II 117th CONGRESS 1st Session S. 1335 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES April 22, 2021 Mr. Markey introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations A BILL To establish a Global Climate Change Resilience Strategy, to authorize the admission of climate-displaced persons, and for other purposes.

1. Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings; sense of Congress. Sec. 3. Definitions. Sec. 4. Required data collection and reporting. Sec. 5. Global climate change resilience strategy. Sec. 6. Training of foreign service officers in climate change resilience. Sec. 7. Guidance on the humanitarian impacts of climate change. Sec. 8. Admission of climate-displaced persons. Sec. 9. Authorization of appropriations. 2. Findings; sense of Congress (a) Findings Congress finds the following: (1) According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in history. (2) The October 2018 report entitled Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5º C by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the November 2018 Fourth National Climate Assessment report found that a changing climate is— (A) causing sea levels to rise; (B) contributing to an increase in wildfires and temperature extremes in some parts of the world; and (C) contributing to an increase in heavy precipitation in certain locations. (3) Forced displacement and forced migration are increasing in the context of environmental changes and climate-induced disruptions, including weather-related disasters, drought, famine, and rising sea levels. (4) A December 2019 Oxfam International report found that climate-related events forced an estimated 20,000,000 people from their homes every year during the previous decade. (5) The United Nations Human Rights Council has recognized that climate change poses an existential threat that has already negatively affected the fulfilment of human rights, specifically noting that— (A) parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights; and (B) the adverse effects of climate change are felt most acutely by those segments of the population that are already in vulnerable situations owing to factors such as geography, poverty, gender, age, indigenous or minority status, national or social origin, birth, or other status and disability. (6) The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has suggested that a person who cannot be reasonably expected to return to his or her country of origin— (A) should be considered a victim of forced displacement; and (B) should be granted at least a temporary stay in the country where they have found refuge. (7) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change affirms with high confidence that societal adaptations in the near term can help reduce the risks of climate change throughout the 21st century. (8) In 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in the Philippines, affecting nearly 15,000,000 people and displacing more than 4,000,000 people. (9) Since 2017, violence in Burma’s Rakhine State has forced more than 740,000 Rohingya refugees into Bangladesh, where they remain exposed to the country’s vulnerability to the effects of extreme flooding and landslides worsened by climate change. (10) In 2020, extreme rainfall and flooding in Northeast India’s Assam State displaced more than 3,300,000 people. (11) The small Pacific island Nation of Kiribati is preparing for large swaths of the country to be uninhabitable and for its people to migrate with the skill to integrate into their new host nation. (12) More than 150,000,000 people around the world now live on land that may be below sea level or regular flood levels by the end of the century unless adaptation measures are taken. (13) The effects of climate change also exacerbate social, economic, and political tensions within and among nations. (14) A 2020 CARE report, Evicted by Climate Change: Confronting the Gendered Impacts of Climate-Induced Displacement , notes that— (A) the climate crisis exacerbates gender inequality and makes it harder to achieve gender justice; (B) more than half of the 41,000,000 people internally displaced in 2018 were women; (C) poor women and children are up to 14 times more likely to be killed than men by a climate-fueled disaster, such as a hurricane, typhoon, cyclone, or flood; and (D) women who are displaced by climate change related impacts often have less access to relief resources. (15) In 2014, the Department of Defense Quadrennial Defense Review cited the effects of climate change as a threat multiplier that could lead to violence abroad. (16) In 2016, a memorandum from the National Intelligence Counsel entitled Implications for U.S. National Security of Anticipated Climate Change highlighted how climate change could create or aggravate tensions between nations in already disputed regions, such as the Arctic. (17) The 2020 Ecological Threat Register published by the Institute for Economics and Peace projects that climate-related threats will continue to cause significant displacement worldwide over the coming decades. Nineteen countries, with a combined population of 2,100,000,000 people, are noted to be most at risk given population growth, water stress, food insecurity, droughts, floods, cyclones and rising temperature and sea levels. (18) In February 2021, President Biden signaled his intention to raise the United States refugee resettlement goal. (19) In January 2021, President Biden issued Executive Order 14008 on tackling the climate crisis domestically and abroad. The order affirmed climate