as the Service ). (b) Inclusion of existing incident meteorologists The Service shall include— (1) the incident meteorologists of the Administration as of the date of the enactment of this Act; and (2) such incident meteorologists of the Administration as may be appointed after such date. (c) Functions The Service shall provide— (1) on-site impact-based decision support services to Federal, State, and local government emergency response agencies, Indian tribes, and the Native Hawaiian Community preceding, during, and following significant weather-related events, such as wildland fires, that threaten human life, property, or the economy; and (2) support to Federal, State, and local government decision makers, partners, and stakeholders, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, the Native Hawaiian Community, and Native Hawaiian organizations for seasonal planning and pre-fire mitigation activities. (d) Deployment The Service shall be deployed— (1) as determined by the Under Secretary; or (2) at the request of the head of another Federal agency and with the approval of the Under Secretary. (e) Staffing and resources In establishing and maintaining the Service, the Under Secretary shall identify, acquire, and maintain adequate levels of staffing and resources to meet user needs. (f) Support for incident meteorologists The Under Secretary shall provide resources, access to real-time fire weather forecasts, training, administrative and logistical support, and access to professional counseling or other forms of support as the Under Secretary considers appropriate for the betterment of the emotional and mental health and well-being of incident meteorologists and other employees of the Administration so long as the need for such resources, training, access, or support is due to the response of such employees to high-impact and extreme fire weather events. 107. Emergency response activities (a) Definitions In this section: (1) Basic pay The term basic pay includes any applicable locality-based comparability payment under section 5304 of title 5, United States Code, any applicable special rate supplement under section 5305 of such title, or any equivalent payment under a similar provision of law. (2) Covered employee The term covered employee means an employee of the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, or the Department of the Interior. (3) Covered services The term covered services means services that are performed by a covered employee while serving— (A) as a wildland firefighter or a fire management response official, including a regional fire director, a deputy regional fire director, and a fire management officer; (B) as an incident meteorologist accompanying a wildland firefighter crew; or (C) on an incident management team, at the National Interagency Fire Center, at a Geographic Area Coordinating Center, or at an operations center. (4) Premium pay The term premium pay means premium pay paid under a provision of law described in the matter preceding paragraph (1) of section 5547(a) of title 5, United States Code. (5) Relevant congressional committees The term relevant congressional committees means— (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; (B) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; (C) the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate; (D) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; (E) the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate; (F) the Committee on Oversight and Reform of the House of Representatives; (G) the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives; (H) the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives; (I) the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representative; and (J) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. (6) Secretary concerned The term Secretary concerned means— (A) the Secretary of Commerce, with respect to an employee of the Department of Commerce; (B) the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to an employee of the Department of Agriculture; and (C) the Secretary of the Interior, with respect to an employee of the Department of the Interior. (b) Waiver (1) In general Any premium pay received by a covered employee for covered services shall be disregarded in calculating the aggregate of the basic pay and premium pay for the covered employee for purposes of applying the limitation on premium pay under section 5547(a) of title 5, United States Code. (2) Calculation of aggregate pay Any pay that is disregarded under paragraph (1) shall be disregarded in calculating the aggregate pay of the applicable covered employee for purposes of applying the limitation under section 5307 of title 5, United States Code, during calendar year 2025. (3) Limitation A covered employee may not be paid premium pay under this subsection if, or to the extent that, the aggregate of the basic pay and premium pay (including premium pay for covered services) of the covered employee for a calendar year would exceed the rate of basic pay payable for a position at level II of the Executive Schedule under section 5313 of title 5, United States Code, as in effect at the end of that calendar year. (4) Treatment of additional premium pay If the application of this subsection results in the payment of additional premium pay to a covered employee of a type that is normally creditable as basic pay for retirement or any other purpose, that additional premium pay shall not be— (A) considered to be basic pay of the covered employee for any purpose; or (B) used in computing a lump-sum payment to the covered employee for accumulated and accrued annual leave under section 5551 or 5552 of title 5, United States Code. (5) Effective period This subsection shall be in effect during calendar year 2024 and apply to premium pay payable during that year. (c) Amendment Section 5542(a)(5) of title 5, United States Code, is amended by inserting , the Department of Commerce, after Interior . (d) Plan To address needs (1) Development and implementation Not later than March 30, 2025, the Secretaries referred to in subsection (a)(6), in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, shall jointly develop and implement a plan that addresses the needs of