II 117th CONGRESS 1st Session S. 1976 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES June 8, 2021 Mr. Merkley (for himself and Ms. Warren ) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations A BILL To establish a program to oversee the global COVID–19 response and prepare for future pandemics, and for other purposes.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Nullifying Opportunities for Variants to Infect and Decimate Act or the NOVID Act . 2. Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that— (1) the United States has made tremendous progress towards ending the COVID–19 pandemic within its borders, thanks to an unprecedented and highly successful vaccination campaign spearheaded by the Biden Administration; (2) the COVID–19 pandemic continues to rage unchecked across much of the world as global vaccination efforts have struggled to keep pace; (3) if current trends continue, many middle-income countries may not achieve widespread vaccination until late 2022, and the world’s poorest nations will not reach widespread vaccination coverage before 2023, if at all; (4) the situation overseas threatens progress toward ending the COVID–19 pandemic in the United States, since unchecked transmission of COVID–19 gives rise to new variants, many of which show vaccine resistance; (5) the most concerning of these variants has been shown to reduce vaccine efficacy by as much as 20 to 40 percent; and (6) the United States should take up the mantle of global leadership in the fight to end the COVID–19 pandemic— (A) to protect United States citizens from the emergence of new vaccine-resistant coronavirus variants; and (B) to prevent the kind of humanitarian catastrophe currently occurring in South Asia, South America, and elsewhere. 3. Pandemic Preparedness and Response Program (a) Establishment There is established the Pandemic Preparedness and Response Program (referred to in this as the Program )— (1) to oversee the United States government-wide global health response to the COVID–19 pandemic; and (2) to protect Americans from the emergence of COVID–19 variants and other pathogens with pandemic potential. (b) Director The President shall appoint the Director of the Program (referred to in this Act as the Director ), who shall be responsible for coordinating among the Federal departments and agencies listed in subsection (c)(1) and coordinating the role of the United States in the work of international nongovernmental organizations, development banks, civil society, and foreign governments, with respect to the global health response to the COVID–19 pandemic and the prevention of the emergence of variants or of other pathogens with pandemic potential. (c) Federal departments and agencies The Federal departments and agencies listed in this subsection are— (1) the Department of State; (2) the United States Agency for International Development; (3) the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; (4) the Food and Drug Administration; (5) the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the Health Resources and Services Administration of the Department of Health and Human Services; (6) the Department of Defense; (7) the Peace Corps; (8) the Department of Labor; and (9) any other department or agency the President determines appropriate. (d) Comprehensive strategy (1) In general Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall develop a comprehensive strategy to end the COVID–19 pandemic worldwide and to prevent future pandemics, which shall include specific achievable goals to accomplish the objectives described in paragraph (2) with respect to the COVID–19 pandemic. (2) Objectives The strategy developed pursuant to paragraph (1) shall address issues relating to— (A) the shortages of vaccines, vaccine components, any raw materials necessary to producing such articles, and other supplies necessary to carrying out a global vaccination campaign, to ensure that there is an adequate supply of vaccines and other necessary articles for all countries; (B) the end-to-end delivery and administration of vaccines in low- and middle-income countries to ensure that at least 60 percent of the populations in the 92 low- and middle-income countries identified by the COVAX initiative are vaccinated as soon as possible and not later than the beginning of the second quarter of 2022; and (C) preventing future pandemics by coordinating and integrating disease surveillance and early-warning systems, harmonizing early crisis response measures around the world, and limiting the potential for spillover events before they happen. (e) Authorization of appropriations (1) Authorization There is authorized to be appropriated $34,000,000,000 to carry out the Program established under this section. (2) Coordination Amounts made available to any Federal department or agency for providing global health assistance or other forms of foreign assistance may be made available to the Program, subject to the oversight and coordination of the Director. (3) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that— (A) approximately $25,000,000,000 of the amount appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) should be made available to scale vaccine manufacturing capacity and produce vaccines; (B) approximately $8,500,000,000 of such funds should be made available to cover the cost of end-to-end delivery and administration of vaccines in target countries; and (C) approximately $500,000,000 should be made available to establish a global disease surveillance network to protect against future pandemics. 