II 117th CONGRESS 2d Session S. 5242 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES December 13, 2022 Mrs. Shaheen (for herself and Ms. Collins ) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations A BILL To prevent international violence against women, and for other purposes.

1. Short title; table of contents (a) Short title; table of contents This Act may be cited as the International Violence Against Women Act of 2022 . (b) Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. Sec. 3. Statement of policy. TITLE I—United States strategy to prevent and respond to gender-based violence globally Sec. 101. Global strategy requirement. TITLE II—Oversight and Accountability Sec. 201. Definitions. Sec. 202. Office of Global Women’s Issues. Sec. 203. Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment. Sec. 204. Briefing. 2. Findings Congress makes the following findings: (1) An estimated 1 out of every 3 women throughout the world will be beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime. (2) Up to 70 percent of women in some countries report experiencing gender-based violence at some point in their lives. (3) Intimate partner violence is the most prevalent form of violence against women, preventing them from playing more active roles in the social, economic, and political development of their communities. (4) Sexual violence among adolescents and pre-adolescents is alarmingly high. National surveys in Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and Haiti have found that between 28 and 38 percent of girls and between 9 and 18 percent of boys report experiencing sexual violence before reaching 18 years of age. (5) Adult male respondents in 6 countries who had experienced violence as children were significantly more likely to report perpetrating intimate partner violence themselves according to the International Men and Gender Equality Survey dataset. (6) Gender-based violence harms economies and the workers that fuel them. Despite underreporting, striking statistics document prevalent forms of gender-based violence globally that affect the world of work. Worldwide, women are concentrated in low-wage, insecure jobs in workplaces where they lack bargaining power, protections against gender-based violence, safe and confidential reporting systems, recourse to justice, or access to legal, medical, and psychosocial services. (7) Women living in poverty are particularly vulnerable to gender-based violence. Lack of economic opportunities often compels women to use desperate and dangerous means to provide for themselves and their families, risking significant exposure to labor exploitation and sexual exploitation and abuse for both women and their children. (8) Country studies indicate that the risk of HIV among women who have experienced violence may be up to three times higher than among those who have not experienced violence. The World Health Organization found that women who experience intimate partner violence are at more than 50 percent greater risk of HIV infection, and in some instances their risk of HIV infection increases four-fold. Women living with HIV are more likely to experience violence than other women, and fear of violence can prevent women from accessing HIV/AIDS information and receiving treatment and counseling. (9) Addressing gender inequality and gender-based violence is essential to reducing HIV risk and increasing access to HIV prevention, care and treatment services for women and men. The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) supports significant work in the field to incorporate efforts to prevent and respond to gender-based violence into existing HIV treatment and prevention programs. (10) Prevalence of sexual and physical violence is higher among persons with disabilities, particularly for adolescents and intimate partners with disabilities, and for men and women with intellectual impairments living in institutions. The World Health Organization reports that rates of gender-based violence are between 4 and 10 times greater among persons with disabilities compared to non-disabled persons. (11) Displaced, refugee, and stateless women and girls in humanitarian emergencies, conflict settings, and natural disasters face extreme violence and threats, including— (A) being forced to exchange sex for food and humanitarian supplies; and (B) being at increased risk of rape, sexual exploitation, trafficking, and abuse. (12) Rape and sexual assault against women and girls are used to torture, intimidate, and terrorize communities. Rape and sexual assault are used as tools of war in conflict zones, including the Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Colombia, and South Sudan. (13) Child and forced marriage— (A) is a harmful practice that deprives girls and women of their dignity and rights and creates barriers to development for communities and countries; (B) is projected to affect more than 140,000,000 girls around the world who have been or will be forced into marriage between 2011 and 2020; (C) can prematurely end girls’ education, increase vulnerability to gender-based violence, and significantly raise the risk of maternal and infant morbidity or mortality, including the risk of obstetric fistula and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS; and (D) is perpetuated by poverty, a lack of educational or employment opportunities for girls, a lack of legal policies and enforcement of laws, and religious, cultural, and social factors related to girls’ perceived lack of value, factors which become particularly acute in conflict and disaster settings where fears of sexual violence and overstretched coping mechanisms often drive child and forced marriage. (14) The harmful practice of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is carried out most often on girls between infancy and 15 years of age and has impacted more than 125,000,000 girls and women around the world who are alive today. FGM/C can cause long-term health problems, including infertility, complications in childbirth, and increased risk of newborn deaths. (15) World Bank data shows that gender inequality directly corresponds to increased levels of political and economic instability within states. Gender-based violence impedes women’s meaningful participation in social, political, and economic spheres, which is essential to the stability and democratization of a country. Since women disproportionately experience gender-based violence during conflict and post-conflict reconstruction, they can play a pivotal role in