the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of the Interior, as applicable, to hire, appoint, promote, or train additional covered employees who carry out covered services such that sufficient covered employees are available throughout each fiscal year, beginning in fiscal year 2025, without the need for waivers of premium pay limitations. (2) Submittal Not later than 30 days before the date on which the Secretaries implement the plan developed under paragraph (1), the Secretaries shall submit the plan to the relevant congressional committees. (3) Limitation The plan developed under paragraph (1) shall not be contingent on any Secretary receiving amounts appropriated for fiscal years beginning in fiscal year 2025 in amounts greater than amounts appropriated for fiscal year 2023. (e) Policies and procedures for health, safety, and well-Being The Secretary concerned shall maintain policies and procedures to promote the health, safety, and well-being of covered employees. 108. Submissions to Congress regarding the fire weather services program, incident meteorologist workforce needs, and National Weather Service workforce support (a) Report to Congress Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress— (1) the plan described in subsection (b); (2) the assessment described in subsection (c); and (3) the assessment described in subsection (d). (b) Fire weather services program plan (1) Elements The plan submitted under subsection (a)(1) shall detail— (A) the observational data, modeling requirements, ongoing computational needs, research, development, and technology transfer activities, data management, skilled-personnel requirements, engagement with relevant Federal emergency and land management agencies and partners, and corresponding research, development, and operational resources and timelines necessary to achieve the functions described in subsection (b) of section 102 and the priorities described in subsection (c) of such section; and (B) plans and needs for all other activities and requirements under this title and the amendments made by this title. (2) Submittal of annual budget for plan Following completion of the plan submitted under subsection (a)(1), the Under Secretary shall, not less frequently than once each year concurrent with the submission of the budget by the President to Congress under section 1105 of title 31, United States Code, submit to Congress a proposed budget corresponding with the elements detailed in the plan. (c) Incident meteorologist workforce needs assessment (1) In general The Under Secretary shall conduct a workforce needs assessment on the current and future demand for additional incident meteorologists for wildfires and other high-impact fire weather events. (2) Elements The assessment required by paragraph (1) shall include the following: (A) A description of staffing levels as of the date on which the assessment is submitted under subsection (a)(2) and projected future staffing levels. (B) An assessment of the state of the research, development, and operational infrastructure of the National Weather Service as of the date on which the assessment is submitted and future needs of such infrastructure in order to meet current and future demands, including with respect to information technology support and logistical and administrative operations. (3) Considerations In conducting the assessment required by paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall consider user needs and feedback from relevant stakeholders. (d) Support services assessment (1) In general The Under Secretary shall conduct a workforce support services assessment with respect to employees of the National Weather Service engaged in emergency response. (2) Elements The assessment required by paragraph (1) shall include the following: (A) An assessment of need for further support of employees of the National Weather Service engaged in emergency response through services provided by the Public Health Service. (B) A detailed assessment of appropriations required to secure the level of support services needed as identified in the assessment described in subparagraph (A). (3) Additional support services Following the completion of the assessment required by paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall seek to acquire additional support services to meet the needs identified in the assessment. 109. Fire Science and Technology Working Group; strategic plan (a) Fire science and technology working group (1) Establishment Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Executive Director of the Interagency Committee for Advancing Weather Services established under section 402 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 ( 15 U.S.C. 8542 ) (in this section referred to as the Interagency Committee ) shall establish a working group, to be known as the Fire Science and Technology Working Group (in this section referred to as the Working Group ). (2) Chair The Working Group shall be chaired by the Under Secretary, or designee. (3) General duties (A) In general The Working Group shall seek to build efficiencies among the agencies listed under section 111(c)(1) and coordinate the planning and management of science, research, technology, and operations related to science and support services for wildland fire prediction, detection, forecasting, modeling, resilience, response, management, and assessments. (B) Input The Working Group shall solicit input from non-Federal stakeholders. (b) Strategic plan (1) In general Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Interagency Committee shall prepare and submit to Congress a strategic plan for interagency coordination, research, and development that will improve the assessment of fire environments and the understanding and prediction of wildland fires, associated smoke, and the impacts of such fires and smoke, including— (A) at the wildland-urban interface; (B) on communities, buildings, and other infrastructure; (C) on ecosystem services and watersheds; (D) social and economic impacts; (E) by developing and encouraging the adoption of science-based and cost-effective measures— (i) to enhance community resilience to wildland fires; (ii) to address and mitigate the impacts of wildland fires