4. Implementation of comprehensive strategy (a) Implementation In implementing the strategy developed pursuant to section 3(d)— (1) the Director shall— (A) ensure the immediate release of the 80,000,000 doses of vaccine that the United States has already committed to send abroad; (B) reassess the United States vaccine stockpile with regard to domestic vaccination objectives and trends to determine whether further vaccines can be sent abroad; (C) coordinate with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority of the Department of Health and Human Services (referred to in this section as BARDA ) to rapidly scale manufacturing capacity in the United States and in regional manufacturing hubs to whatever degree necessary and wherever necessary, to produce 8,000,000,000 vaccine doses as soon as possible, in addition to existing manufacturing capacity; (D) consider the potential benefit of regional manufacturing hubs in South America, Africa, and South Asia for the future of global health, especially the potential benefit for addressing future pandemics through the global disease surveillance network implemented pursuant to paragraph (3); (E) encourage and facilitate technology sharing and the licensing of intellectual property as much as is necessary to ensure an adequate and timely supply of necessary articles; (F) in collaboration with COVAX, ensure equitable access to vaccines, especially vaccines produced through the efforts of BARDA and the Program described in subparagraph (C) and paragraph (2); (G) work with international partners to provide enough vaccines to lower- and middle-income countries to fully vaccinate at least 60 percent of their respective populations, with special attention to the 92 lower- and middle-income countries identified by the COVAX initiative as being the most in need of assistance; and (H) consider the central and necessary role that community engagement and public awareness will play in ensuring the voluntary uptake of vaccines by at least 60 percent of the populations in target countries; (2) the Program shall— (A) work closely with host governments, international partners, and other nongovernmental organizations to develop in-country infrastructure, personnel, and other assets sufficient to deliver vaccines where they are needed and when they are needed, and to administer the vaccines to appropriate target populations; (B) build on existing healthcare delivery infrastructure and relationships developed through the President’s Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief and other pre-existing, bilateral humanitarian aid programs between the United States and the target countries, and through pre-existing multilateral relationships and initiatives in target countries; (C) develop country operational plans targeted primarily at lower- and middle-income countries without the infrastructure to manufacture, acquire, or administer vaccines; (D) monitor how many people in such target countries received inoculations, the infection rate, and vaccine manufacture status, including as a result of the activities of the Program; and (E) monitor and prepare daily updates regarding the overall progress in non-targeted countries toward vaccinating their populations and ending the COVID–19 pandemic within their borders, to ensure that the Director remains aware of overall global progress toward vaccinating the global population and ending the COVID–19 pandemic worldwide; and (3) following the end or the abatement of the COVID–19 pandemic, the Program should shift to protect against future pandemics by coordinating a global disease surveillance network to identify and stop pathogens with pandemic potential before they spread uncontrollably by— (A) building on existing surveillance and prevention infrastructure and relationships developed through the National Security Council Directorate on Global Health Security and Biodefense and other pre-existing surveillance and prevention programs; (B) working with international partners to establish a coordinated disease surveillance system, directly linked to decision makers in foreign governments and nongovernmental organizations, so that certain agreed early-warning metrics would trigger timely and open communication between relevant decision makers around the world; and (C) in addition to monitoring for early warning signs of potential future pandemics, considering how to prevent or limit the potential for new spillover events by which new pathogens with pandemic potential are first transmitted to humans. (b) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that— (1) the United States Government played a crucial role in the unprecedented rapid development of the COVID–19 vaccines, substantially funding several vaccine candidates and closely collaborating with Moderna on the NIH-Moderna vaccine; and (2) in the face of a global health emergency, the United States Government has broad authority, including under the Defense Production Act ( 50 U.S.C. 4501 et seq. ) and chapter 18 of title 35, United States Code (commonly referred to as the Bayh-Dole Act ), to ensure adequate supply of vaccines, necessary components, and raw materials through technology sharing and direct collaboration with manufacturers around the world.