I 118th CONGRESS 2d Session H. R. 8385 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES May 14, 2024 Mr. Krishnamoorthi (for himself and Mr. Cárdenas ) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce A BILL To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to ensure the safety of food and limit the presence of contaminants in infant and toddler food, and for other purposes.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Baby Food Safety Act of 2024 . 2. Definition of infant and toddler food Section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 321 ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (tt) The term infant and toddler food means food that purports to be, or is represented as being, specifically for infants or children up to the age of 24 months. . 3. Contaminants in food, including infant and toddler food (a) In general Chapter IV of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 341 et seq. ) is amended by adding at the end the following: 425. Contaminants in food, including infant and toddler food (a) Administrative orders for contaminants in food (1) In general Within the applicable timeframe specified in paragraph (4), the Secretary, by administrative order— (A) shall establish limits on— (i) lead, cadmium, mercury, and total arsenic in infant and toddler food; (ii) lead, cadmium, mercury, and total arsenic in food pouches made with fruit or vegetable puree or juice; and (iii) lead and arsenic in juice; and (B) if the Secretary determines appropriate upon review of relevant health data and other relevant available information, may— (i) establish limits for additional contaminants in infant and toddler food; (ii) establish limits for additional contaminants in juice; (iii) establish limits for additional contaminants in food pouches made with fruit or vegetable puree or juice; and (iv) revise limits established pursuant to subparagraph (A). (2) Procedure In establishing or revising any limit under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall— (A) evaluate relevant health data and other information the Secretary considers relevant; (B) take into account relevant differences among food types, groups, and categories, as appropriate, including the extent to which the presence of a contaminant cannot be avoided; and (C) notwithstanding the requirements of subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code, and chapter 6 of title 5, United States Code— (i) publish any administrative order under paragraph (1) in the Federal Register following— (I) publication of a proposed order in the Federal Register; and (II) consideration of comments to a public docket open for not fewer than 45 calendar days; and (ii) set forth in any proposed or final administrative order under paragraph (1) a substantive summary of the valid scientific evidence concerning the proposed or final limit. (3) Additional contaminants; changes to limits If the Secretary determines appropriate after review of relevant data and available health information, the Secretary may revise any limit established under this subsection by administrative order published in the Federal Register in accordance with paragraph (2)(C). (4) Timeframe for initial limits (A) Proposed orders Subject to the requirements of paragraph (2)(C), the Secretary shall issue proposed orders for limits under paragraph (1)(A) as follows: (i) For lead, not later than December 31, 2025. (ii) For total arsenic, not later than December 31, 2025. (iii) For cadmium, not later than April 30, 2026. (iv) For mercury, not later than April 30, 2028. (B) Final orders The Secretary shall issue each final administrative order for a limit established pursuant to paragraph (1)(A) not later than the earlier of— (i) the applicable deadline for a final order specified in paragraph (1); or (ii) 18 months after issuance of the respective proposed order. (5) Criteria The limits established under this section shall represent the level at which the Secretary finds necessary for the protection of public health. In determining such limits the Secretary shall take into account the extent to which the use of such substance is required or cannot be avoided in the production of each such article, and the other ways in which a consumer may be affected by the same or other contaminants, taking into consideration relevant information and data that has been made available. (6) Adulterated food A food may be determined adulterated, at the final product stage, under section 402(j), if such food bears or contains any contaminant in excess of a limit established under this subsection when considering variability of the validated method of analysis. (7) Periodic review The Secretary shall periodically review the limits established under this subsection, taking into consideration relevant information and available data to consider whether such limits should be revised, following the procedure described in paragraph (2), in accordance with the criteria specified in paragraph (5). (b) Sampling and testing for contaminants in food, including infant and toddler food (1) In general Beginning not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Baby Food Safety Act of 2024 , the owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility engaged in manufacturing or processing infant and toddler food, food pouches made with fruit or vegetable puree or juice, or juice for consumption in the United States shall— (A) have a control program pursuant to section 418 in place for contaminants subject to ordered limits under subsection (a), or be in compliance with the Juice Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points Program of the Food and Drug Administration, as applicable; (B) be in compliance with regulations promulgated under section 420(b); (C) collect representative samples of each such food in final product form in accordance with a sampling plan described in paragraph (2); and (D) conduct testing of the samples collected from the final food product for contaminants, in accordance with such sampling plan. (2) Requirements for sampling plan (A) In general The owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility described in paragraph (1) shall— (i) prepare a written sampling plan for all sampling and testing required under this subsection; and (ii) ensure that all sampling and testing conducted under this subsection is conducted in accordance with the sampling plan. (B) Sampling plan A sampling plan required by subparagraph (A) shall identify— (i) the number of sampling units and sample unit size based upon appropriate criteria for identifying, in a representative fashion, the levels of contaminants in each food; and (ii) one or more appropriate test methods and procedures to be used to analyze the samples. (C) Guidance Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Baby Food Safety Act of 2024 , the Secretary shall issue guidance to assist facilities described under paragraph (1) with developing sampling plans. Such guidance may, as the Secretary determines appropriate, address when samples should be tested for specific species of contaminants. (3) Contaminants to be tested In carrying out the sampling and testing under this subsection, the owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility described in paragraph (1) shall ensure that each sample is tested for levels of— (A) lead, cadmium, mercury, and total arsenic; and (B) any other contaminant that the Secretary may specify by regulation, and in accordance with the sampling plan under paragraph (2). (4) Foods to be tested The sampling and testing conducted under this subsection shall be conducted for— (A) infant and toddler foods, in final product form; (B) pouches made with fruit and vegetable puree or juice; (C) juice; and (D) such other foods in final product form as the Secretary may specify, by regulation, as appropriate to protect the public health. (5) Recordkeeping (A) In general The owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility described in paragraph (1) shall maintain, for not less than 2 years or the shelf-life of each food product manufactured or processed by the facility, whichever is longer, records documenting the sampling plan and results of testing conducted under this subsection with respect to the food. The owner, operator, or agent in charge of such a facility shall make such records available for inspection by the Secretary upon request by the Secretary. (B) Requirements The records maintained as required under subparagraph (A) shall include— (i) a detailed description of the foods sampled and tested; (ii) the number of samples and tests performed; (iii) the size and number of items in each sample unit; (iv) a copy of the sampling plan required under paragraph (2); (v) identification of the entity conducting the sampling; (vi) identification of the entity conducting the testing; and (vii) identification of the analytical methods used to perform the sampling and testing. (C) Applicability The requirements of this paragraph shall apply to all records of sampling and testing conducted pursuant to this subsection, regardless of the findings. (6) Laboratory accreditation The owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility described in paragraph (1) shall ensure that testing required pursuant to this subsection is performed in accordance with international standards by a laboratory that is accredited by an accreditation body that conforms to international accreditation standards. Testing conducted under this subsection is not subject to the requirements regarding laboratory accreditation described in section 422. (7) Sampling and testing program The Secretary shall develop and implement a sampling and testing program for infant and toddler food for sale to consumers that is sufficient to— (A) support the periodic review under subsection (a)(7) of limits on lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in infant and toddler food; and (B) independently verify the effectiveness of the sampling and testing conducted pursuant to this subsection by the owner, operator, or agent in charge of a food facility. (8) Guidance The Secretary shall issue guidance to assist food facilities in complying with this subsection. (c) Record availability (1) In general Upon request by the Secretary, the owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility described in subsection (b)(1) shall— (A) make all records required under this section available promptly to the Secretary for inspection and copying; and (B) provide within a reasonable time an English translation of such records maintained in a language other than English. (2) Record availability in lieu of an inspection Any records that the Secretary may inspect under this section shall, upon the request of the Secretary, be provided to the Secretary by the owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility described in subsection (b)(1), in advance of or in lieu of an inspection, within a reasonable timeframe, within reasonable limits, and in a reasonable manner, and in either electronic or physical form, at the expense of such owner, operator, or agent. The Secretary’s request shall include a sufficient description of the records requested. (3) Confirmation Upon receipt of records requested under paragraph (1) or (2), the Secretary shall provide to the owner, operator, or agent described in paragraph (2) confirmation of the receipt. (4) Authority of the Secretary Nothing in this subsection supplants the authority of the Secretary to conduct sampling, testing, or inspections otherwise permitted under this Act in order to ensure compliance with this Act. (d) Delayed applicability The requirements for sampling and testing under this section shall apply beginning on the date that is 2 years after the date of enactment of this subsection. (e) Preemption of State and local requirements regarding food ingredients and contaminants in food, including infant and toddler food No State or political subdivision of a State may establish or continue in effect with respect to contaminants in food, including infant and toddler food, food pouches made with fruit or vegetable puree or juice, and juice, any requirement that is different from, or in addition to, or not identical with any requirement under this section, and relates to contaminant sampling and testing, contaminant limits, disclosure of contaminant test results, contaminant labeling, contaminant warnings, or any other matter related to contaminants in food. . (b) Importer requirements Section 805(c)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 384a(c)(4) ) is amended, by inserting , including as described in section 425(b) before the period at the end. (c) Enforcement (1) Adulteration Section 402 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 342 ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (j) If it is an article of food in final product form that is an infant and toddler food, a food pouch made with fruit or vegetable puree or juice, or juice and— (1) such food bears or contains any contaminant in excess of limits established under section 425(a); or (2) the owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility that manufactures or processes the food is not in compliance with subsection (b) or (c) of section 425. . (2) Prohibited act Section 301 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 331 ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (jjj) The failure of an owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility that manufactures or processes food to comply with applicable requirements under subsection (b) or (c) of section 425. . 