and associated smoke; and (iii) to restore natural fire regimes in fire-dependent ecosystems; (F) by improving the understanding and mitigation of the effects of weather and long-term drought on wildland fire risk, frequency, and severity; (G) through integrations of social and behavioral sciences in public safety fire communication; (H) by improving the forecasting and understanding of prescribed fires and the impacts of such fires, and how those impacts may differ from impacts of wildland fires that originate from an unplanned ignition; and (I) consideration and adoption of any recommendations included in the report required by section 111(c). (2) Plan elements The strategic plan required by paragraph (1) shall include the following: (A) A description of the priorities and needs of vulnerable populations. (B) A description of high-performance computing, visualization, and dissemination needs. (C) A timeline and guidance for implementation of— (i) an interagency data sharing system for data relevant to performing fire assessments and modeling fire risk and fire behavior; (ii) a system for ensuring that the fire prediction models of relevant agencies can be interconnected; and (iii) to the maximum extent practicable, any recommendations included in the report required by section 111(c). (D) A plan for incorporating and coordinating research and operational observations, including from infrared technologies, microwave, radars, satellites, mobile weather stations, and uncrewed aerial systems. (E) A flexible framework to communicate clear and simple fire event information to the public. (F) Integration of social, behavioral, risk, and communication research to improve the fire operational environment and societal information reception and response. 110. Fire weather rating system (a) In general The Under Secretary shall, in collaboration with the Chief of the United States Forest Service, the Director of the United States Geological Survey, the Director of the National Park Service, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and such stakeholders as the Under Secretary considers appropriate— (1) evaluate the system used as of the date of the enactment of this Act to rate the risk of wildfire; and (2) determine whether updates to that system are required to ensure that the ratings accurately reflect the severity of fire risk. (b) Update required If the Under Secretary determines under subsection (a) that updates to the system described in paragraph (1) of such subsection are necessary, the Under Secretary shall update that system. 111. Government Accountability Office reports (a) Report on fire weather services program (1) In general Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report on the program established under section 102(a). (2) Elements The report required by paragraph (1) shall— (A) evaluate the performance of the program by establishing initial baseline capabilities and tracking progress made toward fully operationalizing the functions described in section 102(b); and (B) include such other recommendations as the Comptroller General determines are appropriate to improve the program. (b) Report on interagency bodies for wildfire forecasting, prevention, planning, and management Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report that— (1) identifies all Federal interagency bodies established for the purpose of wildfire forecasting, prevention, planning, and management (such as wildfire councils, commissions, and workgroups), including— (A) the Wildland Fire Leadership Council; (B) the White House Wildfire Resilience Interagency Group; (C) the Wildland Fire Management Policy Committee; (D) the Wildland Fire Mitigation and Management Commission; (E) the Joint Science Fire Program; (F) the National Interagency Coordination Center; (G) the National Predictive Services Oversight Group; (H) the Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services; (I) the National Wildfire Coordinating Group; (J) the National Multi-Agency Coordinating Group; and (K) the Mitigation Framework Leadership Group; (2) evaluates the roles, functionality, and utility of such interagency bodies; (3) evaluates the progress, performance, and implementation of such interagency bodies; (4) assesses efficacy and identifies potential overlap and duplication of such interagency bodies in carrying out interagency collaboration with respect to wildfire prevention, planning, and management; and (5) includes such other recommendations as the Comptroller General determines are appropriate to streamline and improve wildfire forecasting, prevention, planning, and management, including recommendations regarding the interagency bodies for which the addition of the Administration is necessary to improve wildfire forecasting, prevention, planning, and management. (c) Report on interagency coordination Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report that identifies— (1) the authorities, roles, and science and support services relating to wildland fire prediction, detection, forecasting, modeling, resilience, response, management, and assessment provided by— (A) the Department of Commerce, including the Administration and the National Institute of Standards and Technology; (B) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; (C) the Department of the Interior; (D) the Department of Agriculture; (E) the National Science Foundation; (F) the Department of Energy; (G) the Federal Emergency Management Agency; (H) the Department of Transportation; (I) the Environmental Protection Agency; and (J) the Department of Defense; and (2) recommended areas in and mechanisms by which the agencies listed under paragraph (1) could support and improve— (A) coordination between Federal agencies, State and local governments, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, the Native Hawaiian Community, Native Hawaiian organizations, and other relevant stakeholders, including through examination of possible public-private partnerships; (B) research and development, including interdisciplinary research, related to fire environments, wildland fires, associated smoke, and the impacts of such environments, fires, and smoke, in furtherance of a coordinated interagency effort to address wildland