considerations essential to United States foreign and defense policy, reaffirmed the role of the Special Envoy for Climate John Kerry, created a national climate task force, and set timelines to produce strategies and implementation plans for integrating climate considerations into foreign policy efforts. (20) Previous presidential administrations have not systematically and specifically acted to address climate displacement or to provide appropriate durable solutions to those who are displaced. (b) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that the United States should— (1) reduce its domestic greenhouse gas emissions on a scale and rate proportionate to its historical responsibility and the urgency of the threat of climate change; (2) welcome the shared responsibility of climate change adaptation, global disaster risk reduction, resiliency building, and disaster response and recovery; (3) assist in providing durable solutions for climate-displaced persons; (4) aid other countries in their climate change mitigation efforts; and (5) work with the international community— (A) to establish a framework to share such responsibilities; and (B) to ensure that the human rights of climate-displaced persons are acknowledged, respected, protected, and fulfilled. 3. Definitions Section 101(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101(a) ) is amended— (1) by amending paragraph (8) to read as follows: (8) The term climate-displaced person means any person who, for reasons of sudden or progressive change in the environment that adversely affects his or her life or living conditions— (A) is obliged to leave his or her habitual home, either within his or her country of nationality or in another country; (B) is in need of a durable resettlement solution; and (C) whose government cannot or will not provide such durable resettlement solution. ; and (2) by amending paragraph (34) to read as follows: (34) The term designated application center means any United States embassy or consulate, or other facility as the Secretary of State may delegate to accept applications for climate-displaced person status. . 4. Required data collection and reporting (a) Data collection The President, in coordination with the Department of Commerce, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security, and other relevant agencies, shall collect and maintain data on displacement caused by climate change, including information from— (1) the International Organization for Migration; (2) the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; (3) UNICEF; and (4) other international organizations that are collecting such data. (b) Annual report Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the President shall submit a report to the Senate Foreign Relations and House Foreign Affairs Committees that details the collection and analysis of the data described in subsection (a). The report required under this subsection shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. 5. Global climate change resilience strategy Section 117 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151p ) is amended— (1) in subsection (b)— (A) by inserting (1) after (b) ; and (B) by adding at the end the following: (2) (A) The President is authorized to furnish assistance to programs and initiatives that— (i) promote resilience among communities facing harmful impacts from climate change; and (ii) reduce the vulnerability of persons affected by climate change. (B) There shall be, in the Department of State, a Coordinator of Climate Change Resilience, who shall coordinate the assistance authorized under this paragraph. ; and (2) by adding at the end the following: (d) (1) The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and the Special Presidential Envoy for Climate, shall establish a comprehensive, integrated, 10-year strategy, which shall be referred to as the Global Climate Change Resilience Strategy , to mitigate the impacts of climate change on displacement and humanitarian emergencies. (2) The Global Climate Change Resilience Strategy shall— (A) focus on addressing slow-onset and rapid-onset effects of events caused by climate change; (B) consider the effects of events caused by climate change; (C) describe the key features of successful strategies to prevent such conditions; (D) include specific objectives and multisectoral approaches to the effects of events caused by climate change; (E) describe approaches that ensure national leadership, as appropriate, and substantively engage with civil society, local partners, and the affected communities, including marginalized populations and underserved populations, in the design, implementation, and monitoring of climate change programs to best safeguard the future of those subject to displacement; (F) assign roles for relevant Federal agencies to avoid duplication of efforts, while ensuring that— (i) the Department of State is responsible for— (I) leading the Global Climate Change Resilience Strategy; (II) establishing United States foreign policy; (III) advancing diplomatic and political efforts; (IV) guiding security assistance and related civilian security efforts to mitigate climate change threats; and (V) providing overseas humanitarian assistance to respond to international displacement caused by climate change and to coordinate the pursuit of protection and durable solutions for climate-displaced persons, including resettlement into the United States; (ii) the United States Agency for International Development is— (I) responsible for overseeing programs to prevent