preventing, mitigating, and resolving conflict, and countering extremism. (16) Gender-based violence is a contributing factor to human trafficking. Experts in the field have reported that women and girls who have experienced gender-based violence and live in societies that tolerate severe gender discrimination appear to be more vulnerable to being trafficked. Comprehensive efforts to reduce human trafficking must include efforts to prevent and respond to gender-based violence due to the intertwined relationship of the two crimes. (17) Faith-based organizations and faith leaders are key partners in the ongoing efforts to prevent and respond to gender-based violence. When properly engaged and equipped with knowledge and resources, such organizations and leaders can play a significant part in changing behaviors and norms and reducing gender-based violence. Particularly in countries that lack effective legal frameworks to address gender-based violence, such faith-based organizations and faith leaders have the standing and authority to address harmful practices, such as child marriage, intimate partner abuses, and acid throwing. 3. Statement of policy It is the policy of the United States— (1) to take effective action to prevent and respond to gender-based violence around the world as a matter of basic human rights and to promote gender equality, economic growth, and improved public health; (2) to systematically integrate and coordinate efforts to prevent and respond to gender-based violence internationally into United States foreign policy and foreign assistance programs, including peace-building efforts and humanitarian relief and recovery; (3) to support and build local capacity in developing countries, including the capacity of governments at all levels, nongovernmental organizations, especially women-led organizations, to prevent and respond to gender-based violence; (4) to consult, cooperate, coordinate, and collaborate with a wide variety of nongovernmental partners with demonstrated experience in preventing and responding to gender-based violence, including faith-based organizations and women-led organizations; (5) to employ a multisectoral approach to preventing and responding to gender-based violence internationally, including activities in the economic, education, health, nutrition, legal, and judicial sectors; (6) to work at all levels, from the individual to the family, community, local, national, and international levels, to prevent and respond to gender-based violence around the world; (7) to enhance training by United States personnel of professional foreign military and police forces, judicial officials, and other public justice system officials, including prosecutors, including specific and thorough instruction on preventing and responding to gender-based violence around the world; (8) to engage men and boys as partners, as an essential element of making sustained reductions in gender-based violence; (9) to include the prevention of child and forced marriage as an important part of United States Government efforts to prevent violence against girls and promote gender equality and global health; (10) to require that all United States contractors and grantees establish appropriate policies and take effective measures to prevent gender-based violence and sexual exploitation and abuse, including within the workforce; (11) to exert sustained international leadership to prevent and respond to gender-based violence, including in bilateral and multilateral fora; and (12) to implement a strategy to prevent and respond to gender-based violence globally. I United States strategy to prevent and respond to gender-based violence globally 101. Global strategy requirement (a) In general Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 4 years thereafter, the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues at the Department of State appointed pursuant to section 201 (referred to in this section as the Ambassador-at-Large ), in consultation with the Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment at the United States Agency for International Development appointed pursuant to section 202 (referred to in this section as the Senior Coordinator ), shall— (1) develop or update, in consultation with civil society, including service providers, a United States global strategy to prevent and respond to gender-based violence, using evidence-based interventions and standards that address the root causes of, and provide comprehensive responses to, gender-based violence; (2) submit the strategy under paragraph (1) to the appropriate congressional committees for comment and review; and (3) make the strategy publicly available on the internet. (b) Initial strategy For the purposes of this section, an existing United States strategy to prevent and respond to gender-based violence may be deemed to fulfill the initial requirement under subsection (a). (c) Collaboration and coordination In developing the strategy under subsection (a), the Ambassador-at-Large and the Senior Coordinator shall consult with— (1) the heads of relevant Federal agencies; (2) the Senior Policy Operating Group on Trafficking in Persons; and (3) representatives of civil society, including nongovernmental organizations, faith-based organizations, multilateral organizations, local and international civil society groups, and local service providers and beneficiaries with demonstrated experience in addressing gender-based violence or promoting gender equality internationally. (d) Use of funds Amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to carry out the activities under this section shall be subject to all applicable restrictions under Federal law. (e) Rule of construction Nothing in this section may be construed to authorize any additional appropriations to carry out the strategy under subsection (a). II Oversight and Accountability 201. Definitions In this title: (1) Agency The term Agency means the United States Agency for International Development. (2) Ambassador The term Ambassador means the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues appointed by the President pursuant to section 202(a). (3) Appropriate congressional committees The term appropriate congressional committees means— (A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate ; (B) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate ; (C) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives ; and (D) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives . (4) Gender analysis The term gender