fire risk reduction; (C) data management and stewardship, the development and coordination of data systems and computational tools, and the creation of a centralized, integrated data collaboration environment for agency data, including historical data, relating to weather, fire environments, wildland fires, associated smoke, and the impacts of such environments, fires, and smoke, and the assessment of wildland fire risk mitigation measures; (D) interoperability, usability, and accessibility of the scientific data, data systems, and computational and information tools of the agencies listed under paragraph (1); (E) coordinated public safety communications relating to fire weather events, fire hazards, and wildland fire and smoke risk reduction strategies; and (F) secure and accurate real-time data, alerts, and advisories to wildland firefighters and other decision support tools for wildland fire incident command posts. (d) Report on automated surface observing system Not later than 4 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report that— (1) evaluates the functionality, utility, reliability, and operational status of the automated surface observing system across the Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Department of Defense; (2) evaluates the progress, performance, and implementation of the plan required by section 105(b)(1)(B); (3) assesses the efficacy of cross-agency collaboration and stakeholder engagement in carrying out the plan and provides recommendations to improve such activities; (4) evaluates the operational continuity and reliability of the system, particularly in remote and rural areas and areas where system failure would have the greatest negative impact to the community, and provides recommendations to improve such continuity and reliability; (5) assesses Federal coordination regarding the remote automatic weather station network, air resource advisors, and other Federal observing assets used for weather and climate modeling and response activities, and provides recommendations for improvements; and (6) includes such other recommendations as the Comptroller General determines are appropriate to improve the system. 112. Cooperation and coordination (a) Cooperation Each Federal agency shall cooperate and coordinate with the Under Secretary, as appropriate, in carrying out this title and the amendments made by this title. (b) Coordination (1) In general In meeting the requirements under this title and the amendments made by this title, the Under Secretary shall coordinate, and as appropriate, establish agreements with Federal and external partners to fully use and leverage existing assets, systems, networks, technologies, and sources of data. (2) Inclusions Coordination carried out under paragraph (1) shall include coordination with— (A) the agencies represented at the National Interagency Fire Center; (B) the Predictive Services Program of the National Interagency Coordination Center; (C) the National Wildfire Coordinating Group; and (D) relevant interagency bodies identified in the report required by section 111(b). (3) Consultation In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary shall consult with Federal partners including— (A) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; (B) the Department of the Interior; (C) the Federal Emergency Management Agency; (D) the National Science Foundation; (E) the United States Geological Survey; (F) the Department of Agriculture; (G) the Environmental Protection Agency; (H) the Department of Energy; (I) the Department of Defense; (J) the National Institute of Standards and Technology; and (K) such other departments and agencies as the Under Secretary considers relevant. (c) Process for annual coordination with non-Federal entities Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall develop and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a process for annual coordination with State and local governments, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, and the Native Hawaiian Community to assist the development of improved fire weather products and services. (d) International coordination (1) In general The Under Secretary may develop collaborative relationships and agreements with foreign partners and counterparts to address transboundary issues pertaining to wildfires, fire weather, smoke, air quality, and associated conditions and hazards or other relevant meteorological phenomena, as appropriate, to facilitate full and open exchange of data and information. (2) Consultation In carrying out activities under this subsection, the Under Secretary shall consult with the Department of State and such other Federal partners as the Under Secretary considers relevant. 113. General provisions (a) Avoidance of duplication (1) In general The Under Secretary shall ensure, to the greatest extent practicable, that activities carried out under this title and the amendments made by this title are not duplicative of activities supported by other parts of the Administration or other relevant Federal agencies. (2) Coordination In carrying out activities under this title and the amendments made by this title, the Under Secretary shall coordinate with the Administration and heads of other Federal research agencies— (A) to ensure those activities enhance and complement, but do not constitute unnecessary duplication of, efforts; and (B) to ensure the responsible stewardship of funds. (b) Rule of construction Nothing in this title may be construed— (1) to satisfy any requirement for government-to-government consultation with Indian tribes; or (2) to affect or modify any treaty or other right of any Indian tribe. 