the effects of events caused by climate change; and (II) the lead implementing agency for providing overseas humanitarian assistance to respond to internal displacement and food insecurity caused by climate change, and for development and related nonsecurity program policy related to building resilience and achieving recovery; and (iii) other Federal agencies support the activities of the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development, as appropriate, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development; (G) describe programs that agencies will undertake to achieve the stated objectives, including descriptions of existing programs and funding by fiscal year and account; (H) identify mechanisms to improve coordination between the United States, foreign governments, and international organizations, including the World Bank, the United Nations, regional organizations, and private sector organizations; (I) address efforts to expand public-private partnerships and leverage private sector resources; (J) describe the criteria, metrics, and mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation of programs and objectives in the Global Climate Change Resilience Strategy; and (K) describe how the Global Climate Change Resilience Strategy will ensure that programs are country-led and context-specific. (3) Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection, and annually thereafter, the President shall submit a report to Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, based in part on the information collected pursuant to this section, that details the Global Climate Change Resilience Strategy. The report shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex, if necessary. (4) Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Secretary of State and the Coordinator of Global Climate Change Resilience shall brief the House Foreign Affairs Committee and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on administration progress towards the Global Climate Change Resilience Strategy. (5) (A) Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection, and annually thereafter, the Comptroller General of the United States, in cooperation and consultation with the Secretary of State, shall produce a report evaluating the progress that the Federal Government has made toward incorporating climate change into department and agency policies, including the resources that have been allocated for such purpose. (B) The report required under subparagraph (A) shall assess— (i) the degree to which the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) are— (I) developing climate change risk assessments; and (II) providing guidance to missions on how to include climate change risks in their integrated country strategies; (ii) whether the Department of State and USAID have sufficient resources to fulfill the requirements described in paragraph (2); and (iii) any areas in which the Department of State and USAID may lack sufficient resources to fulfill such requirements. . 6. Training of foreign service officers in climate change resilience Section 708(a)(1) of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 ( 22 U.S.C. 4028(a)(1) ) is amended— (1) in subparagraph (C), by striking and at the end; (2) in subparagraph (D), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; and ; and (3) by adding at the end the following: (E) for Foreign Service Officers who will be assigned to a country from which climate-displaced persons (as defined in section 101(a)(8) of the Immigration and Nationality Act) have been displaced, instruction on climate displacement, including the Global Climate Change Resilience Strategy established under section 117(d) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151p(d) ). . 7. Guidance on the humanitarian impacts of climate change The Secretary of State shall provide guidance to each United States diplomatic mission, in accordance with Executive Order 13677 (79 Fed. Reg. 58229), addressing the humanitarian impacts associated with climate change. 8. Admission of climate-displaced persons (a) Admission of climate-Displaced persons (1) In general Chapter 4 of title II of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1221 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: 244A. Climate-displaced persons (a) Admission goal (1) In general Notwithstanding section 207, the number of climate-displaced persons who may be admitted under this section in any fiscal year (beginning with fiscal year 2021) shall be not fewer than the greater of— (A) 50,000; or (B) the number that the President determines, before the beginning of the fiscal year and after appropriate consultation with Congress, is justified by humanitarian concerns or is otherwise in the national interest. (2) Effect of numerical adjustment If the President determines that the number of climate-displaced persons who may be admitted in a fiscal year based on humanitarian concerns or the national interest is greater than the number set forth in paragraph (1)(A), the President shall— (A) set the admissions level for climate-displaced persons at the same time as the President determines the number of refugees who may be admitted in such fiscal year under section 207; and (B) follow all of the procedures relating to refugee admissions under section 207, including the requirement to engage in an appropriate consultation with Congress. (b) Admissibility; applications (1) In general (A) Admissibility Subject to the numerical limitation under subsection (a), the Secretary of Homeland