4. Implementation of food traceability plan; study on inspections; reporting on inspections (a) Implementation plan The Secretary of Health and Human Services (referred to in this section as the Secretary ), acting through the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, in coordination with the FDA Human Foods Program and the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, shall finalize an implementation plan for the Food and Drug Administration to achieve its goal of compliance, not later than January 20, 2026, with the rule issued by the Food and Drug Administration titled, Requirements for Additional Traceability Records for Certain Foods (87 Fed. Reg. 70910 (November 21, 2022)). Such plan shall include a description of— (1) any resource needs of the Food and Drug Administration; (2) strategies for facilitating compliance with the rule; and (3) detailed plans for communicating with and educating regulated entities, non-Federal regulatory partners, and regulatory staff of the Food and Drug Administration about the requirements under the rule. (b) Study on inspections The Secretary shall— (1) conduct a study to— (A) determine the annual number of facility inspections that is sufficient to determine that imported foods are held to the same safety standards as domestic food; and (B) identify whether such inspection targets are consistent with the targets in the most recent annual report regarding food conducted under section 1003(h) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 393(h) ); and (2) not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, submit a report to Congress on the findings of such study, and, if applicable, any factors preventing the Secretary from meeting its goal for the number of inspections and a plan to ensure that such goal is met in the next 2 years. (c) Annual report regarding food Section 1003(h)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 393(h)(1) ) is amended— (1) in subparagraph (E), by striking and at the end; (2) in subparagraph (F), by striking the period and inserting ; and ; and (3) by adding at the end the following: (G) the nature of domestic facility and foreign facility inspections described in subparagraph (C), the aggregate inspection findings of such inspections, and the compliance rate of foreign food importers with certification standards; . 5. Records for or in lieu of certain inspections Section 704(a)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 374(a)(4) ) is amended— (1) by redesignating subparagraphs (B) through (D) as subparagraphs (C) through (E), respectively; (2) by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following new subparagraph: (B) (i) Any records or other information that the Secretary may inspect under authority of this Act from a person that owns or operates, or is an agent in charge of, an establishment that is engaged in any of the activities described in clause (ii) shall, upon the request of the Secretary, be provided to the Secretary by such person, in advance of or in lieu of an inspection, within a reasonable timeframe, within reasonable limits, and in a reasonable manner, and in either electronic or physical form, at the expense of such person. The Secretary’s request shall include a sufficient description of the records requested. (ii) The activities described in this clause are records relating to— (I) the manufacturing, processing, packing, transporting, distributing, receiving, holding, or importing of an article of food; or (II) the distribution or use of animal feed bearing or containing a veterinary feed directive drug, or the issuance of a veterinary feed directive. ; and (3) by adding at the end the following: (F) Section 703 does not apply to records or other information obtained pursuant to a request made under this section. . 6. Mandatory recall authority Section 423(a) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 350l(a) ) is amended by inserting after animals, the following: or if the Secretary determines through any means that an article of infant and toddler food (other than infant formula) bears or contains a contaminant that renders the product adulterated under section 402(a)(1), . 7. Environmental monitoring Chapter IV of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( 21 U.S.C. 341 et seq. ), as amended by section 3, is further amended by adding the following: 426. Environmental monitoring of infant and toddler food (a) In general A manufacturer of infant and toddler food shall establish and implement an environmental monitoring program to verify the effectiveness of sanitation and hygiene controls where the food has the potential to be exposed to environment pathogens during the manufacturing and packing process. The environmental monitoring program shall be written and include procedures for determining sample location, number of samples to be taken, and timing and frequency of sample collection and testing. (b) Organisms sampled The environmental monitoring program under subsection (a) shall include testing for environmental pathogens, lead, arsenic, mercury, or a reliable indicator organism. (c) Sampling location and number of samples A manufacturer of infant and toddler food shall ensure that the sampling locations from which samples will be taken, and the number of sites to be tested during routine environmental monitoring are adequate to determine whether sanitation and hygiene controls are effective. (d) Timing and frequency The timing and frequency for collecting and testing samples shall be adequate to determine whether sanitation and hygiene controls are effective. (e) Records (1) Availability to the secretary A manufacturer shall make all the records required under this section available promptly to the Secretary, upon request, for inspection and copying. (2) Maintenance Records of environmental monitoring conducted pursuant to this section shall be established and maintained by the manufacturer for not less than 2 years or the shelf-life of the food, whichever is longer. (3) Conditions of inspection Any records that the Secretary may inspect under this section shall, upon the request of the Secretary, be provided to the Secretary by the manufacturer, in advance of or in lieu of an inspection, within a reasonable timeframe, within reasonable limits, and in a reasonable manner, and in either electronic or physical form, at the expense of such manufacturer. The Secretary’s request shall include a sufficient description of the records requested. (4) Confirmation of receipt Upon receipt of the records requested under paragraph (3), the Secretary shall provide to the manufacturer confirmation of receipt. (f) Authority of the secretary Nothing in this section supplants the authority of the Secretary to conduct inspections otherwise permitted under this Act in order to ensure compliance with this Act. (g) Effective date The requirements of this section shall apply beginning on the date that is 2 years after the date of enactment of the Baby Food Safety Act of 2024 . (h) Rule of construction Nothing in this section shall be construed to exempt any manufacturer from the requirements of this Act, including the requirements under section 418. .