114. Authorization of appropriations (a) In general There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administration to carry out this title and the amendments made by this title— (1) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; (2) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; (3) $27,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; (4) $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; and (5) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2029. (b) Prohibition None of the amounts authorized to be appropriated by subsection (a) may be used to unnecessarily duplicate activities funded under title VIII of division D of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act ( Public Law 117–58 ; 135 Stat. 1094). II Use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for weather forecasting 201. Definitions In this title: (1) Administrator The term Administrator means the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, also known as the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. (2) Artificial intelligence The term artificial intelligence — (A) has the meaning given that term in section 5002 of the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 ( 15 U.S.C. 9401 ); and (B) includes machine learning, neural networks, and natural language processing. (3) Artificial intelligence weather model The term artificial intelligence weather model means a weather model based primarily on artificial intelligence technology to project future Earth system conditions based on machine learning using weather forecasting training datasets. (4) Curate The term curate , with respect to a dataset, means— (A) to collect and maintain the dataset— (i) to ensure and document its quality; and (ii) to provide metadata on its provenance; and (B) to update the dataset periodically, as appropriate and practicable. (5) Numerical weather model The term numerical weather model means a weather model based primarily on coupled Earth System processes that uses numerical computation to forecast future Earth system conditions. (6) Observational data The term observational data means data and metadata from actual observations of environmental conditions, including remote sensing and in situ platforms. (7) Synthetic data The term synthetic data means data produced from a model or statistical method in order to fill gaps in observational data. (8) Weather forecasting training dataset The term weather forecasting training dataset — (A) means a dataset that contains continuous global observational data and synthetic data for Earth system variables relevant to weather forecasting, aviation weather, marine weather, and hydrology and water management; and (B) may include model reanalysis and forecasts initialized through a data assimilation system. 202. Purpose The purpose of this title is to— (1) improve accuracy and timeliness of weather, water, and space weather forecasts and effective dissemination of critical information; (2) strengthen analytic capacity to inform resource deployments in response to and to mitigate harm from weather, water, and space weather hazards through the mandated exploration and use of artificial intelligence by Federal agencies; (3) strengthen public-private partnerships to accelerate adoption and outcomes of the use of artificial intelligence in response to and to mitigate such harm; and (4) strengthen public-private partnerships in highly technical, high-risk, and high-reward fields related to weather, water, and space weather forecasts. 203. Earth system forecasting and information delivery (a) Training datasets Not later than 4 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Director of the National Science Foundation, the Director of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the Interagency Council on Advancing Meteorological Services, other appropriate Federal advisory committees as determined by the Administrator, and such other technical experts as the Administrator considers appropriate, shall develop and curate comprehensive weather forecasting training datasets with relevant Earth system data, quality information, and metadata necessary for weather forecasting. (b) Use of existing datasets In order to speed the development of the weather forecasting training datasets required under subsection (a), the Administrator shall assess, and to the greatest extent practicable build on, existing Earth system reanalysis datasets of the Federal Government. (c) Artificial intelligence weather model (1) Global model In carrying out this section, the Administrator, in consultation with appropriate Federal advisory committees as determined by the Administrator, may develop and test a global weather model based on artificial intelligence technologies utilizing data of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to the extent possible. (2) Regional and local models In addition to a global weather model under paragraph (1), the Administrator may experiment with regional and local weather models based on artificial intelligence technologies. (d) Use of artificial intelligence to disseminate information In coordination with an artificial intelligence weather model or models developed under subsection (c), the Administrator may explore the use of artificial intelligence to enhance the dissemination of information with respect to weather and evaluate the effectiveness of communication for improved public understanding and preparedness. (e) Continued support for observations, basic research, and numerical weather models Notwithstanding the requirements of this section, the Administrator shall continue to support and advance the activities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration— (1) to collect and acquire traditional and novel observational data relevant for artificial intelligence and numerical weather, water, and space weather forecasting; (2) to advance research on the Earth system and numerical weather model forecasting; (3) to develop and advance numerical Earth system modeling for predictions; (4) to develop weather model data post-processing techniques; and (5) to improve data assimilation techniques. (f) Observing system coverage In carrying out this section, the Administrator may evaluate the use of cost functions in data-driven machine learning model training to balance inequities in observing system coverage and data poor areas. (g) Uncertainty quantification research In carrying out this section, the Administrator shall develop uncertainty quantification research, as well as trustworthy artificial intelligence methods and processes for the purpose of accurate environmental risk and hazard communications of probabilistic predictions and forecasts. (h) Report Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, and not less frequently than every 2 years thereafter through 2035, the Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report on the activities conducted under this section. 204. Advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather and information delivery The Administrator shall explore advanced applications of artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts and information delivery, such as by— (1) improving data assimilation; (2) accounting for coupled Earth system processes; (3) using artificial intelligence weather models to generate ensemble forecasts to more accurately assess flow-dependent forecast uncertainties; and (4) improving impact-based decision support to diverse users and communities for greater societal benefits based on those forecasts. 205. Technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather, water, and space weather models (a) In general The Administrator shall provide— (1) technical assistance, data access, and support for forecasters, scientists, social scientists, and engineers to test and evaluate the use and effectiveness of the artificial intelligence models of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, including within the testbeds of the Administration; (2) best practices on providing forecasts based on outputs from artificial intelligence weather models and numerical weather models, or a combination thereof; and (3) support for emergency managers to make operational decisions based on outputs from artificial intelligence weather models and numerical weather models, or a combination thereof. (b) Assessment of weather models (1) In general The Administrator shall support the development of a common framework for the assessment of numerical weather models and artificial intelligence weather models by comparing model output and observational data over a period of time in the past through the use of such methodologies as the Administrator considers appropriate. (2) Best practices In carrying out this subsection, the Administrator may develop and disseminate best practices in collaboration with— (A) the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Department of Energy; (B) academic and research institutions; and (C) the private sector. (c) Technical assistance In carrying out this section, the Administrator shall provide technical assistance, best practices, and support required under subsection (a) through the National Weather Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (d) Independent study on the impacts of artificial intelligence weather, water, and space weather models The Administrator may enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences or another entity as determined appropriate by the Administrator to assess the impacts of artificial intelligence weather models on the weather enterprise and make recommendations to improve the integration of such models in operational forecasting. 206. Fire environment modeling program (a) In general Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator, in coordination with the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the United States Fire Administrator, and in consultation with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science Foundation, the Director of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, appropriate Federal advisory committees as determined by the Administrator, and such other technical experts as the Administrator considers appropriate, shall develop a program to use artificial intelligence to analyze available data on the built and natural environments— (1) to provide forecasts, data, and information on the impacts of such environments on the lives and livelihoods of the people of the United States, integrating social science informed research and development; (2) to detect wildfires as early as possible; and (3) to forecast wildland and built environment fire potential, fire propagation, and possible impacts based on an analysis of the elements influencing fire danger, fire behavior, weather conditions, terrain, and observations of the fire environment. (b) Training dataset In carrying out this section, Federal, State, Tribal, and local land management agencies may gather observational data and synthetic data on the built and natural environments collected across the United States to develop and curate a related artificial intelligence-ready training dataset for purposes of training the artificial intelligence technology used in furtherance of this section. (c) Data acquisition In carrying out this section, the Administrator may contract to acquire relevant data. (d) Weather integration In carrying out this section, the Administrator shall integrate outputs from weather and other environmental models and data. 207. Partnerships for transformational innovation (a) In general The Administrator shall explore novel structures for partnerships with private, academic, and international entities for research and development of transformative innovation in weather forecasting and other environmental forecasts— (1) to further the understanding of weather, water, and space weather, and their societal impact; (2) to advance the science of weather and water forecasting, including seasonal and subseasonal forecasting; and (3) to develop, evaluate, and transition artificial intelligence weather, water, and hazard forecasting applications to operations. (b) Co-investment Subject to applicable law, the Administrator shall consider and adopt novel co-investment strategies with the private academic and international sectors to carry out subsection (a), including— (1) non-Federal Government contributions to resource and support high-risk, high-return research and development in environmental forecasting, data science, artificial intelligence, and related fields; (2) shared rights to intellectual property from research and development activities under this section; and (3) other approaches to sharing resources and results under this section. 