analysis — (A) means a socioeconomic analysis of available or gathered quantitative and qualitative information to identify, understand, and explain gaps between men and women, which typically involves examining— (i) differences in the status of women and men and differential access to and control over assets, resources, education, opportunities, and services; (ii) the influence of gender roles, structural barriers, and norms on the division of time between paid, unpaid work (including the subsistence production and care for family members), and volunteer activities; (iii) the influence of gender roles, structural barriers, and norms on leadership roles and decision making; constraints, opportunities, and entry points for narrowing gender gaps and empowering women; and (iv) potential differential impacts of development policies and programs on men and women, including unintended or negative consequences; and (B) includes conclusions and recommendations to enable development policies and programs— (i) to narrow gender gaps; and (ii) to improve the lives of women and girls. (5) Office The term Office means the Office of Global Women's Issues established by the Secretary of State pursuant to section 202(a). (6) Senior coordinator The term Senior Coordinator means the Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment at the Agency. 202. Office of Global Women’s Issues (a) Establishment The Secretary of State shall establish in the Office of the Secretary of the Department of State the Office of Global Women’s Issues. The Office shall be headed by an Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Ambassador shall report directly to the Secretary and shall have the rank and status of Ambassador-at-Large. (b) Purpose In addition to the duties described in subsection (c) and duties determined by the Secretary of State, the Ambassador shall coordinate efforts of the United States Government as directed by the Secretary regarding approaches that promote equality and advance the status of women and girls in United States foreign policy. (c) Duties (1) In general The Ambassador— (A) in consultation with the Senior Coordinator, shall direct activities, policies, programs, and funding relating to gender equality and the advancement of women and girls internationally, including those intended to prevent and respond to gender-based violence, for all bureaus and offices of the Department of State; (B) shall actively promote and advance the integration of gender analysis into the programs, structures, processes, and capacities of bureaus and offices of the Department of State and in the international programs of other Federal agencies; (C) shall direct United States Government resources, as appropriate, to respond to needs for promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women in United States Government foreign policies and international programs, including to prevent and respond to gender-based violence internationally; (D) may design, support, and implement activities regarding empowerment of women internationally, including for the prevention of and response to gender-based violence internationally; (E) shall conduct regular consultation with civil society organizations working to prevent and respond to gender-based violence internationally; (F) shall ensure that programs, projects, and activities designed to prevent and respond to gender-based violence internationally are subject to rigorous monitoring and evaluation, and that there is a uniform set of indicators and standards for such monitoring and evaluation that is used across all Federal agencies; (G) shall serve as the principal advisor to the Secretary of State regarding gender equality, women’s empowerment, and gender-based violence as a foreign policy matter; and (H) is authorized to represent the United States in diplomatic and multilateral fora on matters relevant to the status of women and girls, including gender-based violence internationally. (2) Information sharing and transparency The Office— (A) shall be the central repository of data on all United States programs, projects, and activities that relate to prevention and response to gender-based violence around the world; and (B) shall produce a full accounting of United States Government spending on such programs, projects, and activities. 203. Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment (a) Establishment There is established in the Agency the position of Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment. The Senior Coordinator shall— (1) report to the Administrator of the Agency; and (2) conduct duties as directed by the Administrator to promote the purposes of this Act. (b) In general The Senior Coordinator— (1) in consultation with the Ambassador, shall coordinate activities, policies, programs, and funding of the Agency relating to gender equality and women’s empowerment, including those intended to prevent and respond to gender-based violence; (2) shall actively promote and advance the integration of gender analysis into the programs, structures, processes, and capacities of all bureaus and offices of the Agency as dictated by the Agency’s Gender Equality and Female Empowerment Policy; (3) shall coordinate Agency resources for gender equality and women’s empowerment, including to prevent and respond to gender-based violence internationally; (4) may design, support, and implement activities led by the Agency regarding gender equality and women’s empowerment, including for the prevention and response to gender-based violence internationally; (5) shall conduct regular consultation with civil society organizations working to prevent and respond to gender-based violence internationally; (6) shall serve as the principal advisor to the Administrator regarding gender equality, women’s empowerment, and gender-based violence; and (7) shall track and analyze monitoring and evaluation data and findings on international prevention and response programs of the Agency, consistent with Agency-wide monitoring and evaluation activities, to assist in the preparation of the comprehensive strategy developed under section 101(a). 204. Briefing Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Ambassador and the Senior Coordinator shall provide, to the appropriate congressional committees— (1) a briefing on international gender-based violence prevention and response strategies, programming, and associated outcomes; and (2) an assessment of human and financial resources necessary to fulfill the purposes and duties under this Act.