Security, pursuant to such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, may admit any climate-displaced person under this section who— (i) is admissible; (ii) is not described in section 208(b)(2); and (iii) is not described in paragraph (2). (B) Applications Any noncitizen described in subparagraph (A), regardless of such noncitizen’s immigration status, may apply for admission as a climate-displaced person if the noncitizen— (i) is physically present in the United States; (ii) arrives in the United States (whether or not at a designated port of arrival and including a noncitizen who is brought to the United States after having been interdicted in international or United States waters); or (iii) applies at a designated application center. (2) Limitations Except as provided in paragraph (3), a noncitizen may not apply for status as a climate-displaced person if— (A) the Secretary of Homeland Security determines that the noncitizen may be removed, pursuant to a bilateral or multilateral agreement, to a country (other than the country of the noncitizen’s nationality or, in the case of a noncitizen having no nationality, the country of the noncitizen’s last habitual residence) that is outside of the zone in which the sudden or progressive change in the environment obliged the noncitizen to leave his or her residence, provided that such determination does not violate our Nation’s human rights obligations; (B) the application is not filed within 1 year after the date of the noncitizen’s arrival in the United States; or (C) an earlier application by the noncitizen for climate-displaced person status has been denied. (3) Exceptions (A) Unaccompanied noncitizen children Paragraph (2) shall not apply to unaccompanied noncitizen children (as defined in section 462(g) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 ( 6 U.S.C. 279(g) )). (B) Changed circumstances Subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (2) shall not apply if the noncitizen demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Secretary of Homeland Security that— (i) extraordinary circumstances prevented the noncitizen from filing an application within the period specified in paragraph (2)(B); or (ii) changed circumstances materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for climate-displaced person status. (C) Referrals authorized The Secretary of State may also accept applications submitted on behalf of eligible applicants for climate-displaced person status by qualified international agencies. (4) Contents Applications submitted under this subsection shall contain such information as the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, determines to be necessary to determine whether the applicant is eligible for admission as a climate-displaced person. (5) Fees (A) In general Except as provided in subparagraph (B), an applicant for climate-displaced person status shall not be charged a fee. (B) Exception If a noncitizen has applied for, and been denied, climate-displaced person status on 2 or more previous occasions, the Secretary may charge a reasonable fee for any subsequent applications, which shall set at a level equal to the average cost of adjudicating such applications. (c) Treatment of climate-Displaced persons (1) In general A noncitizen who qualifies for climate-displaced person status under this section shall be eligible for resettlement assistance, entitlement programs, and other benefits available to refugees admitted under section 207. (2) Treatment of children and spouse (A) In general A spouse or a child (as defined in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E) of section 101(b)(1)) of a noncitizen who is granted climate-displaced person status under this section may, if not otherwise eligible for such status, be granted the same status as the climate-displaced person if accompanying, or following to join, such noncitizen. (B) Treatment of children An unmarried noncitizen who seeks to accompany, or follow to join, a parent granted climate-displaced person status under this section, and who was younger than 21 years of age on the date on which such parent applied for such status, shall continue to be classified as a child for purposes of this subsection and section 209(b)(3), if the noncitizen attains 21 years of age while such application is pending. (d) Grounds for ineligibility A noncitizen may not be admitted as a climate-displaced person under this section if the noncitizen is described in section 208(b)(2) (e) Defined term In this section, the term noncitizen means any person who is not a citizen or national of the United States. . (2) Clerical amendment The table of contents for the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101 note) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 244 the following: Sec. 244A. Climate-displaced persons. . (b) Adjustment of status Section 209(a)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1159(a) ) is amended by inserting or 244A before the em dash immediately preceding subparagraph (A). (c) Savings provision (1) In general Nothing in section 244A of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as added by subsection (a)(1), may be construed to affect the United States commitment to the United States Refugee Admissions Program. (2) Additional protections The protections described in such section 244A are in addition to the refugee admissions goal established by the Presidential determination described in subsection (a)(1)(B) of such section. 9. Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this Act.