208. Availability of dataset (a) In general The Administrator shall develop and implement a plan to make available to the public, at no cost and subject to applicable law and policy, the following: (1) Operational artificial intelligence weather models developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2) Artificial intelligence weather models that are not operational models, including experimental and developmental models, as the Administrator determines appropriate. (3) Applicable information and documentation for artificial intelligence weather models described in paragraphs (1) and (2), including a description of intended model outputs. (4) Subject to section 210, all data owned by the Federal Government and data that the Administrator has the legal right to redistribute that are associated with artificial intelligence weather models made available to the public pursuant to the plan and used in operational forecasting by the Administration, including— (A) relevant metadata; and (B) data used for operational artificial intelligence weather models used by the Administration. (b) Accommodations In developing and implementing the plan under subsection (a), the Administrator may make such accommodations as the Administrator considers appropriate to ensure that the public release of any artificial intelligence weather model, information, documentation, or data pursuant to the plan does not jeopardize— (1) national security; (2) intellectual property or redistribution rights, including under titles 17 and 35, United States Code; (3) any trade secret or commercial or financial information subject to section 552(b)(4) of title 5, United States Code; (4) any models or data that are otherwise restricted by contract or other written agreement; or (5) the mission of the Administration to protect lives and property. (c) Report (1) In general Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall submit to Congress a report, in both unclassified and classified form, regarding the risks to the economic and intellectual security of the United States from foreign countries of concern through access by those countries to weather data in the United States. (2) Elements The report required under paragraph (1) shall include— (A) a full analysis of the national, intellectual, and economic security implications for the United States with respect to intellectual property theft or cyber or human espionage through access to weather data; and (B) conclusions of the Administrator and recommendations for legislative and administrative action, if any. (3) Foreign country of concern defined In this subsection, the term foreign country of concern has the meaning given that term in section 9901 of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 ( 15 U.S.C. 4651 ). 209. Retention of Federal Government expertise Subject to applicable law, the Administrator shall consider novel methods to recruit, retrain, and retain expert personnel to support activities under this title, including by— (1) using methods to be competitive with salaries outside the Federal Government; (2) developing staff exchange programs and training programs; and (3) leveraging diverse hiring strategies. 210. Protection of national security interests (a) In general Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, as appropriate, may withhold models or data used under this title if the Administrator determines doing so to be necessary to protect the national security interests of the United States. (b) Rule of construction Nothing in this title shall be construed to supersede any other provision of law governing the protection of the national security interests of the United States. 211. Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out this title. III National Mesonet Program 301. National Mesonet Program (a) Program The Under Secretary shall maintain the National Mesonet Program (referred to in this section as the Program ), which shall— (1) obtain observations to improve understanding of and forecast capabilities for atmospheric, drought, fire, and water events, with a prioritization on leveraging available commercial, academic, and other non-Federal Government environmental data to enhance coordination across the private, public, and academic sectors of the weather enterprise in the United States; (2) establish means to integrate greater density and more types of environmental observations into the Program on an annual basis, including by encouraging local and regional networks of environmental monitoring stations, in situ sensor networks, including soil moisture and ground-based profilers, and satellite constellations, to participate in the Program; and (3) establish memoranda of understanding with networks outside of the scope of the Program in furtherance of this section. (b) Program elements In carrying out the Program, the Under Secretary shall— (1) increase data density by— (A) improving and increasing the quantity and density of environmental observations used by the Administration and the National Weather Service to support baseline forecasts, including nowcasts, warnings, and forecasts with increased resolution that protect individuals, businesses, agricultural production, food security, military, and government agencies in the United States, and enabling such individuals and entities to operate in a safe, efficient, and orderly manner; (B) yielding increased quantities of boundary-layer data to improve numerical weather prediction performance, including in subseasonal to seasonal timescales; (C) identifying available terrestrial or marine environmental data, or quantifiable gaps in such data, to improve the understanding of air-sea interactions; and (D) supporting the National Weather Service in reaching its target of a 30-minute warning time for severe weather through better predictive model algorithms driven by increasingly effective observations; (2) monitor local meteorological conditions by— (A) acquiring soil and moisture data to monitor soil moisture, vegetation water content, and moisture loss from evaporation, in support of operational forecasting, the National Integrated Drought Information System, and local commercial, agricultural, and emergency management needs; (B) supporting the National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network in acquiring soil moisture and related data to support the development of decision-support products and other information services; and (C) expanding and enhancing environmental observational networks in the roadway environment to provide real-time road weather and surface conditions for surface transportation and related economic sectors; and (3) administer the Program by— (A) obtaining data in furtherance of this section only when demonstrably cost effective and meeting or exceeding data quality standards available to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (referred to in this section as the Administration ); (B) subject to the requirement in subparagraph (A), leveraging existing networks of environmental monitoring stations, including supplemental radar systems, to increase the quantity and density of environmental observations and data available to the Administration; (C) providing the critical technical and administrative infrastructure needed to facilitate rapid integration and sustained use of new and emerging networks of environmental monitoring stations anticipated in coming years from non-Federal Government sources; (D) coordinating with existing data developed by the Administration and used for forecasts, including data from the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, the Integrated Ocean Observing System, the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, the National Data Buoy Center, and the National Ocean Service; and (E) identifying and communicating to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and other partners priorities of research and development needed to advance observations in the Program. (c) Financial and technical assistance (1) In general In furtherance of the Program, in a fiscal year, the Under Secretary may award not less than 15 percent of the amount appropriated for the Program for that fiscal year for financial assistance to State, Tribal, private, and academic entities seeking to build, expand, or upgrade equipment and capacity of mesonet systems. (2) Other Federal awards Financial assistance under this subsection may be made in coordination with and in addition to awards from other Federal agencies. (3) Agreements Before receiving financial assistance under paragraph (1), the State, Tribal, private, or academic entity seeking financial assistance under this subsection shall enter into an agreement with the Under Secretary to provide data to the Program, subject to verification by the Program of the relative operational value and evaluation of the cost of such data, for use in weather prediction, severe weather warnings, and emergency response. (4) Assistance and other support The Under Secretary may provide— (A) technical assistance, project implementation support, and guidance to State, Tribal, private, and academic entities seeking financial assistance under this subsection; and (B) technical and financial assistance for maintenance of monitoring stations in underrepresented or remote areas of the country where it is financially unfeasible for 1 entity to operate such stations without such assistance. (5) Terms In providing financial assistance under this subsection, the Under Secretary shall establish terms to ensure that each State, Tribal, private, or academic entity that receives financial assistance under this subsection receives a level of support commensurate with the quality and other characteristics of the data to be provided. (6) Determination A State, Tribal, private, or academic entity may only receive financial assistance under this subsection if the Under Secretary determines such entity will provide sufficient financial support from non-Federal Government sources and fully maintain the quality of the mesonet system and associated data standards required by the Program for a period of not less than 5 years. (7) Priority The Under Secretary shall prioritize providing assistance under paragraph (1) to not fewer than 1 entity in a remote area or an area that has a lack of environmental monitoring stations described in subsection (a)(2). (d) Advisory committee (1) In general The Under Secretary shall ensure the Program has an active advisory committee of subject matter experts to make recommendations to the Administration on the identification, implementation, procurement, and tracking of data needed to supplement the Program, and recommend improvements, expansions, and acquisitions of available data. (2) Designation of existing committee The Under Secretary may designate an existing advisory committee, subcommittee, or working group of the Federal Government, including the Science Advisory Board of the Administration, to carry out the requirement under paragraph (1). (3) Academic expertise The advisory committee under paragraph (1), in consultation with the Program, shall include expertise from 1 or more institutions of higher education (as defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 1001 )) to assist the advisory committee to identify, evaluate, and recommend potential partnerships, regional or subregional consortia, and collaborative methods that would expand the number of participants and volume of data in the Program. (e) Regular briefings (1) In general Not less frequently than annually through 2035, the Under Secretary shall provide regular briefings to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives on all activities under the Program. (2) Briefing content Each briefing required under paragraph (1) shall include information relating to the following: (A) Efforts to implement the activities described in subsection (b). (B) Any financial or technical assistance provided pursuant to subsection (c). (C) Efforts to address recommendations received from the advisory committee under subsection (d), if any. (D) The potential need and associated benefits of a coastal and ocean mesonet, or other emerging areas of weather data needs. (E) Progress toward eliminating gaps in weather observation data in States and regions of the United States. (F) Any other topic the Under Secretary determines relevant. (f) Definitions In this section, the terms seasonal , State , subseasonal , Under Secretary , and weather enterprise have the meanings given those terms in section 2 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 ( 15 U.S.C. 8501 ). (g) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the Under Secretary such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section.

September 17, 2024 Reported with an amendment